菜粉蝶

菜粉蝶（学名：Pieris rapae，英文俗名：Small White, Small Cabbage White，别名：纹白蝶、日本纹白蝶、白纹蝶、菜白蝶，俗称菜虫)-{zh-hans:在台湾又名缘点白粉蝶;zh-hant:在台湾又名白粉蝶;zh-tw:在台湾以外汉语使用地区又名菜粉蝶;}-，是属于粉蝶科的一种蝴蝶，是粉蝶属的一种。广泛分布于欧亚大陆大部分地区，并已入侵并立足于北美、北非、澳洲、纽西兰等地低至高海拔地区。模式产地为瑞典。
一年多代。成蝶飞行缓慢，好访花。冬季温度低的地区以蛹态过冬。幼虫的寄主主要为十字花科植物，大多都是农作产物，所以菜粉蝶是族群密度非常高的农业害虫。雌蝶将卵单产在十字花科蔬菜上，因此饭盒里常能找到煮熟的幼虫，为了避免各类昆虫啃食，农夫大多会施以农药防治以达立竿见影之效。

**语源**
拉丁学名的种名「rapae」源自古希腊语「ραπάνι」（rapáni），指萝卜（radish），也是菜粉蝶幼虫的一种常用寄主植物。
在台湾以外汉语使用地区，中文种名「菜」源于此种的幼虫常以十字花科的蔬菜为食。在台湾使用的中文名字直接以属名「-{白}-粉蝶」命名，皆因此种的族群数量多，分布广，足以作为本属代表。而别名「纹白蝶」乃源自日文名称「モン（纹）シロチョウ（白蝶）」。

**形态**
卵型稍胖，刚产的卵颜色较淡，开始发育后颜色转深。小幼虫的背中线呈淡黄色，且模糊。终龄幼虫体侧黄色虚线细，体表的蓝黑色突起小。蛹的胸背隆起低，腹背两侧突起短而不明显。
成虫躯体背面黑褐色，腹面白色。翅背面底色白色，前翅翅顶及翅基有黑褐色纹；M3及CuA2室各有一黑褐色斑点排成纵列。后翅翅基亦有黑褐色纹，前缘中央有一黑褐色斑点。翅腹面为带黄色的白色，前翅亦有两枚黑褐色斑点。低温期个体体型较小，黑褐色纹色泽较浅。雌蝶的前翅翅基黑褐色纹较雄蝶明显，由灰色鳞粉形成。
形态近似的物种有：- 黑纹粉蝶 Pieris melete- 奈斯粉蝶 Pieris nesis- 杜鹃粉蝶 Pieris dulcinea- 欧洲粉蝶 Pieris brassicae- 东方菜粉蝶 Pieris canidia- 飞龙粉蝶 Talbotia naganum

**习性**
幼虫爬出卵壳后，会回头喷食卵壳，作为孵化后的第一餐。幼虫会取食寄主植物的叶片、花序和果实。幼虫化蛹前通常会爬离寄主，在其他植物或附近杂物上化蛹。寄主植物包括：
成虫一年多代。全年四季可见，冬季温度低的地区或以蛹态过冬。出没于海拔0-2500米地区的常绿阔叶林、农田、乡村及都市荒地、热带季风林、热带雨林、海岸林、常绿落叶阔叶混生林、常绿硬叶林。主要出没于平原到丘陵农田和周围的荒地。牠喜欢阳性环境，在菜田等农田周围飞行，又爱在菊科等各种花卉间飞舞。开阔的农耕地正为其所好，因此成为十字花科蔬菜的主要虫害。冬季稻作休耕时，农民习惯种植油菜作为绿肥，正好提供本种幼虫大量的食物，每当油菜田里黄花盛开，总是有成群的白色蝴蝶于田间飞舞。雌蝶将卵单产在十字花科蔬菜上。

**亚种**
 P. r. rapae
- 指名亚种- P. r. deleta Strand, 1901- P. r. mauretanica Verity, 1908
- 分布于北非- P. r. transcaucasica (Stauder, 1925)
- 分布于高加索及亚美尼亚高原- P. r. meleager Hemming, 1934
- 分布于塔雷什山脉及克佩特山脉- P. r. kenteana Rühl, 1893
- 分布于俄罗斯阿尔泰、萨彦岭、外贝加尔山脉、远东及堪察加半岛- P. r. crucivora Boisduval, 1836
- 分布于俄罗斯阿穆尔、乌苏里湾及库页岛- P. r. debilis Alphéraky, 1889 = P. r. eumorpha
- 新疆亚种，分布于中亚图兰低地、天山山脉、吉萨尔山脉、达尔瓦兹、阿赖山脉及帕米尔高原- P. r. leucosoma Schawerda, 1905
- 分布于叙利亚、巴勒斯坦地区及约旦- P. r. atomaria Fruhstorfer, 1909
- 分布于达尔马提亚- P. r. micipsa Fruhstorfer, 1909
- 分布于日本九州- P. r. lysicles Fruhstorfer, 1909
- 分布于日本- P. r. tochica Peile, 1937- P. r. originalis Bryk, 1940
- 东方亚种，分布于中国浙江等地- P. r. crucivorina Bryk, 1942
- 台湾亚种，分布于香港、台湾及俄罗斯千岛群岛- P. r. yunnana Mell, 1943
- 云南亚种，分布于华南如云南- P. r. bernardii Le Moult, 1945

**参考**

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**外部连结**
 菜粉蝶- 菜粉蝶-  binomial= Pieris rapae-  Pieris rapae date=20210320074735  - Bold Systems -  Pieris rapae date=20210117184410  - Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa -  Pieris rapae date=20210131092907  - Moth Photographers Group - 密西西比州立大学 -  Pieris rapae rapae date=20200502130929  - Butterflies of America -  Pieris rapae date=20200502035756  - euroButterflies -  Pieris rapae date=20210203220031  - Butterflies and Moths of North America -  Pieris rapae date=20200728140745  - Featured Creatures - 佛罗里达大学 -  Pieris rapae date=20200502144831  - Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility -  Pieris rapae date=20200502130958  - Lepidoptera Larvae of Australia -  Pieris rapae date=20210416031130  - Lepiforum -  Pieris rapae date=20200502031111  - euroleps.ch -  Pieris rapae date=20200502131014  - pieris.ch -  Pieris rapae date=20200216082806  - Natural History Information System -  Pieris rapae date=20190822235249  - funet.fi