尤里·奥尔洛夫

尤里·费奥多罗维奇·奥尔洛夫（Юрий Фёдорович Орлов，Yuri Feodorovich Orlov，catIdx=Orlov, Yuri）生于苏俄莫斯科，是康乃尔大学物理学与政府学教授，前苏联异见分子，前苏联核物理学家和与人权运动者，创办了莫斯科赫尔辛基小组和苏联大赦国际团体。作为苏联人权运动的创始人，他曾因密切关注赫尔辛基人权运动而服刑流亡九年，被认为是良心犯。

**早年生涯**
1924年8月13日，尤里·奥尔洛夫出生于莫斯哥附近村庄的一个工人家庭。他的父母是Klavdiya Petrovna Lebedeva和Fyodor Pavlovich Orlov。1933年3月，其父作古。
1944至1946年间，奥尔洛夫是苏联军队的一个军官。1952年，他从莫斯科国立大学毕业，加入理论与实验物理研究所学习。随后成为研究所的物理学家。

**参考资料**

**部分出版物**
 archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082410/http://www.unz.org/Pub/Survey-1974q2-00241- vcite journal|author=Orlov, Yuri|title=The road to my arrest|journal=The New Leader|date=March 1977|volume=60|issue=6|harvid=Orlov1977- archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081644/http://www.unz.org/Pub/Survey-1979q2-00067- vcite journal|author=Orlov, Yuri|title=A quantum model of doubt|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|date=October 1981|volume=373|pages=84–92|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb51134.x|bibcode=1981NYASA.373...84O|harvid=Orlov1981- vcite journal|author=Orlov, Yuri|title=The wave logic of consciousness: a hypothesis|journal=International Journal of Theoretical Physics|date=January 1982|volume=21|issue=1|pages=37–53|doi=10.1007/BF01880263|bibcode=1982IJTP...21...37O|harvid=Orlov1982- cite journal|title=Yury Orlov: I believe in the people|journal=Index on Censorship|date=February 1987|volume=16|issue=2|pages=10|doi=10.1080/03064228708534201|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03064228708534201- vcite journal|author=Orlov, Yuri; Bethell, Nicholas|title=Out of the Gulag and into exile|journal=Encounter|date=May 1987|issue=26|pages=48–52|url=http://www.unz.org/Pub/Encounter-1987may-00048|harvid=OrlovBethell1987|accessdate=2018-11-12|archivedate=2015-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909224311/http://www.unz.org/Pub/Encounter-1987may-00048- vcite journal|author=Orlov, Yuri|title=Before and after glasnost|journal=Commentary|date=1 October 1988|volume=86|issue=4|page=24|url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/before-and-after-glasnost/|harvid=Orlov1988a|accessdate=2018-11-12|archivedate=2018-06-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234853/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/before-and-after-glasnost/- harvid=Orlov1988b- vcite news|author=Gottfried, Kurt; Orlov, Yuri|title=A man who would not be silenced: Sakharov: he saw scientific, political and moral realities as one equation, and he died still warning about 'tomorrow'|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-12-19/local/me-415_1_human-rights|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=19 December 1989|harvid=GottfriedOrlov1989- vcite journal|author=Bonner, Elena; Orlov, Yuri|title=Armenia: an open letter|journal=The New York Review of Books|date=18 July 1991|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1991/jul/18/armenia-an-open-letter/|harvid=BonnerOrlov1991|accessdate=2018-11-12|archivedate=2011-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708212854/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1991/jul/18/armenia-an-open-letter/- vcite book|author=Orlov, Yuri Юрий Орлов|chapter=Перейти к полной свободе в сфере идей|trans_chapter=Passing to full freedom in the area of ideas|chapter-url=http://www.memo.ru/uploads/files/1369.pdf|editor=Aksyutin, Yuri; Medvedev, Roy Юрий Аксютин, Рой Медведев (eds.)|title=Л.И. Брежнев: Материалы к биографии|trans_title=L.I. Brezhnev: Materials to biography|date=1991|publisher=Политиздат|location=Moscow|isbn=5-250-01721-5|pages=323–328|language=Russian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBofAAAAMAAJ|harvid=AksyutinMedvedev1991 date=20160516212653  - cite book|author=Orlov, Yuri|title=Dangerous Thoughts. Memoirs of a Russian Life|url=https://archive.org/details/dangerousthought00orlo|date=1991|location=New York|publisher=William Morrow and Company|isbn=0688104711- cite book|author=Орлов, Юрий|script-title=ru:Опасные мысли: Мемуары из рус. жизни|trans-title=Dangerous Thoughts. Memoirs of a Russian Life|date=1992|publisher=Аргументы и факты|location=Moscow|url=http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=book&num=109|language=ru|isbn=585272002X|title=|access-date=2018-11-12|archive-date=2018-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112223623/https://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=book&num=109|dead-url=yes- vcite journal|author=Birman, Joseph; Lizhi, Fang; Winick, Herman; Chudnovsky, Eugene; Orlov, Yuri|title=Science and human rights|journal=Nature|date=August 1994|volume=370|issue=6491|page=592|doi=10.1038/370592a0|bibcode=1994Natur.370..592B|harvid=BirmanLizhiWinick1994- cite book|author=Orlov, Yuri Юрий Орлов|chapter=Возможен ли социализм не тоталитарного типа?|trans-chapter=Is a non-totalitarian type of socialism possible?|chapter-url=http://antology.igrunov.ru/authors/orlov/1083933185.html|editor1=Akhmetiev I.|editor2=Kulakov V. editor3=В. Кулаков|title=Самиздат века|trans-title=Samizdat of the century|date=1997|publisher=Полифакт|location=Minsk|isbn=5-89356-004-3|language=ru|access-date=2018-11-12|archive-date=2018-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210223538/http://antology.igrunov.ru/authors/orlov/1083933185.html|dead-url=no- cite book|author=Orlov, Yuri Юрий Орлов|chapter=Возможен ли социализм не тоталитарного типа?|trans-chapter=Is a non-totalitarian type of socialism possible?|editor=Igrunov, Vyacheslav Вячеслав Игрунов|title=Антология самиздата. Неподцензурная литература в СССР. 1950–1980-е.: В 3-х томах: т. 3: после 1973|trans-title=Anthology of samizdat. Uncensored literature in the USSR. The 1950s–1980s. In 3 volumes. Volume 3. After 1973|date=2005|publisher=Международный институт гуманитарно-политических исследований|pages=191–205|location=Moscow|isbn=5-89793-034-1|url=http://library.khpg.org/files/docs/1320039970.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308001603/http://library.khpg.org/files/docs/1320039970.pdf|archivedate=8 March 2013|deadurl=no|language=ru

