梅花雀科

梅花雀科（学名：Estrildidae）是旧大陆热带地区和澳大拉西亚的一种小型雀形目鸟类，包括有多个常见鸟类的物种，例如：文鸟、侏儒鸟、火雀、鹦雀及梅花雀等。梅花雀科有时会被视为雀科（Passeridae）的亚科，只包括在旧世界出现的雀，例如：麻雀属。尽管其外型可能有点相似，本科物种与燕雀科、鹀科又或美洲鹀科的关系其实并不密切。
梅花雀是群居的籽食鸟类，其喙短厚而尖利。梅花雀科物种的身体构造与习性都十分相似，但彼此间羽毛的颜色和花纹差异很大。
所有品种的梅花雀都会建造较大的半圆形鸟巢，每次可产5至10枚白色鸟蛋。大部分物种会建造用以栖息的鸟巢。部分火雀和斑腹雀会在维达雀科的巢内产卵寄生。
大部分的梅花雀都对寒冷极为敏感，性喜温暖，多在热带定居；少数则在澳大利亚南部及新几内亚的高地，并适应了当地较为寒冷的气候，例如：高山文鸟、红胁火尾雀、红眉火尾雀，还有Stagonopleura这个属的物种。
梅花雀科中最小的物种是小绿背织雀（Nesocharis shelleyi），体长仅in。而最轻的物种是黑腰梅花雀（Estrilda troglodytes），仅重g。最大的物种是禾雀（Padda oryzivora），体长可达in，体重可达g。

