肺螺类

肺螺类（学名：Pulmonata），亦作有肺类，旧作有肺目、肺螺目或肺螺亚纲，是腹足纲异鳃类支序之下的一个非正式群组。这个群组包括有螺和蛞蝓，均可以透过其外套膜肺（pallial lung）而不是鳃来呼吸空气。本群组除了包括有蜗牛和淡水螺，还包括多个海螺的科。
传统定义的肺螺类分类单元的物种在Jörger et al. (2010)被发现原来是个多系群。肺螺类已知从石炭纪开始就已经开始出现，直到现在。
肺螺类物种有一个心室和一个肾脏，还有一个相互连接、左右对称的神经系统。外套膜腔位于身体的右侧，而且没有鳃，而是演变成一个布满血管的肺。大多数物种都有壳，但没有口盖，而且本分类元还包括有几种没有外壳的蛞蝓。肺类类物种都雌雄间性，部份群组​还拥有用作交配的恋矢（love darts）

**1997年分类**
在原来的《旁得和林德伯格的腹足类分类 (1997年)》，本支序是一个目级分类元，包括下列各个分类元：
*收眼亚目 Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948
** 
***石磺总科 Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
***Superfamily Otinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
***拉索蛞蝓总科 Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889
*基眼亚目 Basommatophora Keferstein in Bronn, 1864：淡水螺及池塘的螺
** 
***Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
***两栖螺总科 Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
***Superfamily Chilinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
***Superfamily Glacidorboidea Ponder, 1986
***椎实螺总科 Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
***扁蜷总科 Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815
***松螺总科 Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
*真有肺亚目 Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
**Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 (= formerly Archaeopulmonata)
***Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
**Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
***Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
**柄眼下目 Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856Shells of pulmonate styllomatophoran snails in a museum collectionAn artistic but scientifically incorrect version of various European land snails and slugs (one species here is not a pulmonate), their food plants and fungi, and a beetle that eats mollusks, bottom right.
***直尿道小目 Orthurethra 
***Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
***Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900
***Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900
***Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
***弯尿道小目 Sigmurethra
***Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895
***非洲大蜗牛总科 Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
***Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
***Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
***Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
***Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
***烟管蜗牛总科 Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864
***Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
***Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
***Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
***Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
***Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815
***Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
***Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860
***Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
***Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
***Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
***Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
***Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
***Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
***Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806
***Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
***Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
***Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
***? Superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883 = Tracheopulmonata
***? Superfamily Succineoidea Beck, 1837 = Heterurethra

**2005年分类**
Examples of Pulmonata: Achatina fulica top right, Bielzia coerulans top left, Praticolella berlandieriana center right, Megalobulimus oblongus in the center, Euglandina rosea center left, Helix pomatia bottom right & Ashmunella levettei bottom left 
根据《布歇特和洛克罗伊的腹足类分类 (2005年)》，Glacidorboidea被搬到异鳃类支序之下的下异鳃类群组，本分类余下下列各个分类：

**有肺类非正式群组**
包括基眼类非正式群组及真有肺类支序。

**基眼类非正式群组**
基眼类（Basommatophora）非正式群组包括喜湿螺类（Hygrophila）支序和下列两个总科：
*两栖螺总科 Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
**两栖螺科  Amphibolidae
*松螺总科 Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
**松螺科 Siphonariidae
** † Family Acroreiidae

**=喜湿螺类=**
喜湿螺类（Hygrophila）支序包括下列四个总科：
*斜顶螺总科 Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
**斜顶螺科 Acroloxidae Thiele, 1931
*Superfamily Chilinoidea Dall, 1870
**Family Chilinidae Dall, 1870
**Family Latiidae Hutton, 1882
*椎实螺总科（Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815）
**椎实螺科（Lymnaeidae Rafinesque, 1815）
*扁蜷总科（Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815）
**扁蜷科（Planorbidae Rafinesque, 1815）
***扁蜷亚科（Planorbinae Rafinesque, 1815）
**** Tribe Ancylini Rafinesque, 1815：从原来的Ancylidae科降格而成
**膀胱螺科（Physidae Fitzinger, 1833，又名囊螺科）

**真有肺类支序**
真有肺类（Eupulmonata）支序包括the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora
*Superfamily Trimusculoidea
**Family Trimusculidae
*Superfamily Otinoidea
**Family Otinidae
**Family Smeagolidae
*耳螺总科 Ellobioidea
**耳螺科 Ellobiidae

**=收眼类支序=**
收眼类支序（Systellommatophora = Gymnomorpha）之下有两总科，分别为：
*石磺总科 Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
**石磺科 Onchidiidae Rafinesque, 1815- 皱足蛞蝓总科 Veronicelloidea Gray, 1840
** 皱足蛞蝓科 Veronicellidae Gray, 1840
** 拉索蛞蝓科 Rathouisiidae Heude, 1885

**= Clade Stylommatophora =**
Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra

**= Subclade Elasmognatha =**
Superfamily Succineoidea
**Family Succineidae
*Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
**Family Athoracophoridae

