海达语

海达语Xaat Kíl是海达族的语言。该语言有8个元音和超过30个辅音。语言学家爱德华·萨丕尔曾在1915年把海达语归为纳－德内语系，该提议随即受到诸多语言学家（如Pinnow, Greenberg, Enrico, Ruhlen, Manaster Ramer, and Bengtson，详见参考文献列表）的支持；然而，今天大多数语言学家将海达语看作是一个孤立语言。 2008年语言学界提议美洲的纳－德内语系和北亚（中西伯利亚）的叶尼塞语系同源并构成德内－叶尼塞语门，却没有任何迹象表明海达语属于该语门。
大约100年前，全体海达族都使用海达语，但今天海达语却是极度濒危语言，只有20个人在使用， 而今其使用者几乎全是长者。 

**书写系统**
海达语语有两套基于拉丁字母的书写系统：在加拿大常用的，约翰·恩里科（John Enrico）提出的恩里科系统，用来书写南海达语；在美国常用的，阿拉斯加原住民族语言中心（Alaska Native Language Center）提出的ANLC系统，用来书写北海达语。- ANLC系统区分两个同位异音IPA|t͡ʃ（英语的ch）和IPA|ts（汉语拼音的c）。- 恩里科系统是一种跨方言文字（尽管只跨了两个加拿大方言），它在不同方言中给了不同的语音影射，使得在两种方言中发音相同的词有着不同的写法，而写法相同的词有着不同的发音。
此外还有一个不常用的系统，由John R. Swanton给出。它更像是基于语音的，而不像是基于音位的。

**注释**

**参考文献**
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**延伸阅读**
# Andersen, Doris. 1974. "Slave of the Haida." Toronto: Macmillan Co. of Canada.
# Bengtson, John D. (2008), "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages." Aspects of Comparative Linguistics, vol. 3, Moscow: RSUH Publishers, pp. 45–118
# Dauenhauer, Nora Marks. 2008. "The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804, Anooshi Lingit Aani Ka, Russians in Tlingit America." University of Washington Press.
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# Dürr, Michael & Egon Renner. 1995. The History of the Na-Dene Controversy: A Sketch. Language and Culture in North America: Studies in Honor of Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow, ed. by Renner, Egon & Dürr, Michael. 3-18. (Lincom Studies in Native American Linguistics 2). Munich: Lincom Europa.
# Enrico, John. 1983a. "The Haida Language." The Outer Shores, edited by Scudder, G. E. and Gessler, Nicholas. Queen Charlotte City, B.C.: Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press. pp. 223–248.
# Enrico, John. 1983b. "Tense in the Haida Relative Clause." International Journal of American Linguistics 52:91–123.
# Enrico, John. 1986. "Word Order, Focus and Topic in Haida." International Journal of American Linguistics 49:136–166.
# Enrico, John. 1991. The Lexical Phonology of Masset Haida. (Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers, 8.) Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
# Enrico, John. 1998. "Remarks on Pitch in Skidegate Haida." Gengo Kenkyu 12:115–120.
# Enrico, John. 2003. Haida Syntax. (2 volumes). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
# Enrico, John. 2005. Haida Dictionary: Skidegate, Masset, and Alaskan Dialects. (2 volumes). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center; Juneau: Sealaska Heritage Institute.
# Fisher, Robin. 1992. "Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774–1890." UBC Press.
# Greenberg, J.H. 1987a. Language in the Americas. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
# Greenberg, J.H. 1987b. "The Na-Dene Problem". In Greenberg (1987a), pp. 321–330.
# Harrison, Charles. 1925. "Ancient Warriors of the North Pacific; The Haidas, Their Laws, Customs and Legends." London, H. F. & G. Witherby.
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# Levine, Robert D. 1979. Haida and Na-Dene: A New Look at the Evidence. International Journal of American Linguistics 45(2).157–70.
# Manaster Ramer, Alexis. 1996. "Sapir's Classifications: Haida and the Other Na Dene languages." Anthropological linguistics 38:179–215.
# Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen. 1976. Geschichte der Na-Dene-Forschung. (Indiana : Beihefte; 5). Berlin: Mann. ISBN 3-7861-3027-2
# Pinnow. H-J. 1985. Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache. (Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Hefte 43–46.) Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft.
# Pinnow. H-J. 2006a. Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation. / The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification. Zweite erweiterte Auflage / Second revised edition. Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
# Pinnow. H-J. 2006b. Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache. (Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2. Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang = Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen.) Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
# Rosman, Abraham. 1971. "Feasting with Mine Enemy: Rank and Exchange among Northwest Coast Societies" Columbia University Press.
# Ruhlen M. 1998. "The Origin of the Na-Dene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95, no. 23: 13994-6.
# Sapir, Edward. 1915. The Na-Dene Languages: A Preliminary Report. American Anthropologist 17.534–558.
# Stearns, Mary Lee. 1981. "Haida Culture in Custody." University of Washington Press.
# Swanton, John R. 1905.  Haida Texts and Myths. Skidegate dialect. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 29.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
# Swanton, John R. 1908.  Haida Texts. Masset Dialect. (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill.

**相关影视**
Edge of the Knife

**外部连结**
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