霍米·巴巴

霍米·K·巴巴（Homi Kharshedji Bhabha；11月1日）是印度裔英国学者和批判理论家。他是哈佛大学Anne F. Rothenberg人文学科教授，是当代后殖民研究代表人物之一，在该领域提出了许多关键术语和概念，例如混杂性（hybridity）、模拟（mimicry）、差异（difference）和矛盾状态（ambivalence）。在巴巴的理论中，这些术语描述了被殖民者反抗殖民者权力的方式。2012年，他获得印度政府颁发的文学和教育领域的莲花装勋章奖。他与律师兼哈佛大学讲师杰奎琳·巴巴结婚，育有三个孩子。

**理论**

**混杂性**
“混杂性”（hybridity）是巴巴的核心思想之一，其借鉴了爱德华·萨义德的著作，用于描述多元文化主义中新文化形式的出现。巴巴并不将殖民主义视为过去的事，而是展示了殖民历史和文化如何不断侵入现在，从而要求我们转变对跨文化关系的理解。他对殖民文本应用了后结构主义方法论，改变了对殖民主义的研究。

**矛盾状态**
矛盾状态（ambivalence）这一概念认为文化由对立的观念和维度组成。巴巴称，这种矛盾状态——被殖民的他者的身份分裂的二元性——使得固有文化身份和殖民者文化身份的混杂体成为可能。矛盾状态是殖民权力出现迟滞特征的原因之一。权威的殖民能指只有在“殖民地差异、文化或种族的创伤性场景，使权力之眼回归到一些先前的古老形象或身份”之后，才获得它们的意义。“然而，矛盾的是，这样的图像既不能是‘原始的’——因为构建它的重复行为——也不能是相同的——因为定义其自身的差异。”因此，殖民的在场仍然是处于矛盾状态的，在其原始和权威的外观与重复和差异的表达之间产生分裂。这打开了殖民话语的两个维度：以发明和掌握为特征的维度，以及以取代和幻想为特征的维度。

**文化差异、阐释和刻板印象**
巴巴将文化差异（cultural difference）视为文化多样性（cultural diversity）的替代方案。在文化多样性中，文化是“经验知识的对象”，先于认识者而存在，而文化差异则将文化视为两种或多种文化相遇的地方，也是大多数问题发生的地方，是推论建构的，而不是预先存在的，给定一个“将文化阐释为‘知识渊博’的过程”。阐释（enunciation）是发生在第三空间（见下文）中的一种文化的表述、表达行为。由于文化从来不是预先给定的，所以它必须被说出来。文化差异是通过表达来发现和认识的。阐释过程通过在政治当下的新文化、意义、战略的表达，作为统治或抵抗的实践，在稳定参考系中的传统与对文化信念的否定之间产生了鸿沟。
因此，文化差异是一个认同的过程，而文化多样性是一个比较和分类的过程。此外，正是这种差异和表达的可能性，可以将皮肤/文化的能指从种族类型学的禁锢中解放出来；然而，刻板印象（stereotype）阻碍了“种族”能指的流通和表达。殖民和后殖民话语的一个重要方面，是它们在建构他者时对“固定性”概念的依赖。固定意味着重复、僵硬和不变的秩序以及无序。刻板印象依赖于这种固定性概念。刻板印象创造了一种“身份”，这种身份既源于支配者的焦虑和捍卫，也源于支配者的掌控和愉悦，“因为它是一种多重、矛盾的信念，它承认差异又否认差异。”

**模拟**
和巴巴的混杂性的概念类似，模拟是对在场的转喻。殖民社会的成员模仿并接受殖民者的文化时，就会出现模拟。雅各·拉冈称：“模拟的效果是伪装……这不是与背景协调的问题，而是在斑驳的背景下。”殖民模拟来自殖民者对经过改革的、可辨识的、作为差异的主体的他者的渴望，正如巴巴所写：“几乎相同却不完全等同”（almost the same, but not quite）。因此，模拟是双重发声（double articulation）的标志，一种将权力可见化的同时挪用他者的策略。此外，模拟是不适合（inappropriate）的标志，是“一种差异或顽固，它凝聚了殖民权力的主导战略功能，加强了监视，并对‘标准化’知识和纪律权力都构成了迫在眉睫的威胁。”
这样一来，模拟赋予了殖民主体一种部分的在场，仿佛“殖民地”依赖于权威话语本身中自己的表征。讽刺的是，殖民者希望在模拟中——通过书写和重复的过程——在这种部分表征（partial representation）中将自己作为“原真”。另一方面，巴巴没有将模拟解释为对殖民者的自恋认同，即认为被殖民者不再是像殖民者一样有行动能力的人。他认为模拟是一种“双重视野，它在揭示殖民话语的矛盾状态的同时，也打破了其权威。而这种双重视角是由于他所说的殖民客体的部分表征/辨识而产生的……它们也是加倍的形象，殖民欲望转喻的部分客体，疏远了那些主导话语的模式和常态，它们在这些话语中作为‘不适合’的殖民主体出现。”
被殖民者的愿望被颠倒了，因为殖民挪用如今产生了殖民者在场的部分视野；来自他者的凝视与来自殖民者的凝视相呼应，它分享了继承的凝视的洞察力，这种凝视解放了边缘化的个体，打破了人的存在的统一，而人本来是借此扩展其主权的。因此，“观察者变成了被观察者，而‘部分’表征重新表达了身份的整个概念，并将其与本质疏远了。”

