费茨法则

费茨法则在人机互动中的应用
费茨法则又称菲兹定律，是一个人机交互以及人体工程学中人类活动的模型，它预测了快速移动到目标区域所需的时间是目标区域的距离和目标区域的大小的函数。费茨法则多用于表现 指、点 这个动作的概念模型，无论是用手或者手指进行物理接触，抑或是在电脑屏幕上用假想的设备（例如鼠标）进行虚拟的触碰。 该法则由 Paul Fitts 于 1954 年提出。

**模型**
费茨法则可以用多种不同的公式进行表达。比较通用的是用于一维运动的 Shannon 公式（由 Scott MacKenzie date=20220606182127 ，约克大学教授提出，并因为其与香农定理的相似而命名）。
 
这里:- T 是完成动作的平均时间。（传统的命名方式，会写成MT ，表示运动时间 Movement Time）- a 代表装置（拦截）开始/结束的时间，b 表示该装置本身的速度（斜率）。这些常数可以以测得数据进行直线近似的方式通过实验取得。- D 是起始位置到目标中心的距离。（传统上来说，研究者多用 A 来表示，意味着运动的振幅 Amplitude）- W 是目标区域在运动维向上的宽度。因为运动的最终点必须落在目标中心 ±2 以内，所以 W 也可以被认为是被允许的最终位置的容差。
从这个等式我们可以看出，小并且/或者远的目标，需要更长的时间才能得以准确到达，这便是权衡指的动作的 速度的准确性。

**参考文献**
 Paul M. Fitts (1954). The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, volume 47, number 6, June 1954, pp. 381-391. (Reprinted in Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121(3):262–269, 1992).- Paul M. Fitts and James R. Peterson (1964). Information capacity of discrete motor responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67(2):103–112, February 1964.- Stuart K. Card, William K. English, and Betty J. Burr (1978). Evaluation of mouse, rate-controlled isometric joystick, step keys, and text keys for text selection on a CRT. Ergonomics, 21(8):601–613, 1978.- I. Scott MacKenzie and William A. S. Buxton (1992). Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks.                              Proceedings of 电脑协会 CHI 1992 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 219–226. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/142750.142794- A. Murata. Extending effective target width in Fitts' law to a two-dimensional pointing task. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 11(2):137–152, 1999. http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S153275901102_4fix-attempted=yes - Johnny Accot and Shumin Zhai (2003). Refining Fitts' law models for bivariate pointing. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2003 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 193–200. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/642611.642646- Johnny Accot and Shumin Zhai (2002). More than dotting the i's — foundations for crossing-based interfaces. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2002 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 73–80. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/503376.503390- Stuart K. Card, Thomas P. Moran, 艾伦·纽厄尔 (1983). The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction.- I. Scott MacKenzie (1992). Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction, volume 7, 1992, pp. 91–139. http://www.yorku.ca/mack/hci1992.pdf date=20210415132317 - Meyer, D. E., Smith, J. E. K., Kornblum, S., Abrams, R. A., & Wright, C. E. (1990). Speed-accuracy tradeoffs in aimed movements: Toward a theory of rapid voluntary action. In M. Jeannerod (Ed.), Attention and performance XIII (pp. 173–226). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. http://www.umich.edu/~bcalab/Meyer_Bibliography.html date=20170322145707 - A. T. Welford (1968). Fundamentals of Skill. Methuen, 1968.- Shumin Zhai (2002). On the Validity of Throughput as a Characteristic of Computer Input, IBM Research Report RJ 10253, 2002, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California. https://web.archive.org/web/20070824104223/http://www.almaden.ibm.com/u/zhai/papers/ZhaiIBMReporRJ10253.pdf

**外部链接**
  Peer-reviewed Encyclopedia entry on Fitts' Law date=20150705022642  by Mehmet Gokturk-  Fittsbits - A game investigating Fitts' Law by Willem Vervuurt and Laura Cuijpers (this game, a Web-based experiment, is no longer available)-  Fitts' Law date=20201109033521  at AskTog-  A Quiz Designed to Give You Fitts date=20210504231024  at AskTog-  Fitts' Law date=20210501115220  at CS Dept. NSF-Supported Education Infrastructure Project-  Fitts’ Law: Modeling Movement Time in HCI date=20180101185849 -  Bibliography of Fitts’ Law Research date=20210227145457  compiled by I. Scott MacKenzie-  Fitts' Law in Microsoft Office User Interfacedate=20100212112146  by Jensen Harris-  Visualizing Fitts's Law  date=20210502003338  by Kevin Hale