約翰·布朗 (廢奴主義者)

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約翰·布朗（John Brown；catIdx=Brown），美國起義領袖、廢奴主義者，1856年曾參加堪薩斯內戰，贏得勝利。1859年他率眾在哈伯斯費裡舉事，要求廢除奴隸制，並逮捕一些莊園主，解放了許多奴隸。舉事失利，布朗被捕並被處絞。
約翰·布朗最開始在血濺堪薩斯危機中引起了注意力。不像大多數北方人認為應該通過和平手段，以談判模式，協調解決奴隸制廢存問題，約翰·布朗認為應該採取暴動。 
在1856年5月堪薩斯的流血衝突中，他和同伴殺害了5名南方奴隸主。1859年他在弗吉尼亞州哈珀斯費裡發動起義，7人（包括一名黑人）喪生，10餘人受傷。3天之後，他的同伴多被殺害，起義被羅伯特·李將軍鎮壓，約翰·布朗自己亦被逮捕並處決。約翰·布朗的死成為了引發南北戰爭的重要原因之一。

**參考**

**二手來源**
 Ken Chowder, "The Father of American Terrorism." American Heritage (2000) 51(1): pp 81+;  online version- DeCaro, Louis A. Jr. "Fire from the Midst of You": A Religious Life of John Brown (2002)- W.E.B. Du Bois John Brown (ISBN 978-0-679-78353-4) (1909).- Finkelman, Paul ed. His Soul Goes Marching On: Responses to John Brown and the Harpers Ferry Raid (1995)- Goodrich, Thomas War to the Knife: Bleeding Kansas, 1854-1861 (1998).- Malin, James. John Brown & the Legend of Fifty-Six (1942), the most influential scholarly attack on Brown  (ISBN 978-0-8383-1021-2)- Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union. 2 vols. (1947), in depth scholarly history.- Nichols, Roy F. “The Kansas-Nebraska Act: A Century of Historiography.” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 43 (September 1956): 187-212. Online at JSTOR (also paper) at most academic libraries.- Nudelman, Franny, John Brown's Body: Slavery, Violence, and the Culture of War (2004).- Oates, Stephen B. To Purge This Land With Blood: A Biography of John Brown (1970).- Oates, Stephen B. Our Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln, John Brown, and the Civil War Era (1979)- Peterson, Merrill D. (2002): John Brown: The Legend Revisited (ISBN 978-0-8139-2132-7), how history has treated Brown- Potter, David M. The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861 (1976), prize winning scholarly history of the era- Renehan, Edward J. The Secret Six: The True Tale of the Men Who Conspired with John Brown. 1995.- Reynolds, David S. (2005): John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights (2005) a favorable biography; says (p. 8): "My stand on some key issues is: (a) Brown was not insane; instead, he was a deeply religious, flawed, yet ultimately noble reformer; (b) the Pottawatomie affair was indeed a crime, but it was a war crime committed against proslavery settlers by a man who saw slavery as an unprovoked war of one race against another; and (c) neither Brown's provisional constitution nor the Harpers Ferry raid were wild-eyed, erratic schemes doomed to failure; instead, they reflect Brown's overconfidence in whites' ability to rise above racism and in blacks' willingness to rise up in armed insurrection against their masters."
*Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2006.- Otto Scott, The Secret Six: John Brown and The Abolitionist Movement (1979).-  SenGupta, Gunja. “Bleeding Kansas: A Review Essay.” Kansas History 24 (Winter 2001/2002): 318-341. date=20210419054748 - Villard, Oswald Garrison, John Brown 1800-1859: A Biography Fifty Years After (1910).  full text online date=20160507155221 

**主要來源**
 Louis Ruchames, ed. A John Brown Reader: The Story of John Brown in His Own Words, in the Words of Those who Knew Him (1959)- Franklin Sanborn (ed.) (1891): The Life and Letters of John Brown- DeCaro, Louis A. Jr. John Brown--The Cost of Freedom: Selections from His Life & Letters (New York: International Publishers, 2007)- Henry David Thoreau (1859): A Plea for Captain John Brown- Andrew Johnson (1859):  What John Brown Did in Kansas (December 12, 1859): a speech to the United States House of Representatives, December 12, 1859. Originally published in The Congressional Globe, The Official Proceedings of Congress, Published by John C. Rives, Washington, D. C. Thirty-Sixth Congress, 1st Session, New Series...No. 7, Tuesday, December 13, 1859, pages 105-106. Retrieved May 16, 2005.

**在線文檔**
 "John Brown's body and blood" date=20090930190653  by Ari Kelman: a review in the  TLS date=20190219012838 , February 14, 2007.-  John Brown Museum State Historic Site Osawatomie, Kansas-  What John Brown Did In Kansas date=20210228220412  Battle of Osawatomie, 1856-  John Brown, Abolitionist, by David Reynolds, 2005- West Virginia Archives and History- Project Gutenberg: John Brown's Body (1928) (full text) date=20110813193535 

**歷史小說**
 Olds, Bruce. Raising Holy Hell (1995).- Banks, Russell. Cloudsplitter (1998).- Ehrlich, Leonard. God's Angry Man (1932).- Bisson,Terry  Fire on the Mountain (1988)- George Macdonald Fraser "Flashman and the Angel of the Lord" (1994)- Rinaldi, Ann.  Mine Eyes Have Seen. (1997)- Cliff, Michelle. Free Enterprise. (1993)- Brooks, Geraldine. March: A Love Story in a Time of War (2006)- Flint, Eric. "1824: The Arkansas War" (2006)- Santa Fe Trail (film). (1940)- Summers, Kevin G. "His Soul Goes Marching On" in Tales of Moreauvia, Issue One (2008).- Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1929: Stephen Vincent Benet, John Brown's Body- John Brown's Body (originally known as "John Brown's Song"), Union marching song of the American Civil War.

**外部鏈接**
 Find-A-Grave profile for John Brown date=20171027152756 - New York History Net, John Brown's Farm date=20181020074541 - John Brown's pike, Kansas Museum of History date=20101010164447 - John Brown's surveying compass, Kansas Museum of History date=20100613162822 - Collection of John Brown's Letters date=20110908150135 - Interview with David S. Reynolds author of John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Lindenhurst Memorial Library BookTalk- John Brown's pedigree date=20190518025442 -  John Brown's Gravesite - North Elba, NY date=20160304110053 

**註釋 ==