視頻對話

視頻對話（videotelephony）-{zh-cn:簡稱視聊，;zh-tw:，;zh-hk:，;}-又稱電視通話、電視電話通話，是一種為兩地或多地的用戶之間提供語音和畫面雙向即時傳送的視聽會話技術。大型視訊對話系統在現代的軍事、政府、商貿、醫療等部門和行業領域有廣泛的應用。

**視訊對話分類**
貝爾維尤歐福特空軍基地主持視訊通話

**硬體視訊通話**
硬件視訊通話需要專門的攝影設備，編碼解碼儀器，專線和專門會議室來連接幾個固定部門，投資至少幾百萬元乃至上千萬元人民幣；後期設施的更新維護費用高昂，且需要專人進行維護，佔用了企業大量的資金和人力資源。這對中小型企業而言是一個難以跨越的門檻。另外，基於硬件的視訊通話只能在固定的幾個會議室地點進行，靈活性和拓展性差，面對突發狀況往往束手無策。

**軟體視訊通話系統**
軟體視訊通話系統相比硬件視訊通話系統費用較低，同時在一定程度上克服了硬件視訊通話系統靈活性和拓展性差的問題。但軟件視訊通話本身同樣存在一些無法忽視的問題：多數的視訊通話軟件是C/S架構，即桌面客戶端軟件+服務器端軟件。正常運行前，需要先配置網絡和服務器，下載並安裝客戶端。在此過程中若出現異常情況，重裝軟件也是比較麻煩的事情；另外一種軟件是B/S架構，解決了桌面客戶端存在的一些問題，用戶可直接在網頁瀏覽器上進行視頻通話。但由於採用普通流媒體傳輸技術，這些產品必須利用瀏覽器下載ActiveX的控件，而由於惡意網站通常會利用ActiveX控件自動安裝病毒或後門，所以使用此控件的頁面大多會被瀏覽器攔截，從而導致這類視訊通話可能在產品的兼容性和適用性方面存在問題。
這類程式包含：Yahoo Messenger、AOL Instant Messenger（AIM）、Windows Live Messenger、Skype、iChat、Paltalk（目前改名為PaltalkScene）、Ekiga、Stickam、Tokbox、Camfrog和meetcam等。

**參考文獻**
 Santanu Brahma & Axlator Communications  Audio Video Telephony date=20210119024729 , Real time updates and news about WebRTC technology and browser based audio and video telephony.- Burns, R.W.,  Television: An International History of the Formative Years date=20190604095910  in IEE Publication Series, Institution of Electrical Engineers, Science Museum (Great Britain), 1998, 0-85296-914-7, 978-0-85296-914-4- Daly, Edward A. & Hansell, Kathleen J.  Visual Telephony date=20190609092333 , Artech House, Boston, 1999, 1-58053-023-0, 978-1-58053-023-1, CIPD HD9697.T452D35 651.7'3-dc21.-  issn=0018-7208- Nellist, John G.  Understanding Telecommunications And Lightwave Systems: An Entry-Level Guide date=20200919153905 , John Wiley and Sons, IEEE Press, 2002, 0-471-15032-0, 978-0-471-15032-9.-  dead-url = no - Shepard, Steven.  Videoconferencing Demystified: Making Video Services Work date=20200924063440 , McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002, 0-07-140085-0, 978-0-07-140085-5- Stevenson Bacon, W.  Amazing New Picturephone: A Step Closer to In-Person Visits date=20190610211710 , Popular Science, June 1968, pp. 46–47.- Valinder, Anne.  Like a window in your living room: Video-mediated communication for extended families separated by space date=20201124132101 , University of Gothenburg: Department of Applied Information Technology, pp. 6–18, October 5, 2012. Web. January 23, 2013 (PDF).- Wilcox, James R. & Gibson, David K.  Video Communications: The Whole Picture date=20200925165949 , Focal Press, CMP Books, San Francisco, 2005, 1-57820-316-3, 978-1-57820-316-1.

**延伸閱讀**

**未分類**
 Greenberg, Alan D.  Taking the Wraps off Videoconferencing in the US Classroom, Wainhouse Research, April 2009.- Kopytoff, Verne G.  Hewlett-Packard Sells Its Video Conferencing Business date=20150402094626 , The New York Times, June 1, 2011.- Lawlor, Julia.  Videoconferencing: From Stage Fright to Stage Presence date=20190606120441 , The New York Times,August 27, 1998.- Lohr, Steve.  As Travel Costs Rise, More Meetings Go Virtual date=20190207215851 , The New York Times, July 22, 2008.- Miller, Claire Cain.  Logitech Buying a Maker Of Videoconference Tools date=20170701100128 , The New York Times, November 11, 2009.- Miller, Claire Cain.  Logitech Breaks Into Videoconferencing date=20201109215630 , The New York Times, November 10, 2009 on line, and November 11, 2009 in print, p. B3. Discusses the acquisition of LifeSize Communications.- Millman, Howard.  The Videoconference as a Bicoastal Pas de Deux date=20190609013629 , The New York Times, July 12, 2001.- O'Brien, Kevin.  Stranded Travelers Turn to Videoconferencing date=20201109041650 , The New York Times, April 19, 2010. Article discusses the increased use of videoconferencing due to the eruption of an Icelandic volcano which severely curtailed air travel for several months.- Ramirez, Anthony.  More Than Just a Phone Call; Video Conferencing And Photocopies, Too date=20190604101407 , The New York Times, September 15, 1993. Discusses the deployment of videoconferencing rooms in several hundred Kinkos locations.- Shannon, Victoria.  Videoconferencing's virtual leap forward date=20190630171550 , The New York Times, August 29, 2007.- Sharkey, Joe.  A Meeting in New York? Can’t We Videoconference? date=20190605174539 , The New York Times, May 11, 2009 online, and in print on May 12, 2009, p. B6 of the New York edition.- Vance, Ashlee.  Cisco Buys Norwegian Firm for $3 Billion date=20201109003743 , The New York Times, October 1, 2009 online, and October 2, 2009 in print, p. B7. Discusses the acquisition of Tandberg.- Wang, Ses  Open source tool detects videoconferencing equipment vulnerabilities, Help Net Security, 17 February 2012.- Wayner, Peter.  Jerky Pictures and Sound Are History. Videoconferencing Is All Grown Up., The New York Times, June 16, 2005.

