方濟各會

香港馬鞍山聖方濟堂內的方濟銅像
方濟各會（Ordines Franciscani），又稱方濟會，是天主教托缽修會派別之一。這些修會由亞西西的方濟各於1209年創立，分為三大組：- Primera Orden de San Francisco，包括：
** 小兄弟會（最大的分支，故常與方濟各會混用）、Order of Friars Minor Conventual和嘉布遣小兄弟會- Segunda Orden de San Francisco，包括：
** 貧窮修女會等- Third Order of Saint Francis，包括：
** Secular Franciscan Order等

**始創人**
創始人為亞西西的方濟各，原名喬瓦尼·貝納多內（Giovanni Benadone），他年輕時常飲酒作樂，父親甚為擔憂，方濟曾在反對王公貴族的戰役中被擄達一年之久，之後又染重病，一步一步地讓他悔改歸正，於1208年之後開始在亞西西周圍遊行，幫助困苦無依之人並重修教堂。過著模仿基督耶穌、極度貧窮的生活，他相信以此種方式才能脫離世俗、不受影響、專心跟從基督。此派修道士的特點是：將所有財物都捐給窮人、靠佈施行乞過生活、直屬羅馬教宗的管轄、潛心研究學問、四處講道，甚至最後成為教宗用來壓制異端的工具，這些行乞修會成員對當時西歐的生活產生非常驚人的影響。
第七任總會長聖文德總主教

**歷史**
方濟會效忠羅馬教廷，重視學術研究和文化教育事業，反對異端，為傳揚福音而到處遊方。於1209年由意大利亞西西的聖方濟得教宗依諾森三世的批准成立。1223年教宗何諾三世批准其重新撰寫第二會規。
初創時，會內不置產業，靠雙手工作為生，有需要時則行乞，故為托缽派。及後，方濟會日益興旺，獲準擁有產業，難再過貧苦生活，內部因而分裂為守規派、住院派和嘉布遣派三支派。其中，守規派改革當時日趨安逸的修會，主張堅守方濟最初創會的教導過貧窮生活、他們因拒絕接受教宗要他們改變規例而遭到迫害，並在16世紀時通過傳教向外發展；接受改變規例的方濟會士稱之為住院派。方濟的同鄉佳蘭（加辣，嘉勒）在方濟創建的女修會擔任第一任會長，倡導隱修，稱方濟第二會（又稱佳蘭會）。方濟亦為在俗人士設立了第三會，入會者不必出家，只須在修會指導下過福音生活。

**中國**
1289年，方濟會會士孟高維諾總主教，受羅馬教廷派遣前往時值元朝統治的中國。經海路，1291年抵達泉州，1294年抵達大都（今北京），是為最早期的來華天主教傳教士（當時尚未有基督新教）。
天主教在元末中國中斷之後，於明末再度進入中國。方濟會再次進入中國是從1633年抵達福建福安的利安當（Antonio de Santa Maria Caballero，OFM，1602-1669）神父開始。

**現時運作**
全球小兄弟會的總中心設於羅馬，由以總會長為首的服務團隊（參議員）作中央協調。一萬五千多名的小兄弟分佈於113個國家，隸屬於不同會省。臺灣及香港小兄弟合為中華之-{後}-會省；香港兄弟屬於孟高維諾會區，屬於中華之-{後}-會省。

