人文主義

人文主義（Humanism），又譯人本主義、人類主義、人道主義（譯為人道主義時常與另一種人道主義（Humanitarianism）混用）是一種基於理性和仁慈為哲學理論的世界觀。作為一種生活哲學，人文主義從仁慈的人性獲得啟示，並通過理性推理來指導。
人文主義以理性推理為思想基礎，以仁慈博愛為基本價值觀。個人興趣、尊嚴、思想自由、人與人之間的容忍和無暴力相處等，都是人文主義內涵範疇。同時，與人本主義心理學和人道主義關係密切。
除了一般無宗教的世俗人文主義外，也存在有宗教的人文主義，在各個主要宗教中，人文主義一般與該宗教的信仰和傳統相結合。有些人文主義還認為，人有需要參加儀式和規則，並組織一些團體來滿足這種需要。相比唯物主義，人文主義注重人的精神心靈；另一方面，人文主義注重理性。因此，有無神論的人文主義者認為，和理性精神相違背的神靈崇拜的宗教精神，並不是人文主義。

**詞源及定義**
“humanism”一詞來源於拉丁語的“人性”（humanitas）一詞，後者最早由西塞羅用來描述與自由教育有關的價值觀，在當時自由教育這一概念類似於今天的藝術、哲學、歷史、文學。這個詞在意大利文藝復興時期以意大利語“umanista”再度出現，在十六世紀傳入英語世界，不過當時這個詞並非以humanism的形式描述思想，而是以humanist的形式代指一群研究和倡導基於古典文學的教育的人2pp=1-2。19世紀早期，以“humanismus”的形式傳入德語，之後再從德語以學術上的對古典文學的倡導及對非宗教性生活的追求這兩種意義傳回英語2pp=18–19。“humanism”這一概念於不晚於1901年傳入中國，而其對應的中文“人文主義”一詞則最早出現於胡先驌翻譯的《白璧德中西人文教育談》一文（發表於《學衡》第三期，1922年）。
可能是巴伐利亞神學家弗里德里希·伊曼努爾·尼特哈默爾創造了人文主義一詞，用以描述他計劃在德國中學開設的古典學課程。不久後，格奧爾·沃伊特和雅各·布克哈特在內的一批學者採用了這個術語pp=9–10。在20世紀，這個詞的含義被進一步完善，並被賦予了當代含義，即對生活的自然主義態度，關注人類的福祉和自由pp=3–4。

**人文主義思想的歷史**

**古希臘**
古希臘在西方，古希臘的蘇格拉底、柏拉圖、亞里士多德等，也提出一些早期人文主義思想觀點。 

**文藝復興時期**
現代生產方式出現，不但動搖中世紀社會基礎，而且確立個人價值，肯定現實生活意義，促進世俗文化發展，由此形成與宗教神權文化對立之思想——人文主義。人文主義肯定人是生活創造者和主人，他們要求文學藝術表現人的思想和感情，科學為人生謀福利，教育發展人的個性，即要求把思想、感情、智慧都從神學的束縛中解放出來。因此，人文主義的學者和藝術家提倡人性以反對神性，提倡人權以反對神權，提倡個性自由以反對人身依附。

**現代**
經歷兩次世界大戰後，西方國家對人類自身反思越發明顯。隨著冷戰開始，1960年代後，美國和西歐爆發一系列反傳統運動和民權運動、女權運動、以及20世紀末崛起的LGBT權利運動後，西方國家趨向世俗化，無宗教信仰者的比例日益增加。人文主義的主張及理念，為無宗教信仰者提供一個近似宗教的信仰和價值觀。

**參見**
 理性- 人本主義- 人道主義- 神曲
*人文主義國際
*人文主義者國際

**參考文獻**

**引用**

**來源**
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**外部鏈接**
 高宣揚： 〈法國哲學界對人文主義的新辯論〉 date=20210205004724 （2006）-  西方人文主義傳統 date=20210205004803 -  人文主義宗教與宗教人文主義——從中國早期宗教和人文主義傳統看儒學的性質