**通常**
 Adeshina, Emmanuel.  In-Person Visits Fade as Jails Set Up Video Units for Inmates and Families date=20190605114150 , The New York Times website,  August 7, 2012, pg. A15 of the New York Edition.- Bajaj, Vikas.  Transparent Government, Via Webcams in India date=20201112015925 , The New York Times, July 18, 2011, pg.B3. Published online: July 17, 2011.- Davis, Andrew W.; Weinstein, Ira M.  The Business Case for Videoconferencing, Wainhouse Research, March 2005.- Fairlie, Rik.  Skype Puts Video Calls on Your TV date=20210313092137 , The New York Times, July 2, 2010. - Hoffman, Jan.  When Your Therapist Is Only a Click Away date=20130727122038 , The New York Times, September 25, 2011, pg. ST1. Also published September 23, 2011 online at www.nytimes.com.- Miller, Hugh.df=   , Department of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, June 16, 2002. Discusses social issues related to videotelephony.- Perlroth, Nicole.  Cameras May Open Up the Board Room to Hackers date=20170827142248 , The New York Times online, January 22, 2012. A version of this article appeared in print on January 23, 2012, on page B1 of the New York edition with the headline: "Conferences Via the Net Called Risky".- ProAV Magazine.  Being Therefix-attempted=yes , ProAV Magazine, November 7, 2008.- Saint Louis, Catherine.  With Enough Bandwidth, Many Join The Band date=20210122184353 , The New York Times, January 10, 2012 (online), January 11, 2012 (in print, New York Edition, pg. A1). Retrieved online January 11, 2012. Synopsis: a look at the pros and cons of videotelephony used for private, individual, music lessons.- Steinberg, Neil.  Dude, Where's My Video Phone? date=20200918182231 , Forbes.com website, October 15, 2007

**環境效益**
 Biello, David.  Can Videoconferencing Replace Travel? date=20140109161819 , Scientific American, March 18, 2009.- Coroama, V.C., et al.  Effects of Internet-Based Multiple-Site Conferences on Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Telematics and Informatics, 2011, doi:10.1016/j.tele.2011.11.006- Pachner, Joanna.  The Next Best Thing to Being There date=20160304080811 , Toronto: The Globe and Mail, October 13, 2009.

**歷史和技術**
 Ebel, H. "Subjective Assessment of Picture Interference in the Videophone" in  4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telephony date=20190605072445 , Bad Wiessee, Germany, September 23–27, 1968, Information Gatekeepers Inc., pp. 289–298.- Fischer, K.; Ebel, H.; "Problems Of How To Position Users In Front Of The Videophone" in:   4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telephony date=20190605072445 , Bad Wiessee, Germany, September 23–27, 1968, Information Gatekeepers Inc., pp. 269–282.- Hall, A.D. "Experiments with Picturephone Service" in: Bell Laboratories RECORD, 1964, Vol. 42, pp. 114–120.- Ives, Herbert E.   Two-Way Television and a Pictorial Account of its Background date=20190613010957  in: Bell Laboratories Record, 1930, Vol. 8, pp. 399–404, and  viewable online here date=20200205184748 .- Ives, Herbert E..  Picture Transmission and Television in: Bell Labs Quarterly, April 1932, Vol. 11, pp. 118–142.- Jaur, Francis.  "Usage Domestiques du Visiophone", Technologies de l’Information et Société, 2, 1990, pp. 89–102. (French)- Schunack, Von Johannes; Maly, Rolf.   Die Fernseh-Sprechtechnik date=20201111211017  in: Fernseh A.G.: 10 Jahre, Berlin: Hausmitteilungen Aus Forshunsg Und Betrieb Der Fernseh Aktiengellschaft,  July 1939, pp. 138–143. (PDF, German)- Schulte, Olaf A.  "The Next Best Thing To Being There" – Ein Überblick Zu 25 Jahren Videokonferenzforschung date=20220121022753  (An Overview of 25 years of videoconferencing research) in: Medien & Kommunikations-wissenschaft, Baden-Baden: Hans-Bredow-Institut, April 2002, pp. 551–570 (PDF, German).

**外部連接**
  Debut of the First Picturephone, 1970 video courtesy of AT&T Archives and History Center, Warren, N.J.-  British Pathé news clip: Videophone 1970 date=20200227141339 , a movie reel news clip on the assembly and demonstration of a prototype British General Post Office 'Viewphone' at Taplow, Buckinghamshire; (February 1, 1970; video, 1:16 seconds length)-  TVTropes.org: Video Phone date=20170912113215 , includes extensive lists of videophones used in popular culture-  Wirlpool Forums: Movies that feature videophones date=20211208160046 -  Finnish 1980s videophone development at YLE Elävä arkisto (YLE Living Archives) date=20141112201405