扎格柔斯

扎格柔斯或译为扎格列欧斯、扎格留斯、匝格瑞俄斯（Zagreus，Ζαγρεύς），有时祂被认定为俄耳甫斯教信徒所膜拜的神祇，是最初的酒神，乃哈迪斯与珀耳塞福涅所生之子，曾遭受提坦的支解并且又获重生。最早提及扎格柔斯的神话中，祂与大地女神盖亚是婚配关系并被尊为“至高”之神，不过有可能仅仅在指祂是冥界神祇中地位崇高者。然而埃斯库罗斯却把黑帝斯与扎格柔斯关系作了联系，认为祂可能为黑帝斯之子，亦或与黑帝斯是同一尊神祇。值得注意的是“黑帝斯被认定成宙斯在阴间的另一神格（Hades' identity as Zeus' katachthonios alter ego）”，有「阴间宙斯」称号，Timothy Gantz（Timothy Gantz）则假设最初扎格柔斯可能是黑帝斯与珀耳塞福涅之子，后来与俄耳甫斯教神祇狄俄倪索斯（本身为宙斯和珀耳塞福涅之子）身分等同。

**词源**
有关扎格柔斯原文──Zagreus的来源，正如同卡尔·克雷尼（Karl Kerényi）根据赫西丘斯训诂（the Hesychian gloss）所解释的那样：爱奥尼亚希腊语中捕捉活猎物的猎人被称为zagreus，而zagre这字根其意思是“捕捉活猎物的坑（pit for the capture of live animals）”。克雷尼这么说道“我们可以合理来质问，为何如此神话般伟大猎人，乃野生动物捕捉者而非屠杀者，到希腊却转变成冥界的神秘神灵呢？（We may justifiably ask, why was this great mythical hunter, who in Greece became a mysterious god of the underworld, a capturer of wild animals and not a killer?）”克雷尼也将扎格柔斯形象与古老酒神仪式联系起来，认为小动物遭肢解被生啖其肉，“此非希腊酒神教派作风，而是史前宗教仪式转化或遗留之习俗（not as an emanation of the Greek Dionysian religion, but rather as a migration or survival of a prehistoric rite）”。

**古希腊宗教观的冥界**
早期仅于亡佚作品的片段中有提及扎格柔斯，当中已将希腊冥界与扎格柔斯做了连结。最早是出现于《Alcmeonis》（Alcmeonis，西元前六世纪？）单独引述的诗句：
中译：大地之母〔盖亚〕，以及诸神中至尊扎格柔斯。原文英译：Mistress Earth Gaia, and Zagreus highest of all the gods.
也许此处是指祂乃冥界最高神。
显然地，对于埃斯库罗斯而言扎格柔斯实质上就是冥界神灵。在埃斯库罗斯失传剧作《西西弗斯》（Sisyphus，约西元前五世纪）当中的一段诗句谈到，扎格柔斯似乎是黑帝斯之子，但在埃斯库罗另一作品《埃及人》（Aigyptioi）里，扎格柔斯看来又被认为与黑帝斯是同一尊神祇。从欧里庇得斯遗佚剧作《克里特人》（Cretan Men or Kretes）片段中，歌队将他们自己描述为伊达山宙斯（希腊神话中，伊达山有一处宙斯出生的穴窟──伊达洞府〔Idaean Cave〕，此山被视作祂母亲提坦既时光女神──雷亚圣地）启蒙者以及“夜游扎格柔斯，执行祂生肉盛宴（night-ranging Zagreus, performing his feasts of raw flesh）”仪式的司祭。

**俄耳甫斯教的狄俄倪索斯·扎格柔斯**
图像:Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Dionysos_Triumf_mosaic_1921.jpg|thumb|right|260px|狄俄倪索斯马赛克镶嵌画，出自Zeugma Mosaic Museum（Zeugma Mosaic Museum）波塞冬馆（the House of Poseidon）
在欧里庇得斯断章残篇中所述的扎格柔斯让人联想到宙斯和塞墨勒（Semele）之子──酒神狄俄倪索斯，事实上，尽管“扎格柔斯”并没有出现在俄耳甫斯教发源地（色雷斯）的任何一处，但此名号在其他地方已被认定就是俄耳甫斯教的狄俄倪索斯（同体异名），而且其神话传说与其他普遍流传的版本截然不同。此尊狄俄倪索斯乃宙斯与珀耳塞福涅之子，在婴儿时期，祂惨遭提坦迫害及肢解，而后又重生成为宙斯和塞墨勒之子。

