哥伦比亚内战

哥伦比亚内战是在哥伦比亚境内始于1960年代持续至今的一系列低强度不对称战争。冲突在哥伦比亚执政当局，极右翼准军事组织（如哥伦比亚联合自卫军和美洲反共联盟）、贩毒机构（如麦德林集团）还有极左翼游击队（如哥伦比亚革命武装力量－人民军和民族解放军）多方之间展开，以在哥伦比亚境内控制更多地区和获得更大影响力。对哥伦比亚内战的国际赞助者包括跨国集团公司、美国古巴以及贩毒集团。

**现代**
冷战后，由于失去苏联及其它前社会主义国家的支援，哥伦比亚革命武装力量因要筹集经费，开始插足可卡因及绑架政客等勾当，以致形象急剧转差，被视为恐怖主义组织。 因此，哥伦比亚共产党解除了哥伦比亚革命武装力量与其之间的隶属关系，哥伦比亚革命武装力量遂成为一个独立的政治军事组织。2007年，哥伦比亚革命武装力量人数约为3000-4000人。哥革武参与了哥伦比亚25-30%恐怖事件，尤其是在该国东南部的丛林以及安第斯山脉脚下的平原地区。哥伦比亚革命武装力量曾释放多名「有价值」人质，意图改善形象。
2012年，在以古巴和挪威作为担保国、以委内瑞拉和智利作为观察国的斡旋框架下，双方开始在古巴首都哈瓦那进行和谈。2016年6月23日，双方签署最终停火协议，8月24日哥伦比亚政府与哥伦比亚革命武装力量在古巴首都哈瓦那达成最终全面和平协议，协议包括停战、农村改革、打击贩毒、被遣散的游击队员可参与政治、建立过渡性司法机构等内容，但和平协议内容的合法性最终将由全民公投决定。但哥伦比亚前总统乌里韦认为，最初的和平协议向反政府武装妥协过多、对受害者不公，呼吁民众投反对票，并要求对协议进行深入修改。与先前民调结果大相迳庭，10月2日举行的公投结果为支持 49.77%，反对 50.22%，协议意外遭到否决。11月24日哥伦比亚总统胡安·曼努埃尔·桑托斯与哥伦比亚革命武装力量领导人罗德里格·隆多尼奥在波哥大的科隆剧院签署了一份经修改的新的和平协议。而这一次，新的协议将会在国会核准，无需再进行全民表决。2017年6月27日，哥伦比亚革命武装力量停止作为武装团体存在。9月1日，该组织正式改组为共同替代革命力量，并于10月31日向官方注册为合法政党。

**另见**
争取进步联盟
*墨西哥毒品战争
*巴拉圭东北部动乱
*秘鲁内部冲突

**参考资料**

**注解**
# talks PDF file
# AUC
# Graham 
# Egeland
# Stokes
# Stokes2 Stokes, p. 26, quoting Marc Grossman, U.S. undersecretary of state for political affairs.
# ghosts
# Corbyn
# InsideColombia Livingstone, (Foreword by Pearce, Jenny), p. xvii (f24)
# 5a Livingstone, p. 5; 
# xx Pearce's forward in Livingstone, p. xx
# Legrand
# Latin-focus
# Legrand2 Legrand, p. 165. See  Note #15 for more on women in the conflict.
# Legrand3 Legrand, p. 165. See  Note #18 for more on peasant support for the guerrillas. (see also Ortiz 2001; Reyes Posada and A. Bejarano 1988; Archila N. 1996)",  Notes.
# Legrand4 Legrand, p. 165. Lengrand states: "Some observers noted that this percentage of supposed paramilitary supporters elected to congress in March 2002 corresponded to the number of representatives elected from Uraba and the Atlantic coast where the paramilitaries are strong. (El Tiempo March 13–14, 2002)", see  Notes.
# military PDF file
# military2 PDF file
# military3 PDF file
# 5b Livingstone, p. 5; 
# poor Livingstone, p. 110.
# poor Livingstone, p. 7; Quoting: Colombia: Inseguridad, Violencia, y Desempeño Económico en las Areas Rurales, Consejería para la Paz de la Presidencia de la República, Colombia, 1999, Director de Investigación: Jesus Antonio Bejarano Avila.
# 5 Livingstone, p. 5
# 5c Livingstone, p. 5; Canby, p 31 dead-url=no 
# 6 Livingstone, p. 6; access-date=2017-05-05 
# 6a Livingstone, p. 6; Source: Colombian Commission of Jurists; 
# 6b Livingstone, p. 6; Source: Colombian Commission of Jurists; 
# 7 Livingstone, p. 7; Source: Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS); 
# 7a Livingstone, p. 7; Richani, p. 87
# 7b Livingstone, p. 7

