黃麻

黃麻（Corchorus）是一種長而柔軟的、發出光澤的植物纖維，可以織成高強度的粗糙的細絲。它在植物分類上屬於椴樹亞科的黃麻屬。
黃麻是最廉價的天然纖維之一，種植量和用途的廣泛都僅次於棉花。 它和洋麻、大麻、亞麻、苧麻等同樣屬於韌皮纖維（從植物內皮或外皮提取的纖維）。纖維的顏色從白色到褐色，長1–4 米。
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**耕種栽培**
適合種植黃麻的氣候為在盛行季風季節的季風氣候（溫暖，潮濕的氣候）。適宜的氣溫為20˚C至40˚C和相對濕度70％-80％。 ：黃麻在播種期間需要比其他時期多5-8釐米/週的降雨。

**品種**

**圓果黃麻(White Jute)**
圓果黃麻（學名：Corchorus capsularis），在中國稱作白黃麻。在幾個歷史記錄中指出，貧窮的印度村民穿用黃麻製成的衣服。用簡單的手搖紡織機和手紡車進行織布，將黃麻當成紡棉紗使用。歷史上還指出，孟加拉人從更早的時代，就把家庭和其他用途的白黃麻製成的繩索和細繩。

**長蒴黃麻(Tossa Jute)**
長蒴黃麻（學名：Corchorus olitorius） ，在中國稱作紅麻，是非洲 - 阿拉伯的品種和錦葵科的成員（跟棉花同一科）。他也是很受歡迎的葉用蔬菜，阿拉伯人稱為“molokhiya”（ملوخية=“國王”的意思），其葉為成分跟秋葵黏滑的成分相似。 猶太人在約伯記提到長果黃麻也是一種稱作棣棠花（Jew's mallow）的蔬菜。
長果黃麻纖維比圓果黃麻更柔軟、柔滑。也發現很適合在恆河三角洲氣候栽種。19世紀時，隨著圓果黃麻栽種，長果黃麻也開始在孟加拉栽培。目前，孟加拉地區（巴基斯坦、印度和孟加拉）是長果黃麻的世界最大的生產地區。

**用途**
黃麻可用於防洪
黃麻是重要性僅次於棉花的植物纖維；擁有多種用途。首先是用於原棉打包的包裝運輸袋，其次是製成袋子或粗布，還可以織成窗簾、椅套、地毯、粗麻布和油布的襯背，更可以當作造紙原料。黃麻桿也可當作燃料、活性碳、纖維版等，可以取代伐木工業的部分性質。

**特徵**
 黃麻纖維可以100%進行生物分解和回收，對環境無害。- 它是一種擁有黃金和絲綢光澤的天然纖維，因而被稱為“金色纖維”。- 它是最便宜的植物纖維，取自植物的莖的內皮或外皮。- 它在使用、全球消費量、生產和實用方面的重要性僅次於棉花的植物纖維。- 它的抗張強度很高，延展性低，防水性能較好。因此，黃麻非常適合於大批量農產品的包裝。

**註釋**

**參考**
 Basu, G., A. K. Sinha, and S. N. Chattopadhyay. "Properties of Jute Based Ternary Blended Bulked Yarns". Man-Made Textiles in India. Vol. 48, no. 9 (Sep. 2005): 350–353. (AN 18605324)- Chattopadhyay, S. N., N. C. Pan, and A. Day. "A Novel Process of Dyeing of Jute Fabric Using Reactive Dye". Textile Industry of India. Vol. 42, no. 9 (Sep. 2004): 15–22. (AN 17093709)- Doraiswamy, I., A. Basu, and K. P. Chellamani. "Development of Fine Quality Jute Fibres". Colourage. Nov. 6–8, 1998, 2p. (AN TDH0624047199903296)- Kozlowski, R., and S. Manys. "Green Fibres". Textile Industry: Winning Strategies for the New Millennium—Papers Presented at the World Conference. Feb. 10–13, 1999: 29 (13p). (AN TDH0646343200106392)- Madhu, T. "Bio-Composites—An Overview". Textile Magazine. Vol. 43, no. 8 (Jun. 2002): 49 (2 pp). (AN TDH0656367200206816)- Maulik, S. R. "Chemical Modification of Jute". Asian Textile Journal. Vol. 10, no. 7 (Jul. 2001): 99 (8 pp). (AN TDH0648424200108473)- Moses, J. Jeyakodi, and M. Ramasamy. "Quality Improvement on Jute and Jute Cotton Materials Using Enzyme Treatment and Natural Dyeing". Man-Made Textiles in India. Vol. 47, no. 7 (Jul. 2004): 252–255. (AN 14075527)- Pan, N. C., S. N. Chattopadhyay, and A. Day. "Dyeing of Jute Fabric with Natural Dye Extracted from Marigold Flower". Asian Textile Journal. Vol. 13, no. 7 (Jul. 2004): 80–82. (AN 15081016)- Pan, N. C., A. Day, and K. K. Mahalanabis. "Properties of Jute". Indian Textile Journal. Vol. 110, no. 5 (Feb. 2000): 16. (AN TDH0635236200004885)- Roy, T. K. G., S. K. Chatterjee, and B. D. Gupta. "Comparative Studies on Bleaching and Dyeing of Jute after Processing with Mineral Oil in Water Emulsion vis-a-vis Self-Emulsifiable Castor Oil". Colourage. Vol. 49, no. 8 (Aug. 2002): 27 (5 pp). (AN TDH0657901200208350)- Shenai, V. A. "Enzyme Treatment". Indian Textile Journal. Vol. 114, no. 2 (Nov. 2003): 112–113. (AN 13153355)- Srinivasan, J., A. Venkatachalam, and P. Radhakrishnan. "Small-Scale Jute Spinning: An Analysis". Textile Magazine. Vol. 40, no. 4 (Feb. 1999): 29. (ANTDH0624005199903254)- Vijayakumar, K. A., and P. R. Raajendraa. "A New Method to Determine the Proportion of Jute in a Jute/Cotton Blend". Asian Textile Journal, Vol. 14, no. 5 (May 2005): 70-72. (AN 18137355)

**參考文獻**

**外部鏈接**
  International Jute Study Group (IJSG) Resources about Jute, Kenaf and Roselle Plants.-  Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue Universitydate=20090905153422  Some chemistry and medicinal information on Tossa Jute.-  International Jute Study Group (IJSG). A UN collaboration for learning various aspects of Jute and Kenaf. Its headquarter is located in Dhaka, Bangladesh.-  Bangladeshi Ministry of Jute and Textile (Jute Division). The ministry in Bangladesh directly concerned with jute.-  Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI)date=20061123211116 . The Institute in Bangladesh dedicated for jute research.-  Institute of Jute Technology, Kolkata, India. An institute for advanced research on jute and allied fibres.-  The Golden Fibre Trade Centre Limited (GFTCL) Commercial site used (with permission) as source and contributor for much of this article.