**大众文化**
2020年由超级巨人游戏工作室发行的电子游戏《黑帝斯》游戏内容，扎格柔斯被设定成本作主角。游戏中，作为黑帝斯之子的扎格柔斯（游戏中文版翻译为扎格列欧斯）试图逃出冥界去寻找母亲珀耳塞福涅，并了解其母离开的原因。

**注释**

**相关条目**
 俄耳甫斯教- 俄耳甫斯蛋- 轮回 (古希腊)- 法涅斯- 狄俄倪索斯- 冥界 (希腊神话)- 至福乐土- 水仙平原- Dionysian Mysteries- World-Egg- Totenpass（或译为亡魂通行证、亡魂通行金片）- 希腊罗马密教- 珀耳塞福涅

**参考书目**
 Arnobius, The Seven Books of Arnobius Adversus Gentes,  translated by Archibald Hamilton Bryce and Hugh Campbell, Edinburg: T. & T. Clark. 1871.  Internet Archive.- Bernabé, Alberto (2002), "La toile de Pénélope: a-t-il existé un mythe orphique sur Dionysos et les Titans?" Revue de l'histoire des religions 219(4): 401–433.- Bernabé, Alberto (2003), "Autour du mythe orphique sur Dionysos et les Titans. Quelque notes critiques" in Des Géants à Dionysos. Mélanges offerts à F. Vian. D. A. P. Chuvin. Alessandria: 25–39.- Burkert, Walter, Greek Religion, Harvard University Press, 1985. 0-674-36281-0.- Clement of Alexandria, The Exhortation to the Greeks. The Rich Man's Salvation. To the Newly Baptized. Translated by G. W. Butterworth. Loeb Classical Library No. 92. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1919. 978-0-674-99103-3.  Online version at Harvard University Press date=20230114051917 .   Internet Archive 1960 edition.- Collard, Christopher and Martin Cropp, Euripides Fragments: Oedipus-Chrysippus: Other Fragments,  Loeb Classical Library No. 506. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2008. 978-0-674-99631-1.  Online version at Harvard University Press date=20220102210403 .- Diodorus Siculus, Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History. Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Twelve volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989.  Online version by Bill Thayer date=20220105154233 - Dodds, Eric R., The Greeks and the Irrational, University of California Press, 2004. 978-0-520-93127-5.- Edmonds, Radcliffe (1999), "Tearing Apart the Zagreus Myth: A Few Disparaging Remarks On Orphism and Original Sin", Classical Antiquity 18 (1999): 35–73.  PDF date=2011-04-14 .- Edmonds, Radcliffe (2008),  "Recycling Laertes' Shroud: More on Orphism and Original Sin" date=20200920063107 , Center for Hellenic Studies- Edmonds, Radcliffe (2013), Redefining Ancient Orphism: A Study in Greek Religion, Cambridge; New York:  Cambridge University Press. 978-1-107-03821-9.- Firmicus Maternus, Firmicus Maternus: the Error of the Pagan Religions, translated by Clarence A. Forbes, Newman Press 1970. 0-8091-0039-8.- Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).- Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, 978-0-631-20102-1.- Guthrie, W. K. C., Orpheus and Greek Religion: A Study of the Orphic Movement, Princeton University Press, 1935. 978-0-691-02499-8.- Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, 978-0-415-18636-0.- Harder, Annette, Callimachus: Aetia: Introduction, Text, Translation and Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2012. 978-0-19-958101-6. (two volume set).  Google Books- Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914.  Online version at the Perseus Digital Library date=20211117192240 .- Hyginus, Gaius Julius, Fabulae in Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology, Translated, with Introductions by R. Scott Smith and Stephen M. Trzaskoma, Hackett Publishing Company,  2007. 978-0-87220-821-6.- Kerényi, Karl, Dionysos: Archetypal image of indestructible life, trans. Ralph Manheim, Princeton University Press, 1976. 0-691-09863-8.- Kern, Otto. Orphicorum Fragmenta, Berlin, 1922.  Internet Archive- Lightfoot, J. L. Hellenistic Collection: Philitas. Alexander of Aetolia. Hermesianax. Euphorion. Parthenius. Edited and translated by J. L. Lightfoot. Loeb Classical Library No. 508. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2010. 978-0-674-99636-6.  Online version at Harvard University Press date=20230114051911 .- Linforth, Ivan M., The Arts of Orpheus, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1941.  Online version at HathiTrust date=20230326205022 - March, Jenny, Cassell's Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Casell & Co, 2001. 0-304-35788-X.  Internet Archive- Morford, Mark P. O., Robert J. Lenardon, Classical Mythology, Eighth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2007. 978-0-19-530805-1.- Nauck, Johann August, Tragicorum graecorum fragmenta, Leipzig, Teubner, 1889.  Internet Archive- Nilsson, Martin, P., "Early Orphism and Kindred Religions Movements", The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Jul., 1935), pp. 181–230. 1508326- Nonnus, Dionysiaca; translated by Rouse, W H D, I Books I–XV. Loeb Classical Library No. 344, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940.  Internet Archive- Nonnus, Dionysiaca; translated by Rouse, W H D, II Books XVI–XXXV. Loeb Classical Library No. 345, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940.  