中国共产党的意识形态

多年来，特别是在邓小平领导期间，中国共产党的意识形态发生了翻天覆地的变化。尽管外国评论者认为中国共产党缺乏统一的意识形态，但中国共产党仍认定自己是马克思主义者。

**意识形态**
中国共产党订定数个指导自身全部活动的中国特色社会主义思想，并且将其视为中国共产党思想建设、组织建设和作风建设的理论基础。其中在《中国共产党章程》提到中国共产党会坚持社会主义、人民民主专政、中国共产党领导、遵循马克思列宁主义和毛泽东思想等四项基本原则，并且明确规定：「中国共产党以马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、『三个代表』重要思想、科学发展观、习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想作为自己的行动指南。」马克思列宁主义是中国共产党的第一个官方意识形态，内容结合了卡尔·马克思和弗里德里希·恩格斯在著作中提到的马克思主义、以及由列宁所提出的列宁主义思想。对此中国共产党认为马克思列宁主义揭示了人类社会历史发展的普遍规律，同时马克思列宁主义提供解决资本主义矛盾社会的一个未来愿景，也就是社会主义社会和共产主义社会必然会取代资本主义社会。而第二个加入的毛泽东思想则被视为是马克思列宁主义在中国的发展和应用，其中毛泽东思想的内容除了由毛泽东主导外，还包括其他中国共产党的领导人物共同发想而成。
邓小平理论则是在中国共产党第十四次全国代表大会加入到《中国共产党章程》，其概念包括有中国特色社会主义和社会主义初级阶段等论点。邓小平理论大体上可以视为一种理论总结，认为共产主义的定义中并不包括国有社会主义和计划经济等制度安排，同时市场机制实际上是中立的运作方式。此外他还提到中国共产党需要应对不断变化的形势动态，并且要透过「实事求是」的方式来确认某一政策过时与否，进而提出《实践是检验真理的唯一标准》这篇文章与相应的口号。在中国共产党第十四次全国代表大会上，江泽民重申邓小平的口号而认为没有必要质问事情是属于社会主义还是资本主义，因为重要的判别标准是它的工作模式。之后他更提出适应中国条件的马克思主义思想「三个代表」，并且在中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会通过而加入《中国共产党章程》。中国共产党党内的部分人士批评「三个代表」并非属于马克思主义、甚至是马克思主义基本价值观的背叛，然而支持者认为这是中国特色社会主义的进一步发展。江泽民则主张早期共产党成员认为共产主义应当实现的生产模式，发展到了今日已经更为复杂而难以体现，同时试图强制生产方式的改变作为并没有效果，因为其背后遵循历史唯物主义的经济规律而有自然的发展。该理论最为显著的影响是允许资本家以「新社会阶层」身分加入中国共产党，除了鼓励其从事「诚实劳动和工作」外，并透过自己的劳动贡献为中国共产党打造中国特色社会主义。之后在胡锦涛所主导下，在中国共产党第十六届中央委员会第三次全体会议上制定了同样作为官方意识形态的科学发展观思想，同时为了因应中国国情而提出科学发展观的发展与应用，中国共产党必须坚持建设社会主义和谐社会。
2017年10月24日，中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会宣布将习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想写入党章。习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想所要解决的核心问题是“新时代坚持和发展什幺样的中国特色社会主义、怎样坚持和发展中国特色社会主义”，该思想“内涵十分丰富”，囊括“五位一体”、“四个全面”、“党领导一切”等政治方略，是“全党全国人民为实现中华民族伟大复兴而奋斗的行动指南。”

**经济方针**
在《中国共产党章程》中提到：「中国共产党在领导社会主义事业中，必须坚持以经济建设为中心，其他各项工作都服从和服务于这个中心。」在内容中也提到将会持续进行改革开放政策，以求根本上改革限制生产力发展的经济体制，进而完善社会主义市场经济体制。其中邓小平不认为资本主义生产方式和社会主义生产方式的根本区别是自由市场与计划经济。对此他表示:「计划经济不等于社会主义，资本主义也有计划；市场经济不等于资本主义，社会主义也有市场。计划和市场都是经济手段。」江泽民支持邓小平的思想并在中国共产党会议上多次重申此观点，认为并没有一定的机制是资本主义还是社会主义，因为唯一重要的是其工作的方式。与此同时江泽民引入社会主义市场经济的术语，借此取代陈云原先所提的「有计划的社会主义市场经济」用语。在中国共产党第十四次全国代表大会上，江泽民于报告中向其他代表们表示认为社会主义国家「将发挥市场在资源配置中的基础性」；而在在中国共产党第十五次全国代表大会上，中国共产党则将思想主轴改为「使市场在国家宏观调控下对资源配置起基础性作用」。之后这一路线则持续到中国共产党第十八届中央委员会第三次全体会议，而被重新修正为「使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用深化经济体制改革」 ，但是在会议中也提到「坚持公有制主体地位，发挥国有经济主导作用」。
而从中国共产党的观点来看，世界分成彼此对立的社会主义和资本主义两个基础阵营。中国共产党认为坚持社会主义的基础，基于历史唯物主义的观点最终会取代资本主义。不过近年来中国共产党则重新回到卡尔·马克思的著作，重新尝试解释资本主义的全球化发生现象。尽管承认全球化是透过资本主义制度发展而成，中国共产党领导人和理论家认为全球化本质上并非资本主义。原因在于如果全球化纯粹属于资本主义，这将排除另一种具现代性的社会主义形式。因此无论是社会主义还是资本主义，中国共产党不将全球化或者市场经济视为特定阶级的性质。而如同邓小平认为中国可以凭借资本主义的元素来追求社会主义的现代化建设，对于中国共产党来说全球化本身性质亦不固定。因此在中国共产党党内对于全球化仍属于乐观态度，认为尽管当前的全球化是受到资本主义占有统治地位，但也认为全球化可以推动社会主义的一系列进展。

