邁克爾·波特

邁克爾·尤金·波特（Michael Eugene Porter，catIdx=P），生於美國密西根州安娜堡，著名管理學家，企業經營策略和競爭力的權威，26歲成為哈佛商學院教授，是哈佛曆史上最年輕的教授，2001年領導著“戰略和競爭研究所”，曾任雷根政府“產業競爭力委員會”的委員；而喜歡棒球的波特，也是波士頓紅襪隊的資深策略顧問。

**生平**
1969年，於普林斯頓大學取得航空及機械工程系學士學位。1971年，於哈佛大學商學院，取得MBA學位。1973年，於哈佛大學取得企業經濟學（business economics）博士學位。
1984年他是美國摩立特集團的創始合作人之一，是全球領先的戰略和管理綜合性諮詢公司，總部設在美國馬薩諸塞州劍橋。
1994年他創建了創建富有競爭力的市內貧民區 ICIC（Initiative for a Competitive Inner City），一個任務是預測貧困內城的經濟發展的非盈利性組織。
2012年11月，邁克爾波特創立的摩立特集團宣告破產。

**學術貢獻**
 價值鏈（Value chain）- 產業競爭的五力分析（5 forces analysis）- 鑽石模型（Diamond Model）- 市場定位（market positioning）-區分為差異化基礎（variety base）、需求基礎（need base）、和經由特殊管道基礎（access base）的市場定位- 策略群組（strategic groups，strategic sets） - 競爭策略（generic strategies）-區分為成本領先、差異化和集中化- 區域經濟發展的產業集群（Porter's clusters）

**主要著作**

**競爭戰略**
 Porter, M.E. (1979) "How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy", Harvard Business Review, March/April 1979.- Porter, M.E. (1980) Competitive Strategy, Free Press, New York, 1980. The book was voted the ninth most influential management book of the 20th century in a poll of the Fellows of the Academy of Management.- Porter, M.E. (1985) Competitive Advantage, Free Press, New York, 1985.- Porter, M.E. (ed.) (1986) Competition in Global Industries, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1986.- Porter, M.E. (1987) "From Competitive Advantage to Corporate Strategy", Harvard Business Review, May/June 1987, pp. 43–59.- Porter, M.E. (1996) "What is Strategy", Harvard Business Review, Nov/Dec 1996.- Porter, (2017)  "Michael Porter on Creating Competitive Advantage for Yourself" date=20201025222637 , HBR Ascend- Porter, M.E. (1998) On Competition, Boston: Harvard Business School, 1998.- Porter, M.E. (1990, 1998) The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Free Press, New York, 1990.- Porter, M.E. (1991) "Towards a Dynamic Theory of Strategy", Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Winter Special Issue), pp. 95–117. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.4250121008/abstract date=20180309141624 - McGahan, A.M. & Porter, M.E. Porter. (1997) "How Much Does Industry Matter, Really?" Strategic Management Journal, 18 (Summer Special Issue), pp. 15–30. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199707)18:1%2B%3C15::AID-SMJ916%3E3.0.CO;2-1/abstract date=20170910141157 - Porter, M.E. (2001) "Strategy and the Internet", Harvard Business Review, March 2001, pp. 62–78.- Porter, M.E. & Kramer, M.R. (2006) "Strategy and Society: The Link Between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility", Harvard Business Review, December 2069, pp. 78–92.- Porter, M.E. (2008) "The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy", Harvard Business Review, January 2008, pp. 79–93.- Porter, M.E. & Kramer, M.R. (2011) "Creating Shared Value", Harvard Business Review, Jan/Feb 2011, Vol. 89 Issue 1/2, pp. 62–77- Porter, M.E. & Heppelmann, J.E. (2014)  "How Smart, Connected Products are Transforming Competition" date=20160704095940 , Harvard Business Review, November 2014, pp. 65–88- Porter, M.E. & Heppelmann, J.E. (2015) " How Smart, Connected Products are Transforming Companies" date=20230815181654 , Harvard Business Review, October 2015, pp. 97–114- Porter, M.E. & Heppelmann, J.E. (2017) " Why Every Organization Needs an Augmented Reality Strategy" date=20200531084950 , Harvard Business Review, November 2017, pp. 46–62
波特在管理學領域堪稱經典的“競爭”三部曲是：- 《競爭策略》（Competitive Strategy，1980）- 《競爭優勢》（Competitive Advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance，1985）- 《國家競爭優勢》（The Competitive Advantage of Nations，1989）

**美國政治競爭力**
 Gehl, K.M. & Porter, M.E. (2017) " Why Competition in the Politics Industry is Failing America date=20230511100729 ", Harvard Business School, September 2017.

