馬納本德·納特·羅易

馬納本德·納特·羅易（মানবেন্দ্র নাথ রায়；Manabendra Nath Roy；catIdx=R羅），又譯魯易、魯依、羅亦，印度革命家、哲學家、政治理論家及活動家。早年曾為共產主義領袖及理論家，在墨西哥、印度和中國從事革命活動；後來，他對資產階級民主和共產主義都感到失望，在生命的最後幾年致力於發展一種替代哲學，他稱之為“激進人文主義”，

**早年**
他原名曼文德拉·納特·巴塔查亞，18歲時參加印度地下獨立運動。1915年嘗試發動武裝政變推翻英國統治未果。第一次世界大戰期間前往德國及中國上海尋求德國提供武器支持印度革命，但未能獲得成功。之後分別前往印尼、日本、韓國、墨西哥、菲律賓及美國，並在美國改名為馬納本德·納特·羅易。羅易為政治理論家及活動家，1917年往墨西哥，與當地知識份子及政治領袖關係密切。羅易曾為墨西哥社會黨總書記。十月革命後轉向共產主義，與當時在墨西哥的鮑羅廷熟悉，並一起創建墨西哥共產黨。羅易為共產國際駐墨代表。1920年受列寧之邀前往莫斯科參加共產國際第二次代表大會，於會上發表關於民族及殖民問題的理論，為列寧在這方面理論的補充。同時開始參予共產國際事務，同年於塔什干成立印度僑民共產黨。1922年為共產國際遠東局負責人之一，之後曾為共產國際主席團成員。

**到中國**
1927年年初，羅易奉共產國際之命前往中國，任共產國際駐中國代表團團長，負責指導中國革命，並出席中國共產黨第五次全國代表大會。羅易於4月初抵達武漢。4月12日蔣介石及國民黨右派在上海清黨，引致寧漢分裂。羅易與當時中共主要負責人陳獨秀、譚平山以及鮑羅廷等對革命方略出現爭論。5月31日，共產國際密電中共，指示中共發動進行土地革命，武裝農民、沒收土地；滲入國民黨內並組成可靠的武裝部隊。羅易於6月將共產國際指示給予國民黨於武漢主事人汪精衛過目，最終武漢方面亦實行分共。同年8月羅易返回蘇聯。

**與共產黨決裂**
羅易於1929年共產國際六大後與共產黨決裂，羅易公開批評共產國際極左，而其本人則被共產國際開除。1930年出版關於中國之書本《中國的革命與反革命》。羅易返回印度後，被英國當局逮捕，被判六年監禁，於獄中著有《現代科學的哲學結果》一書原稿。羅易出獄後宣揚反對極權主義，支持反法西斯戰爭；同時並為自由印度起草憲法，提出由地方分權的經濟政策。二戰爆發前，羅易違反當時印度國民大會黨領袖及印度共產黨的主張，力主印度與英國合作對抗希特拉及法西斯；並指只有自由的英國得到勝利，印度才可能獲得獨立。