**思想改良**
虽然非中国分析家普遍认为，中国共产党已经拒绝正统的马克思列宁主义和毛泽东思想，或者至少在正统思想的基本思路并没有继续沿用，然而中国共产党本身并不同意。尽管一些评论认为江泽民引进「三个代表」思想理论后，结束中国共产党长期所承诺的马克思主义做法；然而中国共产党党理论家冷溶则不同意此类看法，认为江泽民透过各种不同的所有制摆脱原来中国共产党的思想障碍，这作法本身并没有放弃马克思主义或社会主义，相对地反而借由现代化理解马克思主义和社会主义而强化中国共产党自身，进而成为具有中国特色的「社会主义市场经济」的一部分。其中中国共产党和中华人民共和国仍然将实现真正的「共产主义」作为其「终极目标」，其中中国共产党声称现时的中华人民共和国处于社会主义初级阶段。而一部分中国共产党理论家认为在目前的发展阶段「看起来很像资本主义」，另外某一部分理论家则认为「资本主义是共产主义的早期或第一阶段」。不过有些人则反对社会主义初级阶段的概念，认为这实际上是受知识分子的犬儒主义影响。其中中国分析师罗伯特·劳伦斯·库恩便表示：「当我第一次听到这个说法时，我认为它滑稽多于精明，是来自于不满现实知识份子的黑客宣传讽刺漫画。但是初级阶段100年的说法来自严肃的政治理论家。」
近年来，以外国评论家为首的论点认为中国共产党没有主轴思想，中国共产党的组织采取实用主义，并且仅有在工作层面上感兴趣。不过这个从许多层面所得到的简单观点也遭到批评其错误处很多，因为中国共产党官方声明试图让其呈现出具有明显连贯的世界观。例如在2012年胡锦涛指出西方世界的威胁要分裂中国共产党，并且指出「西方世界的国际文化强盛，而我们是弱者……思想文化领域是我们的主要目标」，中国共产党提供大量的资源投入到党校和发展各具特色的思想论点。在《实践是检验真理的唯一标准》获得提出前，思想和决策之间是处于演绎的关系，这意味着决策本身是基于对于思想的认识而做出判断。然而邓小平认为这一关系必须被颠倒过来，应当透过决策来产生其意识形态，而不是透过周围的其他方法成形。而中国的政策制定者认为苏联解体的原因之一在于其停滞不前的国家意识形态，认为苏联共产党的思维过于僵化而缺乏想像力；对此中国共产党则认为必须透过实践行动破除僵化的思想，同时中国共产党本身的思想必须是动态的，才能够继续维护中国共产党的统治基础。

**意识形态的作用**
近年来，外国评论家主要争论的是，中国共产党没有意识形态，该党是实用主义的，只对有效的东西感兴趣。
在“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”运动之前，意识形态与决策之间的关系是一种演绎关系，这意味着决策是源于意识形态知识。在邓小平的领导下，这种关系被颠倒了，决策证明了意识形态是正当的，而不是相反。中国政策制定者认为， 苏联解体的原因之一是其停滞的国家意识形态。他们认为，与苏联共产党不同，苏联的意识形态变得“死板、缺乏想象力、僵化、脱离现实”，因此，他们的意识形态必须具有活力以维护党的统治。

**宗教立场**
中国共产党禁止党员加入宗教，但个人信仰不承担任何责任p=373。在毛泽东统治期间，宗教活动受到压制，宗教组织被禁止与外国人接触。 所有宗教组织都是国有的，不是独立的。 与外国宗教机构的关系在1947年和1949年恶化， 梵蒂冈禁止任何天主教徒支持共产党p=362。 在宗教问题上，邓小平比毛泽东更开放，但这个问题在他的领导下一直没有解决p=365。据国家宗教事务总局前局长叶小文说：“在婴儿时期，社会主义运动对宗教持批评态度。在马克思看来，神学已经成为保护德国封建统治阶级的堡垒。因此政治革命必须从批评宗教开始。正是从这个角度出发，马克思说‘宗教是人民的鸦片’。”正是由于马克思的著作，中国共产党才在毛泽东和邓小平的领导下发起了反宗教政策。 
法轮功的盛行及后来国家当局的禁止，导致了1999年召开的为期三天的全国宗教事务工作会议，这是该党历史上最高级别的宗教事务会议。江泽民赞同古典马克思主义关于宗教将消亡的观点，当得知中国的宗教事实上正在增长而不是减少时，他被迫改变了主意。江泽民在全国工作会议的总结讲话中，要求与会者找到一种使“社会主义和宗教相互适应”的方法。他补充说：“要求宗教适应社会主义并不意味着我们希望宗教信徒放弃信仰”。江泽民令叶小文深入研究古典马克思主义著作，寻找借口放开中国共产党的宗教政策。人们发现弗里德里希·恩格斯曾写道，只要问题存在，宗教就能生存。由此，宗教组织获得了更大的自治权。

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