米德哈特宪法

1876年米德哈特宪法封面
《米德哈特宪法》是奥斯曼帝国苏丹阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世，在米德哈特帕夏主持下，于1876年12月23日颁布的第一部土耳其宪法，确立了君主立宪制政体。虽然存在许多局限性，但它使土耳其走上了立宪之路。

**参考资料**

**参考文献**
 cite book |last=Strauss |first=Johann |url=https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true |year=2010 |chapter=A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages |editor=Herzog, Christoph |editor2=Malek Sharif |title=The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy |publisher=Orient-Institut Istanbul |publication-place=Wurzburg |pages=21–51 |access-date=2022-01-22 |archive-date=2021-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313090500/https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true  ( info page on book date=20190920231333  at Martin Luther University)

**延伸阅读**
 cite book|author=Koçunyan, Aylin|chapter=The Transcultural Dimension of the Ottoman Constitution|editor=Firges, Pascal|editor2=Tobias Graf|editor3=Christian Roth|editor4=Gülay Tulasoğlu|title=Well-Connected Domains: Towards an Entangled Ottoman History|publisher=Brill|date=2014-06-16|isbn=9789004274686|doi=10.1163/9789004274686_015|url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004274686/B9789004274686-s015.xml?crawler=true|access-date=2022-01-22|archive-date=2022-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122134201/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004274686/B9789004274686-s015.xml?crawler=true- cite journal|author=Korkut, Huseyin|url=http://epiphany.ius.edu.ba/index.php/epiphany/article/download/219/162|title=CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE OTTOMAN CONSTITUTION (1876)|work=Epiphany: Journal of Transdisciplinary Studies|volume=9|issue=1|year=2016|pages=114–123|journal=|access-date=2022-01-22|archive-date=2018-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030060619/http://epiphany.ius.edu.ba/index.php/epiphany/article/download/219/162 - author is of Kırklareli University- cite journal|author=Marcou, Jean|url=https://journals.openedition.org/ema/1054|title=Turquie : la constitutionnalisation inachevée|work=Égypte/Monde arabe|volume=2|year=2005|doi=10.4000/ema.1054|pages=53–73|language=fr|doi-access=free|journal=|access-date=2022-01-22|archive-date=2022-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122092218/https://journals.openedition.org/ema/1054 - Updated online 8 July 2008
 Publications of the constitution in print:- Perso-Arabic Ottoman Turkish: place=Constantinople (Ottoman year: 1292)- Latin script Ottoman Turkish: edition=1 - There are reprints- Official French: publisher=Typographie et Lithographie centrales - Julian date 11 December 1876
** Second print: place=Constantinople - Year may be 1876, but Strauss is uncertain- Armeno-Turkish cite book|title=Kanunu esasi memaliki devleti osmaniye|year=1876|publisher=La Turquie|place=Constantinople- Bulgarian: cite book|title=ОТТОМАНСКАТА КОНСТИТУЩЯ, ПРОВЪЗГЛАСЕНА на 7 зилхидже 1293 (11/23 Декемврш 1876) (Otomanskata konstitutsiya, provŭzglasena na 7 zilhidže 1293 (11/23 dekemvrii 1876))|year=1876|publisher=“Hakikat” Press|place=Constantinople- Greek: place=Constantinople- Arabic: place=Constantinople - Islamic year 1293, circa 1876 Gregorian - Armenian: cite book|title=սահմանադրութիւն Օսմանյան պետութիւն (Sahmanadrut‘iwun Ôsmanean Petut‘ean)|year=1877|publisher=Masis|place=Istanbul- Judaeo-Spanish: place=Constantinople - Hebrew calendar 5637

**外部连结**
" 1876 KANUN-I ESASİdate=20170609185723 ." Constitutional Court of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasa Mahkemesi) - About the constitution-  Article on the Kanûn-ı Esâsîdate=20160303194304 
 Copies of the constitution-  Original Ottoman Turkish version date=20170201142642  (basis of translation into languages used by Muslims)- at the website of the Constitutional Court of Turkey ( Modern Turkish transliteration date=20170719021050  (Ankara, 1982) with  text versiondate=20210108215843 )- French translation (the basis of translation into non-Muslim languages) published in:
** Annotated version: publisher=A. Cotillon et Co. -  PDF file
** cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/documentsdiplom10trgoog/page/n6|title=Documents diplomatiques: 1875-1876-1877|publisher=法国外交部|agency=Imprimerie National|place=Paris|year=1877|pages=272-289 -  PDF document pages  281- 298/545
** pages=319-330 - In the section "Documents historiques" (February, Chapter 10 which begins on page 319) -  PDF document pages  332- 343/1073
** dead-url=no -  Read onlinedate=20210106081946 .  Text availabledate=20190929023434  - Online on 17 January 2011- Non-Muslim languages:  Greekdate=20210105111924  ( PDF filedate=20190910161128 ) from the Turkish, published by Voutyras Press, at the Veria Digital Library - From Sismanoglio Megaro of the Consulate Gen. of Greece in Istanbul ;  Bulgariandate=20210105225558 
** Note the Greek is in the 纯正希腊语 style; for a portion in modern Demotic Greek (Δημοτική γλώσσα) see dead-url=no - Translated from the Boğaziçi English version by Professor Spyros Marketos, released in 2006- English translations:
**For a scientific English translation directly from the Ottoman Turkish version of the constitution, done by Max Bilal Heidelberger, see: cite book|author=Röder, Tilmann J.|chapter=The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives|editor=Grote, Rainer|editor2=Tilmann J. Röder|title=Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries|publisher=Oxford University Press USA|date=2012-01-11|ISBN=9780199759880|pages= 321- 372 - Old ISBN 019975988X; "The Basic Law Kanūn-ı Esāsī of the Ottoman Empire of December 23, 1876"; p.  341date=20201023170845 - 352date=20191211023307  - from the copy published in the Düstūr (Ottoman Official Gazette) 1st series (tertïb-i evvel), Volume 4, Pages 4-20.
**  - Translation inclosed in dispatch No. 113 in the MS. Records, 美国国务院, dated December 26, 1876 ( PDF version)
**  Translationdate=20140215102710 , including the "Tanzimat Fermani  -- The Rescript of Gülhane – Gülhane Hatt-i Hümayunu 3 November 1839", at 毕尔肯大学 
**  Full text of the First Ottoman Constitution (1876) - Translation posted by the Atatürk Institute of Modern Turkish History of 海峡大学, identity of the translator not stated.  Alternate link with text of 1908 amendmentsdate=20210107140639 .  Alternate link of regular version atdate=20210105064652  欧洲大学学院