**美國健康醫療**
 Porter, M.E. & Teisberg, E.O. (2006) Redefining Health Care: Creating Value-Based Competition On Results, Harvard Business School Press, 2006.- Berwick, DM, Jain SH, and Porter ME.  "Clinical Registries: The Opportunity For The Nation." date=20220329211411  Health Affairs Blogs, May 2011.

**全球醫療健康**
 Jain SH, Weintraub R, Rhatigan J, Porter ME, Kim JY. "Delivering Global Health". Student British Medical Journal 2008; 16:27.- Kim JY, Rhatigan J, Jain SH, Weintraub R, Porter ME. "From a declaration of values to the creation of value in global health: a report from Harvard University's Global Health Delivery Project". Global Public Health. 2010 Mar; 5(2):181–88.- Rhatigan, Joseph, Sachin H Jain, Joia S. Mukherjee, and Michael E. Porter. "Applying the Care Delivery Value Chain: HIV/AIDS Care in Resource Poor Settings." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 09-093, February 2009.

**書籍和評論**
 Understanding Michael Porter: The Essential Guide to Competition and Strategy. Magretta, Joan. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2012.- The Lords of Strategy: The Secret Intellectual History of the New Corporate World. Kiechel, Walter III. Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, 2010.- The Porter Hypothesis After 20 Years: How Can Environmental Regulation Enhance Innovation and Competitiveness? Stefan Ambec, Mark A. Cohen, Stewart Elgie, and Paul Lanoie. Resources for the Future Discussion Paper, Washington DC, 2011.- Well-Designed Environmental Regulations will Strengthen Companies' Competitiveness: Reviewing the Porter Hypothesis.  Mitsuhashi Tadahiro (ed.) Japan, 2008.- From Adam Smith to Michael Porter: Evolution of Competitiveness Theory y. Cho, Dong-Sung Cho and Hwy-Chang Moon. Asia-Pacific Business Series, Korea, 2000.- “Retrospective: Michael Porter's Competitive Strategy.” Academy of Management Executive, May 2002, Vol. 16, No. 2- Perspectives on Strategy: Contributions of Michael E. Porter, F.A.J. van den Bosch and A.P. de Man (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1997.- O Projecto Porter:  A aplicação a Portugal 1993/94.  Lisbon, Portugal:  Ministério da Indústria e Energia, May 1995.- Sölvell, Ö. (2015), The Competitive Advantage of Nations 25 years – opening up new perspectives on competitiveness. Competitiveness Review, Vol. 25 No. 5, pp. 471-481. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-07-2015-0068.

**批評**
波特的論述與主張遭到一些學術人士批評，認為其邏輯辯證前後矛盾，另外也被人認為其結論缺乏實務經驗的支持，以及論述中所舉的產業案例有刻意挑選及潤飾之嫌。
在其顧問公司倒閉負債五億美元後質疑者的聲浪更是大幅成長，認為波特的理論性遠大於實用性，不過是象牙塔內的紙上談兵。《富比士》雜誌在2012年11月20日發表認為波特提出的「五力分析」，想要替企業架構出競爭進入障礙，只是在企業全球化的浪潮中國界消失了、知識淪為大宗商品，沒人能建立壟斷性障礙，目前勝出的企業像蘋果、亞馬遜等，都必須仰賴不斷創新來創造價值，其管理學理論在生產過剩的買方時代已經沒有意義，在高度全球競爭白熱化的時代，各公司需要細節面、針對其產業特化的極細部顧問服務，這些都需要特化型的專家長年研究，而非只懂理論的大學教授能勝任，不會再有企業想為了講述大概略方向戰略的建議而付顧問費。

**參考文獻 ==