贡语

贡语，或称Ugong，Ugong，拉瓦（Lawa）或Ugawng（其中的U的意思是人），是泰国西部一种濒临灭绝的藏缅语，在乌泰他尼府和素攀武里府几个孤立的方言岛还有人会说。

**历史**
1920年代，西方人第一次了解到贡人，那时这种语言就被认为处于严重衰退的状态（Kerr 1927）。1970年代， David Bradley 开始研究这门语言，当时仅仅只有几个地方还有人会说这种语言了，甚至比大约50年前发现的时候还要少2个。由于Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand要在Khwae Yai河和Khwae Noi河上上建设大坝，贡人被迫从两个村庄离开，。本来会说种语言的人就在不断减少，语言学家们认为这种语言已经脆弱到即将灭绝了。1970年代，还有会说这种语言的儿童，但现在孩子们已经把泰语作为第一语言。

**分类**
贡语在藏缅语内部的分类还没有确定，虽然布拉德利（1989）认为它在缅彝语群中非常独特，既不适合放在缅语支，也不适合放在彝语支。

**方言**
贡语有两种方言（根据Ethnologue的说法）。
*Khok Khwai village, Uthai Thani Province (moribund); documented by Rujjanavet (1986)
*Kok Chiang village, Suphan Buri Province (endangered and now dispersed); documented by Thawornpat (2006) and David Bradley
曾经在北碧府也有人会说贡语，但现在已经灭绝了。两种贡语方言（namely Lawa of Kwê Yai and Lawa of Kwê Noi）的词汇表是由A. F. G Kerr（1927）在北碧府收集的。

**分布**
贡人现在居住在下面三个村庄。
*Lawa Wang Khwai village, Wang Yao Subdistrict (วังยาว), Dan Chang District, Suphanburi Province （3户）。
*Kok Chiang village, Huai Khamin Subdistrict (ห้วยขมิ้น), Dan Chang District, Suphanburi Province （36户）。
*Khok Khwai village (คอกควาย), Thong Lang Subdistrict (ทองหลาง), Huai Khot District, Uthai Thani Province （15户）。reported as Baan Lawa village 3 in Wright, et al. (1991).5
有大约500个贡人和50个还会说贡语。在他们生活的区域也有很多Lao Krang人。

**以前生活的地方**
贡人以前分布的更加广阔，在Khwae Noi River, Khwae Yai River和Bo Phloi River流域都能找到 It was reportedly spoken in locations including:。
据报告包括以下这些地方：
*Kanchanaburi Province
**Lat Ya (northwest of Kanchanaburi town)
**Thong Pha Phum District (located along the Khwae Noi River)
**Ban Lawa (located several kilometres downriver along the Khwae Noi River, from the former location of Sangkhlaburi near the Three Pagodas Pass)
**Sao Hong, 10 kilometres south of Bo Phloi
**Phanom Thuan District
**Bo Phloi, Nong Pling, Lam Iso, Nong Li (หนองรี), and Nong Plue
**Khlot Khoi
*Suphanburi Province
**Tumakok, Dan Chang District, Suphanburi Province (now an ethnic Karen township; originally settled by Gong people from Talao/Hin Hak during the 1800's)
**Sanakphai, Suphanburi Province
**Wang Khwai (known in Ugong as Kabe and in Lao as Kapheun), Suphanburi Province
*Uthai Thani Province
**Ban Bung (บ้านบึง), Ban Rai District (near district headquarters)
**Thong Lang, Huai Khot District
**Iphung, Cawat, and Huai Haeng (exact locations uncertain)
在北碧府，很多贡人和克伦人和孟人通婚。由于大坝的建设，Sisawat and Sangkhlaburi已经被水淹没，会说这种语言的人也四散到其他地方。到1991年，北碧府已经二三十年没有会说贡语的人了，大部分的贡人改说泰语或克伦语。

**语法**
贡语是SOV语序。

**参见**
贡语词汇表 （维基词典）

**注释和参考资料**
Daniel Nettle and Suzanne Romaine. Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World's Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Page 10.
*Thawornpat, Mayuree. 2006. Gong: An endangered language of Thailand. Doctoral dissertation, Mahidol University.
*Thawornpat, Mayuree. 2007. Gong phonological characteristics. The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal 37. 197-216.

**延伸阅读**
 Bradley, David. 1993.  Body Parts Questionnaire (Ugong) date=20210128052153 . (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT). 
*isbn=9780521324052
*Bradley, David (1989). Dying to be Thai: Ugong in western Thailand. La Trobe Working Papers in Linguistics 2:19-28- Kerr, A. F. G. 1927. "Two 'Lawā' vocabularies: the Lawā of the Baw Lūang plateau; Lawā of Kanburi Province." Journal of the Siam Society 21: 53-63.- Rujjanavet, Pusit. (1986). The Phonology of Ugong in Uthaithani Province. M.A. Thesis in Linguistics, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University.- Thawornpat, Mayuree. "Gong phonological characteristics", in Mon-Khmer studies: a journal of Southeast Asian languages and cultures, Thailand: Mon-Khmer Studies, 2007.

**外部链接**
 Proto-Gong reconstruction date=20201022005425  (Sino-Tibetan Branches Project)