帕蒂·史密斯

派蒂·史密斯（Patti Smith，Smith），美國詞曲作者和詩人。
1975年，她的首張專輯《Horses》受到剛興起的龐克運動的影響。她將垮掉派詩歌表演和車庫樂隊搖滾結合在一起，因此被譽為“龐克搖滾桂冠詩人”（Punk's Poet Laureate）和“龐克教母”（Godmother of Punk） 。她將19世紀法國作詩法介紹給美國十幾歲的年輕人，同時她中性的公眾形象和非女性的語言風格挑戰著迪斯科時代。
史密斯最廣為人知的歌曲是她與布魯斯·斯普林斯廷一起創作的《Because the Night》（因為這夜），該歌曲在“Billboard Hot 100”排名第十三。2004年，《滾石雜誌》頒佈的百位搖滾重要人物名單中，將史密斯列為第47位。2007年，她被列入搖滾名人堂。她還獲得兩項葛萊美獎提名。。2010年11月17日，她的回憶錄《只是孩子》（Just Kids）獲得美國國家圖書獎。

**早期生活**
史密斯在伊利諾伊州芝加哥的林肯公園醫院出生，她於新澤西州伍德伯裡度過了整個童年。她的母親是一位耶和華見證人，因此她聲稱自己接受了很強的宗教教育和很好的《聖經》教育，但是在十幾歲時她覺得宗教太偏狹而放棄了宗教信仰，後來她寫了《Gloria》（格洛里亞）來描述這段經歷。她的家庭並不富裕，史密斯不得不在一個工廠打工，她覺得這段時期非常痛苦。1964年，史密斯高中畢業。
1967年，她離開了新澤西，搬到了紐約，在一家書店工作的時候遇見了攝影師羅伯特·梅普爾索普（Robert Mapplethorpe）。梅普爾索普為她拍攝的照片成為帕蒂·史密斯樂隊唱片的封面，他們一直保持著深厚的友誼直到梅普爾索普於1989年去世。1969年，史密斯和她妹妹琳達一起前往巴黎，開始街頭藝術和行為藝術表演。當史密斯回到紐約後，她和梅普爾索普一起居住在切爾西旅館，他們經常去一些時髦的夜總會，如CBGB。1969年，她出現在傑基·柯蒂斯（Jackie Curtis）的戲劇作品《蕩婦》（Femme Fatale）中。作為聖馬可詩會的成員，70年代初期，她忙於繪畫、寫作並表演。她與艾倫·拉尼爾（Allen Lanier）合作，為他的專輯創作了一些歌曲，包括《Debbie Denise》、《Career of Evil》、《Fire of Unknown Origin》、《The Revenge of Vera Gemini》和《Shooting Shark》。這段時期，她還撰寫搖滾新聞，其中部分發表在搖滾雜誌《Creem》上。

