菲利普·安德森

菲利普·沃倫·安德森（Philip Warren Anderson，catIdx=A），美國物理學家。
物理上，在反鐵磁性、高溫超導等領域有重大貢獻。
因「對磁性和無序體系電子結構的基礎性理論研究」與內維爾·莫特、約翰·凡扶累克一同獲得1977年的諾貝爾物理學獎。

**生平**
1923年出生於印第安納波利斯並且在伊利諾伊州的厄巴納度過他的童年，1940年他從厄巴納的高級中學畢業。之後於哈佛大學完成了的學士學位並進入研究所。在約翰·凡扶累克的指導下學習物理。戰爭期間，安德森曾在美國海軍研究實驗室待上一段時間。1949年到1984年，安德森任職於紐澤西的貝爾實驗室，廣泛地研究了凝態物理的許多問題。這段期間他發現了局部化（Anderson localization）的概念；寫下了安德森哈密頓算符以描述過渡金屬系統中的電子。另外他還建議粒子物理學家尋找產生粒子質量的機制（後來所謂的希格斯機制）；發展了超導體BCS理論中的計算方法。針對1980年代高溫超導體的發現，安德森提出共振價鍵(RVB)理論來解釋這一現象。儘管許多人不接受這個想法，但這理論在自旋液體的研究中發揮了重要作用。
1963年被選為美國文理科學院院士。
1967年到1975年，安德森在劍橋大學擔任理論物理學的教授。安德森還通過對層展現象的解釋為科學哲學做出了概念上的貢獻，這成為複雜系統科學的靈感來源。1972 年，他寫了一篇名為“多者異也”(“More is different”)的文章，其中他強調了還原論的侷限性和科學等級層次的存在，每一個層次都需要自己的基本原則。凝聚態系統由於包含的粒子數目非常巨大，可因量變導致質變，產生原本微觀系統中不存在的新現象和性質。這篇文章可說是凝聚態物理的“獨立宣言”。1977年，由於「對磁性和無序體系電子結構的基礎性理論研究」他與內維爾·莫特、約翰·凡扶累克一同獲得了諾貝爾物理學獎。這個研究為電子元件開關與記憶的技術提供了理論基礎，對於後來電腦發展有重要貢獻。1982年他獲得了美國國家科學獎章。自1984起，他從貝爾實驗室退休，到了普林斯頓大學主持約瑟·亨利物理教授席位。2006年何塞·索勒的一份分析統計比較了論文參考文獻與引用數，指出安德森是世界上最有「創造力」的物理學家。

**著作**

**書籍**
  oclc = 782103851 -  isbn = 9789810232313 -  isbn = 9780201328301 -  isbn = 9780201156850 -  archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200819143532/https://books.google.com/books?id=m2sLGjfXyxwC -  isbn = 9780691043654 -  archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220716151718/https://books.google.com/books?id=tU9yOac455kC 

**期刊論文**
 cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = Absence of diffusion in certain random lattices | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1958-03-01_109_5/page/1492 | journal = Physical Review | volume = 109 | issue = 5 | pages = 1492–1505 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.109.1492 | date = March 1, 1958 |bibcode = 1958PhRv..109.1492A   Pdf. date=20170511073056 - cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = Plasmons, gauge invariance, and mass | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1963-04-01_130_1/page/439 | journal = Physical Review | volume = 130 | issue = 1 | pages = 439–442 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.130.439 | date = April 1, 1963 |bibcode = 1963PhRv..130..439A   Pdf.- cite journal | last1 = 安德森 | first1 = 菲利普 | last2 = Halperin | first2 = Bertrand I. | last3 = Varma | first3 = Chandra M. | author-link2 = Bertrand I. Halperin | title=Anomalous low-temperature thermal properties of glasses and spin glasses | journal=Philosophical Magazine | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–9 | doi = 10.1080/14786437208229210 | date = January 1972 |bibcode = 1972PMag...25....1A   Pdf. date=20170329133021 - Cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = More is different | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1972-08-04_177_4047/page/393 | journal = Science | volume = 177 | issue = 4047 | pages = 393–396 | doi = 10.1126/science.177.4047.393 | jstor = 1734697 | pmid = 17796623 | date = August 4, 1972 |bibcode = 1972Sci...177..393A   Pdf. date=20191122012135 - Cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = The resonating valence bond state in La2CuO4 and superconductivity | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1987-03-06_235_4793/page/1196 | journal = Science | volume = 235 | issue = 4793 | pages = 1196–1198  
s2cid = 28146486   Pdf.- cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = Physics: the opening to complexity | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 92 | issue = 15 | pages = 6653–6654 | date = July 18, 1995 | jstor = 236771 |bibcode = 1995PNAS...92.6653A |doi = 10.1073/pnas.92.15.6653 | pmid = 11607557 | pmc = 41390 | doi-access = free   Pdf. date=20170510132846 - cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = Mind over matter: Review of The Large, the Small and the Human Mind by Roger Penrose | journal = Nature | volume = 386 | issue = 6624 | page = 456 | doi = 10.1038/386456c0 | date = April 3, 1997 |bibcode = 1997Natur.386..456A | s2cid = 4336986 | doi-access = free - cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = When the electron falls apart | journal = Physics Today | volume = 50 | issue = 10 | pages = 42–49 | doi = 10.1063/1.881959 | date = October 1997 |bibcode = 1997PhT....50j..42A - cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = Computing: solving problems in finite time | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1999-07-08_400_6740/page/115 | journal = Nature | volume = 400 | issue = 6740 | page = 115 | doi = 10.1038/22001 | pmid = 10408432 | date = July 8, 1999 |bibcode = 1999Natur.400..115A | doi-access = free  - cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = Brainwashed by Feynman? | journal = Physics Today | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 11–14 | doi = 10.1063/1.882955 | date = February 2000 |bibcode = 2000PhT....53b..11A | doi-access = free   Pdf.- cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = Thinking big | journal = Nature | volume = 437 | issue = 7059 | pages = 625–626 | doi = 10.1038/437625a | pmid = 16193027 | date = September 27, 2005 |bibcode = 2005Natur.437..625A | s2cid = 4416556 - Cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = Twenty years of talking past each other: the theory of high TC | journal = Physica C | volume = 460–462 |issue=Part 1 | pages = 3–6 | doi = 10.1016/j.physc.2007.03.261 | date = September 1, 2007 |bibcode = 2007PhyC..460....3A 

**參考資料**

**外部連結**
  Philip W. Anderson, Autobiography (The Nobel Foundation, 1977, 2005). date=20130602075437 -  Philip Warren Anderson date=20210325043043 -  Anderson's Princeton web page-  Video clip of Philip Anderson speaking at the International Conference on Complex Systems, Hosted by the New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI)-  Oral History interview transcript with Philip W. Anderson 30 March, 30 May, & 23 November 1999, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives date=20150112074322 -  Oral History interview transcript with Philip W. Anderson 13 July 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives date=20150112081407