法医昆虫学

法医昆虫学（Forensic entomology），为应用昆虫及其他自然科学的理论与技术，研究并解决司法实践中有关昆虫问题的一门科学。
在自然界中，昆虫不仅取食动物的尸体，还在其尸体中活动，促使大量微生物进入尸体，使之加速崩溃。为法医昆虫学一切工作的基础。

**历史**
由宋朝法医学家宋慈在淳祐七年（1247年）成书的法医学案例著作《洗冤集录》含括了已知最古老的法医昆虫学案件。该谋杀案于端平二年（1235年）发生，一名村民被人用刀刺死。仵作们认为死者的创伤是由镰刀造成的，而镰刀是种在收获季节用于割稻的工具，这一事实使他们怀疑同伴农工涉有重嫌。地方县令将村民都聚集在衙门广场，以便暂时收缴镰刀。几分钟内，一大群苍蝇循着人类无法识别的血迹气味而来，围着一把镰刀，对其他的不屑一顾。很显然地，该镰刀的所有者便是罪魁祸首，后来该农工被捕快拿下后请求宽恕。

**尸虫的工作**
根据法医人类学家李衍蒨文章〈 昆虫学二三事 date=20220628205557 〉，人类尸体为其体内的酵素及细菌提供食物，更是昆虫及动物的盛宴。而苍蝇多半会于人体死亡后的数小时内找到尸体所在。「母蝇会因为侦测到尸体发出的味道而赶到产卵，特定品种的苍蝇会在尸体的伤口，或带有水分而空气接触得到的部分产卵，孵化后便成为有尸虫之称的蛆虫（maggots），亦即苍蝇幼虫（larvae）。」(李衍蒨，2017年)

**尸虫的种类**
根据法医人类学家李衍蒨文章〈 昆虫学二三事 date=20220628205557 〉，在尸体上常见的苍蝇品种有麻蝇（Sarcophagidae），丽蝇（Calliphoridae） ，黑水虻（Hermetia illucens）。

**麻蝇（Sarcophagidae）**
「俗称肉蝇，通常会在有腐肉、粪便或任何正在腐败的物质上产下幼虫，极少在伤口上产蛆。」(李衍蒨，2017年)

**丽蝇（Calliphoridae）**
「最先与尸体接触的昆虫，可以在 1.6 公里以外的地方闻到尸体的气味。雌性的丽蝇会在产卵前进食腐肉，继而出现在尸体周遭。牠们每次产卵超过 100 颗，一生约可产下 2,000 颗，产下的卵看上去很像米粒或一堆堆的饭团。丽蝇有绿色、蓝色及黑色，触角有光芒。由卵孵化成丽蝇幼虫约需最多一天的时间，并有 3 个发育阶段。每个阶段的身长都有明显分别，亦会脱皮。由于牠们的体温会受环境而改变，其生长速度亦因而受到影响。在室温下，牠们从卵变成蛹大约需要一个星期，变成蛹前的幼虫会离开尸体，并躲到尸体下面或尸体下的泥土待着，之后就会以丽蝇的姿态再次探索这个世界。」(李衍蒨，2017年)

**黑水虻（Hermetia illucens）**
「俗称Black Soldier Fly，生存力强，强项是抢夺蛆虫的食物 —— 腐肉，进而驱逐蝇蛆！」(李衍蒨，2017年)

**注释**

**参考文献**
《法医昆虫学》，胡萃着，重庆出版社出版，2000年- Haskell, Neal H. (2006). "The Science of Forensic Entomology," in Forensic Science and Law: Investigative Applications in Criminal, Civil, and Family Justice, 431–440. Edited by Cyril H. Wecht and John T. Rago. Boca Raton: CRC Press, an imprint of Taylor and Francis Group. ISBN 0849319706.