**生涯**

**1974年－1979年：帕蒂·史密斯樂隊**
1974年，帕蒂·史密斯開始演出搖滾，最早和吉他手萊尼·凱（Lenny Kaye）一起合作，後來組建了整支樂隊，包括凱、吉他手伊凡·克拉爾（Ivan Kral）、鼓手傑伊·迪依·多爾蒂（Jay Dee Daugherty）和鋼琴手理查德·索爾（Richard Sohl）。1974年，在羅伯特·梅普爾索普的資助下，樂隊錄製了第一支單曲《Hey Joe/Piss Factory》。A面是標準的搖滾加上朗誦的片段，內容是關於被綁架的繼承人帕蒂·赫斯特（Patty Hearst）。B面則描述了在工廠生產線工作期間無助且憤怒的史密斯的感受，她在一本偷來的書──19世紀法國詩人阿爾圖爾·蘭波的詩作《彩畫集》（Illuminations）中得到了心靈的拯救。
帕蒂·史密斯樂隊和阿日斯特唱片簽約，並在1975年發行了首張專輯《Horses》，製作人是從前地下絲絨樂隊的成員約翰·凱爾（John Cale）。專輯融和了搖滾，朋克搖滾和詩歌朗誦，被廣泛認為是搖滾史上重要的突破之一。專輯以翻唱範·莫里森（Van Morrison）的《Gloria》開始，而史密斯用獨特的嗓音唱出:“Jesus died for somebody's sins... but not mine.”（上帝因為某些人的過失而死去，不是我的。）這段歌詞是搖滾樂最著名的歌詞之一。而羅伯特·梅普爾索普為專輯封面攝製的簡單而純淨的照片也成為搖滾樂最經典的圖像。
當帕蒂·史密斯樂隊在美國和歐洲巡迴演出時，朋克開始流行。樂隊的第二張唱片《Radio Ethiopia》的聲音更加陰冷刺痛，不加修飾。該唱片相當沒有《Horses》受歡迎，評論不佳。但是其中的幾首歌曲，如《Pissing in a River》、《Pumping (My Heart)》和《Ain't It Strange》經受住了時間的考驗，史密斯至今仍然經常在音樂會表演這些曲目。1977年，在佛羅里達州坦帕演出時，史密斯很意外地從舞臺上摔下來，幾塊頸椎骨骨折。這次受傷導致了很長時間的休息和物理治療，這段時間她不得不重新開始生活，也使她正快速上升的事業受挫。
1970年代末期，帕蒂·史密斯樂隊還錄製另外兩張專輯。《Easter》是她商業上最成功的專輯，包含她與布魯斯·斯普林斯廷共同創作的單曲《Because the Night》（因為這夜），在“Billboard Hot 100”排名第十三。1978年7月27日，帕蒂·史密斯出現在《滾石雜誌》的封面上。專輯《Wave》的銷售量相對低一些，其中收錄的歌曲《Frederick》和《Dancing Barefoot》都是電臺熱播曲目。

**1980年－1995年：沉寂**
在《Wave》發行之前，史密斯與長期合作者艾倫·拉尼爾分手，與底特律著名的搖滾樂隊MC5的前吉他手弗雷德·索尼克·史密斯（Fred Sonic Smith）相識，弗雷德與她一樣喜愛詩歌。當時盛傳的玩笑是她嫁給弗雷德就不需要改變她的姓。帕蒂和弗雷德育有一個兒子傑克森（Jackson）和一個女兒傑西（Jesse）。整個1980年代，帕蒂在音樂上出於半退休狀態，和她的家人一起居住在底特律北部。1988年，她發行了一張廣受好評的專輯《Dream of Life》。
1994年，弗雷德逝世。之後不久，帕蒂的哥哥託德（Todd）意外身亡。當她的兒子傑克森21歲的時候，史密斯決定搬回紐約。在她的丈夫和哥哥逝世後，她的好友R.E.M.樂隊成員邁克爾·斯普洛（Michael Stipe）和艾倫·金斯伯格（Allen Ginsberg）說服她重回音樂界。1995年12月，她與鮑勃·迪倫有一次短暫的巡迴演出。

