犹太西班牙语

犹太西班牙语（judeoespañol；link=yes），又称拉迪诺语（Ladino）、Judezmo、Espanyol、Spaniolit等，是一个源自于中世纪西班牙语的罗曼语言，使用者主要是塞法迪犹太人。身为犹太后裔使用的语言，犹太西班牙语融合了希伯来语和亚拉姆语，尚受到阿拉伯语、土耳其语和少部分希腊语等语言的影响，因为塞法迪犹太人在鄂图曼帝国时期流亡时经过这些地方。
就像旧西班牙语，犹太西班牙语保留着上腭音ʃ和ʒ，这两个音在现代西班牙语中都已转变成χ。但与旧西班牙语不同的是，犹太西班牙语接受了一个希伯来语的/χ/音。在某些地方，也发展出独特的犹太西班牙语用法，比如以 muestro 替代 nuestro (our)。
就如同其他犹太语言，犹太西班牙语是濒危语言，能够流利使用的母语者大多为老年人，许多人在20世纪移民回以色列定居，他们并没有教导他们的后代使用犹太西班牙语。然而近年来在赛法迪社群间兴起小型的语言复兴运动，特别是在音乐方面。而在拉丁美洲等地的孤立犹太人社群中，犹太西班牙语近来有逐渐融入当地西班牙语而被同化的危险。

**语言名字**
该语言的另称“拉迪诺”是“拉丁”的转化。这种语言也被称作Judæo-Spanish、Sefardi、Dzhudezmo、Judezmo以及Spanyol；Haquitía(源自阿拉伯语 haka حكى, "tell") 与北非方言有关，尤其是摩洛哥。这种方言在阿尔及利亚的Oran地区被称为Tetuani，是因摩洛哥城市得土安而得名，因为很多Oranais犹太人来自这城市。在希伯来语中，这种语言被称为Spanyolit。

**现代教育**
和意第绪语一样，犹太西班牙语近来在美国和以色列大学教育中渐有复苏，然而由于犹太族裔的族群比例因素，各大学倾向开设意第绪语课程而非犹太西班牙语。目前美国有开设犹太西班牙语言课程的大学有宾夕法尼亚大学和塔夫茨大学，至于在以色列则是耶路撒冷希伯来大学提供犹太西班牙语课程。

**注释**

**参考文献**
 Ashtor, Eliyahu, The Jews of Moslem Spain, Vol. 2, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America (1979)- Assis, Yom Tov, The Jews of Spain: From Settlement to Expulsion, Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem|The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1988)- Baer, Yitzhak. A History of the Jews of Christian Spain. 2 vols. Jewish Publication Society of America (1966).- Bowers, W. P. "Jewish Communities in Spain in the Time of Paul the Apostle" in Journal of Theological Studies Vol. 26 Part 2, October 1975, pp. 395–402- Dan, Joseph, "The Epic of a Millennium: Judeo-Spanish Culture's Confrontation" in Judaism Vol. 41, No. 2, Spring 1992- Gampel, Benjamin R., "Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Medieval Iberia: Convivencia through the Eyes of Sephardic Jews," in Convivencia: Jews, Muslims, and Christians in Medieval Spain, ed. Vivian B. Mann, Thomas F. Glick, and Jerrilynn D. Dodds, New York: George Braziller, Inc. (1992)- Kaplan, Yosef, An Alternative Path to Modernity: The Sephardi Diaspora in Western Europe. Brill Publishers (2000). 90-04-11742-3- Katz, Solomon, Monographs of the Mediaeval Academy of America No. 12: The Jews in the Visigothic and Frankish Kingdoms of Spain and Gaul, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Society of America (1937)- Kedourie, Elie, editor. Spain and the Jews: The Sephardi Experience 1492 and After. Thames & Hudson (1992).- Raphael, Chaim, The Sephardi Story: A Celebration of Jewish History London: Valentine Mitchell & Co. Ltd. (1991)- Sarna, Nahum M., "Hebrew and Bible Studies in Medieval Spain" in Sephardi Heritage, Vol. 1 ed. R. D. Barnett, New York: Ktav Publishing House, Inc. (1971)- Sassoon, Solomon David, "The Spiritual Heritage of the Sephardim," in The Sephardi Heritage, Vol. 1 ed. R. D. Barnett, New York: Ktav Publishing House Inc. (1971)- Stein, Gloria Sananes, Marguerite: Journey of a Sephardic Woman, Morgantown, PA : Masthof Press, 1997.- Stillman, Norman, "Aspects of Jewish Life in Islamic Spain" in Aspects of Jewish Culture in the Middle Ages ed. Paul E. Szarmach, Albany: State University of New York Press (1979)- Swetschinski, Daniel. Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam. Litmann Library of Jewish Civilization, (2000)- Zolitor, Jeff, "The Jews of Sepharad" Philadelphia: Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations (CSJO) (1997) (" The Jews of Sepharad" reprinted with permission on CSJO website.)

**外部连结**
Genealogy:-  Sefardies.org  Sephardic Genealogy and official web in Spain-  Sephardic Genealogy date=20210224192035 -  Multiple searchable databases for Sephardic genealogy date=20210125001955 -  Consolidated Index of Sephardic Surnames date=20210125015308 -  Extensive bibliography for Sephardim and Sephardic Genealogy date=20210226001420 -  Sephardic names translated into English