**第三空间**
第三空间（Third Space）是一种模糊的区域，当两个或更多的个人、两种或更多的文化相互作用时，就会发展出这种空间（对比城市学家爱德华·索亚的第三空间概念）。它“挑战了我们对文化的历史认同感，即认为它是一种同质化、统一的力量，由原始的过去认证，在人民的民族传统中保持活力。”这个矛盾的话语领域，作为阐释的话语条件的场所，“取代了在同质、连续的时间内书写的西方叙事”。它通过“破坏性的时间性阐释”来实现这一点。巴巴声称“文化陈述和体系是在这种对立和矛盾的阐释空间中建构的”。因此，对文化的内在原始性或纯洁性的等级主张是无效的。阐释意味着文化没有固定性，甚至相同的符号也可以被挪用、翻译、再历史化和重新阅读。

**影响**
巴巴在后殖民理论方面的工作在很大程度上归功于后结构主义。巴巴所影响的重要人物和理论包括雅克·德里达和解构主义、雅各·拉冈和拉康精神分析学、米歇尔·福柯的话语性概念。此外，在1995年接受W. J. T. Mitchell采访时，巴巴表示爱德华·萨义德是对他影响最大的作家。在社会科学领域，爱德华·W·索亚在巴巴的方法基础上，改变了理解空间、行动和表征的概念。

**作品**

**书**
 包括编辑的书- Nation and Narration, Routledge (1990; 0415014824)- "A Good Judge of Character: Men, Metaphors, and the Common Culture" in Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality, ed. Toni Morrison, Pantheon Books (1992; 9780679741459).- "In a Spirit of Calm Violence," in After Colonialism: Imperial Histories and Postcolonial Displacements, ed. Gyan Prakash, Princeton University Press (1994; 9781400821440).- The Location of Culture, Routledge (1994; 0415336392)- Negotiating Rapture: The Power of Art to Transform Lives, Museum of Contemporary Art (1996; 9780933856400)- Forward to Modernity, Culture, and The Jew, eds. Laura Marcus and Bryan Cheyette, Wiley (1998; 9780745620411).- "Conversational Art" in Conversations at the Castle: Changing Audiences and Contemporary Art, eds. Mary Jane Jacob and Michael Brenson, The MIT Press (1998; 9780262100724).- "Cosmopolitanisms" in Cosmopolitanism, co-ed. with Sheldon I. Pollock, Carol Breckenridge, Arjun Appadurai, and Dipesh Chakrabarty, (originally an issue of Public Culture), Duke University Press (2002; 9780822328995).- "On Cultural Choice," 2000.- "V.S. Naipaul," 2001- "Democracy De-Realized," 2002.- "On Writing Rights," 2003.- "Making Difference: The Legacy of the Culture Wars," Artforum 2003 (4).- "Adagio," 2004.- "Still Life," 2004.- Foreword to The Wretched of the Earth by Frantz Fanon, transl. Richard Philcox, 2004.- Edward Said Continuing the Conversation, co-ed. with W. J. T. Mitchell (originally an issue of Critical Inquiry), University of Chicago Press (2004; 0226532038).- "Framing Fanon," 2005.- Without Boundary: Seventeen Ways of Looking, with Fereshteh Daftari and Orhan Pamuk, The Museum of Modern Art (2006; 9780870700859).- "The Black Savant and the Dark Princess," 2006.- Our Neighbours, Ourselves: Contemporary Reflections on Survival, Walter de Gruyter (2011; 9783110262445)- Anish Kapoor, Flammarion (2011; 9782080200839)- Midnight to the Boom: Painting in India After Independence, Peabody Essex Museum (2013; 9780500238936)- Matthew Barney: River of Fundament, Okwui Enwezor, Hilton Als, Diedrich Diederichsen, David Walsh, Skira (2014; 9780847842582)

