王賡武

解釋清朝滅亡原因
王賡武AO（Wang Gungwu，catIdx=Wang王），出身馬來西亞和新加坡的歷史學家，海外華人史的主要開拓者，亦研究現代中國的國族史觀。香港大學校長（1986-1995）、澳洲國立大學遠東歷史系教授兼系主任（1968-1986）、馬來亞大學吉隆坡分校歷史系教授兼系主任（1963-1968）。受王賡武指導的博士生計有James K. Chin、Antonia Finnane、John Fitzgerald、Huang Jianli、Lee Guan Kin、Ng Chin-Keong以及蘇基朗。

**生平**
王賡武父親王宓文1903年生於大清江蘇泰州，南京國立東南大學英國文學系畢業後，1929年獲聘為荷屬東印度（今印尼）泗水市第一家華文中學的校長。王賡武1930年生於泗水，因父親有新的教職，舉家旋即遷至英屬馬來亞怡保。王賡武回憶，怡保人口主要是曼泰寧人、客家人、廣府人、四邑人和閩南人，而王氏一家來自江蘇蘇北，操一口泰州腔的中華民國國語，在當地人眼中頗為異類。
1936年入讀怡保Maxwell Primary School，1年後隨著該校跟另一所官立英文小學Anderson School 合併而一同過渡，在Anderson School修畢小二至小五課程。1941年12月太平洋戰爭馬來亞戰役，未幾王賡武轉學至 Ming Teh Primary School（明德小學）。小六畢業後由父親給予的初中教育，1945年才重返 Anderson School 入讀中三年級。及後，他於1946年報考英國劍橋中學文憑公開試（即普通教育文憑前身），1947年入讀中華民國南京國立中央大學歷史系，1949年因國共內戰國民政府失利而轉入馬來亞大學新加坡分校，畢業論文《Chinese Reformists and Revolutionaries in the Straits Settlements, 1900-1911》。1953年本科畢業後繼續在馬來亞大學攻讀碩士，論文“The Nanhai Trade : a Study of the Early History of Chinese Trade in the South China Sea”。1957年獲英國倫敦大學亞非學院博士學位，論文為“The Structure of Power in North Chinese During the Five Dynasty”。1957年起先後任馬來亞大學歷史系講師，1963年任教授兼系主任、文學院院長。1968年移民澳大利亞，任澳洲國立大學遠東歷史系主任與太平洋研究院院長。1986年至1996年任香港大學校長。1996年起任新加坡國立大學東亞研究所所長，曾獲福岡亞洲文化獎─學術研究獎（學術部門）。
所有資料都表明王賡武至少有兩個國籍，但一般只指明其中一個是澳大利亞籍，另一籍則不得而知。“我在澳大利亞生活了18年，對那個國家很有感情。但我不認為自己是澳大利亞人，不管是我對他們的認識還是他們對我的認識都還很膚淺。”1957年馬來亞聯合邦獨立，馬來亞聯合邦華人面臨回籍中華民國、中華人民共和國還是留下入籍的選擇。王賡武的研究興趣由此擴展到東南亞各地、美國、澳大利亞、非洲華人的歷史。

**主要觀點**

**中國的國族史觀**
王賡武認為中國天下觀念更有包容性，中國版圖的問題、主權的問題非常複雜，為避免狹隘民族的概念及政策的問題，主張古代中國向來有的天下觀，與民族國家的概念是矛盾的，但可以和理想的國家之間互相照顧、互相支持秩序結合。澳大利亞首任駐中華人民共和國大使Stephen FitzGerald (diplomat)曾半開玩笑地說，王賡武可以當好中國總理，他也是馬來西亞民政黨創辦人之一。

**大陸中國及海洋中國**
王賡武在中國海洋觀及中國海洋發展史等課題提出的相關學術論文及專書。學者鄭永年認為王賡武仍是啟發學者的典範，因為其研究想像力正是連結中國研究及國際關係學研究所需，特別在處理國際關係學理論中的跨國性而言。
王賡武在近代海洋中國的發展和國族主義的研究包含開放性及革命的關係及海洋中國的諸多歷史變化
以此歷史觀，王賡武對鄧小平改革開放政策所獲得的經濟成果有以下描述：
同時他認為還有一種在地理、職業及文化個性上不同的國族情緒：
他進一步指出，在中國近現代史上這兩種國族情緒的差異，鼓勵另外一種型態的復興民族主義來恢復中國一貫奉行的大陸的世界觀：

