維也納學派

維也納學派（Wiener Kreis），1920年代圍繞維也納大學哲學系發展出來的一個自然科學和哲學的學派。
維也納學派是發源於20世紀20年代奧地利首都維也納的一個學術團體。其成員主要包括領袖人物石裡克、魯道夫·卡爾納普、紐拉特、Herbert Feigl、漢恩、伯格曼、弗蘭克、Friedrich Waismann、哥德爾，等等。他們多是當時歐洲大陸優秀的物理學家、數學家和邏輯學家。他們關注當時自然科學發展成果（如數學基礎論、相對論與量子力學），並嘗試在此基礎上去探討哲學和科學方法論等問題。
受到19世紀以來德國實證主義傳統影響，加上在維特根斯坦《邏輯哲學論》思想啟示下，維也納學派提出了一系列有別傳統的見解。大致來說，他們的（除哥德爾）中心主張有兩點：一，拒絕形而上學，認為經驗是知識唯一可靠來源；二，只有通過運用邏輯分析的方法，才可最終解決傳統哲學問題。
20世紀20年代末以來，維也納學派通過組織一系列國際會議與發行叢書，與歐美思想相近學者（如德國的柏林學派與波蘭華沙學派）相聯繫，而逐漸發展成為聲勢浩大的邏輯實證主義運動。然而，隨著30年代中期納粹主義在歐洲興起，學派中的猶太的學者受到迫害，導致不少重要成員被迫逃亡海外。及至1933年漢恩病逝，1936年石裡克遇刺身亡，維也納學派最終走向解散的結局。儘管如此，邏輯實證主義思想卻因此得在英美國家得到廣泛傳播，並促成了二戰後分析哲學成為英語世界的學術主流。

**研究書目**

**原始文獻**
 Carnap, Rudolf. "Überwindung der Metaphysik durch Logische Analyse der Sprache" in Erkenntnis, vol. 2, 1932 (English translation "The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language" in Sarkar, Sahotra, ed., Logical empiricism at its peak: Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath, New York : Garland Pub., 1996, pp. 10–31)- Neurath, Otto and Carnap, Rudolf and Morris, Charles W. Foundations of the Unity of Sciences, vol. 1, Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 1969.- Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis, 1929. English translation The Scientific Conception of the World. The Vienna Circle in Sarkar, Sahotra, ed., The Emergence of Logical Empiricism: from 1900 to the Vienna Circle, New York : Garland Publishing, 1996, pp. 321–340- Stadler, Friedrich and Uebel, Thomas (eds.): Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis. Hrsg. vom Verein Ernst Mach (1929). Reprint of the first edition. With translations into English, French, Spanish and Italian. Vienna: Springer, 2012.- Stöltzner, Michael and Uebel, Thomas (eds.). Wiener Kreis. Texte zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung. Meiner, Hamburg, 2006, 3-7873-1811-9. (Anthology in German)