**相关资料**
   尤里·奥尔洛夫在康乃尔大学的首页 date=20190213005148 -  尤里·奥尔洛夫的简历 date=20181110234142 - cite journal|title=Aftermath of the Orlov trial|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1978-05-25_273_5660/page/255|journal=Nature|date=25 May 1978|volume=273|issue=5660|pages=255|doi=10.1038/273255a0|bibcode=  1978Natur.273..255.- cite journal|title=APS joins in appeals for Orlov and Shcharansky|journal=Physics Today|date=January 1985|volume=38|issue=1|pages=117|doi=10.1063/1.2813731|bibcode=1985PhT....38Q.117.- archivedate=23 November 2015- cite journal|title=Exiled Yuri Orlov|journal=Newsweek|date=12 October 1984|volume=104|issue=23|pages=57|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/8400006310/exiled-yuri-orlov|access-date=2018-11-12|archive-date=2016-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301180915/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/8400006310/exiled-yuri-orlov|dead-url=no- cite journal|title=News from Orlov's trial|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1978-06-01_273_5661/page/329|journal=Nature|date=1 June 1978|volume=273|issue=5661|pages=329|doi=10.1038/273329a0|bibcode=  1978Natur.273..329.- cite news|title=Человек дня – Юрий Орлов, основатель и первый председатель Московской Хельсинкской Группы|trans-title=The man of the day Yuri Orlov, the founder and first chairman of the Moscow Helsinki Group|url=http://www.svoboda.org/content/transcript/157408.html|work=Radio Liberty|date=13 May 2006|language=ru|accessdate=2018-11-12|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114433/http://www.svoboda.org/content/transcript/157408.html|dead-url=no- cite journal |author1=Alexeyeva, Lyudmila |author2=Bukovsky, Vladimir |author3=Amalrik, Andrei |author4=Voikhanskaya, Marina |author5=Plyushch, Leonid |author6=Elina, Emilia |author7=Voronina, Lidia |author8=Bresenden, Yevgeniy |title=The Orlov tribunal |journal=Index on Censorship |date=November 1977 |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=52–60 |doi=10.1080/03064227708532716 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03064227708532716 |access-date=2018-11-12 |archive-date=2016-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107040344/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03064227708532716 |dead-url=no - cite news|author=Bethell, Nicholas|title=How Orlov survived in Soviet prison|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19861017&id=8VQ0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=grkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5353,3685241|work=The Montreal Gazette|date=17 October 1986|page=A1, A5- cite journal|author1=Bromley, Allan |author2=Feshbach, Herman |author3=Garvey, Gerald |author4=Hyde, Earl |author5=Keller, Lewin |author6=Weneser, Joseph |title=Soviet boycott by US physicists over Orlov|journal=Physics Today|date=August 1978|volume=31|issue=8|pages=11|doi=10.1063/1.2995134|bibcode=1978PhT....31h..11B- cite journal|author=Carr, Bruce|title=Physicists petition Soviet Academy on Orlov arrest|journal=Physics Today|date=May 1977|volume=30|issue=5|pages=112|doi=10.1063/1.3037583|bibcode=1977PhT....30e.112C- dead-url=no- cite journal|author1=Hyman, Lloyd |author2=Katz, Joseph |author3=O'Connor, Timothy |author4=Peshkin, Murray |author5=Ringo, Roy |title=Concerning Y. Orlov and A. Sharansky|journal=Science|date=21 October 1977|volume=198|issue=4314|pages=251|doi=10.1126/science.198.4314.251|pmid=17770484|bibcode=1977Sci...198..253H- cite journal|author=Jacobs, Michael|title=Current response to Orlov jailing|journal=Physics Today|date=June 1979|volume=32|issue=6|pages=78|doi=10.1063/1.2995603|bibcode=1979PhT....32f..78J- cite