**主要著作**

**其他職務**
2017 年，王賡武在一次活動中發表演說（馬來亞電臺：關於藝術的簡略對話）。
曾任澳洲人文科學院院長、亞洲歷史學家國際協會主席、澳中理事會主席、香港演藝發展局主席等職。並任新加坡國立大學東亞研究所所長、《南洋學報》主編多年。1994年榮獲日本國福岡亞洲文化獎。1992年成為臺灣中央研究院院士。現2007年成為新加坡國立大學有史以來第三位尊稱「校級教授」（University Professor）的學者。2020年榮獲唐獎漢學奬。
王賡武也是拉曼大學國際顧問委員會主席。

**專書**
  dead-url = no - Chuka Bunmei to Chugoku no yukue 中華文明と中國のゆくえ (Chinese Civilization and China’s Position).The Ishizaka Lectures 2005. Translated into Japanese by Kato Mikio. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2007. 181 pages.- Divided China: Preparing for Reunification, 883-947. Singapore: World Scientific, 2007.- Nation-building: Five Southeast Asian Histories. (Editor). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005.-  dead-url = no - Diasporic Chinese Ventures: The Life and Work of Wang Gungwu. Edited by Gregor Benton and Liu Hong. London: Routledge, 2004.- Maritime China in Transition, 1750-1850. (Editor, with Ng Chin-keong). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2004, 397 pages.- Anglo-Chinese Encounters since 1800: war, trade, science and governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.- The Iraq War and its Consequences (Editor, with Irwin Abrams). Singapore: World Scientific. 2003.- Sino-Asiatica: Papers dedicated to Professor Liu Ts’un-yan on the occasion of his eighty-fifth birthday. (Editor, with Rafe de Crespigny and Igor de Rachewiltz). Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies, ANU. 2003.- Damage Control: The Chinese Communist Party in the Jiang Zemin Era (Editor, with Zheng Yongnian). Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003.- Ideas Won’t Keep: the struggle for China’s future. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003.- Bind Us in Time: Nation and Civilisation in Asia. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003.- To Act is to Know: Chinese Dilemmas. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003.- Don’t Leave Home: Migration and the Chinese. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003.- Only Connect! Sino-Malay Encounters. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003.

