通布卡语

通布卡语（Tumbuka language，通布卡语：Chitumbuka或Citumbuka，意为Tumbuka people的语言）是班图语一支，主要在马拉维北部地区和赞比亚的隆达济地区使用。  通布卡语与齐切瓦语和Sena language属于同一语群（ Guthrie classification of Bantu languages ）。  
根据1998年的《世界年鉴》估计大约有2,000,000名通布卡语使用者，尽管其他来源估计使用人数要少得多。据说大多数讲通布卡语的人都住在马拉维。 通布卡语是马拉维北部地区使用最广泛的语言，尤其是在伦比、姆祖祖和姆津巴地区。 
马拉维城市中使用的通布卡语（许多词借用斯瓦希里语和齐切瓦语 ）与乡村中使用的通布卡语存在很大差异。  姆津巴方言则受到祖鲁语影响，  在有些词汇上甚至出现搭嘴音，这在通布卡语其它方言并没有发生。 
自1968年以来，由于马拉维总统黑斯廷斯·卡穆祖·班达的「一个民族，一种语言」的政策，通布卡语的使用受到了影响，它失去了在马拉维官方语言的地位， 导致通布卡语在学校课程，国家广播电台和印刷媒体中禁止使用。  随着1994年马拉维民主化和多党制的到来，在马拉维的广播上再次开播通布卡语的节目，但是通布卡语的书籍和其他出版物的数量仍然很少。 

**参考文献**

**参考书目**
 Botne, Robert (1999).  "Future and distal -ka-'s: Proto-Bantu or nascent form(s)?" date=20210413225148 . In: Jean-Marie Hombert and Larry M. Hyman (eds.), Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, pp. 473-515.- Chase, Robert (2004). "A Comparison of Demonstratives in the Karonga and Henga Dialects of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.- Chavula, Jean Josephine (2016).  "Verbal derivation and valency in Chitumbuka" date=20210413225412 . Leiden University doctoral thesis.- Downing, Laura J. (2006). "The Prosody and Syntax of Focus in Chitumbuka". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43, 55-79.- Downing, Laura J. (2008). "Focus and prominence in Chichewa, Chitumbuka and Durban Zulu". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 49, 47-65.- Downing, Laura J. (2012).  "On the (Non-)congruence of Focus and Prominence in Tumbuka" date=20171011141156 . Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. Michael R. Marlo et al., 122-133. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.- Downing, Laura J. (2017). "Tone and intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka". In Laura J. Downing & Annie Rialland (eds) Intonation in African Tone Languages. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, pp. 365–392.- Downing, Laura J. (2019).  "Tumbuka prosody: Between tone and stress". In: Emily Clem et al (eds). Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 75-94. Also available online at:  date=20210414014011 - Elmslie, Walter Angus (1923): Introductory Grammar of the Tumbuka Language. Livingstonia Mission Press.- Kamwendo, Gregory H. (2004).  Kamwendo "Your Chitumbuka is Shallow. It's not the Real Chitumbuka: Linguistic Purism Among Chitumbuka Speakers in Malawi" date=20200929073334 , Nordic Journal of African Studies 13(3): 275–288.- Kishindo, Pascal J. et Allan L. Lipenga (2006). Parlons citumbuka : langue et culture du Malawi et de la Zambie, L'Harmattan, Paris, Budapest, Kinshasa, 138 pages. 2-296-00470-9- Kishindo, Pascal J. (ed), Jean J. Chavula and others (2018). Mung'anamulira mazgo wa Citumbuka (Citumbuka dictionary). Centre for Language Studies, University of Malawi. 978-99960-9-610-5- Kiso, Andrea (2012).  "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena" date=20210413225410 . Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University.- McNicholl, Duncan (2010).  "The No-Nonsense Guide to Learning Chitumbuka: Volume 1" date=20190819091447 .- Moto, Francis (1999). "The Tonal Phonology of Bantu Ideophones". Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics no.1, 100-120. (pp. 112–119 deals with tone in Chitumbuka ideophones).- Mphande, L. (1989). "A Phonological Analysis of the Ideophone in Chitumbuka". Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Texas, Austin.- Shiozaki, Lisa (2004). "Concordial agreement in the Karonga dialect of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.- Turner, W.M. (1952). Tumbuka–Tonga–English Dictionary The Hetherwick Press, Blantyre, Nyasaland (now Malawi).- University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies (2006).  "Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi" date=20210413225347 .- Vail, Hazen Leroy (1971). "The noun classes of Tumbuka". African studies, v. 30, 1, p. 35-59.- Vail, Hazen Leroy (1972). "Aspects of the Tumbuka Verb". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin.

**外部链接**
  关于通布卡语的简短报道。 -  马拉维北部语言地图调查 date=20210413225347  。 马拉维大学语言研究中心，2006年。 -  马拉维北部语言地图 date=20210413225407  -  一些更多的chiTumbuka词汇。 -  在图姆巴卡上的泛非L10n页面 date=20210414014834  -  Citumbuka单语词典 date=20210308020136