戴克里先迫害

让-里奥·杰洛姆1883年所作《基督烈士的最后祷告》
戴克里先迫害（Diocletianic Persecution）或称作大迫害（Great Persecution），是罗马帝国最后一次和最严重的一次对基督徒的镇压。303年罗马帝国正处于四帝共治制，帝国东部主皇帝（奥古斯都）戴克里先、帝国西部主皇帝马克西米安、东部副皇帝（凯撒）伽列里乌斯和西部副皇帝君士坦提乌斯一世颁布了一系列法令，废除基督教的合法权益并要求他们遵守传统的古罗马宗教习俗。后来法令开始针对神职人员展开迫害，下令将这些民众奉献给罗马众神。
西部副皇帝及后来在305年成为西部主皇帝的君士坦提乌斯一世管治区的镇压比起其他3位皇帝较轻微，东部正副皇帝仍然继续执行所有的禁令直到在313年西部皇帝君士坦丁大帝和东部皇帝李锡尼颁布《米兰敕令》后，标志着过去的迫害正式结束。

**参考文献**

**引用**

**来源**
 古代文献- Arnobius. Adversus Nationes (Against the Heathen) ca. 295–300.
** Bryce, Hamilton, and Hugh Campbell, trans.  Against the Heathen date=20210126184653 . From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 6. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.- Dessau, Hermann. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae (Berlin: Weidmann, 1892–1916)- Eusebius of Caesarea. Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) first seven books ca. 300, eighth and ninth book ca. 313, tenth book ca. 315, epilogue ca. 325.  Books Eight and Nine.
** Williamson, G.A., trans. The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine. London: Penguin, 1989. ISBN 0-14-044535-8- Eusebius of Caesarea. De Martyribus Palestinae (On the Martyrs of Palestine).
** McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans.  Martyrs of Palestine date=20210224163723 . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.
** Cureton, William, trans.  History of the Martyrs in Palestine by Eusebius of Caesarea, Discovered in a Very Antient Syriac Manuscript date=20120321011205 . London: Williams & Norgate, 1861. Accessed September 28, 2009.- Eusebius of Caesarea. Vita Constantini (The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine) ca. 336–39.
** Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans.  Life of Constantine date=20210115010904 . From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.- Lactantius. Divinae Institutiones (The Divine Institutes) ca. 303–311.
** Fletcher, William, trans.  The Divine Institutes date=20210210225842 . From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.- Lactantius. De Ira Dei (On the Wrath of God) ca. 313.
** Fletcher, William, trans.  On the Anger of God date=20210126045350 . From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.- Lactantius. Liber De Mortibus Persecutorum (Book on the Deaths of the Persecutors) ca. 313–15.
** Fletcher, William, trans.  Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died date=20210115010922 . From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009.- Musurillo, Herbert, trans. The Acts of the Christian Martyrs. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.- Optatus. Contra Parmenianum Donatistam (Against the Donatists) ca. 366–367.
** Vassall-Phillips, O.R., trans. The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists. London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1917.  Quick links to the separate books and parts of ‘Against the Donatists’date=20171218002819 , Transcribed at tertullian.org by Roger Pearse, 2006. Accessed June 9, 2009.- Porphyry. Fragments.
** Brauunsberg, David, and Roger Pearse, eds. " Porphyry, Against the Christians: Fragments", in Selected Fathers of the Church. 2006. Accessed June 9, 2009.- Tertullian. Apologeticus (Apology) 197.
** Thelwall, S., trans.  Apology date=20210309192029 . From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 3. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 16, 2009.- Tilley, Maureen A, trans. Donatist Martyr Stories: The Church in Conflict in Roman North Africa. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1996.
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The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1996. ISBN 0-940866-59-5- Fox, see Lane Fox, Robin- Frend, William H.C. Martyrdom and persecution in the early church: a study of a conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus. New York University Press, 1967. Reissued in 2008 by James Clarke Company, U.K.  ISBN 0-227-17229-9- Frend, W.H.C. "Prelude to the Great Persecution: The Propaganda War." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 38:1 (1987): 1–18.- Frend, W.H.C. "Persecutions: Genesis and Legacy." In The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume I: Origins to Constantine, edited by Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young, 503–523. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-81239-9- Gaddis, Michael. There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2005. ISBN 0-520-24104-5- Gibbon, Edward. 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ISBN 978-0-415-16496-2- Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. Continuity and Change in Roman Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-19-814822-4- Löhr, Winrich. "Some Observations on Karl-Heinz Schwarte's 'Diokletians Christengesetz'." Vigiliae Christianae 56:1 (2002): 75–95- MacMullen, Ramsay. Christianizing the Roman Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03642-6- Millar, Fergus. The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. Hardcover ISBN 0-674-77885-5 Paperback ISBN 0-674-77886-3- Mitchell, Stephen. "Maximinus and the Christians in A.D. 312: A New Latin Inscription." Journal of Roman Studies 78 (1988): 105–124.- Nicholson, Oliver. "Flight from Persecution as Imitation of Christ: Lactantius' Divine Institutes IV. 18, 1–2." Journal of Theological Studies 40:1 (1989): 48–65.- Odahl, Charles Matson. Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-17485-6 Paperback ISBN 0-415-38655-1- Potter, David S. The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge, 2005. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-10057-7 Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5- Rees, Roger. Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7486-1661-6- Rives, J.B. "The Decree of Decius and the Religion of the Empire." Journal of Roman Studies 89 (1999): 135–154.- de Sainte-Croix, G.E.M. "Aspects of the Great Persecution." Harvard Theological Review 47 (1954): 75–113.- de Sainte-Croix, G.E.M. "Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted?" Past & Present 26 (1963): 6–38.- Schott, Jeremy M. "Porphyry on Christians and Others: "Barbarian Wisdom," Identity Politics, and Anti-Christian Polemics on the Eve of the Great Persecution." Journal of Early Christian Studies 13:3 (2005): 277–314.- Schott, Jeremy M. Christianity, Empire, and the Making of Religion in Late Antiquity. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8122-4092-4- Sherwin-White, A.N. "The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again." Journal of Theological Studies 3:2 (1952), 199–213.- Tilley, Maureen A. The Bible in Christian North Africa: The Donatist World. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8006-2880-2- Tilley, Maureen A. "North Africa." In The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume I: Origins to Constantine, edited by Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young, 381–396. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-81239-9- Trompf, G.W. Early Christian Historiography: Narratives of redistributive justice. New York: Continuum, 2000. ISBN 0-8264-5294-9- Walter, Christopher. The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition . Ashgate Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-84014-694-X- Williams, Stephen. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. New York: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 0-415-91827-8- Woods, David. "Two Notes on the Great Persecution." Journal of Theological Studies 43:1 (1992): 128–134.- Woods, David. "'Veturius' and the Beginning of the Diocletianic Persecution." Mnemosyne 54:5 (2001): 587–591.

**外部连结**
  A Chronological Chart of the Persecution with primary sources hyperlinked date=20081228002630 -  Persecution of Christians from Britannica date=20141023045037