**来源**

**延伸阅读**

**书**

**=英文=**
isbn =1-84277-547-2 
*url=https://books.google.com/?id=pNxSYwP1TdEC&printsec=frontcover&q=
*isbn =0-520-08289-3
*isbn =0-415-93303-X 
*isbn=1-58648-104-5
*isbn=0-7864-1084-1
*author=Safford, Frank and Marco Palacios
*isbn=1-56584-863-2

**=其他语言=**
author=Murillo, Mario and Jesus Rey Avirama
*language=es
*language=es
*language=de
*isbn=
*isbn=

**期刊文献**
 Sherman, John W. "Political Violence in Colombia: Dirty Wars Since 1977." History Compass (Sep 2015) 13#9 pp 454–465.
*dead-url=no
*dead-url =no 
*cite journal|author=James Petras|title=Neglected Dimensions of Violence|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume= 23|issue= 27|date=1988-07-02|page=1367|jstor=4378701
*pages=381–420
*date=January–February 2010

**政府及非政府组织报告**
archivedate=2006-02-23 - dead-url=no
*archivedate=2004-08-03  Extensive ideas on solutions to the Colombia conflict- dead-url=no  (Spanish and English)- dead-url=yes  (Spanish and English)- dead-url=no  - dead-url=no - dead-url=no 

**新闻**
accessdate=2017-05-05 
*cite web |title=Indigenous Community in Colombia Fears Start of "Dirty War |work=Democracy Now! |url=http://www.democracynow.org/print.pl?sid=05/05/20/1425246 |accessdate=2006-02-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060223154742/http://www.democracynow.org/print.pl?sid=05%2F05%2F20%2F1425246 |archivedate=2006-02-23  Guests: Ezequiel Vitonas, former mayor of Toribio, and Manuel Rozental, human rights activist. Interviewers: Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman. Segment available in  and via  streaming real audiofix-attempted=yes ,  128k streaming Real Videofix-attempted=yes  or  MP3 download.- The Colombian Miracledate=20151018095926 

**外部连结**
 Overview of Colombian–FARC Peace Process-   Who are the victims? – The aftermath of violence in Colombiadate=20191017181703  – (Former combatants in Colombia's internal armed conflict spent two years painting their experiences. They face difficult decisions about what to remember, what to forget and how to forgive)
*archivedate=2011-07-26  (Ongoing reporting on the Colombian conflict and active criminal groups)
*archivedate=2006-02-03  (collection of declassified U.S. documents online)
*dead-url=no- deadurl=yes- Plan Colombia by Carmen Guhn-Knight- archivedate=2011-07-06 - dead-url=no - dead-url= no- dead-url=yes  (In Spanish and English with chronology and key texts and agreements)
*accessdate=2017-05-05  Colombian-based private research center that studies the conflict (In Spanish and English)- dead-url=yes  (In Spanish and English)
*archivedate=2008-11-18  (In Spanish and English)- dead-url=no 
*accessdate=2006-02-24 bot=medic  Maps of the conflict.- dead-url=no  (in Spanish)
*archivedate=2008-07-05  (in Spanish and English) – No longer available online (censored by U.S. government)- dead-url=no 
*deadurl=yes  (PDF) Is the Colombia conflict a civil war?- dead-url=yes  (in German and English)- dead-url=no - dead-url=yes- dead-url=yes  by Doug Stokes- Red Resistenciadate=20201026014256 - dead-url = no - Crisis briefing on displacement because of the wardate=20101119164040  from Reuters AlertNet