海菊蛤属

海菊蛤，又称海菊贝、红螺、车蚝，是海扇蛤目的其中一科（海菊蛤科；Spondylidae），以及此科下唯一的属（海菊蛤属；Spondylus）。海菊蛤的外观与牡蛎科相似，但其外壳带有红色。其壳内之肉可供食用，中国的西沙海域盛产的红螺，特别鲜味。
海菊蛤物种的型态及分布范围差异颇大，但牠们其实与扇贝属于同一个总科。与牡蛎科物种黏合在岩石上不同，海菊蛤都以足丝来固定。

**物种**
Pacific thorny oyster, S. crassisquama Lamark, 1819, from the Sea of Cortez, Mexico
The interior of two fossil valves of Spondylus from the Pliocene of Cyprus
于夏威夷采集的猫舌海菊蛤 Spondylus linguaefelis Sowerby, 1847- 棘刺海菊蛤 Spondylus aculeatus Schröter, 1788
*S. americanus Hermann, 1781 — Atlantic thorny oyster- 无棘海菊蛤 Spondylus anacanthus Mawe, 1823 — nude thorny oyster- 橘色海菊蛤 Spondylus aurantius Lamarck, 1819- 须毛海菊蛤 Spondylus barbatus Reeve, 1856- 巴氏海菊蛤 Spondylus butleri Reeve, 1856
*S. calcifer Carpenter, 1857- 洁海菊蛤 Spondylus candidus Lamarck,1819- 白海菊蛤 Spondylus castus Reeve, 1856
*S. clarksoni Limpus, 1992
*S. crassisquama Lamarck, 1819  (S. princeps Broderip, 1833) — Pacific thorny oyster- 血色海菊蛤 Spondylus cruentus Lischke, 1868
*S. cumingii Sowerby, 1847
*S. dutempleanus Linnaeus, 1758
*S. echinatus Schreibers, 1793- 怒发海菊蛤 Spondylus erectospinus Habe,1973- 直棘海菊蛤 Spondylus erectospinosus Habe, 1973
*S. erinaceus Reeve, 1856- 异棘海菊蛤 Spondylus gaederopus Linnaeus, 1758 — European thorny oyster
*S. gilvus Reeve, 1856
*S. groschi Lamprell & Kilburn, 1995- 古氏海菊蛤 Spondylus gussoni (O. G Costa, 1829)
*S. hawaiiensis Dall, Bartsch and Rehder, 1938- 亥氏海菊蛤 Spondylus heidkeae Lamprell & Healy, 2001
*S. hystrix Röding, 1798
*S. ictericus Reeve, 1856
*S. imbutus Reeve, 1856- 堂皇海菊蛤 Spondylus imperialis Chenu, 1843
*S. japonicus Kur — Japanese spiny oyster
*S. lamarcki Chenu, 1845
*S. layardi Reeve, 1856
*猫舌海菊蛤 S. linguaefelis 
*S. longitudinalis Lamarck, 1819
*S. marisrubri Röding, 1798
*S. microlepos Lamarck, 1819- 多棘海菊蛤 Spondylus multimuricatus Reeve, 1856
*S. multisetosus Reeve, 1856- 尼科巴海菊蛤 Spondylus nicobaricus Schreibers, 1793
*S. occidens Sowerby, 1903
*S. plurispinosus Reeve, 1856
*S. powelli Smith, 1892
*S. pratii Parth, 1990
*猩猩海菊蛤 Spondylus regius Linnaeus, 1758，莺王海菊蛤
*S. sanguineus Dunker, 1852
*S. senegalensis Schreibers, 1793
*S. setiger Reeve, 1846- 中华海菊蛤 Spondylus sinensis Schreibers, 1793
*S. smythaea Lamprell, 1998
*S. somalicus M. Parth & R. Philippe, 1992- 奇海菊蛤 Spondylus spectrum Reeve, 1856- 厚壳海菊蛤 Spondylus squamosus Schreibers, 1793
*S. tenellus Reeve, 1856- 蓝巨海菊蛤 S. varius Sowerby,1829
*S. variegatus Schreibers, 1793- 金黄海菊蛤 Spondylus versicolor Schreibers, 1793
*S. vexillum Reeve, 1856- 瑞氏海菊蛤 Spondylus wrightianus Crosse, 1872 — Wright's thorny oyster
*S. zonalis Lamarck, 1819
mantle edges of a live thorny oyster from East Timor: The eyes can be seen on the fringe between the mantle and the shell.

**参考资料**

**外部连结**
在塞浦路斯发现的上新世异棘海菊蛤化石。-  Spondylus Session Abstracts on Spondylus research at the 13th Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists at Zadar, Croatia, September 2007-  Information about Spondylus from the website of the Gladys Archerd Shell Collection at Washington State University Tri-Cities Natural History Museum-  Article on "notched" Spondylus  Neolithic artifacts in Europe

**参考书目**
  A full and constantly updated bibliography date=20210205235009  on Spondylus spp. in Aegean, Balkan, European and American contexts

**史前欧洲**
 F. IFANTIDIS/M. NIKOLAIDOU (eds.), 2011.Spondylus in Prehistory: New Data and Approaches. Contributions to the Archaeology of Shell Technologies (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, Int. Ser. 2216)- P. HALSTEAD, 1993. Spondylus shell ornaments from late Neolithic Dimini, Greece: Specialized manufacture or unequal accumulation? Antiquity 67: 603–609.- Vl. PODBORSKÝ (Hrsg.), 2002. Dvĕpohřebištĕ Neolitického lidu s Lineární Keramikou ve Vedrovicích na Moravĕ (Brno, Masarykovy University Philosophy Faculty Dept. of Archaeology and Museology).- J. RODDEN, 1970. The Spondylus-shell trade and the beginnings of the Vinča culture. In:Actes du VIIe Congres International des Sciences Prehistoriques et Protohistoriques: 411-413 (Praha: Akademia Nauk).- M. L. SÉFÉRIADÈS, 2000. Spondylus gaederopus: Some observations on the earliest European long distance exchange system. In: Hiller, S. and Nikolov, V. (Hrsg.), Karanovo III: Beiträge zum Neolithikum in Südosteuropa (Wien: Phoibos Verlag) 423-437.- M. L. SÉFÉRIADÈS, Spondylus and Long-Distance Trade in Prehistoric Europe In:  Anthony, D. W. (ed.), The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC.  (Princeton) 179-189.- J. SHACKLETON/H. ELDERFIELD, 1993. Strontium isotope dating of the source of Neolithic European Spondylus shell artefacts. Antiquity 64: 312-315.- N. SHACKLETON/C. RENFREW, 1970. Neolithic trade routes realigned by oxygen isotope analyses. Nature 228: 1062-5.- H. TODOROVA, 2000. Die Spondylus-Problematik heute. In: Hiller, S. and Nikolov, V. (Hrsg.), Karanovo III: Beiträge zum Neolithikum in Südosteuropa (Wien, Phoibos Verlag) 415-422.- Sl. VENCL, 1959. Spondylove šperky v podunajskem Neolitů, Archeologicke Rozhledy 9: 699-742.