**分类**

**属与物种**
 啄花雀属 Parmoptila
** 红额啄花雀 Parmoptila rubrifrons
** Jameson's antpecker, Parmoptila jamesoni – often included in P. rubrifrons
** 啄花雀 Parmoptila woodhousei- 黑雀属 Nigrita
** 白胸黑雀 Nigrita fusconota
** 栗胸黑雀 Nigrita bicolor
** 淡额黑雀 Nigrita luteifrons
** 灰冠黑雀 Nigrita canicapilla- 绿背织雀属 Nesocharis
** 白领绿背织雀, Nesocharis ansorgei
** 小绿背织雀, Nesocharis shelleyi
** 灰头绿背织雀, Nesocharis capistrata- 斑腹雀属 Pytilia
** 橙翅斑腹雀, Pytilia afra
** 红翅斑腹雀, Pytilia phoenicoptera
** 红嘴斑腹雀 Pytilia lineata
** 绿翅斑腹雀, Pytilia melba
** 黄翅斑腹雀, Pytilia hypogrammica- Genus Mandingoa
** 绿背斑雀, Mandingoa nitidula- 朱翅雀属 Cryptospiza
** 红脸朱翅雀, Cryptospiza reichenovii
** 绿背朱翅雀, Cryptospiza salvadorii
** 暗腹朱翅雀, Cryptospiza jacksoni
** 谢氏朱翅雀, Cryptospiza shelleyi- 裂籽雀属 Pyrenestes
** 赤红裂籽雀, Pyrenestes sanguineus
** 黑腹裂籽雀, Pyrenestes ostrinus
** 小裂籽雀, Pyrenestes minor- 蓝嘴雀属s, genus Spermophaga
** 灰颊蓝嘴雀, Spermophaga poliogenys
** 红胸蓝嘴雀, Spermophaga haematina
** 红头蓝嘴雀, Spermophaga ruficapilla-  双点雀属 Clytospiza
** 褐双点雀, Clytospiza monteiri- 斑雀属 Hypargos
** 朱胸斑雀, Hypargos niveoguttatus
** 玫胸斑雀, Hypargos margaritatus- 双斑雀属 Euschistospiza
** 朱背双斑雀, Euschistospiza dybowskii
** 乌双斑雀, Euschistospiza cinereovinacea-  火雀属, Lagonosticta 
** 斑胸火雀, Lagonosticta rufopicta
** 褐背火雀, Lagonosticta nitidula
** 红嘴火雀, Lagonosticta senegala
** 黑腹火雀, Lagonosticta rara
** 灰顶火雀, Lagonosticta rubricata
** 淡嘴火雀, Lagonosticta landanae
** 红腹火雀, Lagonosticta rhodopareia
** 马里火雀, Lagonosticta virata
** 岩火雀, Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis
** 黑脸火雀, Lagonosticta larvata
** 赖氏火雀, Lagonosticta umbrinodorsalis- 蓝饰雀属 Uraeginthus
** 安哥拉蓝饰雀, Uraeginthus angolensis
** 红颊蓝饰雀, Uraeginthus bengalus
** 蓝顶蓝饰雀, Uraeginthus cyanocephalus
** 紫蓝饰雀, Uraeginthus ianthinogaster
** 紫耳蓝饰雀, Uraeginthus granatinus-  Coccopygia 黄腹梅花雀属，Coccopygia
** 黄腹梅花雀, Coccopygia quartinia
** 黑颊黄腹梅花雀, Coccopygia melanotis
** Angolan waxbill, Coccopygia bocagei- 梅花雀属 Estrilda
** 淡蓝梅花雀, Estrilda caerulescens
** 黑尾梅花雀, Estrilda perreini
** 纽氏梅花雀, Estrilda thomensis
** 黄胸梅花雀, Estrilda paludicola
** Anambra waxbill, Estrilda poliopareia
** 橙颊梅花雀, Estrilda melpoda
** 阿拉伯梅花雀, Estrilda rufibarba
** 赤腰梅花雀, Estrilda rhodopyga
** 黑腰梅花雀, Estrilda troglodytes
** 横斑梅花雀, Estrilda astrild
** 黑脸梅花雀, Estrilda nigriloris
** 黑顶梅花雀, Estrilda nonnula
** 黑头梅花雀, Estrilda atricapilla
** Kandt's waxbill, Estrilda kandti
** 黑颊梅花雀, Estrilda erythronotos
** 红腰梅花雀, Estrilda charmosyna红梅花雀 Amandava amandava- Genus 红梅花雀属 avadavats
** 红梅花雀, Amandava amandava also known as red munia
** 绿色红梅花雀, Amandava formosa
** 橙腹梅花雀, Amandava subflava-  鹑雀属 Ortygospiza
** 鹑雀 Ortygospiza atricollis- 蝗鹑雀属 Paludipasser
** 蝗鹑雀 Paludipasser locustella- 彩火尾雀属 Emblema
** 彩火尾雀, Emblema pictum- 火尾雀属 Stagonopleura
** 艳火尾雀, Stagonopleura bella
** 红耳火尾雀, Stagonopleura oculata
** 斑胁火尾雀, Stagonopleura guttata- 红胁火尾雀属 Oreostruthus
** 红胁火尾雀, Oreostruthus fuliginosus- 星雀属，Neochmia
** Red-browed finch, Neochmia temporalis
** 赤胸星雀, Neochmia phaeton
** 星雀, Neochmia ruficauda
** 褐头星雀, Neochmia modesta- 草雀属 Taeniopygia
** 斑胸草雀, Taeniopygia guttata
** 双斑草雀, Taeniopygia bichenovii- 草雀属 Poephila
** Masked finch, Poephila personata
** Long-tailed finch, Poephila acuticauda
** Black-throated finch, Poephila cincta- 鹦雀属, Erythrura
** 绿尾鹦雀, Erythrura hyperythra
** 长尾鹦雀, Erythrura prasina
** 绿脸鹦雀, Erythrura viridifacies
** 帝汉鹦雀, Erythrura tricolor
** 蓝脸鹦雀, Erythrura trichroa
** 红耳鹦雀, Erythrura coloria
** 大蓝脸鹦雀, Erythrura papuana
** 红喉鹦雀, Erythrura psittacea
** 斐济鹦雀, Erythrura pealii
** 红头鹦雀, Erythrura cyaneovirens
** 皇鹦雀, Erythrura regia
** 黑脸鹦雀, Erythrura kleinschmidti
** 胡锦鸟, Erythrura gouldiae- 银嘴文鸟属 Euodice
** 银嘴文鸟, Euodice cantans白喉文鸟, Euodice malabarica
** 白喉文鸟, Euodice malabarica also known as white-throated munia- 灰头银嘴文鸟属，Odontospiza
** 灰头银嘴文鸟, Odontospiza caniceps- 马岛文鸟属， Lepidopygia
** 马岛文鸟, Lepidopygia nana- 文鸟属，Lonchura
** 铜色文鸟, Lonchura cucullata also known as bronze munia
** 黑白文鸟, Lonchura bicolor also known as black-and-white munia
** 褐背文鸟, Lonchura nigriceps also known as brown-backed munia
** 鹊文鸟, Lonchura fringilloides also known as magpie munia
** 白腰文鸟, Lonchura striata
** 黑喉文鸟, Lonchura leucogastroides
** 暗栗文鸟, Lonchura fuscans
** 黑脸文鸟, Lonchura molucca
** 红胸文鸟, Lonchura kelaarti also known as Jerdon's mannikin斑文鸟, Lonchura punctulata
** 斑文鸟, Lonchura punctulata also known as nutmeg mannikin or spice finch
** 白胸文鸟, Lonchura leucogastra
** 纹头文鸟, Lonchura tristissima
** 黑头文鸟, Lonchura atricapilla
** 栗腹文鸟, Lonchura malacca
** 白顶文鸟, Lonchura ferruginosa
** 白腹文鸟, Lonchura pallidiventer 栗腹文鸟, Lonchura malacca
** 五彩文鸟, Lonchura quinticolor
** 白头文鸟, Lonchura maja
** 淡色文鸟, Lonchura pallida
** 大嘴文鸟, Lonchura grandis
** 灰带文鸟, Lonchura vana
** 灰冠文鸟, Lonchura nevermanni
** 黑巾文鸟, Lonchura spectabilis
** 杂色文鸟, Lonchura hunsteini
** 栗背文鸟, Lonchura forbesi
** 杂色文鸟, Lonchura nigerrima
** 黄尾文鸟, Lonchura flaviprymna
** 栗胸文鸟, Lonchura castaneothorax
栗胸文鸟, Lonchura castaneothorax
** 黑文鸟, Lonchura stygia
** 黑胸文鸟, Lonchura teerinki
** 雪山文鸟, Lonchura montana
** 高山文鸟, Lonchura monticola
** 太平洋文鸟, Lonchura melaena
** 禾雀, Lonchura oryzivora
** Timor sparrow, Lonchura fuscata- 斑胸文鸟属， Heteromunia
** 斑胸文鸟, Heteromunia pectoralis- 环喉雀属, Amadina
** 环喉雀, Amadina fasciata
** 红头环喉雀, Amadina erythrocephala

