美洲原住民語言

美洲原住民語言並不是一種語言，甚至也不是屬於一種語系，而是美洲所有原住民的各種語言的總稱。其中瑪雅語曾經有自己的文字系統。隨著15世紀末開始西方殖民主義者的到來，美洲原住民數量在幾百年的時間裡銳減，再加上文化的同化，大部分美洲原住民語言都已經滅絕，目前即使會說美洲土著語言的大部分人也是操雙語的人群。因為缺少研究材料，對美洲土著語言的研究很不足，目前對許多美洲土著語言的分類說法不一，尚不能把語系確定下來，只能暫時分為語組，大致有如下個語組，有幾百種以上的語言，有許多語言現在能流利的說的人不足幾十甚至幾個人，大部分已經滅絕。
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南美的大語系：黑點表示孤立語言，灰點表示語系劃分有爭議的語言
根據UNESCO的說法，美洲的大多數土著語言都處於嚴重瀕危狀態，許多語言已經成為休眠語言（沒有母語使用者，但有一群遺產語言的使用者）或完全滅絕。大多數廣泛使用的土著語言是南部克丘亞語（主要在南秘魯和玻利維亞使用）和瓜拉尼語（以巴拉圭為中心，與西班牙語共同享有國家語言地位），大約有六七百萬使用者（在瓜拉尼語的情況下，包括許多歐洲血統的人）。只有6種其他語言的使用者超過一百萬；這些語言包括玻利維亞的艾馬拉語和墨西哥的納瓦特爾語，各有將近兩百萬使用者；危地馬拉和墨西哥的瑪雅語言剋剋其語、基切語和尤卡坦瑪雅語，大約各有一百萬使用者；可能還有一兩種在秘魯和厄瓜多爾的克丘亞語。在美國，根據2010年人口普查，有372,000人報告在家中使用一種土著語言。在加拿大，根據2011年人口普查，有133,000人報告在家中使用一種土著語言。在格陵蘭，約90%的人口講格陵蘭語，這是最廣泛使用的愛斯基摩語。

**語系種類**

**北美洲**
 愛斯基摩-阿留申語系(Eskimo-Aleut)分佈於北極地帶，包括：
** 因紐特語
** 阿留申語- 納-德內語系(Na-Dené)廣泛分佈在加拿大西部和美國的阿拉斯加州，主要包括：
** 特林吉特語(Tlingit)
** 阿薩帕斯卡語(Athabaskan)- 阿爾吉克語系(Algic)廣泛分佈在北美東海岸，從加拿大東部到美國落磯山以東的廣大地區，主要有以下幾種：
** 阿爾岡昆諸語言(Algonquian)
***黑腳語
***夏延語
***Arapaho language
***克里語
***奧吉布瓦語
***Potawatomi language
***Fox language（Sauk–Fox–Kickapoo）
***Shawnee language
***Massachusett language
**Yurok language(Yurok)
**Wiyot language(Wiyot)- 薩利希語系(Salishan)分佈從加拿大西部到美國西部太平洋沿岸：
** 貝拉庫拉語族（Bella Coola）
** 海岸薩利希語族（Coast Salish）
** 內陸薩利希語族（Interior Salish）- Tsimshianic languages（Tsimshianic）分佈於不列顛哥倫比亞省西北部、克奇坎與安妮特島- Wakashan languages（Wakashan）分佈於北美西北海岸與溫哥華島- Siouan languages(Siouan–Catawban)分佈於北美大平原大部分：
** Western Siouan languages（Western Siouan）
***蘇族語 
***Assiniboine language(Assiniboine)
***Stoney language(Stoney)
***克羅語(Crow)
** Catawban languages†（Catawban†）- Kiowa-Tanoan languages(Kiowa-Tanoan)分佈於北美大平原，新墨西哥、堪薩斯、奧克拉荷馬與德克薩斯：
** Kiowa language(Kiowa)
** Jemez language(Jemez)
** Tiwa languages(Tiwa)
** Tewa language(Tewa)- Caddoan languages(Caddoan)分佈於北美大平原，現今分佈於北達科他南部與奧克拉荷馬- 易洛魁語系(Iroquoian)分佈於北美東部，主要於五大湖東部與聖勞倫斯河流域：
** 塞尼卡語（Seneca）
** Cayuga language（Cayuga）
** Onondaga language（Onondaga）
** Oneida language（Oneida）
** 莫霍克語（Mohawk）
** 切羅基語（Cherokee）- Muskogean languages(Muskogean)分佈於美國東南部：
**Chickasaw language（Chickasaw）
**喬克託語（Choctaw）
**克里克-塞米諾爾語（Creek-Seminole）
**希奇提-密卡蘇奇語（Hitchiti-Mikasuki）
**Apalachee language（Apalachee†）
**Alabama language（Alabama）
**Koasati language（Koasati）

**中美洲**
 Yuman–Cochimí languages(Yuman–Cochimí)分佈在美國加利福尼亞州南部與亞利桑那州西部，以及墨西哥下加利福尼亞州
- 猶他-阿茲特克語系分佈從美國猶他州到墨西哥廣大地區
** Numic languages
*** Northern Paiute language
*** Comanche language
*** 休休尼語
*** Colorado River Numic language（Colorado River Numic language）
** Hopi language
** Piman languages
** Tarahumaran languages
** Nahuan languages
*** 納瓦特爾語
*歐託-曼格語系（Oto-Manguean）主要分佈在墨西哥，曾經分佈到尼加拉瓜與哥斯大黎加，包括薩波特克語、米斯特克語、奧托米語等等- 馬雅語系分佈在中美洲和墨西哥南部地區：
** 猶加敦語支(Yucatec Maya)
** 喬爾澤套語支(Cholan–Tzeltalan)
** 瓦斯蒂克語支(Huastecan)
** 坎合巴祖赫語(Kanjobalan–Chujean)
** 基切馬梅語支(Quichean–Mamean)

**南美洲**
 阿拉瓦克語系(Arawakan)分佈在加勒比海島嶼到南美洲安第斯山以東的大部分地區- 奇布恰語系(Chibchan)分佈在中美洲南部到哥倫比亞北部地區- 克丘亞語系分佈在南美洲安第斯山以東北部地區- 圖皮語系(Tupi)分佈在南美從玻利維亞、巴拉圭到阿根廷地區- 舒阿爾語系(Shuar)分佈在亞馬遜河上游森林中地區

**參考文獻**

**引用**

**來源**
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**外部連結**
  Catálogo de línguas indígenas sul-americanas date=20120402234052 -  Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos-  Towards a general typology of South American indigenous languages. A bibliographical database-  South American Languages-  Society to Advance Indigenous Vernaculars of the United States date=20120227063740  (SAIVUS)-  Indigenous Peoples Languages: Articles, News, Videos-  Documentation Center of the Linguistic Minorities of Panama-  The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America-  Indigenous Language Institute date=20120517154720 -  The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages  of the Americas date=20120204041453  (SSILA)-  Southern Oregon Digital Archives First Nations Tribal Collection date=20120209110219  (collection of ethnographic, linguistic, & historical material)-  Center for the Study of the Native Languages of the Plains and Southwest-  Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica-  Programa de Formación en Educación Intercultural Bilingüe para los Países Andinos date=20120504022751 -  Native American Language Center (University of California at Davis)-  Native Languages of the Americas date=20190724224713 -  International Journal of American Linguistics date=20071123080902 -  Our Languages (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)-  Swadesh Lists of Brazilian Native Languages