鲁凯语文法

鲁凯语文法(Rukai grammar)为基于鲁凯语之文法。在文法的分类上台湾南岛语言并不同于一般的分析语或其它综合语里的动词、名词、形容词、介词和副词等之基本词类分类。比如台湾南岛语里普遍没有副词，而副词的概念一般以动词方式呈现、可称之为「副动词」，类之于俄语里的副动词。 对于数、格(附着)及时态改变时语词的变化。鲁凯语只有代词本身会依格位之不同而进行变格运作。谓语本身不会依人称、数、性之变化而进行变位运作；而是基于已然语气及非已然语气、以主事(AF)及非主事(NAF)的观点结合时体气语词(TAM/TMA/动貌词)，再配合谓语的时态、体、式进行形态变化来运作。
基本的文法分类是将鲁凯语词类之词缀、字词结构及分类法，对比分析语等之词类分类法加以条析判别。

**词汇与构词**

**构词方法**
基本上万山鲁凯语音节采用一种基本的(C)V 构词，通常词构有2到4个音节(Zeitoun 2007)。有4种构词程序。
#加词缀(affixation)
#语根修饰(stem modification)
#重复词(reduplication/RED)
#复合词(compounding)
下列重复范式是产生在雾台鲁凯语里：
重复名词语根
*N + RED '大量'
*N(数词、或时段) + RED '延长一阵子...'
重复动词语根
*V + RED '继续，继续做，重复做'
*V + RED '未来式'
*V (静态词) + RED '强烈，比较大'
在雾台鲁凯语里，附著式的语根重复能够被用来产生若干基本的名词及动词，比如：'打雷'、'山' ，以及 '刮擦'。

