劳勃·阿特曼

劳勃·阿特曼（Robert Altman，11月20日）是一位美国电影及电视导演，曾经5次入围奥斯卡最佳导演奖，于2006年获得奥斯卡荣誉奖。他也是目前唯三在国际三大影展获得大满贯的导演之一（剩下的分别为米开朗基罗·安东尼奥尼及亨利-乔治·克鲁佐）。知名的作品包括《风流军医俏护士》与《纳许维尔》。
阿特曼执导风格独特，多用自然主义手法，在多部电影都不跟剧本叫演员自发演出，亦时常在一个角色未完成对白时已让另一个角色开始说话。莉莉·汤姆琳及梅丽·史翠普在第78届奥斯卡金像奖上，颁奥斯卡荣誉奖给阿特曼时的介绍词即用了此手法。

**作品**

**电影**
 Honeymoon for Harriet (1949) (short industrial film, International Harvester)- Modern Football (1951) (short industrial film, Official Sports Film Service)- The Dirty Look (1951) (short industrial film, Gulf Oil)- King Basketball (1952) (short industrial film, Official Sports Film Service)- The Last Mile (1952) (short industrial film, Caterpillar Tractor Company)- The Sound of Bells (1952) (short industrial film, Goodrich Corporation)- Modern Baseball (1953) (short industrial film, Official Sports Film Service)- The Builders (1954) (short industrial film, Wire Reinforcement Institute)- Better Football (1954) (short industrial film, Official Sports Film Service)- The Perfect Crime (1954) (short industrial film, Caterpillar Tractor Company)- The Magic Bond (1955) (short industrial film, Veterans of Foreign Wars) - The Delinquents (1957) 
*《占士甸传》 The James Dean Story (1957) (documentary) (co-dir: George W. George)- The Katherine Reed Story (1965) (short documentary)- Pot au feu (1965) (short)- Girl Talk (1966) (ColorSonics short) - The Party (1966) (ColorSonics short)- Speak Low (1966) (ColorSonics short) - Ebb Tide (1966) (ColorSonics short) 
*《太阳神登月先锋》 Countdown (1968)
*《落花有意》 That Cold Day in the Park (1969)
*《风流军医俏护士》（风流军医俏护士，1970）
** 提名奥斯卡最佳导演奖 （得奖者：法兰克林·沙夫纳 《巴顿将军》）
** 提名英国电影学院奖最佳导演
** 提名金球奖最佳导演
*《空中怪客》 Brewster McCloud (1970)
*《花村/江湖豪客俏佳人》（McCabe & Mrs. Miller） (1971)- Images (1972)
*《扑朔迷离》 The Long Goodbye (1973)
*《江洋大盗》 Thieves Like Us (1974)
*《烂赌仔与小老千》 California Split (1974)
*《普世欢腾乐满城》（纳什维尔 (电影)） (1975)
** 提名奥斯卡最佳导演奖 
** 提名奥斯卡最佳影片奖
** 提名金球奖最佳导演
*《西塞英雄谱》西塞英雄谱 (1976)
*《三女性》 三女性 (1977)
*《婚礼/良辰吉日》（A Wedding） (1978)
** 提名英国电影学院奖最佳导演
** 提名英国电影学院奖最佳剧本
*《五面受敌》 Quintet (1979)
*《天生一对》 A Perfect Couple (1979)
*《选举风云》 HealtH (1980)
*《大力水手》 大力水手 (电影) (1980)
*《偶像的失落》 Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean (1982)
*《出师未捷身先死》 Streamers (1983)- Secret Honor (1984)- O.C. & Stiggs (1984) (released in 1987)
*《锡晒你》 Fool for Love (1985)
*《盲目锡哂你》 Beyond Therapy (1987)
*《菩萨蛮 / 末世风情画》 Aria (1987) - segment: Les Boréades
*《梵谷与我/梵高与提奥》 Vincent and Theo (1990)
*《幕后玩家》玩家 (1992)
** 英国电影学院奖最佳导演
** 提名奥斯卡最佳导演奖 
** 提名英国电影学院奖最佳影片
** 提名金球奖最佳导演
*《银色·性·男女》（Short Cuts） (1993)
** 提名奥斯卡最佳导演奖 
** 提名金球奖最佳剧本
*《云裳风暴》Prêt-à-Porter，英文译名Ready to Wear (1994)
*《肯萨斯的最后一夜》（肯萨斯的最后一夜，1996）
*《迷色布局》 The Gingerbread Man (1998)
*《藏错尸体杀错人/玩谢嫌疑犯》（Cookie's Fortune） (1999)
*《医尽女人心》（Dr T. & the Women） (2000)
*《高斯福大宅谋杀案》（Gosford Park） (2001)
** 英国电影学院奖最佳影片
** 金球奖最佳导演
** 提名奥斯卡最佳导演奖 
** 提名奥斯卡最佳影片奖
** 提名英国电影学院奖最佳导演
*《浮生若舞》The Company (2003)
*《在晴朗的一天收档》牧场之家好做伴 (2006)，又名The Last Show