**延伸阅读**
cite book|author1=Bass, William|author2=Jon Jefferson|title=Death's Acre: Inside the Legendary Forensic Lab The Body Farm|year=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/deathsacreinside0000bass|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-425-19832-2
*cite book|author1=Byrd, J. H.|author2=J. L. Castner|year=2001|title=Forensic Entomology: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations|url=https://archive.org/details/forensicentomolo0000unse|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=0-8493-8120-7
*cite book|editor=Catts, E. P. & N. H. Haskell|year=1990|title=Entomology & Death: A Procedural Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/entomologydeathp0000unse|publisher=Joyce's Print Shop, Inc.|location=Clemson, SC|isbn=0-9628696-0-0 Spiralbound also aimed at professional entomologists, but shorter and with a popular style.
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*cite book|author=Eisner, Thomas, Maria Eisner & Melody Siegler|title=Secret Weapons|year=2005|url=https://archive.org/details/secretweaponsdef00eisn|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=978-0-674-01882-2
*last=Gennard
*cite book|author=Goff, M. L.|year=2000|title=A Fly for the Prosecution: How Insect Evidence Helps Solve Crimes|url=https://archive.org/details/flyforprosecutio0000goff|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=0-674-00220-2
*cite book|author1=Greenberg, B.|author2=J. C. Kunich|year=2002|title=Entomology and the Law: Flies as Forensic Indicators|url=https://archive.org/details/entomologylawfli0000gree|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|isbn=0-521-80915-0
*dead-url=no 
*cite book|author=Leclerque, M.|year=1978|title=Entomologie médicale et Médecine légale Datation de la Mort|publisher=Masson|location=Paris
*cite journal |author1=Liu, D. |author2=B. Greenberg |year=1989 |title=Immature stages of some flies of forensic importance |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=80–93
*cite book|author=Nuorteva, P.|year=1977|chapter=Sarcosaprophagous insects as forensic indicators|editor1=C. G. Tedeschi|editor2=W. G. Eckert|editor3=L. G. Tedeschi|title=Forensic Medicine: a Study in Trauma and Environmental Hazards|volume=II|publisher=W. B. Saunders|location=New York|pages=1072–1095
*cite book|author=Smith, K. G. V.|year=1986|title=A Manual of Forensic Entomology|url=https://archive.org/details/manualofforensic0000smit|publisher=Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, NY|isbn=0-8014-1927-1 A technical hardback designed for professional entomologists.
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**外部连结**
Forensic Entomology- www.forensic-entomology.com by Dr. Jason H. Byrd- European Association for Forensic Entomology homepage- Collection of original articles about Forensic Entomology. Many downloadable illustrated pdf's of cases, including neglect cases. date=20210131162754 - Institute of Forensic Entomology Vienna Click on the pictures for enlargements and graphs- What happens to the body after death date=20210415054956 - Pastoral putrefaction down on the Body Farm: Autopsy, HBO Documentaries date=20100109095321 - Dating Death Great Moments of Science- DNA techniques for forensic entomology date=20051102014345 - pdf about forensic entomology Deon Canyon- Forensic Entomology page from Australia (Ian Dadour)- Visible Proofs date=20190410041126 - Medical Zoology Pages- Survey on carrion-visiting beetles – Research into the fauna of carrion-visiting beetles in Erlangen, Bavaria (2006): Carrion is an ecosystem of its own. Diverse species of beetles – belonging to different guilds – arrive and depart from carrion at different times – succession occurs. The arrival time and growth rates of beetles inhabiting corpses depending on weather, location and type of carrion have been studied.- History of Forensic Entomology (many illustrations) date=20160303233557 - Diagnosis and Keys to South American Coleoptera of Forensic Importance date=20190911202442 - Forensic entomology - use of insects to help solve crime- A Forensic Entomology Case from the Amazon Rain Forest of Brazil- Run models and calculate degree-days date=20160521015128 - Growing Degree Days- Grounds Maintenance magazine date=20200804143039 
*pmid=18641790