**論文**
 Family and Friends: China in Changing Asia. In Anthony Reid and Zheng Yangwen (eds.) Negotiating Asymmetry: China’s Place in Asia. Singapore: NUS Press, 2009, pp. 214–231.- 越洋尋求空間：中國的移民，華人研究國際學報, International Journal of Diasporic Chinese Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 2009, pp. 1–49.- Southeast Asia: Imperial themes, New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, June, 2009, pp. 36–48.- The China Seas: Becoming an Enlarged Mediterranean, In Angela Schottenhammer (Ed.), The East Asian ‘Mediterranean’: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2008, pp. 7–22.- Flag, Flame and Embers: Diaspora Cultures. In Kam Louie (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 115–134.- China and the International Order: Some Historical Perspectives. In Wang Gungwu and Zheng Yongnian (Eds), China and the New International Order. London: Routledge, 2008, pp. 21–31.- India and Indians in East Asia: an Overview, In K. Kesavapany, A. Mani, P. Ramasamy (eds.), Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008, pp. 3–11.- The Rise of China: History as Policy. In Ron Huisken and Meredith Thatcher (Eds.) History as Policy:Framing the Debate on the Future of Australia, Canberra Papers of Strategy and Defence, ANU E Press, 2008.- 南僑求學記：不同的時代，走不同的路, Nanqiao qiuxueji: butongde shidai, zou butongde lu. In 李元瑾 (主編)，跨越疆界與文化調適。Lee Guan Kin (ed.), Crossing Borders and Cultural Adjustments. 新加坡南洋理工大學中華語言文化中心， 和八方文化創室，Singapore: NTU Centre for Chinese Language and Culture, and World Scientific, 2008, pp. 13–28.- 內與外的解析－ 論海外華人作家，世界華僑華人研究 Overseas Chinese Studies. 第一輯，2008, pp. 1–10.- The First Decade: Historical Perspectives. In The First Decade: The Hong Kong SAR in Retrospective and Introspective Perspectives. Edited by Yeung Yue-man. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2007, pp. 3–21.- Trading Order and Polity Structures in Asia. In The Inclusive Regionalist: A Festschrift dedicated to Jusuf Wanandi. Edited by Hadi Soesastro and Clara Joewono. Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 2007, pp. 83–90.- The Great Powers in Asia: a View from Singapore, Strategy: Global Forces 2007 Proceedings, vol. 2. Canberra: Australian Strategic Policy Institute, December 2007, pp. 1–8.- Liuxue 留學 and yimin 移民: From Study to Migranthood. In Mette Thuno (ed.), Beyond Chinatown: New Chinese Migration and the Global Expansion of China. Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2007.- Mixing Memory and Desire: Tracking the Migrant Cycles. In Chinese Overseas: Migration, Research and Documentation. Edited by Tan Chee-Beng, Colin Storey and Julia Zimmerman. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2007, pp. 3–22.- Rethinking Chinese History in a global Age: an Interview with Wang Gungwu by Alan Baumler, The Chinese Historical Review, vol. 14, no. 1, Spring 2007, pp. 97–113.- In Conversation with Wang Gungwu by Vineeta Sinha, ISA E-Bulletin, no. 6, March 2007, pp. 54–80.- Zouxiang xinde xiandaixing: xianggang huigui de lishi shijiao (走向新的現代性：香港迴歸的歷史視角,Towards New Modernity: The Return of Hong Kong from a Historical Perspective), 二十一世紀(Twenty-First Century), no. 101, June 2007, pp. 4–12.- Inception, Origins, Contemplations: a Personal Perspective. In Imagination, Openness & Courage: The National University of Singapore at 100. Singapore: National University of Singapore, 2006, pp. 1–31.- Lishi yu zhishi: zhongxi fenlei de chayi (歷史與知識：中西分類的差異, History and Knowledge: different library classifications in China and the West). In Pan Mingxin (editor), Nanshan lunxueji: Qian Cunxun xiansheng jiuwu shengri jinian (南山論學集：錢存訓先生九五生日紀念). Beijing: National Library, 2006, pp. 24–30.- China and Southeast Asia. In David Shambaugh (ed.) Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.- Within and Without: Chinese Writers Overseas, Journal of Chinese Overseas, vol. 1, no. 1 (May 2005), pp. 1–15.- Two Perspectives of Southeast Asian Studies: Singapore and China. In Henk Schulte Nordholt, Remco Rabin and Paul Kratoska (eds.), Discovering Southeast Asia: Genealogies, Concepts, Comparisons, and Prospects. Singapore and Athens, OH: Singapore University Press and Ohio University Press, 2005, pp. 60–81.- Maritime China in Transition. In Ng Chin Keong and Wang Gungwu (eds.) Maritime China and Overseas Chinese Communities in Transition, 1750-1850. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. pp. 3–16.- The Age of New Paradigms (Keynote Lecture, 18th Conference of International Association of Historians of Asia, December 2004), Yatai yanjiu luntan (Asia-Pacific Forum), no. 26, 2004, pp. 1–15.- China’s Long Road to Sovereignty. In G. Doeker-Mach and K.A. Ziegert (eds.) Law, Legal Culture and Politicss in the Twentieth First Century. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004, pp. 453–464.- The Cultural Implications of the Rise of China for the Region. In Kokubun Ryosei and Wang Jisi (eds.), The Rise of China and a Changing East Asian Order. Tokyo and New York: Japan Center for International Exchange, 2004. pp. 77–87.- Confucianism, in Frank-Jürgen Richter, Pamela Mar: Asia’s New Crisis, John Wiley & Sons, Singapore, 2004 (see  Amazon date=20130509073844 )- Secular China (Giri Deshingkar Memorial Lecture), China Report, 2003, vol. 39, no. 3, July–September 2003, pp. 305–321.- Social Bonding and Freedom: Problems of Choice in Immigrant Societies. In Michael Charney and Brenda Yeoh (eds.), Asian Migrants and Education in Immigrant Societies. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003, pp. 1–13.- The Limits of Decolonization. In Marc Frey, Ronald W. Preussen and Tan Tay Yong (eds.), The Transformation of Southeast Asia: International Perspectives on Decolonization. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2003, pp. 268–273.- Chinese Political Culture and Scholarship about the Malay World. In Ding Choo Ming. (ed.). Chinese Studies of the Malay World: a revaluation of a scholarly tradition. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003, pp. 12–30.- Reflections on Networks and Structures in Asia. In Melissa G. Curley and Liu Hong (eds), China and Southeast Asia: changing social-cultural interactions. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Centre of Asian Studies, 2003, pp. 13–26.

**編著**

**參考來源==