锯针蚁属

锯针蚁属 (Odontomachus ) 又称大齿猛蚁属，隶属蚁科针蚁亚科，栖息于热带和亚热带，为肉食性。
锯针蚁属具有触发式大腭 (trap-jaw)，大腭能以极快的速度关上，以捕捉猎物或是透过反作用力弹飞自己躲避敌人。

**总览**
锯针蚁属英文俗名trap-jaw ants ，锯针蚁属有一对发达的大腭，打开的角度可达180度。大腭可以透过内部的结构固定在打开的姿势，大腭的内部生有一对用来感知的板机毛 (trigger-hair)，当猎物触碰到板机毛 (trigger-hair) 时大腭便会快速关上，大腭强而有力，且运动速度极快，锯针蚁属的英文俗名便是由此而来，大腭命中猎物时会杀死或使猎物残废。如果大腭没有命中目标，锯针蚁属可以重复地固定大腭、击发大腭，除此之外，锯针蚁属也可以像其他蚂蚁一样正常开阖大腭。锯针蚁属也会利用大腭来击飞敌人，或是弹飞自己以躲避敌人。替代=
锯针蚁属的幼虫外形特殊，其身体上生有长长的肉脊，且其背部生有黏着垫，可以用来黏在蚁巢的墙壁上。幼虫为肉食性，幼虫会蜕皮三次，幼虫会利用其他介质结茧。

**大腭运动的速度**
锯针蚁属大腭运动的速度是动物界中第二快的，第一快的是德古拉蚁 (Mystrium camillae )。有研究指出 Odontomachus bauri  大腭运动的速度介于时速 126 ~ 230 公里。大腭关上的时间平均为 130 微秒。加速度可达 1 000 000 m/s²。

**拟态**
Enoplomischus 属的跳蛛会拟态成锯针蚁属。

**分布**
锯针蚁属分布于中南美洲、亚洲、澳洲与非洲。有研究指出在美国「Odontomachus haematodus 1956年在阿拉巴马州被记录到，但近期研究者指出该物种已沿着墨西哥湾散播，最远至佛罗里达州的彭萨科拉。」Magdalena Sorger则指出，「在过去，Odontomachus ruginodis 的分布范围被认为局限在奥兰多地区，而近期有一笔 O. ruginodis 的纪录出现在奥兰多北边超过100英里处，位于佛罗里达州的盖恩斯维尔。」而 Odontomachus relictus 则只在佛罗里达中部发现，栖息于长有灌木丛的沙脊地形中。

**物种**
替代=
Odontomachus paleomyagra
Odontomachus pseudobauri
共73个现生物种，3个化石物种- Odontomachus aciculatus F. Smith, 1863- 近缘大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus affinis Guerin-Meneville, 1844
*Odontomachus alius Sorger & Zettel, 2011
*Odontomachus allolabis Kempf, 1974
*Odontomachus angulatus Mayr, 1866
*Odontomachus animosus Smith, 1860
*Odontomachus assiniensis Emery, 1892
*Odontomachus banksi Forel, 1910
*Odontomachus bauri Emery, 1892
*Odontomachus biolleyi Forel, 1908
*Odontomachus biumbonatus Brown, 1976
*Odontomachus bradleyi Brown, 1976
*Odontomachus brunneus (Patton, 1894)
*Odontomachus caelatus Brown, 1976
*Odontomachus cephalotes Smith, 1863 (Indonesia, Australia, etc.)
*Odontomachus chelifer (Latreille, 1802)
*环纹大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus circulus Wang, 1993
*Odontomachus clarus Roger, 1861
*Odontomachus coquereli Roger, 1861
*Odontomachus cornutus Stitz, 1933
*Odontomachus desertorum Wheeler, 1915
*Odontomachus erythrocephalus Emery, 1890
*Odontomachus floresensis Brown, 1976 (Indonesia: Flores)
*光亮大齿猛蚁Odontomachus fulgidus Wang, 1993
*粒纹大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus granatus Wang, 1993
*血色大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1758) (South America, introduced to Australia prior to 1876); type species
*Odontomachus hastatus (Fabricius, 1804)
*Odontomachus imperator Emery, 1887
*Odontomachus infandus Smith, 1858
*Odontomachus insularis Guérin-Méneville, 1844
*Odontomachus kuroiwae (Matsumura, 1912)
*Odontomachus laticeps Roger, 1861
*Odontomachus latidens Mayr, 1867
*Odontomachus latissimus Viehmeyer, 1914
*Odontomachus malignus Smith, 1859
*Odontomachus mayi Mann, 1912
*Odontomachus meinerti Forel, 1905
*Odontomachus minangkabau Satria, Kurushima, Herwina, Yamane & Eguchi, 2015 
*Odontomachus montanus Stitz, 1925- 山大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus monticola Emery, 1892 高山锯针蚁
*妖大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus mormo Brown, 1976
*Odontomachus nigriceps Smith, 1860
*Odontomachus opaciventris Forel, 1899
*Odontomachus opaculus Viehmeyer, 1912
*†Odontomachus paleomyagra Wappler, Dlussky, Engel, Prokop & Knor, 2014
*Odontomachus panamensis Forel, 1899
*Odontomachus papuanus Emery, 1887
*Odontomachus pararixosus Terayama & Ito, 2014
*Odontomachus peruanus Stitz, 1933
*Odontomachus philippinus Emery, 1893
*Odontomachus procerus Emery, 1893 
*†Odontomachus pseudobauri (De Andrade, 1994)
*Odontomachus relictus Deyrup & Cover, 2004
*争吵大齿猛蚁Odontomachus rixosus Smith, 1857
*Odontomachus ruficeps Smith, 1858 (Australia)
*Odontomachus rufithorax Emery, 1911
*Odontomachus ruginodis Smith, 1937
*Odontomachus saevissimus Smith, 1858
*Odontomachus scalptus Brown, 1978
*Odontomachus schoedli Sorger & Zettel, 2011
*Odontomachus scifictus Sorger & Zettel, 2011
*西氏大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus silvestrii W.M. Wheeler, 1927
*Odontomachus simillimus F. Smith, 1858 (Australia, Fiji, etc.)
*†Odontomachus spinifer De Andrade, 1994
*Odontomachus spissus Kempf, 1962
*Odontomachus sumbensis Brown, 1976
*直齿大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus tensus Wang, 1993
*Odontomachus testaceus Emery, 1897
*Odontomachus troglodytes Santschi, 1914 (Africa, Madagascar, Inner Seychelles)- Odontomachus turneri Forel, 1900 (Australia)
*Odontomachus tyrannicus Smith, 1859
*西藏大齿猛蚁 Odontomachus xizangensis Wang, 1993
*Odontomachus yucatecus Brown, 1976

**参考资料**

**外部连结**
 Mississippi Entomology Museum:  Pictures of worker and male O. haematodus date=20201112021016 -  Slow motion video of the ants in action date=20210201135616 - Mississippi Entomology Museum:  Pictures of worker and male O. haematodusfix-attempted=yes -  Ant's super-fast bite is a built-in 'ejector seat'-  Ferocious ants bite like a bullet date=20170830183839  - BBC News, 21 August 2006. Elli Leadbeater. Retrieved 22 August 2006-  Man-trap jaws make ant fastest predator date=20070326011449  - Scotsman, 22 August 2006. John Von Radowitz. Retrieved 22 August 2006