**词缀**
下列为万山鲁凯语的词缀来自齐莉莎(Zeitoun 2007)。
*a- 'when'
*a- (action/state nominalization)
*a- 'plural'
*-a 'beyond (in time or space)'
*-a 'irrealis'
*-a 'imperative'
*-ae (state nominalization)
*a- ... -ae; allomorph: ... -ae (objective nominalization; negative imperative)
*amo- 'will'
*-ane (meaning unknown; used on verbs to insult someone)
*-a-nga 'imperative' (mild requests)
*apaa- 'reciprocal causative' (dynamic verbs)
*apano- 'like to, prone to, have a tendency to'
*apa'a 'reciprocal causative' (stative verbs)
*apa'ohi- 'split (causative form)'
*-ci 'snivel'
*dh- 'invisible'
*i- 'at'
*-i 'irrealis'
*-i- ... -e (marking of the oblique case on personal and impersonal pronouns)
*-ka 'predicative negation'
*ka- 'in fact, indeed, actually'
*ka- ... -ae 'genuine, real, original'
*kala- ... -ae 'temporal nominalization'
*kapa ~ kama- 'continuously'
*kapa ... -nga 'all, every'
*ki- 'modal negation'
*ki- ... -ae 'whose'
*k-a- ... -ae 'more and more'
*la- 'plural'
*la-ma'a- 'reciprocal'
*-lo 'plural' (demonstrative pronouns)
*m- (dynamic (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with k-, p-, or Ø in its non-finite form)
*ma- (stative (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with ka- in its non-finite form)
*ma- ... -le (forms 'tens')
*ma-Ca- 'reciprocity' (dynamic (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with pa-Ca; Ca refers to the reduplication of the first consonant)
*maa- 'reciprocity' (dynamic (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with paa)
*maa- ... -e (~ paa- ... -e; maa- (dual reciprocal) + -e (meaning unknown))
*maaraka- 'each/both'
*maatali- ... -le/-lo '(a number of) floors'
*maka- 'finish'
*maka- ... -le/-lo (~ paka- ... -le/-lo) 'up to N-/for N- days/months/years'
*maka'an- (attaches only to aleve 'below' and lrahalre 'above')
*makini- ... -(a)e (~ pakini- ... -(a)e) 'all'
*mali- (~ pali) 'along'
*ma'ohi (~ pa'ohi) 'split'
*m-o- (~ o-) 'holds X's ritual (where X = household name)' (attaches to household names to form dynamic verbs)
*m-o- (~ o-) 'toward'
*mo- 'anti-causative'
*m-ore (~ ore-) 'perform'
*mota'a- (~ ota'a-) 'raise'
*n- 'visible'
*-na 'still'
*naa- 'continuously'
*-nae 'place where'
*-nae 'time when'
*-nga 'already'
*-nga 'superlative'
*ni- 'counterfactuality (irrealis)'
*ni- ... -a 'concessive'
*o- 'dynamic / finite / realis / active'
*o- ... -e 'dress well' (derives verbs from nouns)
*o-ara- 'only' (attached to verbs)
*o-ka'a- ... -le/-lo (~ ko'a- ... -le/-lo) 'a number of )recipients'
*om- (~ m- / ~ Ø) 'dynamic / finite / realis / active'
*o-tali (~ tali- / ~ toli) 'wrap up, pack up'
*o-tali (~ tali-) 'made of'
*o-tara- (~ tara-) 'a number of months / years'
*taro- (doublet form: tao-) 'group of persons in movement'
*o-ta'i- (~ ta'i-) 'precede'
*o-'ara- (~ 'ara-) 'early'
*pa- 'causative'
*pa- 'every N-times'
*paori 'stick to, think about'
*pa'a- ... -ae '(what is) left'
*pe- 'forbiddance (?)'
*pi- 'local causative'
*po- 'causative of movement'
*po- 'bear, grow N' (attaches to nouns)
*saka- 'external'
*samori- 'keep on ... -ing' (attaches only to the root kane 'to eat')
*sa'api- 'prone to, inclined to'
*so- 'tribute'
*ta- (subjective nominalization)
*ta- 'inalienability' (kinship and color terms)
*ta- ... -(a)e 'place where'
*ta- ... -ae 'time when'
*ta- ... -n-ae (forms derived locative nominal)
*taka- 'a number of persons'
*tako- 'while'
*tala- 'container' (?; found only with the root ove'eke)
*tali- 'belong to'
*ta'a- 'with (a group of persons)'
*ta'a- ... -le/-lo 'measure with an extended arm' (bound numerals)
*to- 'do, make, produce, build'
*toka- ... -(a)e 'use ... for, by ... -ing'
*to'a- 'use ... to, for'
*'a- 'instrument/manner nominalizer'
*'a- ... -e 'have a lot of'
*'aa- 'turn into'
*'aka- 'Nth' (ordinal prefix 'a- + stative marker ka- (non-finite form))
*'ako- (doublet form: 'ako- ... -ae) 'speak (out)'
*'ako- 'barely, a little'
*'ako- ... -le 'say a number of times'
*'ako- ... -nga 'more'
*'ali- 'from (in time or space)' (ISBN 978-986-01-1219-1
*Elizabeth Zeitoun(齐莉莎),"万山鲁凯语语法",中央研究院语言学研究所,November 30/2007.ISBN 978-986-01-1219-1
*齐莉莎(Elizabeth Zeitoun)/林惠娟,"不要忘记咱们万山的故事：过去的回忆",中央研究院语言学研究所,November 30/2007.ISBN 957-01-5587-6
*齐莉莎,"鲁凯语万山方言名物化结构探究(Nominalization in Mantauran (Rukai))",中央研究院语言学研究所,(3:1附册期),2002-01.
*帅德乐,"南岛语的「焦点屈折」是词汇衍生：名物化的证据(Austronesian ‘Focus’ as Derivation: Evidence from Nominalization)",中央研究院语言学研究所,(3:1附册期),pp.427-479,2002-01.

**外部连结**
 中研院语言所期刊目录- 台湾语言学学会 date=20150910051102 - 台湾原住民族网路学院
*台湾原住民- TITV Sinbung- 台湾原住民族语言学习 date=20140209060002 - 原住民族族语线上词典 date=20140323122600 - Ogawa's Vocabulary of Formosan Dialects/小川尚义「台湾蕃语搜录」- Austronesian Comparative Dictionary date=20140202172831 - 原住民族语言研究发展中心 date=20160305003716 - Alilin 原住民族电子书城 date=20160308183405