共产主义史

共产主义史，即共产主义自诞生以来的历史涵盖了以财富、经济产业和财产的共有制为核心原则的各种各样的意识形态及其分支，以及诸多政治运动。多数现代形式的共产主义都至少在名义上植根于马克思主义，即卡尔·马克思和弗里德里希·恩格斯在19世纪构想的一种理论和方法。马克思主义随后在欧洲大部分地区获得了广泛追随者，其激进支持者在整个19世纪后半叶于该大陆发动了多次失败却影响重大的革命。许多拒绝武装革命但信奉马克思主义的集体财产和无阶级社会理想的共产党也在同一时期大量成立。
尽管马克思主义理论认为工业社会是最适合进行社会革命的地方（无论是通过和平过渡还是武力反抗），但共产主义却大多在诸如中华民国等贫困普遍存在的欠发达国家当中取得了成功。1917年，布尔什维克党在俄国革命期间夺取政权并随后于1922年建立了苏联，即世界上第一个自称实施社会主义制度的国家。布尔什维克党人彻底接受了无产阶级国际主义与世界革命的概念，将他们的斗争视为国际性而非纯粹的地区性事业。这对共产主义在20世纪的传播产生了巨大影响，因为苏联在二战后于中东欧大量成立马列主义的新政府，并间接支持了其他美洲、亚洲和非洲国家的革命。这一政策的关键是共产国际，其成立的初衷是帮助和协助世界各地的共产党并促进革命的发生。这是冷战期间紧张局势的一个主要原因，因为美国及其军事盟友将共产主义的全球传播视同于以代理人方式进行的苏联扩张主义。
到1985年，世界上三分之一的人口处在某种形式下的马克思列宁主义政府体制的统治之下。但众多共产主义者和马克思主义理论家们之间就这些国家中的多数者是否能被真正视为马克思主义这点上存在着激烈的争论，因为马克思主义体系的许多基本要素已被不少国家所改变或修订。共产主义在20世纪80年代末至90年代初期间迅速衰落，包括1991年苏联解体以及剩余的多数马列主义国家几年内完全否定或废除了这一意识形态。后来的历史学家对这种衰落提出了不同的解释，包括马列主义政府未能实现共产主义社会的理想，这些国家中威权主义日益增长的总体趋势的存在，它们遭受过度官僚主义的困扰，经济效率低下等等。截至21世纪，仅有少数以共产主义为目标的国家得以存留，包括中国、古巴、老挝、朝鲜（非马列主义）和越南。除朝鲜之外，所有这些国家都在保持一党统治的同时开始允许更多的经济竞争。

**参见**
 国际共运- 共产主义黑皮书- 布尔什维克化- 纳粹主义与斯大林主义的比较- 共产主义政权下的反人类罪行- 对共产主义国家的批评- 中国外交- 古巴外交- 老挝外交- 朝鲜民主主义人民共和国外交- 苏联外交- 越南外交- 共产主义政权下的大屠杀- 后共产主义- 共产主义怀旧

**注释**

**参考文献**

**书目**
 cite book |last=Billington |first=James H. |author-link=James H. Billington |title=Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=saTynFUNPD8C |date=2011 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-1401-0- cite book |last=Brown |first=Archie |author-link=Archie Brown (historian) |title=The Rise and Fall of Communism |date= 2009 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-188548-8- cite book |last1=Fried |first1=Albert |last2=Sanders |first2=Ronald |author2-link=Ronald Sanders (writer) |title=Socialist Thought: A Documentary History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ucdcMyq5KsC |year=1992 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-08265-5 |via=Google Books- place=Cambridge- cite book |last1=Gorlizki |first1=Yoram |last2=Khlevniuk |first2=Oleg |author2-link=Oleg Khlevniuk |title=Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945–1953 |date=2004 |pages=3ff |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195165814 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165814.001.0001 |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105899376 |access-date=2024-12-22 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061135/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105899376 |dead-url=no - cite book |last=Kautsky |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Kautsky |title=Communism in Central Europe in the Time of the Reformation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QecEAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA50 |year=1897 |publisher=T. F. Unwin |via=Google Books- cite book |last=Lindemann |first=Albert S. |author-link=Albert Lindemann |title=A History of European Socialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx4bwybp_FUC |date= 1983 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-03246-8 |via=Google Books- cite book |last=Lowy |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Löwy |date=2020 |title=The Theory of Revolution in the Young Marx |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-44160-6 |oclc=1239987105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfAeEAAAQBAJ |via=Google Books- cite book |last=Major |first=Patrick |title=The Death of the KPD: Communism and Anti-Communism in West Germany, 1945–1956 |url=https://archive.org/details/deathofkpdcommun0000majo |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1997- cite book |last=Priestland |first=David |author-link=David Priestland |year=2010 |title=The Red Flag: Communism and the Making of the Modern World |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-029520-7 |oclc=762107381- cite book |last=Service |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Service (historian) |title=Comrades!: A History of World Communism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Frgm5QodnFoC |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-674-02530-1 |location=Cambridge |via=Google Books- cite book |last=van Ree |first=Erik |title=Boundaries of Utopia – Imagining Communism from Plato to Stalin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzesCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-48533-8 |via=Google Books

**拓展阅读**
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 Animation-  Mapping the fall of communism date=20240705200223