**二次文獻**
 Arnswald, Ulrich, Stadler, Friedrich and Weibel, Peter (ed.): Der Wiener Kreis – Aktualität in Wissenschaft, Literatur, Architektur und Kunst. Wien: LIT Verlag 2019.  978-3-643-50937-6- Ayer, Alfred Jules. Language, Truth and Logic. London, Victor Gollancz, 1936.- Ayer, Alfred Jules. Logical Positivism. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1959.- Barone, Francesco. Il neopositivismo logico. Roma Bari: Laterza, 1986.- Bergmann, Gustav. The Metaphysics of Logical Positivism. New York: Longmans Green, 1954.- Cirera, Ramon. Carnap and the Vienna Circle: Empiricism and Logical Syntax. Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1994.-  dead-url=no - Frank, Philipp: Modern Science and its Philosophy. Cambridge, 1949.- Friedman, Michael, Reconsidering Logical Positivism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.- Gadol, Eugene T. Rationality and Science: A Memorial Volume for Moritz Schlick in Celebration of the Centennial of his Birth. Wien: Springer, 1982.- Geymonat, Ludovico. La nuova filosofia della natura in Germania. Torino, 1934.- Giere, Ronald N. and Richardson, Alan W. Origins of Logical Empiricism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.- Haller, Rudolf. Neopositivismus. Eine historische Einführung in die Philosophie des Wiener Kreises. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1993, 3-534-06677-4. (German)- Holt, Jim. "Positive Thinking" (review of Karl Sigmund, Exact Thinking in Demented Times: The Vienna Circle and the Epic Quest for the Foundations of Science, Basic Books, 449 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 74–76.- Kraft, Victor. The Vienna Circle: The Origin of Neo-positivism, a Chapter in the History of Recent Philosophy. New York: Greenwood Press, 1953.- Limbeck, Christoph and Stadler, Friedrich (eds.). The Vienna Circle. Texts and Pictures of an Exhibition. Münster-Berlin-London 2015. 978-3-643-90649-6 - McGuinness, Brian. Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle: Conversations Recorded by Friedrich Waismann. Trans. by Joachim Schulte and Brian McGuinness. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1979.- Parrini, Paolo; Salmon, Wesley C.; Salmon, Merrilee H. (ed.) Logical Empiricism – Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003.- Reisch, George. How the Cold War Transformed Philosophy of Science : To the Icy Slopes of Logic. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.- Rescher, Nicholas (ed.). The Heritage of Logical Positivism. University Press of America, 1985.- Richardson, Alan W. "The Scientific World Conception. Logical Positivism", in: T. Baldwin (Hg.), The Cambridge History of Philosophy, 1870–1945, 2003, 391–400.- Richardson, Alan W. and Uebel, Thomas (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Logical Empiricism. Cambridge, 2007.- Salmon, Wesley and Wolters, Gereon (ed.), Logic, Language, and the Structure of Scientific Theories: Proceedings of the Carnap-Reichenbach Centennial, University of Konstanz, 21–24 May 1991, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994.- Sarkar, Sahotra. The Emergence of Logical Empiricism: From 1900 to the Vienna Circle. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996.- Sarkar, Sahotra. Logical Empiricism at its Peak: Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.- Sarkar, Sahotra. Logical Empiricism and the Special Sciences: Reichenbach, Feigl, and Nagel. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.- Sarkar, Sahotra. Decline and Obsolescence of Logical Empiricism: Carnap vs. Quine and the Critics. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.- Sarkar, Sahotra. The Legacy of the Vienna Circle: Modern Reappraisals. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.- Spohn, Wolfgang (ed.), Erkenntnis Orientated: A Centennial Volume for Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.- Stadler, Friedrich. The Vienna Circle. Studies in the Origins, Development, and Influence of Logical Empiricism. New York: Springer, 2001. – 2nd Edition: Dordrecht: Springer, 2015.- Stadler, Friedrich (ed.). The Vienna Circle and Logical Empiricism. Re-evaluation and Future Perspectives. Dordrecht – Boston London, Kluwer, 2003.- Uebel, Thomas. Vernunftkritik und Wissenschaft: Otto Neurath und der erste Wiener Kreis. Wien-New York 2000. (German)- Uebel, Thomas, "On the Austrian Roots of Logical Empiricism" in Logical Empiricism – Historical and contemporary Perspectives, ed. Paolo Parrini, Wesley C. Salmon, Merrilee H. Salmon, Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003, pp. 76–93.
*洪謙：《邏輯經驗主義論文集》（香港：三聯書店【香港】有限公司，1990）。
*韓林合編：《洪謙選集》（長春：吉林人民出版社，2005）。

**外部鏈接**
  Institute Vienna Circle date=20210226101326 -  Vienna Circle Society date=20190820135621 -  Vienna Circle Foundation Amsterdam date=20201205111012 -  Thomas Uebel, "Vienna Circle", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy date=20210413165144 

**註釋==