利哈乔夫汽车厂

莫斯科利哈乔夫工厂股份有限公司（Завод имени Лихачёва），简称吉尔汽车厂（ЗиЛ, ZiL），是俄罗斯一家汽车与重型装备制造厂。有吉斯（ЗиС, ZiS）和吉尔（ЗиЛ, ZiL）两大汽车品牌，汽车技术更新换代较慢。 
1916的建厂方案

**历史**
1915年从意大利菲亚特汽车厂引进卡车生产线，1916年沙俄建设的6家汽车厂之一，时称莫斯科汽车厂 (缩写为AMO，Автомобильное Московское Общество）。按许可证生产意大利菲亚特的F-15 1.5吨级卡车。虽然到1917年仅完成了三分之二的工程量，但这已是6家中进展最快的一家。由于随后的十月革命与俄国内战，该厂于1924年11月1日生产出第一辆车，AMO-F-15。1926年—1927年工厂只生产425辆汽车。1928年工厂年生产总量只有800辆。
1931年，苏联第一个五年计划期间，该厂得到美国A.J. Brandt Co.的技术改造, 美方还派专家赴苏现场指导，苏方也派人到美国汽车厂实习，援助中国一汽建厂的总专家（专家组组长）希格乔夫就曾在美国实习过。新建起巨大厂房，面积达120万平方米，工厂占地为500公倾，职工2.5万人，年产能力扩大到2.5万辆，1931年10月21日，新建工厂流水线投产。1931年10月1日起，“阿莫”工厂被命名为斯大林汽车厂（缩写为ZIS或ZiS，简称“吉斯”工厂）。1934年到1937年斯大林汽车厂又进行第二次扩建工程，生产新型的3NC—5载重车。1937年产量超过6万辆。1946年3月工厂进行第三次扩建改造，换型产品，新产品为“吉斯—150”，到1948年末日产达到250辆规模。
1956年6月24日，赫鲁晓夫反个人崇拜运动中，更名为利哈乔夫汽车厂，以其首任总经理Лихачёв, Иван Алексеевич命名。

**子公司**
生产越野牵引车与底盘，载重14-40吨。

**车型**

**豪华车**
 ZIS-101 (1936)仿制美国豪华轿车帕克德（Packard）制造出了供政府公务专用的8缸- ZIS-102 (1938, convertible version of ZIS-101)- ZIS-110 (1945年8月) 仿制美国1942年款“派克超八”。一说该生产线是美国派克公司“派克180”的淘汰生产线。每年的产量只有十几辆手工定制车。“吉斯-110”还有敞篷版本。采用直列8缸汽油发动机，140匹马力，带同步器的3速手动变速箱，油耗为每百公里23升，最高车速能到达140公里。1958年停产时总产量为2083台。- ZIS-115 (ZIS-110的防弹型，车身安装8mm厚的装甲，70mm厚的防弹玻璃，底盘也安装了装甲，能经受反步兵地雷的爆炸冲击，车厢内还有一道可升降的中隔玻璃。自重达到7.5吨。)- ZIL-MZ (prototype sub-compact convertible, 1962)- ZIL-111 (1958)- ZIL-114 (1970)- ZIL-115 (1972)- ZIL-117 (1972, shortened ZIL-114)- ZIL-4102 (prototype, 1988)- ZIL-4104 (1978)- ZIL-4105 (1988, armoured version of ZIL-41047)- ZIL-41041 (1985, five-seat version of ZIL-41047)- ZIL-41042 (station wagon version of ZIL-4104)- ZIL-41044 (convertible version of ZIL-4104)- ZIL-41045 (1983, upgraded ZIL-4104)- ZIL-41047 (1985)- ZIL-41072 (1988, escort version of ZIL-41047)- ZIL-4112 (2005?, concept)- ZIL-4112R (2012)