**晚年**
羅易晚年表現對小資產階級民主及共產主義失望，轉為開始研究稱為“激進人文主義”（Radical Humanism，又稱「新人民主義」）的新主張。其思想收錄在其晚年論著《理性、浪漫主義、革命》。

**參考文獻**
- La voz de la India (The Voice of India). Mexico City: n.p., n.d. c. 1917.- La India: Su Pasado, Su Presente y Su Porvenir (India: Its Past, Its Present, and Its Future). Mexico City: n.p., 1918.- Indien (India). Hamburg: Verlag der Kommunistischen Internationale, 1922.-  India in Transition. With Abani Mukherji. Geneva: J.B. Target, 1922.- What Do We Want? Geneva: J. B. Target, 1922.- One Year of Non-Cooperation from Ahmedabad to Gaya. With Evelyn Roy. Calcutta: Communist Party of India, 1923. —Imprint probably fictitious.- India's Problem and Its Solution. n.c.: n.p., n.d. c. 1923.- Political Letters. Zurich: Vanguard Bookshop, 1924. —Alternate title: Letters to Indian Nationalists.- Cawnpore Conspiracy Case: An Open Letter to the Rt. Hon. J. R. MacDonald. London: Indian Defence Committee, 1924.- The Aftermath of Non-Cooperation: Indian Nationalism and Labour Politics. London: Communist Party of Great Britain, 1926.-  The Future of Indian Politics. London: R. Bishop Communist Party of Great Britain, 1926.- Our Task in India. n.c.: Bengal Committee of the Revolutionary Party of the Indian Working Class, n.d. c. 1932.-  "I Accuse!" : From the Suppressed Statement of Manabendra Nath Roy on Trial for Treason before Sessions Court, Cawnpore, India. New York: Roy Defense Committee of India, 1932. —Title of unexpurgated Indian edition: My Defence.- Congress at Crossroads, by a Congressman (M. N. Roy). Bombay: Independence of India League, c. 1934.- On Stepping Out of Jail. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, n.d. c. 1936.- Letters by M. N. Roy to the Congress Socialist Party, Written in 1934. Bombay: Renaissance Publishing Co., 1937.-  The Historical Role of Islam: An Essay on Islamic Culture. Bombay: Vora, 1937.- Presidential Address of M. N. Roy, United Provinces Youths' Conference, 29 and 30 May 1937, Sitapur. Bombay: R. D. Nadkarni, n.d. 1937.- Materialism and Spiritualism: Presidential Address of M. N. Roy at the 3rd Session of the Madras Presidency Radical Youths' Conference, Held at Madras on 25 July 1937. Bombay: R. D. Nadkarni, n.d. 1937.- My Crime. Bombay: Ramesh D. Nadkarni, n.d. c. 1937.- The Russian Revolution: A Review and the Perspective. Calcutta: D. M. Library, n.d. c. 1937.- Presidential Address of Com. M.N. Roy, First Rajputana-Central India Students' Conference, Benwar, 1 and 2 January 1938. Bombay: n.p., n.d. 1938.- All-India Sugar Mill Workers' Conference, Gorakhpur, Held on 30 April and 1 May 1938: Presidential Address by Manabendra Nath Roy. Gorakhpur: n.p., n.d. 1938.- Fascism: Its Philosophy, Professions and Practice. Calcutta: D.M. Library, 1938.- On the Congress Constitution. Calcutta: "Independent India" Office, 1938.- Our Differences. With V. B. Karnik. Calcuta: Saraswaty Library, 1938.- Our Problems. With V. B. Karnik. Calcutta; Barendra Library, 1938.- Gandhi vs. Roy: Containing Com. Roy's Letter to Gandhiji, the Latter's Reply and the Former's Rejoinder. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, 1939.- Heresies of the Twentieth Century: Philosophical Essays. Bombay: Renaissance Publishers, 1939.- Presidential Address by M. N. Roy at the First All-India Conference of the League of Radical Congressmen, Poona, 27 and 28 June 1939. Bombay: n.p., n.d. 1939.- Tripuri and After. Nasik: Radical Congressmen's League, n.d. 1930s.- Which Way, Lucknow? By a Radical Congressman (M. N. Roy). Bombay: M. R. Shetty, n.d. 1930s.- The Memoirs of a Cat. n.c. Dehra Dun: Renaissance Publishers, 1940.- Whither Europe? Bombay: Vora, 1940.- The Alternative. Bombay: Vora, 1940.- From Savagery to Civilisation. Calcutta: Digest Book House, 1940.- Gandhism, Nationalism, Socialism. Calcutta: Bengal Radical Club, 1940.- Science and Superstition. Dera Dun: Indian Renaissance Association, 1940.- Materialism: An Outline of the History of Scientific Thought. Dera Dun: Renaissance Publishers, 1940.- World Crisis (International Situation). (contributor) Ahmedabad: Gujarat Radical Democratic People's Party, 1940.- The Relation of Classes in the Struggle for Indian Freedom. Patna: Bihar Radical Democratic People's Party, n.d. c. 1940.- Science, Philosophy and Politics. Moradabad: J. S. Agarwal, n.d. c. 1940.- A New Path: Manifesto and Constitution of the Radical Democratic Party. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, n.d. c. 1940.- Twentieth Century Jacobinism: Role of Marxism in Democratic Revolution. Patna: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. c. 1940.- Some Fundamental Problems of Mass Mobilization. Calcutta: D. Goonawardhana, n.d. c. 1940.- My Differences with the Congress: Speech at Allahbad University, 27 November 1940. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, League of Radical Congressmen, n.d. c. 1940.- On Communal Question. With V. B. Karnik. Lucknow: A.P. Singh, n.d. c. 1940.- Culture at the Crossroads: Cultural Requisites of Freedom. Calcutta: Leftist Book Club, n.d. 1940s.- Radical Democratic Party's Message to the USSR. Calcutta: D. Goonawardhan, n.d. 1940s.- Presidential Address by Com. M. N. Roy at the Maharashtra Provincial Conference of the Radical Democratic Party held at Poona on 22 and 23 March 1941, Bombay: V. B. Karnik, n.d. 1941.- The Ideal of Indian Womanhood. n.c. Dehra Dun?: Renaissance Publishers, 1941.- Problem of the Indian Revolution. Bombay: Rajaram Panday, 1941.- All-India Anti-Fascist Trade Union Conference: Presidential Address by M. N. Roy: Lahore, 29–30 November 1941. Lahore: M. A. Kahn, n.d. 1941.- Scientific Politics: Lectures in the All India Political Study Camp, Dehradun, May and June 1940: Held under Auspices of All-India League of Radical Congressmen. Dehra Dun: Indian Renaissance Association, 1942.