遊說集團

煙草產業遊說者提供給荷蘭政治家卡爾梯卡·劉拓爾德的禮物
遊說集團（Lobbying），又稱院外集團或政治遊說，是嘗試影響立法人員或立法機構成員的政治決定或行為。遊說由許多不同類型的人員、組織與團體，包括私人機構、企業、部分已經同意遊說目的的立法人員、政府人員或利益團體進行。遊說人員可能是某個選舉區的投票者或已經形成共識的某個團體，也可能是一家公司員工。專業的遊說人員可以代表他們的客戶去影響立法、行政法規、政府決策、行為或政策。個人或非營利組織也可能進行遊說，比如一家公司總裁為了一項計畫與某位代表會談，一個積極份子可能為了某個理念跟立法人員倡議某項法案，政府時常會界定並管制有影響力的遊說團體。

**美國**
美國議會政治中很有代表性的政治現象。很多為利益集團代言、也有不少遊說集團也同時為公眾利益代言，對擁有立法權的參議院、眾議院兩院的議員進行遊說，並從受益集團獲取經濟利益，這在美國的政治中心城市已經形成了一個產業鏈（旋轉門）。其代表人物是傑克·阿布拉莫夫，有美國遊說業“教父”之稱。

**相關**
 戰國策《說難》韓非- 智庫- 行動主義- 倡導- 利益團體- 賄賂- 財閥- 門閥- 貴族- 深層政府- 政治獻金- 《攻敵必救》 2016年美國電影，劇情描述遊說團體之間的競爭

**參考文獻**
  P. L. Petrillo, Form of government and lobbying in UE and UK, in (march, 2013) date=20210216131104 - Joos, Klemens: Lobbying in the new Europe. Successful representation of interests after the Treaty of Lisbon, 244 pages, ISBN 978-3-527-50597-5, Wiley VCH 2011- Geiger, Andreas: EU Lobbying handbook, A guide to modern participation in Brussels, 244 pages, ISBN 3-9811316-0-6, Helios Media GmbH, 2006-  GLOSSARY - Alphabetical list of terms associated with the Lobbying industry- The Bulletin, 16 March 2006, p. 14, Lobbying Europe: facts and fiction- The European Lawyer, December 2005/January 2006, p. 9, The lobbyists have landed- Financial Times, 3 October 2005, p. 8, Brussels braces for a U.S. lobbying invasion- Public Affairs News, November 2004, p. 34, Judgement Call- The European Lawyer, December 2004/January 2005, p. 26, Lifting the lid on lobbying- Pier Luigi Petrillo, Democracies under Pressures. Lobbies and Parliaments in a comparative public law, Giuffrè 2011 (www.giuffre.it)- Pietro Semeraro, I delitti di millantato credito e traffico di influenza,ed. Giuffre, Milano,2000.- Pietro Semeraro, Trading in Influence and Lobbying in the Spanish Criminal Code,  PDF date=20210225053059 - Wiszowaty, Marcin: Legal Regulation of Lobbying in New Members States of the European Union,  Arbeitspapiere und Materialien - Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universitat Bremen, No. 74: Heiko Pleines (ed.): Participation of Civil Society in New Modes of Governance. The Case of the New Member States. Part 2: Questions of Accountability date=20210804042712 . February 2006 (PDF)- Heiko Kretschmer/ Hans-Jörg Schmedes:  Enhancing Transparency in EU Lobbying? How the European Commission's Lack of Courage and Determination Impedes Substantial Progress date=20210216130033 ,  Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft date=20210314185328  1/ 2010, S. 112-122

**延伸閱讀**

**外部連接**
 Lobbying (Politics)

**美國**
  Lobbyists.info date=20190105045213  - The largest, comprehensive database of 22,000 registered lobbyists. Contains searchable profiles of lobbyists and government relations professionals, their clients and issues.- dead-url=  - Fortune listed the top 25 lobbying groups in 1999.-  LobbyWatch - a project of the Center for Public Integrity with reports on lobbyists and lobbying efforts as well as a searchable database.-  OpenSecrets.org date=20210120172216 -  NoLobby.com - Capitalism Magazine mini-site. Opposes lobbying restrictions on free speech grounds.-  The Citizen's Guide to the U.S. Government - an online tutorial containing information for individuals who wish to address issues with their elected officials.-  Free Speech National Right to Life page containing documents opposing excessive regulation of "lobbying" as infringement on "right to petition" guaranteed by the First Amendment.-  Public Affairs Links-  First Street Research Group powered by https://web.archive.org/web/20120115155817/http://firststreet.cqpress.com/ - reports and analysis on the lobbying industry-  US Senate Lobbying-Database Search date=20201201162553 

**歐洲**
  Public Affairs Jobs HQ - news, jobs for lobbyists and policy professionals date=20210216131305 -  The Lobby Ticker date=20130514132302  - website of independent Austrian MEP Hans-Peter Martin with original lobbyist invitations and voting recommendations he received-  Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia date=20210216131206 -  PubAffairs - the public affairs network date=20210224232138 -  Public Affairs World date=20210216131225 -  LobbyPlanet website-  Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation (ALTER-EU) date=20210416100128 -  Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) date=20190406181828 -  EuroBrussels, the European Affairs Jobsite date=20210216131245 - euroXpress  www.euroxpress.es date=20210226034702 -  Spinwatch date=20190916011325 -  The New EU, European Affairs Jobs Community-  Alliance for Lobbying Transparency date=20210415055635  - UK based campaign-  OECD: Special Session on Lobbying: Enhancing Transparency and Accountability 7–8 June 2007