**卡车**
ZIL 130
ZIL 5301
ZIL 4331
fire truck AC 3.2-40 (ZiL-4331)
fire truck AC 3,0-40 (ZiL-4334)- AMO-怀特：建厂后依靠维修美国怀特（White）卡车的过程中所积累的经验，自己开始生产载质量为3t的卡车。使用了该厂自己生产的部件及总成，其中一些还是由该厂设计的。- AMO F-15 (1924, 菲亚特F-15的生产许可证)4缸化油器式水冷发动机，使用了磁石点火系统。4挡变速箱。后桥横梁与传动轴壳体设计成一个部件。为了防止车轮内胎的磨损加剧，该车型前轮的半轴角度设计为178°。原来变速器的操作杆及手刹均设置在驾驶室外侧，之后该厂对其作了改动，把它们移至靠近司机的地方，并新配备了蓄电池照明系统及喇叭。- AMO-2 (1930)采用进口的汽车零部件，掌握了生产AMO-2型军用卡车的技术- AMO-3 (1931)- AMO-7 (1932, prototype tractor-trailer based on AMO-3)- ZIS-5：1934年，AMO-3使用了一些新的更为先进的零部件，重新命名为吉斯（ZIS）-5型。可靠性强、维修便利、耐低温性好，6缸化油器发动机，带有蓄电池点火系统。干式双片离合器、4挡变速箱、双级主传动器以及机械传动式刹车装置。1944年，乌拉尔汽车与发动机厂生产的吉斯-5卡车投产，配备了56kW发动机以及轮胎压力更大的新型轮胎。至1948年停产，共生产了532311辆。- ZIS-6 (1934, 引进了美国Autocar的Dispatch Model SA and Model SD)- ZIS-10 (1934, tractor-trailer version of ZIS-5)- ZIS-11 (1934, extra long wheelbase version of ZIS-5)- ZIS-12 (1934, long wheelbase version of ZIS-5)- ZIS-13 (1936, gas generator version of ZIS-5)- ZIS-14 (1934, long wheelbase version of ZIS-5)- ZIS-15 (prototype replacement for ZIS-5, 1938)- ZIS-21 (1939-1941, based on ZIS-5 but powered by wood gas)- ZIS-22 (半履带车, 1939-1941, based on the ZIS-5)- ZIS-23 (three axle prototype based on the ZIS-15)- ZIS-24 (four-wheel-drive prototype based on the ZIS-15)- ZIS-30 (1940, multifuel version of ZIS-5)- ZIS-32 (1941, 4x4 version of the ZIS-5)- ZIS-33 (1940, halftrack, based on the ZIS-5)- ZIS-36 (1944, prototype 6x6 version of ZIS-5)- ZIS-41 (1940, simplified version of ZIS-21)- ZIS-42 (Halftrack, 1942-1944, based on the ZIS-5)- ZIS-43 (1944, armed version of ZIS-42)- ZIS-50 (1946, re-engined ZIS-5)- ZIS-120N (1956, tractor-trailer version of ZIS-150)- ZIS-121 (tractor-trailer version of ZIS-151)- ZIS-128 (1954, prototype for ZIL-131)- ZIS-E134 (1955, prototype off road vehicle)- ZIS-150 (1947，中国引进后为CA-10)- ZIS-151 (1948, ZIS-150的3轴全驱越野型，中国的对应车型为CA-30
)- ZIS-153 (1952?, prototype halftrack based on ZIS-151)- ZIS-156 (1947, gas generator version of ZIS-150)- ZIS-253 (prototype)- ZIS-585 (1949, dump-truck version of ZIS-150)- ZIL-130 (1962, 1987年生产转移给乌拉尔汽车与发动机厂- ZIL-131 (1967,3轴全驱越野型，防水发电机、密封性好的起动机以及屏蔽和密封良好的发动机点火系统，能用于气温在零下40℃至零上55℃。保有量较大，在俄罗斯随处可见。1987年生产转移给乌拉尔汽车与发动机厂- ZIL-132 (1960, prototype off road vehicle)- ZIL-133 (1975, three-axle version of ZIL-130)- ZIL-134 (1957, prototype off road vehicle)- ZIL-135 (1959, prototype off road vehicle) - later built by BAZ- ZIL-136 (1957, prototype off road vehicle)- ZIL-137 (prototype off road tractor-trailer based on ZIL-131)- ZIL-138 (1975, LPG powered version of ZIL-130)- ZIL-157军卡 (1958，3轴全驱越野型ZiS-150的改进型，具有了轮胎压力中央控制系统)- ZIL-157R (1957, prototype off road vehicle based on ZIL-157)- ZIL-164 (1957, improved ZIS-150)- ZIL-164N (1957, tractor trailer version of ZIL-164)- ZIL-165 (1958, prototype for ZIL-131)- ZIL-166 (1957, gas generator version of ZIL-164)- ZIL-E-167 (1962?)- ZIL-169G (prototype for ZIL-4331)- ZIL-E169A (1964, prototype cab-over truck)- ZIL-170 (1969, prototype for KAMAZ-5320)- ZIL-175 (1969, two-axle version of ZIL-170, prototype for Kamaz)- ZIL-485 (amphibious vehicle based on ZIS-151)- ZIL-553 (cement mixer based on ZIL-164)- ZIL-555 (1964, dump truck based on ZIL-130)- ZIL-585 (1957, dump truck based on ZIL-164)- ZIL-2502 (dump truck based on ZIL-5301)- ZIL-3302 (1992, prototype truck based on ZIL-119)- ZIL-3906- ZIL-4305 (1983, prototype truck based on ZIL-4104)- ZIL-4327 (2004?)- ZIL-4331 (1986)- ZIL-4334 (2004)- ZIL-4514 (dump truck based on ZIL-133)- ZIL-4972- ZIL-5301 "Bychok" ("Bull") (1992)- ZIL-5901 (1970)- ZIL-6404 (1996)- ZIL-6309 (1999)- ZIL-6409 (1999)- ZIL-432720- ZIL-432930 (2003)- ZIL-433180 (2003)- ZIL-436200 (2009)

