冷核聚變

馬丁·弗萊許曼實驗裝置
冷核聚變是指常溫、常壓下發生的核聚變反應的假說。冷核聚變不同於恆星內部、熱核武器和實驗性聚變反應堆中高溫、高壓的“熱”核聚變，也不包括常溫的μ子催化聚變（1950年代就已證實，但不具實用價值）。目前，並不存在被主流物理學共識接受的冷核聚變理論或現象。
1989年，電化學家Martin Fleischmann和Stanley Pons報告稱其實驗裝置出現反常放熱（“餘熱”）現象，聲稱其數量級無法依靠化學反應解釋，唯一的可能性是核反應。兩人在論文中進一步報告稱，實驗檢測到少量中子、氚等核反應副產物。此外，該實驗較簡單，僅是一個發生於鈀電極表面的的重水電解實驗，可以使用小型電解裝置在實驗室桌面上進行。本研究受到了媒體的廣泛關注，引發了人們對低成本清潔能源的遐想。
但是，該實驗未能被其他科學家成功復現。起初大量實驗者報告復現失敗，少數“成功”的實驗者也撤回主張；隨後，人們指出最初實驗中有許多可導致實驗錯誤的漏洞；最終，人們意識到兩人根本沒有檢測到所謂的核反應副產物。清潔能源的希望也因此破滅。時至1989年末，大多數科學家認為“冷核聚變說”已死。隨後，冷核聚變普遍被認為是一種Pathological science。1989年美國能源部調查報告認為，實驗者報告的餘熱現象並非有用能源的確鑿證據，不應向冷核聚變提供研究經費。2004年，美國能源部發布了審評近期研究的第二輪報告，依然沒有改變最初的結論。目前，冷核聚變研究很少能發表在經同行審評的期刊中，其研究所受到的審視低於主流科學研究。
少數研究者依然相信冷核聚變存在可能。例如，谷歌公司在2019年資助了一項冷核聚變實驗，並在《自然》期刊上發表論文，但該實驗未能復現馬丁·弗萊施曼和斯坦利·龐斯的實驗結果。為避免“冷核聚變”一詞的負面聯繫，該領域研究者將其稱為低能量核反應（Low Energy Nuclear Reactions, LENR）與凝聚態核科學（Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, CMNS），這個邊緣科學群體仍在繼續開展研究。

**歷史**
冷核融合為大眾所週知起因於1989年3月「弗萊許曼-龐斯實驗」的爭議性——由科學家馬丁·弗萊許曼（Martin Fleischmann）與史坦利·龐斯（Stanley Pons）所進行。當時有許多科學家努力重複該實驗，卻發現無法再現一樣的結果。人們對冷聚變最大的責難集中在其實驗的低重複性和核反應產物不匹配兩點上。
2008年，日本大阪大學物理學教授荒田吉明宣稱完成第一次成功冷融合示範。在實驗中，荒田吉明使氘進入一個包含鈀與鋯氧化物之混合物中，在這種稠密的狀態下，來自於不同原子的氘原子核融合產生氦原子核。
2011年，義大利波隆納大學（University of Bologna）物理系的科學家安卓·羅西（Andrea Rossi）與Sergio Focardi宣佈已成功利用能源催化劑（Energy Catalyzer ）引發冷核融合反應，但尚未普遍得到其他科學家證實。

**參考資料**

**延伸閱讀**

**報導與評論**
 "Cold Fusion Research"date=20061019015953  - Energy Research Advisory Board report (November 1989)
** Conclusions and recommendationsdate=20061207164356  section of the report- U.S. Navy Report Detailing a Decade of Cold Fusion Researchdate=20061023112417  "Thermal and Nuclear Aspects of the Pd/D2O System", U.S. Navy TECHNICAL REPORT 1862, February 2002- U.S. DoE 2004 Cold Fusion Review - U.S. Department of Energy review of 15 years of cold fusion experiments- Cold Fusion - An Objective Assessmentdate=20061230153420  - by Dr. Edmund Storms, a review of the experimental results (December 2001; 233 references, including 34 studies reporting anomalous energy using the Pons-Fleischmann method)