Internet Archive- Nonnus, Dionysiaca; translated by Rouse, W H D, III Books XXXVI–XLVIII. Loeb Classical Library No. 346, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940.  Internet Archive- Ogden, Daniel, Drakōn: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds, Oxford University Press, 2013. 978-0-19-955732-5.- Ovid, Metamorphoses, Brookes More. Boston. Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922.  Online version at the Perseus Digital Library date=20210816054831 .- Parker, Robert (2002), "Early Orphism" in The Greek World, edited by Anton Powell, Routledge, 2002. 978-1-134-69864-6.- Parker, Robert (2014), Review of Edmonds 2013. Bryn Mawr Classical Review  BMCR 2014.07.13 date=20210106102000 .- Pausanias, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918.  Online version at the Perseus Digital Library date=20211005110643 .- Plato, Meno in Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 3 translated by W.R.M. Lamb. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1967.   Online version at the Perseus Digital Library date=20230114051904 - Plato, Laws in Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 10 & 11 translated by R.G. Bury. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1967 & 1968.   Online version at the Perseus Digital Library date=20230327124748 - Plutarch, Moralia, Volume V: Isis and Osiris. The E at Delphi. The Oracles at Delphi No Longer Given in Verse. The Obsolescence of Oracles. Translated by Frank Cole Babbitt. Loeb Classical Library No. 306. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1936. 978-0-674-99337-2.  Online version at Harvard University Press date=20230115004008 .- Plutarch, Moralia, Volume XII: Concerning the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon. On the Principle of Cold. Whether Fire or Water Is More Useful. Whether Land or Sea Animals Are Cleverer. Beasts Are Rational. On the Eating of Flesh. Translated by Harold Cherniss, W. C. Helmbold. Loeb Classical Library No. 406. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1957. 978-0-674-99447-8  Online version at Harvard University Press date=20220929223849 .- Proclus, Hymn to Athena in Sallust, On the gods and the world; and the Pythagoric sentences of Demophilus, translated from the Greek; and five hymns by Proclus, in the original Greek, with a poetical version. To which are added five hymns by the translator, translated by Thomas Taylor, London, Printed for E. Jeffrey, 1793.  Online version at Hathi Trust date=20230114051919 - Rutherford, Ian, Greco-Egyptian Interactions: Literature, Translation, and Culture, 500 BC-AD 300, Oxford University Press, 2016. 9780191630118.- Scheer, Eduard, Lycophronis ALexandra, Volume II Scholia continens, Weidmann, Berlin, 1908.  Internet Archive- Seaford, R. 1986. “Immortality, Salvation, and the Elements.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 90 1–26. 311457 - Smyth, Herbert Weir, Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Volume II, London Heinemann, 1926.  Internet Archive- Sommerstein, Alan H., Aeschylus: Fragments. Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. Loeb Classical Library No. 505. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2009. 978-0-674-99629-8.  Online version at Harvard University Press date=20200925010954 .- Spineto, Natale, "Models of the Relationship between God and Huma in 'Paganism', in The Quest for a Common Humanity: Human Dignity and Otherness in the Religious Traditions of the Mediterranean, BRILL, 2011. 9789004201651.- Taylor, Thomas (1820a), The Commentaries of Proclus on the Timæus of Plato Vol 1., London: Thomas Taylor, 1820.  Internet Archive- Taylor, Thomas (1820b), The Commentaries of Proclus on the Timæus of Plato Vol 2., London: Thomas Taylor, 1820.  Internet Archive- West, M. L. (1983), The Orphic Poems, Clarendon Press. 978-0-19-814854-8.- West, M. L. (2003), Greek Epic Fragments: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC. Edited and translated by Martin L. West. Loeb Classical Library No. 497. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2003.  978-0-674-99605-2.  Online version at Harvard University Press date=20211222150005 .

**延伸阅读**
 Ménard, Jacques E. "Le mythe de Dionysos Zagreus chez Philon". In: Revue des Sciences Religieuses, tome 42, fascicule 4, 1968. pp. 339–345. 10.3406/rscir.1968.2519.- Pencova, Elka. "À propos du Dionysos thrace". In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 20, n°2, 1994. pp. 151–154. 10.3406/dha.1994.2183.- Verhelst, Berenice. "As Multiform as Dionysus: New Perspectives on Nonnus’ Dionysiaca". In: L'antiquité classique, Tome 82, 2013. pp. 267–278. 10.3406/antiq.2013.3840.

**外部连结**
  研究古希腊众神专网中关于扎格柔斯的条目 date=20210126214008 
分类:杀婴罪