- Freedom or Fascism? n.c. Bombay?: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.- India and the War. (contributor) Lucknow: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.- This War and Our Defence. Karachi: Sind Provincial Radical Democratic Party, 1942.- War and Revolution: International Civil War. Madras: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.- Origin of Radicalism in the Congress. Lucknow: S.S. Suri, 1942.- Library of a Revolutionary: Being a List of Books for Serious Political Study. Lucknow: New Life Union, for the Indian Renaissance Association, 1942.- This Way to Freedom: Report of the All-India Conference of the Radical Democratic Party held in December 1942. (contributor) Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.- Nationalism: An Antiquated Cult. Bombay: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. c. 1942.- Nationalism, Democracy, and Freedom. Bombay: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. c. 1942.- Letters from Jail. n.c. Dehra Dun?: Renaissance Publishing, 1943.- The Communist International. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1943.- What is Marxism? Bombay: n.p., 1943.- The Future of Socialism: Talk to the Calcutta Students' Club, November 1943. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. 1943.-  Poverty or Plenty? Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1943.- Indian Labour and Post-war Reconstruction. Lucknow: A. P. Singh, 1943.- Indian Renaissance Movement: Three Lectures. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1944.- The Future of the Middle Class: Lecture Delivered in Poona on 29 May 1944, in the Annual Spring Lecture Series. Patna: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. 1944.- Constitution of India, A Draft: Endorsed and Released for Public Discussion by the Central Secretariat of the Radical Democratic Party. Delhi: V. B. Karnik, 1944.- Your Future: An Appeal to the Educated Middle Class. Issued by the Radical Democratic Party. Lucknow: Radical Democratic Party, 1944.- Planning a New India. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. c. 1944.- National Government or People's Government? Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. c. 1944.- Constitution of Free India, A Draft by M. N. Roy: Endorsed and Released for Public Discussion by the Radical Democratic Party. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1945.- The Last Battles of Freedom: Being the Report of the Calcutta Conference of the Radical Democratic Party, 27 to 30 December 1944. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. 1945.- Post-War Perspective: A Peep into the Future. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1945.- Future of Democracy in India: Being the Full Text of a Speech Delivered at a Public Meeting Held at the Town Hall, Lucknow, on 6 October 1945. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. 1945.- The Problem of Freedom. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1945.- My Experiences in China. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1945.- Sino-Soviet Treaty. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.- Jawaharial Nehru, Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. c. 1945.- INA and the August Revolution. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946.- Revolution and Counter-Revolution in China. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946. —Published in German in 1931.- A New Orientation: Statement on the International Situation. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1946.- A New Orientation: Review and Perspective of the International Struggle for a New World Order of Democratic Freedom, Economic Prosperity, and Cultural Progress. Dehra Dun: Radical Democratic Party, Bengal, 1946.- New Orientation: Lectures Delivered at the Political Study Camp Held at Dehra Dun, from 8 to 18 May 1946. With Phillip Spratt. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946.- Radical Democratic Party Conference Inaugural Address: Bombay, 20th, 21st, 22 December 1946: Presidential Address and Resolutions. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, n.d. 1947.- Principles of Radical Democracy: Adopted by the Third All-India Conference by the Radical Democratic Party of India held in Bombay, 26 to 29 December 1946. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1947. —Attributed to Roy.- Leviathan and Octopus. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. 1947.- Asia and the World: A Manifesto. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1947.- Science and Philosophy. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.- New Humanism: A Manifesto. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.- Beyond Communism. With Philip Spratt. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.- A New Approach to the Communal Program: Lecture Delivered at the International Fellowship, Madras, 22 February 1941. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, n.d. c. 1947.- The Russian Revolution. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1949.-  India's Message. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1950.- The Rhythm of Cosmos: Inaugural Address of the Second All-India Rationalist Conference at Tenali held on 9 and 10 February 1952. Tenali: n.p., n.d. 1952.- Radical Humanism. New Delhi: n.p., 1952.- Reason, Romanticism and Revolution. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1952.- The Way Ahead in Asia. n.c.: British Information Service in Southeast Asia, n.d. c. 1950s.- Crime and Karma, Cats and Women. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1957.- Memoirs. Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1964. —Reissued 1984.

**外部連結**
 Manabendra Nath Roy Internet Archive date=20210424131329