土尔沙种族屠杀

土尔沙种族屠杀（Tulsa race massacre）又被称作土尔沙屠杀、土尔沙种族骚动、格林伍德屠杀或黑色华尔街屠杀，是指1921年5月31日至6月1日，美国白人攻击奥克拉荷马州土尔沙格林伍德的非裔美国人社区的居民和企业并屠杀非裔美国人，这被视为美国历史上最为严重的种族暴力事件之一。该地社区原本是美国最富有的非裔美国人社区，然而这次袭击事件分别以地面和空中攻击的方式摧毁该地区超过35个街区。最终，有超过800人被送往医院，并有超过6,000名非裔美国人居民被逮捕和拘留数天。

**后续**

**川普造势争议**
2020年6月，美国总统唐纳·川普宣布6月19日六月节在土尔沙举办2019冠状病毒病美国疫情暂停总统选举活动后的首场造势大会，当时乔治·佛洛伊德之死正闹得沸沸扬扬，遭非裔美国人批评「亵渎土尔沙人民」、「侮辱自由日象征」。6月12日，川普宣布，「出于尊重」，将造势大会日期改为6月20日，把重大假期还给非裔美国人。6月19日，非裔美国人民权运动牧师阿尔·夏普顿抨击川普的选举口号「让美国再次伟大」时说，川普在近期暴露了他自己对黑人历史的无知，美国在过去大部分时间里都只为了白人伟大。

**纪念日**
2021年5月31日，美国总统乔·拜登发表公告，宣布当天为“1921年塔尔萨种族屠杀一百周年纪念日”，呼吁美国民众“反思我们国家种族恐怖的深刻根源”。拜登在塔尔萨种族屠杀纪念公告中承认，美国联邦政府在这起事件中扮演了不光彩的角色：事件发生后，当地通过法令实施新的建筑标准，建房成本之高令多数黑人家庭无法重建家园；事件发生后，联邦政府把格林伍德社区列为“危险”区域，令黑人房主无法以同等条件获得住房贷款；其后几十年，联邦政府的投资，包括穿过格林伍德的联邦高速公路建设，使格林伍德社区遭到拆除和切断。
2021年6月1日，拜登亲赴土尔沙，会见土尔沙种族屠杀幸存者3人，并发表土尔沙种族屠杀一百周年纪念演讲。拜登说，土尔沙种族屠杀“不是骚乱，这是大屠杀──我们史上最恶劣的一次，却不是唯一的一次，且被我们的历史遗忘了太久”，“事件才发生，就有人明显想把它从我们的集体记忆中抹去⋯⋯长久以来，土尔沙的学校没有教授这段历史，更不用说其他地区的学校”。拜登是第一位承认土尔沙种族屠杀，并在土尔沙种族屠杀纪念日前往土尔沙悼念的美国总统。拜登说，仇恨一直没有消失，现在美国仍然存在对非裔美国人和亚裔美国人的仇恨与歧视，他的政府将会努力解决这些问题。记者询问拜登是否要为土尔沙种族屠杀代表国家道歉，拜登并未回应。

**参见**
 罗斯伍德大屠杀- 美国内乱事件一览表

**参考资料**

**延伸阅读**
 Alfred L. Brophy, Reconstructing the Dreamland: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, Race Reparations, and Reconciliation, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.- Scott Ellsworth, Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1992.- Donald Halliburton, Tulsa Race War of 1921. San Jose, CA: R and E Publishing, 1975.- James S. Hirsch, Riot and Remembrance: The Tulsa Race War and Its Legacy, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.- Rob Hower, 1921 Tulsa Race Riot: The American Red Cross-Angels of Mercy. Tulsa, OK: Homestead Press, 1993.- Hannibal B. Johnson, Black Wall Street: From Riot to Renaissance in Tulsa's Historic Greenwood District. Austin, TX: Eakin Press 1998.- Tim Madigan, The Burning: Massacre, Destruction, and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2001.- Mary E. Jones Parrish, Race Riot 1921: Events of the Tulsa Disaster. Tulsa, OK: Out on a Limb Publishing, 1998.- Lee E. Williams, Anatomy of Four Race Riots: Racial Conflict in Knoxville, Elaine (Arkansas), Tulsa, and Chicago, 1919–1921. Hattiesburg, MS: University and College Press of Mississippi, 1972.

