弗里吉亚语

弗里吉亚语是印欧语系语言，与希腊语关系密切，主要由古代安纳托利亚（今土耳其）的弗里吉亚人使用，时间为前8世纪至公元5世纪。古希腊哲学家柏拉图曾注意到弗里吉亚语的一些词汇和希腊语相似。

**系属分类**
弗里吉亚语属于印欧语系，但因为语料太过稀少，它在语系内的具体位置仍不能确定。弗里吉亚语与希腊语和亚美尼亚语共享许多重要的特征。19到20世纪上半叶，弗里吉亚语都被认为是咝音语言，因此更接近亚美尼亚语和色雷斯语；今日则发现它实际上是颚音语言，因此更靠近希腊语。ps=:Scholars have long debated the exact position of Phrygian in the Indo-European language family. Although this position is not a closed question because of the fragmentary nature of our current knowledge, Phrygian has many important features which show that it is somehow related to Greek and Armenian.…Indeed, between the 19th and the first half of the 20th c. BC Phrygian was mostly considered a satəm language (a feature once considered important to establishing the position of a language) and, especially after Alf Torp's study, closer to Armenian (and Thracian), whereas it is now commonly considered to be closer to Greek.…Brixhe (1968), Neumann (1988) and, through an accurate analysis, Matzinger (2005) showed the inconsistency of the Phrygo-Armenian assumption and argued that Phrygian was a language closely related to Greek.过去弗里吉亚语被误认为是咝音语言的原因是两个后起的音变。首先弗里吉亚语混淆了古圆唇软腭音和普通软腭音，接着当它们接/e/和/i/时，部分会被颚化（尤其是在声母位置）。此外，孔甫烈 (1988)给出了色雷斯语和亚美尼亚语共享的音变，并给出了它们同弗里吉亚语和其他古巴尔干语族语言分开的大致情况。ps=:This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated. A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative.234
主流观点一般认为希腊语是弗里吉亚语关系最近的亲属，支持者有Brixhe、Neumann、Matzinger、Woodhouse、Ligorio、Lubotsky和Obrador-Cursach。此外，Obrador Cursach收集的36条共同创新证据中，弗里吉亚语和希腊语共享34个，其中22个是它们独有的。最近50年来，弗里吉亚语学界发展出了希腊-弗里吉亚语假说，认为希腊语和弗里吉亚语有共同祖先。如果弗里吉亚语的语料能再多些，这种语言应该能被构拟出来。ps=:Furthermore, if Phrygian were not so-poorly attested perhaps we could reconstruct a Proto-Greco-Phrygian stage of both languages.ps=:With the current state of our knowledge, we can affirm that Phrygian is closely related to Greek. This is not a surprising conclusion: ancient sources and modern scholars agree that Phrygians did not live far from Greece in pre-historic times. Moreover, the last half century of scientific study of Phrygian has approached both languages and developed the hypothesis of a Proto-Greco-Phrygian language, to the detriment to other theories like Phrygio-Armenian or Thraco-Phrygian.ps=:This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated. A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative.ps=:To the best of our current knowledge, Phrygian was closely related to Greek. This affirmation is consistent with the vision offered by Neumann (1988: 23), Brixhe (2006) and Ligorio and Lubotsky (2018: 1816) and with many observations given by ancient authors. Both languages share 34 of the 36 features considered in this paper, some of them of great significance:…The available data suggest that Phrygian and Greek coexisted broadly from pre-historic to historic times, and both belong to a common linguistic area (Brixhe 2006: 39–44).
另一个理论由埃里克·汉普提出，认为弗里吉亚语最接近意大利-凯尔特语族。9

**字母**
约公元前800至300年，弗里吉亚语用有19个字母的古弗里吉亚字母书写，它分化自腓尼基字母。这种文字一般从左至右书写(“右向”)。34
铭文中约有15%是从右至左写的(“左向”)，和腓尼基字母一样；这时上面所示的字母镜面翻转：...10px10px10px等等，而不是10pxBΓ....有几十份铭文的书写方向是交错的(牛耕式转行书写法)。
约公元前300年开始，这种文字逐渐被希腊字母代替。除约公元前300年(有时也称“中古弗里吉亚语”)的一份铭文外，所有其他用例都晚得多，介于公元后1至3世纪间(“新弗里吉亚语”)。希腊字母Θ、Ξ、Φ、Χ和Ψ罕用—主要用于希腊专有名词和借词。

**音系**
一直以来人们都认为弗里吉亚语展现塞音音变的规律和日耳曼语族的格林定律很像，更重要的是，还有些能在原始亚美尼亚语中找到：82- 100 (p. 88)即PIE送气音的浊化、PIE浊塞音的清化和清塞音的送气化。这个假说被Lejeune (1979)和Brixhe (1984)74反驳，后来又被Lubotsky (2004)和Woodhouse (2006)重新采用，他们认为这里展现的是阻碍音系列链变的一部分：即PIE送气音浊化(*bʱ→b)和PIE浊塞音清化(*d→t)。229-237
前元音前的塞擦音ts和dz可能来自软腭音。

**语法**
弗里吉亚语的语法结构是典型的印欧语系。词形变化尤其像古希腊语。

**句法**
一般是主宾谓语序。如果要强调直接宾语 (DO)，可以将其前移至句首，在主语之前。间接宾语 (IO)的一部分可以放在动词后。语例：
: 
几种名词格(主格、宾格等)的功能很寻常。与格可能也起方位格的作用。当句子主语包含多个事物(“A和B和C...”)且性与数不同时，动词或谓语的性和数与第一个成分(A)一致(Lubotsky的格支配关系规则)。形容词和名词一致，在强调时则不发生。95-98

**同言线**
与希腊语、亚美尼亚语、阿尔巴尼亚语和印度-伊朗语族比较：2020

**另见**
 古巴尔干语族- 古马其顿语- 色雷斯语- 达契亚语- 希腊语- 希腊-弗里吉亚语- 小亚细亚字母

**参考**
archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407094603/https://books.google.com/books?id=tF5wAAAAIAAJ
*archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408162034/https://www.tesisenred.net/bitstream/handle/10803/650834/BOC_PhD_THESIS.pdf
*archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018021646/https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/jlr/17/3-4/article-p233.xml
*archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606160411/https://www.ejournals.eu/Studia-Linguistica/2009/2009/art/5400/

**注释**

**阅读更多**
Brixhe, Claude. "Du paléo- au néo-phrygien". In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 137ᵉ année, N. 2, 1993. pp. 323-344. 10.3406/crai.1993.15216
*Lamberterie, Charles de. "Grec, phrygien, arménien: des anciens aux modernes". In: Journal des savants, 2013, n°. 1. pp. 3-69. 10.3406/jds.2013.6300
*Lejeune, Michel. "Notes paléo-phrygiennes". In: Revue des Études Anciennes. Tome 71, 1969, n°3-4. pp. 287-300. 10.3406/rea.1969.3842
*ref=none
*Orsat Ligorio & Alexander Lubotsky. “Phrygian”, in Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. Eds. Jared Klein, Brian Joseph, & Matthias Fritz. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2018, pp. 1816–31.

**外部链接**
 Corpus of Phrygian Inscriptions date=20190328055621 - Lubotsky's Phrygian Etymological Database (Incomplete)- Encyclopædia Britannica - Phrygian Language- Linguistic Bibliography Onlinefix-attempted=yes - Palaeolexicon - Dictionary, History and Translations of the Phrygian Language date=20110203111627 - Midas and the Mushki, by Miltiades E. Bolaris (2010) date=20160206125135