**1996年－今：復出**
In 2004, Shirley Manson of Garbage spoke of Smith's influence on her in Rolling Stones issue "The Immortals: 100 Greatest Artists of All Time", in which Patti Smith was counted number 47. The Smiths members Morrissey and Johnny Marr share an appreciation for Smith's Horses, and revealed that their song "The Hand That Rocks the Cradle" is a reworking of one of the album's tracks, "Kimberly". In 2004, Sonic Youth released an album called Hidros 3 (to Patti Smith). U2 also cites Patti Smith as an influence. In 2005 Scottish singer-songwriter KT Tunstall released the single "Suddenly I See" as a tribute of sorts to Patti Smith. Canadian actress Ellen Page frequently mentions Smith as one of her idols and has done various photo shoots replicating famous Smith photos, as well as Irish actress Maria Doyle Kennedy who often refers to Smith as a major influence. In 1978 and 1979, Gilda Radner portrayed a character called Candy Slice on Saturday Night Live based on Smith.
Alternative rock singer-songwriter Courtney Love of Hole heavily credited Smith as being a huge influence on her; Love received Smith's album Horses in juvenile hall as a teenager, and "realized that you could do something that was completely subversive that didn't involve violence or felonies. I stopped making trouble," said Love. "I stopped." Hole's classic track "Violet" features the lyrics "And the sky was all violet / I want it again, but violent, more violent", alluding to lyrics from Smith's "Kimberly". Love later stated that she considered "Rock n Roll Nigger" the greatest rock song of all time.
American pop singer Madonna has also named Smith as one of her biggest influences.
Anglo-Celtic rock band The Waterboys' debut single, "A Girl Called Johnny", was written as a tribute to Smith.
In 2018, the English band Florence and the Machine dedicated Smith the High as Hope album song "Patricia". The lyrics reference Patricia as Florence Welch's "North Star".
Patti Smith on the Defence of the Earth - Paradiso, 2018)
In 1993, Smith contributed "Memorial Tribute (Live)" to the AIDS-Benefit Album No Alternative produced by the Red Hot Organization.
Smith was a supporter of the Green Party and backed Ralph Nader in the 2000 United States presidential election. She led the crowd singing "Over the Rainbow" and "People Have the Power" at the campaign's rallies, and also performed at several of Nader's subsequent "Democracy Rising" events. Smith was a speaker and singer at the first protests against the Iraq War as U.S. President George W. Bush spoke to the United Nations General Assembly.  Smith supported Democratic candidate John Kerry in the 2004 election. Bruce Springsteen continued performing her "People Have the Power" at Vote for Change campaign events. In the winter of 2004/2005, Smith toured again with Nader in a series of rallies against the Iraq War and called for the impeachment of George W. Bush.
Smith premiered two new protest songs in London in September 2006. Louise Jury, writing in The Independent, characterized them as "an emotional indictment of American and Israeli foreign policy". The song "Qana" was about the Israeli airstrike on the Lebanese village of Qana. "Without Chains" is about Murat Kurnaz, a Turkish citizen who was born and raised in Germany, held at Guantanamo Bay detainment camp for four years. Jury's article quotes Smith as saying:
In an interview, Smith stated that Kurnaz's family has contacted her and that she wrote a short preface for the book that he was writing. Kurnaz's book, Five Years of My Life, was published in English by Palgrave Macmillan in March 2008, with Patti's introduction.
On March 26, 2003, ten days after Rachel Corrie's death, Smith appeared in Austin, Texas, and performed an anti-war concert. She subsequently wrote a song "Peaceable Kingdom" which was inspired by and is dedicated to Rachel Corrie. In 2009, in her Meltdown concert in Festival Hall, she paid homage to the Iranians taking part in post-election protests by saying "Where is My Vote?" in a version of the song "People Have the Power".