**= Subclade Orthurethra =**
帕图螺超科（lang|la|Partuloidea）
**帕图螺科（lang|la|Partulidae）
**lang|la|Draparnaudiidae
*小玛瑙螺超科（lang|la|Achatinelloidea）
**小玛瑙螺科（lang|la|Achatinellidae）
*槲果螺超科（lang|la|Cochlicopoidea）
**槲果螺科（lang|la|Cochlicopidae）
**同纹螺科（lang|la|Amastridae）
*蛹蜗牛超科（Pupilloidea）
**虹蛹螺科（lang|la|Pupillidae）
**lang|la|Argnidae
**粒蛹螺科（lang|la|Chondrinidae）
**lang|la|Cylindrellinidae（已灭绝）
**lang|la|Lauriidae
**蛹状螺科（lang|la|Orculidae）
**lang|la|Pleurodiscidae
**lang|la|Pyramidulidae
**lang|la|Spelaeoconchidae
**lang|la|Spelaeodiscidae
**球果螺科（lang|la|Strobilopsidae）
** 瓦娄蜗牛科 Valloniidae Morse, 1864
** 牙蛹蜗牛科 Vertiginidae Fitzinger, 1833
*艾纳螺超科（lang|la|Enoidea）zgdwz_W58
**艾纳螺科（lang|la|Enidae）
**霜纳螺科（lang|la|Cerastidae Wenz, 1923）

**= Informal Group Sigmurethra =**
Superfamily Clausilioidea
**Family Clausiliidae
** † Family Anadromidae
** † Family Filholiidae
** † Family Palaeostoidae
*Superfamily Orthalicoidea
**Family Orthalicidae
**Family Cerionidae
**Family Coelociontidae
** † Family Grangerellidae
**Family Megaspiridae
**Family Placostylidae
**Family Urocoptidae
*Superfamily Achatinoidea
**Family Achatinidae
**Family Ferussaciidae
**Family Micractaeonidae
**Family Subulinidae
*Superfamily Aillyoidea
**Family Aillyidae
*Superfamily Testacelloidea
**Family Testacellidae
**Family Oleacinidae
**Family Spiraxidae
*Superfamily Papillodermatoidea
**Family Papillodermatidae
*Superfamily Streptaxoidea
**Family Streptaxidae
*Superfamily  Rhytidoidea
**Family Rhytididae
**Family Chlamydephoridae
**Family Haplotrematidae
**Family Scolodontidae
*Superfamily Acavoidea
**Family Acavidae
**Family Caryodidae
**Family Dorcasiidae
**Family Macrocyclidae
**Family Megomphicidae
**Family Strophocheilidae
*Superfamily Punctoidea
**Family Punctidae
** † Family Anastomopsidae
**Family Charopidae
**Family Cystopeltidae
**Family Discidae
**Family Endodontidae
**Family Helicodiscidae
**Family Oreohelicidae
**Family Thyrophorellidae
*Superfamily Sagdoidea
**Family Sagdidae

**= limacoid clade =**
Superfamily Staffordioidea
**Family Staffordiidae
*Superfamily Dyakioidea
**Family Dyakiidae
*Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
**Family Gastrodontidae
**Family Chronidae
**Family Euconulidae
**Family Oxychilidae
**Family Pristilomatidae
**Family Trochomorphidae
**Fossil taxa probably belonging to the Gastrodontoidea
***Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae
***Subfamily † Grandipatulinae
***Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae
*Superfamily Parmacelloidea
**Family Parmacellidae
**Family Milacidae
**Family Trigonochlamydidae
*Superfamily Zonitoidea
**Family Zonitidae
*Superfamily Helicarionoidea
**Family Helicarionidae
**Family Ariophantidae
**Family Urocyclidae
*Superfamily Limacoidea
**Family Limacidae
**Family Agriolimacidae
**Family Boettgerillidae
**Family Vitrinidae

**= other Sigmurethra =**
Two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade.
*Superfamily Arionoidea
**Family Arionidae
**Family Anadenidae
**Family Ariolimacidae
**Family Binneyidae
**Family Oopeltidae
**Family Philomycidae
*Superfamily Helicoidea
**Family Helicidae
**Family Bradybaenidae
**Family Camaenidae
**Family Cepolidae
**Family Cochlicellidae
**Family Elonidae
**Family Epiphragmophoridae
**Family Halolimnohelicidae
**Family Helicodontidae
**Family Helminthoglyptidae
**Family Humboldtianidae
**Family Hygromiidae
**Family Monadeniidae
**Family Pleurodontidae
**Family Polygyridae
**Family Sphincterochilidae
**Family Thysanophoridae
**Family Trissexodontidae
**Family Xanthonychidae

**2010年分类**
Jörger et al. (2010) analyzed major groups within the Heterobranchia using genetic data and found that Pulmonata as traditionally defined was polyphyletic, for instance some pulmonates were more closely related to Sacoglossa and Acochlidia. They proposed the more inclusive taxon Panpulmonata to unite the clades Siphonarioidea, Sacoglossa, Glacidorboidea, Pyramidelloidea, Amphiboloidea, Hygrophila, Acochlidia and Eupulmonata.

**参考文献**

**外部连结**
 Pulmonata- taxon=Pulmonata-  Pulmonate snails & slugs in captivity date=20061019015206