**论文**
 Bhabha, Homi K. "Apologies for Poetry: A Study in the Method of Mill and Richards." Journal of the School of Languages New Delhi 3.1 (1975): 71–88.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Parthasarathy, R. "Indo-Anglican attitudes." TLS, Times literary supplement 3 (1978): 136.- Bhabha, Homi K. "The Other Question…." Screen (November—December 1983), 24(6), 18–36.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Representation and the colonial text: a critical exploration of some forms of mimeticism." The Theory of reading. Ed. Frank Gloversmith. Brighton, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1984.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Remembering Fanon. Introduction to the English edition of Black skin white mask." Black skin white mask. London: Pluto Press, 1986.- Bhabha, Homi K. "'What does the Black man want?'." New Formations 1 (1987): 118–130.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Remembering Fanon: self, psyche, and the colonial condition." Remaking history. Ed. Barbara Kruger and Phil Mariani. Seattle: Bay Press, 1989.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Hybridité, identité et culture contemporaine." Magiciens de la terre. Ed. Jean Hubert Martin. Paris: Editions du Centre Pompidou, 1989.- Bhabha, Homi K. "At the limits." Artforum 27.9 (1989): 11–12.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Imaginings." New statesman & society 2.70 (1989): 45–47.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Articulating the archaic: notes on colonial nonsense." Literary theory today. Ed. Peter Collier and Helga Geyer-Ryan. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990.- Bhabha, Homi K. "The other question: difference, discrimination and the discourse of colonialism." Out there: marginalization and contemporary cultures. Ed. Russell. New York: New Museum of Contemporary Art, 1990.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Interrogating identity: the postcolonial prerogative." Anatomy of racism. Ed. David Theo Goldberg. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.- Bhabha, Homi K. "DissemiNation: time, narrative, and the margins of the modern nation." Nation and narration. Ed. Homi K. Bhabha. London; New York: Routledge, 1990.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Novel metropolis." New statesman society 3.88 (1990): 16.- Bhabha, Homi K. "A question of survival: nations and psychic states." Psychoanalysis and cultural theory: thresholds. Ed. James Donald. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Art and National Identity: A Critics' Symposium." Art in America 79.9 (1991): 80-.- Bhabha, Homi K. "'Race', time and the revision of modernity." The Oxford Literary Review 13.1-2 (1991): 193–219.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Postcolonial criticism." Redrawing the boundaries: the transformation of English and American literary studies. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles B. Gunn. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1992.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Of mimicry and man: the ambivalence of colonial discourse." Modern literary theory: a reader. Ed. Philip; Waugh Rice, Patricia. 2nd ed. ed. London; New York: E. Arnold, 1992.- Bhabha, Homi K. "A good judge of character: men, metaphors, and the common culture." Race-ing justice, en-gendering power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the construction of social reality. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Pantheon Books, 1992.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Postcolonial authority and postmodern guilt." Cultural Studies. Ed. Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula A. Treichler. New York: Routledge, 1992.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Double visions." Artforum 30.5 (1992): 85–59.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Freedom's basis in the indeterminate." October 61 (1992): 46–57.- Bhabha, Homi K. "The world and the home." Social text 10.2-3 (1992): 141–153.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Beyond the pale: art in the age of multicultural translation." Cultural diversity in the arts: art, art policies and the facelift of Europe. Ed. Ria Lavrijsen. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 1993.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Culture's in between." Artforum 32.1 (1993): 167–170.- Bhabha, Homi K. "The commitment to theory." Questions of third cinema. Ed. Jim Pines and Paul Willemen. London: BFI Pub., 1994.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Frontlines / borderposts." Displacements: cultural identities in question. Ed. Angelika Bammer. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: Indiana University Press, 1994.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Remembering Fanon: self, psyche and the colonial condition." Colonial discourse and post-colonial theory: a reader. Ed. R. J. Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.- Bhabha, Homi K. "The enchantment of art." The artist in society: rights, roles, and responsibilities. Ed. Kathy Becker, Carol Acker, and Ann Wiens. Chicago: Chicago New Art Association, New Art Examiner Press, 1995.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Are you a man or a mouse?" Constructing masculinity. Ed. Maurice Berger, Brian Wallis, Simon Watson, and Carrie Weems. New York: Routledge, 1995.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Homi Bhabha on the New Black Intellectual." Artforum international 34.2 (1995): 16–17.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Dance this diss around." Artforum 33.8 (1995): 19–20.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Dialogues with Homi Bhabha, et al.." The fact of blackness: Frantz Fanon and visual representation. Ed. Alan Read. Seattle: Bay Press, 1996.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Postmodernism/postcolonialism." Critical terms for art history. Ed. Robert S. Nelson and Richard Shiff. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Unpacking my library ... again." The post-colonial question: common skies, divided horizons. Ed. Iain Chambers and Lidia Curti. London; New York: Routledge, 1996.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Day by day . . . with Frantz Fanon." The fact of blackness. Ed. Alan Read. Seattle: Bay Press, 1996.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Laughing stock." Artforum 35.2 (1996): 15–17.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Unsatisfied: notes on vernacular cosmopolitanism." Text and Nation: Cross-Disciplinary Essays on Cultural and National Identities. Ed. Laura Garcia-Moreno and Peter C. Pfeiffer. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1996. 191–207.- Bhabha, Homi K. "World and the home." Dangerous liaisons: gender, nation, and postcolonial perspectives. Ed. Anne McClintock, Aamir Mufti, and Ella Shohat. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Postscript: bombs away in front-line suburbia." Visions of suburbia. Ed. Roger Silverstone. London; New York: Routledge, 1997.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Designer creations." Artforum 36.4 (1997): 11–14.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Reviews of: Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India; and Subaltern Studies, vol. 9, Writings on South Asian History and Society." TLS. Times Literary Supplement. 4923 (1997): 14–15.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Halfway house." Artforum 35.9 (1997): 11–13.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Queen's English." Artforum 35.7 (1997): 25–27.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Front lines / border posts." Critical inquiry 23.3 (1997).- Bhabha, Homi K. "Dance this diss around." The crisis of criticism. Ed. Maurice Berger. New York: New Press, 1998.- Bhabha, Homi K. "The white stuff." Artforum 36.9 (1998): 21–23.- Bhabha, Homi K. "On the irremovable strangeness of being different one of "Four views of ethnicity"." PMLA 113.1 (1998): 34-39.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Liberalism's sacred cow." Is multiculturalism bad for women? Ed. Susan Moller Okin and Joshua Cohen. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1999.- Bhabha, Homi K. (interviewer). "Alter/Native Modernities - Miniaturizing Modernity: Shahzia Sikander in Conversation with Homi K Bhabha." Public culture: bulletin of the Project for Transnational Cultural Studies 11.1 (1999): 146–152.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Afterword: an ironic act of courage." Milton and the imperial vision. Ed. Rajan Balachandra and Elizabeth Sauer. Pittsburgh, Pa: Duquesne University Press, 1999.- Bhabha, Homi K.; Dudiker, Karsten (trans.). "'Angst' in kultureller Ubersetzung." Heterotopien der Identitat: Literatur in interamerikanischen Kontaktzonen. Ed. Hermann Herlinghaus; Utz Riese. Heidelberg, Germany: Carl Winter Universitatsverlag, 1999. 83–97.