**Activism**
Patti Smith on the Defence of the Earth - Paradiso, 2018)
In 1993, Smith contributed "Memorial Tribute (Live)" to the AIDS-Benefit Album No Alternative produced by the Red Hot Organization.
Smith was a supporter of the Green Party and backed Ralph Nader in the 2000 United States presidential election. She led the crowd singing "Over the Rainbow" and "People Have the Power" at the campaign's rallies, and also performed at several of Nader's subsequent "Democracy Rising" events. Smith was a speaker and singer at the first protests against the Iraq War as U.S. President George W. Bush spoke to the United Nations General Assembly.  Smith supported Democratic candidate John Kerry in the 2004 election. Bruce Springsteen continued performing her "People Have the Power" at Vote for Change campaign events. In the winter of 2004/2005, Smith toured again with Nader in a series of rallies against the Iraq War and called for the impeachment of George W. Bush.
Smith premiered two new protest songs in London in September 2006. Louise Jury, writing in The Independent, characterized them as "an emotional indictment of American and Israeli foreign policy". The song "Qana" was about the Israeli airstrike on the Lebanese village of Qana. "Without Chains" is about Murat Kurnaz, a Turkish citizen who was born and raised in Germany, held at Guantanamo Bay detainment camp for four years. Jury's article quotes Smith as saying:
In an interview, Smith stated that Kurnaz's family has contacted her and that she wrote a short preface for the book that he was writing. Kurnaz's book, Five Years of My Life, was published in English by Palgrave Macmillan in March 2008, with Patti's introduction.
On March 26, 2003, ten days after Rachel Corrie's death, Smith appeared in Austin, Texas, and performed an anti-war concert. She subsequently wrote a song "Peaceable Kingdom" which was inspired by and is dedicated to Rachel Corrie. In 2009, in her Meltdown concert in Festival Hall, she paid homage to the Iranians taking part in post-election protests by saying "Where is My Vote?" in a version of the song "People Have the Power".

**流行文化**
 2004年電影《在我父親的洞穴裡》（In My Father's Den）中，導演布蘭德·麥克蓋恩（Brad McGann）將原著中反抗的源泉費奧多爾·米哈伊洛維奇·陀思妥耶夫斯基的小說改為帕蒂·史密斯的專輯《Horses》，其中兩首歌曲《Land》和《Free Money》作為電影主題曲。- 2007年電影《朱諾》（Juno）中，帕蒂·史密斯是主角最喜歡的音樂家。- 帕蒂·史密斯德名字還經常和比利時時裝設計師安·德莫勒梅斯特（Ann Demeulemeester）聯繫在一起。德莫勒梅斯特經常在她的時裝秀中採用史密斯的音樂，史密斯甚至出現在2006年秋季時裝發佈會的天橋上。

**政治表現**
帕蒂·史密斯是美國綠黨的積極支持者。2000年美國總統選舉，拉爾夫·納德是綠黨總統候選人。她帶領民眾在競選活動中演唱《People Have the Power》。2004年美國總統選舉，她名義上支持民主黨約翰·克里，返回寫作和錄製唱片的工作。布魯斯·斯普林斯廷則在競選活動中繼續表演她的作品《People Have the Power》。2004-05年冬季，她與納德一起巡迴演講，呼籲結束伊拉克戰爭，並彈劾總統喬治·沃克·布什。
2006年9月，她在倫敦表演了兩首表示抗議的新作：《Qana》關於以色列空襲黎巴嫩小鎮卡納（Qana），《Without Chains》則關於美軍在關塔那摩灣的拘留營。史密斯說：

**音樂作品**

錄音室專輯- 1975年：《Horses》 - 1976年：《Radio Ethiopia》- 1978年：《Easter》- 1979年：《Wave》- 1988年：《Dream of Life》- 1996年：《Gone Again》- 1997年：《Peace and Noise》- 2000年：《Gung Ho》- 2004年：《Trampin》- 2007年：《Twelve》- 2012年：《Banga》
現場錄音，合輯- 1977年：《Hey Joe / Radio Ethiopia》- 1978年：《Set Free》- 1996年：《The Patti Smith Masters》- 2002年：《Land (1975-2002)》- 2005年：《Horses/Horses》- 2008年：《iTunes Originals》

**文學作品**
 1972年：《Seventh Heaven》- 1973年：《Witt》- 1978年：《Babel》- 1992年：《Woolgathering》- 1994年：《Early Work》- 1996年：《The Coral Sea》- 1998年：《Patti Smith Complete》- 2003年：《Strange Messenger》- 2005年：《Auguries of Innocence》

**參考資料**

**外部鏈接**
  官方網站 date=20110412221510 -  帕蒂·史密斯 date=20080702160623 在MySpace-  帕蒂·史密斯date=20120311233526 在Allmusic- id=0005446