**期刊與書籍**
  Cold Fusion Timesdate=20061114194852  - quarterly journal about cold fusion

**Websites and repositories**
 Britz's cold nuclear fusion bibliography - an overview and review of almost all available publications about cold nuclear fusion- Cold Fusion — 17 Years and Heating Up - directory of cold fusion resources compiled by FreeEnergyNews.com- L. Kowalski's web site - a collection of commentaries on cold fusion research from a physics teacher- International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science - website of the ISCMNS- JL Naudin's web site - the CFR project, a High Temperature Plasma Electrolysis based on the Tadahiko Mizuno work from the Hokkaido University (Japan)- A  Cold Fusion primerdate=20061231053959 , in English and Italian
*Harold Aspden|Aspden, Harold, Cold Fusion Lectures and Essays, 1998 ( html availabledate=20061208053538 ). It gives a firsthand thorough account of the efforts and experiments in the development of cold fusion, including the obstruction and hostility done by state agencies and the industry; it presents also the description of this British engineer and physicist GB Patent no. 2,231,195 (1993) and U.S. Patent no. 5,734,122 (1998).

**新聞**

**1980年代**
 Elation Should Be Tempered Until Jury Has Examined Experiments The Financial Post (May 1 1989)- "Physicists Debunk Claim Of a New Kind of Fusion"date=20061115100156  - The New York Times (May 3 1989)- "PFC results said to deal blow to fusion claims"date=20060822144812  - MIT Tech (May 9 1989) - Early cold fusion claims set straight by work in their Plasma Fusion Center

**1990年代**
 Whatever Happened to Cold Fusion? The American Scholar (Late 1994)- What If Cold Fusion Is Real?date=20061126215215  Wired, (November 1998)- Whatever happened to cold fusion?date=20061201115130  Physics World, (March 1999)- The War Against Cold Fusion - What's really behind it? SF Gate - (May 1999)

**2000年代**
 Arthur C Clarke demands cold fusion rethinkdate=20061001090036  BBC News (September 2000)- " Cold Fusion Heats Up. CBC Science, December 2003-  DoE warms to cold fusiondate=20061215220912  Physics Today April 2004.- Warming up to Cold Fusiondate=20070810135919  Washington Post Magazine (November 2004)- ICCF-11 Overview With Links to Presentations International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (November 2004)- U.S. review rekindles cold fusion debatedate=20061116004953  Nature - (December 2004)- The 2005 Cold Fusion Colloquiumdate=20061114222054  Cold Fusion Times (May 2005) - Public gathering of cold fusion researchers at MIT- Cold-Fusion Believers Work On, Even as Mainstream Science Gives Them the Cold Shoulder Salt Lake City Weekly (October 2005)- ICCF-12 Overview With Links to Presentations International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (December 2005)- Does fusion scientist 'hold the secret'?date=20061013034929  Deseret Morning News (March 2006)- Fleischmann Joins D2Fusion to Develop Cold Fusion Heaters Pure Energy Systems News (March 2006)- Extraordinary Evidence for Cold Fusiondate=20061120060937  U.S. Navy’s San Diego SPAWAR labs deliver evidence for Cold Fusion (Pamela Mosier-Boss and Stan Szpak) (November 2006)

**書目**
 Krivit, Steven ; Winocur, Nadine. The Rebirth of Cold Fusion: Real Science, Real Hope, Real Energy. Los Angeles, CA, Pacific Oaks Press, 2004 ISBN 0-9760545-8-2.- Charles Beaudette|Beaudette, Charles. Excess Heat: Why Cold Fusion Research Prevailed, 2nd. Ed. South Bristol, ME, Oak Grove Press, 2002. ISBN 0-9678548-3-0.- Robert L. Park|Park, Robert L. Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-513515-6. It gives a thorough account of cold fusion and its history which represents the perspective of the mainstream scientific community.- Mizuno, Tadahiko. Nuclear Transmutation: The Reality of Cold Fusion. Concord, N.H.: Infinite Energy Press, 1998. ISBN 1-892925-00-1.- Taubes, Gary. Bad Science: The Short Life and Weird Times of Cold Fusion. New York, N.Y. : Random House, 1993. ISBN 0-394-58456-2.- Huizenga, John R. Cold Fusion: The Scientific Fiasco of the Century. Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 1992. ISBN 1-878822-07-1; ISBN 0-19-855817-1. Huizenga was co-chair of the 1989 DOE panel set up to investigate the Pons/Fleischmann experiment- Close, Frank E..Too Hot to Handle: The Race for Cold Fusion. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-691-08591-9; ISBN 0-14-015926-6.- Mallove, Eugene Fire from Ice: Searching for the Truth Behind the Cold Fusion Furor. Concord, N.H.: Infinite Energy Press, 1991. ISBN 1-892925-02-8. It's an early account from the pro-cold-fusion perspective.