**註釋**

**參考文獻**

**書籍**
 The Poor and the Perfect: The Rise of Learning in the Franciscan Order, 1209–1310 by Neslihan Senocak. (Cornell University Press; 2012) 280 pages; shows how Franciscans shifted away from an early emphasis on poverty and humility and instead emphasized educational roles
*A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517 by John Richard Humpidge Moorman, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1988.  ISBN 978-0-8199-0921-3
*Origins of the Franciscan Order by Cajetan Esser, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1970.  ISBN 978-0-8199-0408-9
*The Leonine Union of the Order of Friars Minor by Maurice Carmody, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994.  ISBN 978-1-57659-084-3
*Friars Minor in China: 1294 – 1944, by Arnulf Camps and Pat McCloskey, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1996.  ISBN 978-1-57659-002-7
*In the Name of St. Francis: A History of the Friars Minor and Franciscanism until the Early Sixteenth Century, by Grado Giovanni Merlo, translated by Robert J. Karris and Raphael Bonanno, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2009.  ISBN 978-1-57659-155-0
*The History of Franciscan Theology, by Kenan Osborne, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994.  ISBN 978-1-57659-032-4
*Friars Minor in Ireland from Their Arrival to 1400, by Francis Cotter, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994. ISBN 978-1-57659-083-6
*The Franciscan Spirituals and the Capuchin Reform, by Thaddeus MacVicar, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1986.  ISBN 978-1-57659-086-7
*Medieval Franciscan Houses, by John R. H. Moorman, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1983.  ISBN 978-1-57659-079-9
*A Poor Man's Legacy: An Anthology of Franciscan Poverty, by Cyprian Lynch, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1989. ISBN 978-1-57659-069-0
*The Franciscan Concept of Mission in the High Middle Ages, by E. Randolph Daniel, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1992. ISBN 0-8131-1315-6
*Peace and Good in America, A History of the Holy Name Province, Order of the Friars Minor, 1850s to the Present, by Joseph M. White, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2004. ISBN 978-1-57659-196-3
*The Birth of a Movement, by David Flood and Thaddee Matura, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1975. ISBN 978-0-8199-0567-3
*A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517 by John R. H. Moorman, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (1968) ISBN 0-19-826425-9; reprint: Franciscan Herald Press, Chicago, IL (1988) ISBN 0-8199-0921-1
*Franciscan Philosophy at Oxford in the Thirteenth Century by D.E. Sharp, Oxford University Press, London (1930); (a more recent ed.: ISBN 0-576-99216-X)
*Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (3rd Edition) by C.H. Lawrence, ISBN 0-582-40427-4
*The Spiritual Franciscans: From Protest to Persecution in the Century After Saint Francis by David Burr. ISBN 0-271-02128-4
*Francis and Clare: The Complete Works By Ignatius C. Brady, Regis J. Armstrong, Paulist Press, Mahwah, New Jersey, (1982) ISBN 0-8091-2446-7
*The Fraternal Economy: A Pastoral Psychology of Franciscan Economics By David B. Couturier, Cloverdale Books, South Bend (2007) ISBN 978-1-929569-23-6
*Francis of Assisi: Early Documents 3 Volumes. Edited by Regis J. Armstrong, OFM Cap., J.A. Wayne Hellmann, OFM Conv., and William J. Short, OFM. New York: New City Press. Copyright 1999, Franciscan Institute of Saint Bonaventure University, Saint Bonaventure, NY. ISBN 978-1-56548-110-7.- "The Franciscan Story" by Maurice Carmody, Athena Press Publishing Co. UK (2008). ISBN 1-84748-141-8 ; ISBN 978-1-84748-141-2- "Santo António de Lisboa - Da Ciência da Escritura ao Livro da Natureza", Maria Cândida Monteiro Pacheco, Imprensa Nacional casa da Moeda,Lisboa, (1997), ISBN 972-27-0855-4- "O Simbolismo da Natureza em Santo António de Lisboa", José Acácio Aguiar e Castro,Universidade Católica Portugesa- Fundação Engº António de Almeida, Porto, 1997, ISBN UCP 972-9290.13-X /FEAA 972-8386-03-6

**文章**
 Schmucki, Oktavian (2000) "Die Regel des Johannes von Matha und die Regel des Franziskus von Assisi. Ähnlichkeiten und Eigenheiten. Neue Beziehungen zum Islam" (pp. 219–244) in Cipollone, Giulio (ed.). La Liberazione dei 'Captivi' tra Cristianità e Islam: Oltre la Crociata e il Gihâd: Tolleranza e Servizio Umanitario. (CollectaneaArchivi Vaticani, 46.) Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Vatican City.-  , Masha Halevi, Between Faith and Science: Franciscan Archaeology in the Service of the Holy Places, Middle Eastern Studies Volume 48, Issue 2, 2012pages 249-267 date=20200420170900 

**外部連結**
  耶路撒冷方濟聖經學院Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem-  方濟會中華省香港區會 date=20210124145636 -  FRANCISCAN AUTHORS, 13TH - 18TH CENTURY- 方濟會總會網站Ordo Fratrum Minorum Franciscan Friars date=20220324060133