**演化**
梅花雀科物种的起源
有关梅花雀科物种的系统发生生物地理学（phylogeography）及其可能起源op的研究已经有了成果ooj。假设认为：随着喜马拉雅山的上升逐渐趋强（1,650万年前），季雨在印度得以形成，右图中便描述了这一起源。这项研究ooj的结论如下：- 梅花雀科为单系群多分枝的鸟类，其进化可能开始于Middle Miocene（约1,650万年前），然后分布于非洲、亚洲及澳大利亚；- 这一假设的时间跟燕雀亚科（Fringillinae，其实亦只有燕雀属所有物种）物种开始辐射的时间符合，也与喜马拉雅山及西藏高原最大的上升时间符合。这一次的上升是由于印度板块最强烈的撞击而引起，并且形成了今日南亚地区的季雨系统，以及其他较激烈的气候变化，例如：令西藏高原及中国沙漠的气候更干燥。
*The most ancient evolutive group comprises African (银嘴文鸟), Asian (白喉文鸟) and Australian (斑胁火尾雀); this suggests that the whole Estrildids radiation might have originated around India.opEstrildidae phylogenetic tree
*The African group Nesocharis is grouped with the African gender Estrilda.
*The 胡锦鸟 (Erythrura or Chloebia gouldiae) is definitely included within genus Erythrura with the other species.
*The 禾雀 (Padda or Lonchura oryzivora) is a very modified species from genus Lonchura: bigger than the rest of Lonchura species, and a noticeable and quite different head pattern. It is endemic to Java, Bali, and the Bawean Islands, although escapes from captivity can be seen today in other neighboring islands.- 非洲的文鸟属African munias (Spermestes) belong to a genus totally different from Australian and Asian s.- The Australian 红眉火尾雀 (Neochmia temporalis), very similar to African common waxbill (Estrilda astrild), is unrelated to it. Their similarities (bill, red brow, etc.) are due to 趋同演化, since their environmental pressures (weather, habitat, feeding) are similar.

**参考文献**

**外部链接**
 Syst. Biol. 53(1):140
*Estrildidae- Zipcode Zoo: Estrildidae - Internet Bird Collection.com: Estrildidae videos, photos and sounds date=20101109075319   - Waxbill Finch Society date=20190228065725  — specialist waxbill bird society based in the UK.