**外部连结**
  The Crisis Magazine, Vol. 22 No.# 3, on the Tulsa Race Riot, pp.114-116 date=20201030012122 -  "What happened to Black Wall Street on June 1, 1921?" date=20210111062925 , San Francisco Bay View-  "Tulsa Race Riot" date=20210115165001 , Greenwood Cultural Center-  "A Historical Study of the Perceived Racial Definitions and Events Leading to The Tulsa Race Riot". 2011 History Thesis, Oklahoma City University.-  "Red Cross Report 1921 on Actions Taken due to Riot", Tulsa Historical Society-  Facts and Links for "The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921" date=20190403133218 , Subliminal.org-  "Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 archive", University of Tulsa McFarlin Library, Special Collections, links to inventory, related materials, and photographs.-  Link to Ruth Sigler Avery Tulsa Race Riot Archive, Index, Special Collections & Archives, Oklahoma State University – Tulsa-  Oklahoma Commission, Report on the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, February 28, 2001, Internet Archive {full text online}-  "Tulsa Race Riot", Tulsa Historical Society-  "Tulsa Race Riot", Oklahoma Historical Society-  "Tulsa Race Riot: Photographs from the Beryl Ford Collection" date=20170711084944 , Tulsa City County Library: African American Resource Center-  Associated Press, "Tulsa Guard Kills Man" date=20121012163844 , Evening Public Ledger (Philadelphia, PA), 6 June 1921, article includes photo of burned-out portion of Greenwood, Chronicling America, Library of Congress-  Tulsa Tribune, May 31, 1921 date=20201224220230 , Tulsa Race Riot blog, 18 June 2014-  The Morning Tulsa Daily World, 1 June 1921 date=20121022094808 , Library of Congress-  The Morning Tulsa Daily World June 1, 1921 {Extra} date=20121022110602 -  The Morning Tulsa Daily World June 1, 1921 {2nd Extra} date=20121022110809 -  The Morning Tulsa Daily World June 1, 1921 {3rd Extra} date=20121022111135 -  The Morning Tulsa Daily World June 3, 1921 date=20121022111254 -  "William Redfearn's Brief in Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Company, Oklahoma Supreme Court 1924 date=20201030172112 -  The Durant Weekly News, 3 June 1921 date=20121022111408 , Chronicling America, Library of Congress-  Linda Christensen. "Why Teaching the Tulsa Race Riot is More Than Just Teaching History" date=20140122141404 , May 28, 2013, GOOD Magazine.-  Linda Christensen. "Burned Out of Homes and History: Unearthing the Silent Voices of the Tulsa Race Riot" date=20200906081515 , 8-page lesson plan for high school Students, 2013, Zinn Education Project/Rethinking Schools.-  Tulsa race riot date=20200608145702  Collection of 11 photographic postcards of the race riot that took place in Tulsa, Oklahoma on May 31 and June 1, 1921. Pictures illustrate the devastation to the Greenwood District's African-American community, including whole blocks burned to the ground, bodies of victims, and the damaged convention hall.-  Listing of known/unknown/possible White/African-American casualties of the Tulsa Race Riots date=20201210203547 -  I Marc Carlson, "A Survey of the Tulsa Race Riot Photographs", Part 2 date=20200821001819 -  "Survivors of infamous 1921 Tulsa race riot still hope for justice" date=20150630034204 , Al-Jazeera, 19 July 2014- Voices of Oklahoma interview with Otis Clark. date=20201003032859  First person interview conducted on November 23, 2009, with Otis Clark, survivor of the Tulsa Race Riot.