journal|author=Jacobs, Michael|title=Yuri Orlov's wife fears for his health|journal=Physics Today|date=December 1979|volume=32|issue=12|pages=88|doi=10.1063/1.2995338|bibcode=1979PhT....32l..88J- cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=Yurii Orlov suffers two trials|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1978-05-18_273_5659/page/178|journal=Nature|date=18 May 1978|volume=273|issue=5659|pages=178|doi=10.1038/273178a0|bibcode=1978Natur.273..178R- cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=Americans cancel visits in protest over Orlov|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1978-05-25_273_5660/page/258|journal=Nature|date=25 May 1978|volume=273|issue=5660|pages=258|doi=10.1038/273258a0|bibcode=1978Natur.273..258R- cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=A day in the life of Yurii Orlov|journal=Nature|date=22 February 1979|volume=277|issue=5698|pages=591|doi=10.1038/277591a0|url=http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038%2F277591a0|bibcode=1979Natur.277Q.591R|access-date=2018-11-12|archive-date=2018-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112181650/http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038%2F277591a0|dead-url=no- cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=Soviet Union: Orlov's fate in balance|journal=Nature|date=16 February 1984|volume=307|issue=5952|pages=585|doi=10.1038/307585a0|bibcode=1984Natur.307Q.585R- cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=Orlov appeal|journal=Nature|date=23 February 1984|volume=307|issue=5953|pages=673|doi=10.1038/307673b0|bibcode=1984Natur.307..673R- cite journal|author=Rich, Vera|title=Soviet Union: freedom at last for Orlov|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1986-10-09_323_6088/page/478|journal=Nature|date=9 October 1986|volume=323|issue=6088|pages=478|doi=10.1038/323478a0|bibcode=1986Natur.323..478R- cite journal|author1=Sakharov, Andrei |author2=Meiman, Naum |title=The plight of Yuri Orlov|journal=Harvard International Review|date=March–April 1982|volume=4|issue=6|pages=50|jstor=42762207- cite journal|author=Shapley, Deborah|title=Handler protests Orlov trial|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1978-06-02_200_4345/page/1026|journal=Science|date=2 June 1978|volume=200|issue=4345|pages=1026|doi=10.1126/science.200.4345.1026|bibcode=1978Sci...200.1026S|pmid=17740677- cite journal|author=Sessler, Andrew|title=Reflections occasioned by the release of Yuri Orlov|journal=Physics Today|date=November 1986|volume=39|issue=11|pages=168|doi=10.1063/1.2815231|bibcode=1986PhT....39k.168S- cite journal|author=Sweet, William|title=Orlov provides perspectives on Gorbachev's reforms|journal=Physics Today|date=May 1987|volume=40|issue=5|pages=79|doi=10.1063/1.2820021|bibcode=1987PhT....40e..79S- cite journal|author=Turchin, Valentin|title=Orlov in exile|journal=Physics Today|date=July 1985|volume=38|issue=38|page=9|doi=10.1063/1.2814623|bibcode=1985PhT....38g...9T

**视频**
 cite web|title=Восемнадцатая серия. Юрий Орлов|trans-title=The eighteenth part. Yuri Orlov|url=http://www.golos-ameriki.ru/media/video/soviet-dissidents-parallels-events-people/2442552.html|author=Natella Boltyanskaya|publisher=Parallels, Events, People|website=Voice of America|date=8 September 2014|language=ru|accessdate=2018-11-12|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305064448/http://www.golos-ameriki.ru/media/video/soviet-dissidents-parallels-events-people/2442552.html|dead-url=no- YouTube|BHBQPHZGyYk|Юбилейный вечер Юрия Орлова Anniversary evening of Yuri Orlov, 19 min, in Russian