**访谈**
 Koundoura, Maria; Rai, Amit. "Interview: Homi Bhabha." Stanford humanities review 3.1 (1993): 1–6.- Bennett, David, and Collits, Terry. "Postcolonial critic: Homi Bhabha interviewed by David Bennett and Terry Collits." Literary India: comparative studies in aesthetics, colonialism, and culture. Ed. Patrick Colm Hogan; Lalita Pandit. SUNY series in Hindu studies. Albany: State Univ. of New York, 1995.- Mitchell, W.J.T. "Translator translated (interview with cultural theorist Homi Bhabha)." Artforum 33.7 (1995): 80–84.- Hall, Gary; Wortham, Simon. "Rethinking Authority: Interview with Homi K. Bhabha." Angelaki 2.2 (1996): 59–63.

**一般批评**
 Thompson, Paul. “Between identities: Homi Bhabha interviewed by Paul Thompson.” Migration and identity. Ed. Rina Benmayor, Andor Skotnes. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.- Xie, Shaobo. “Writing on boundaries: Homi Bhabha's recent essays.” ARIEL: A review of International English literature 27.4 (1996): 155–166.- Leonard, Philip. "Degenerescent Lections: Legal Fictions in Rushdie, Derrida, and Bhabha." New Formations: A Journal of Culture, Theory & Politics 32 (1997): 109–119.- Easthope, Anthony. "Bhabha, hybridity, and identity." Textual practice 12.2 (1998): 341–348.- Fludernik, Monika. "The constitution of hybridity: postcolonial interventions." Hybridity and postcolonialism: twentieth-century Indian literature. Ed. Monika Fludernik. Tübingen, Germany: Stauffenburg, 1998. 19–53.- Phillips, Lawrence. "Lost in Space: Siting/Citing the In-Between of Homi Bhabha's The Location of Culture." Jouvert: A Journal of Postcolonial Studies 2.2 (1998).- Perloff, Marjorie. "Cultural liminality / Aesthetic closure?: The interstitial perspective of Homi Bhabha."- Ray, Sangeeta. “The nation in performance: Bhabha, Mukherjee and Kureishi.” Hybridity and postcolonialism: twentieth-century Indian literature. Ed. Monika Fludernik. Tübingen, Germany: Stauffenburg, 1998. 219–238.

**参见**
 后殖民主义- 后结构主义- 后现代主义