**大客车**
interurban bus ZIS-127
ZIL-119- AKZ-1 (1947-1948, based on ZIS-150 truck)- AMO-4 (1932-1934, based on the AMO-3)- ZIS-lux (prototype, based on the ZIS-6, 1934)- ZIS-8 (1934-1938, 基于ZIS-11)- ZIS-16 (1938-1942, 基于ZIS-5)- ZIS-17 (prototype, based on the ZIS-15, 1939)- ZIS-44 (based on the ZIS-5)- ZIS-127 (1955-1961)- ZIL-129 (short-range version of ZIS-127)- ZIS-154 (1946–1950)- ZIS-155 (1949–1957)- ZIL-118 "Yunost" (1962-1970, based on ZIL-111)- ZIL-119 (1971-1994, based on ZIL-118; also called ZIL-118K)- ZIL-158 (1957-1959, based on ZIL-164)- ZIL-159 (1959, prototype for LiAZ)- ZIL-3207 (1991-1999, based on ZIL-41047)- ZIL-3250 (1998-present, based on ZIL-5301)

**运动型车**
ZIS-112 Sports- ZIS-101 Sport (1939)- ZIS-112/1 (1951, based on ZIS-110)- ZIS-112/2 (1956)- ZIS-112/3 (1956)- ZIL-112/4 (1957)- ZIL-112/5 (1957, lengthened ZIL-112/4)- ZIL-112 Sports (1960–62)- ZIL-412 S (1962)

**其它**
Edward T. Lu, having landed with Soyuz TMA-2, is being recovered with a ZIL-49061 vehicle.- B-3 half-tracked transporter- ZIS-152 armored personnel carrier- PES-1 amphibious vehicle (1966)- ZIL-PKU-1 pneumatic tracked off-road vehicle (1965)- ZIL-SHN-1 Amphibious Screw Vehicle (1968)- ZIL-29061 Amphibious Screw Vehicle - ZIL-4904 Amphibious Screw Vehicle - ZIL-49042 prototype for "Bluebird" (1973)- ZIL-4906 (1975?) "Bluebird" 6-wheeled amphibious vehicle, designed to carry the ZIL-2906. Used for the recovery of Soyuz capsules. - ZIL-49061 (1975?) Amphibious rescue vehicle, passenger version of the ZIL-4906. Used for the recovery of Soyuz crews.

**参见**
 苏联第92火炮厂也以斯大林命名(ZiS)
*GM "old-look" transit bus: Soviet versions (ZIS-154 & ZIS-155)

**参考文献**
 Zaloga, Steven J., James Grandsen (1984). Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two, p. 44. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 0-85368-606-8.

**外部链接**
 http://www.bert-hein.dedate=20200809210557  All about the ZIS-110 and database of existing ZIS cars-  Official web-site of ZILdate=20030412072306 -  History of ZIL at ukcar.comdate=20110824064003 -  History of ZIL at digilander.libero.itdate=20121108075627 - English website for Russian Military Trucksdate=20141218052031 -   History of ZIL at avtomash.rudate=20141019003800