**电视**

**电视电影及短剧**
 Nightmare in Chicago (1964) previously "Once Upon a Savage Night" in Kraft Suspense Theater- Precious Blood (1982) - TV-Movie written by Frank South- Rattlesnake in a Cooler (1982) - TV-Movie written by Frank South- Secret Honor (1984)- The Laundromat (1985) (60 min.)- Basements (1987) - two one-act plays by Harold Pinter: The Dumb Waiter and The Room (the former was released to video as its own feature by Prism Entertainment)- Tanner '88 (1988) - six hour mini-series for HBO- The Caine Mutiny Court Martial (1988) - TV-Movie based on the play by Herman Wouk- Vincent & Theo (1990) - British Mini-series in 4 parts, later released in edited form worldwide as feature film.- McTeague (1992) - an opera for PBS- The Real McTeague (1993) - making of "McTeague", also for PBS- Black and Blue (1993) - an Emmy nominated filmed play which aired on PBS' "Great Performances"- Robert Altman's Jazz '34 (1996) - PBS special about the music from Kansas City- Tanner on Tanner (2004) - two hour mini-series for the Sundance Channel, a follow-up to Tanner '88

**电视剧集**
 Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1957–58)
** ep. 3-9: "The Young One"  (air-date December 1, 1957)
** ep. 3-15: "Together"  (a.d. January 12, 1958)- M Squad (1958) ep. 1-21: "Lover's Lane Killing" (a.d. February 14, 1958)- The Millionaire aka If You Had A Million (1958–59)
*: directed by Altman
** ep #148 / 5-14: "Pete Hopper: Afraid of the Dark" (a.d. December 10, 1958)
** ep #162 / 5-28: "Henry Banning: The Show Off" (a.d. April 1, 1959)
** ep #185 / 6-14: "Jackson Greene: The Beatnik" (a.d. December 22, 1959)
*: written by Altman
** ep #160 / 5-26: "Alicia Osante: Beauty and the Sailor" (a.d. March 18, 1959)
** ep #174 / 6-3: "Lorraine Dagget: The Beach Story" story (a.d. September 29, 1959)
** ep #183 / 6-12: "Andrew C. Cooley: Andy and Clara" (a.d. December 8, 1959)- Whirlybirds (1958–59)
** ep. #71 / 2-32: "The Midnight Show" (a.d. December 8, 1958)
** ep. #79 / 3-1: "Guilty of Old Age" (a.d. April 13, 1959)
** ep. #80 / 3-2: "A Matter of Trust" (a.d. April 6, 1959)
** ep. #81 / 3-3: "Christmas in June" (a.d. April 20, 1959)
** ep. #82 / 3-4: "Til Death Do Us Part" (unknown air-date, probably April 27, 1959)
** ep. #83 / 3-5: "Time Limit" (a.d. May 4, 1959)
** ep. #84 / 3-6: "Experiment X-74" (a.d. May 11, 1959)
** ep. #87 / 3-9: "The Challenge" (a.d. June 1, 1959)
** ep. #88 / 3-10: "The Big Lie" (a.d. June 8, 1959)
** ep. #91 / 3-13: "The Perfect Crime" (a.d. June 29, 1959)
** ep. #92 / 3-14: "The Unknown Soldier" (a.d. July 6, 1959)
** ep. #93 / 3-15: "Two of a Kind" (a.d. July 13, 1959)
** ep. #94 / 3-16: "In Ways Mysterious" (a.d. July 20, 1959)
** ep. #97 / 3-19: "The Black Maria" (a.d. August 10, 1959)
** ep. #98 / 3-20: "The Sitting Duck" (a.d. August 17, 1959)
*:
** ep. 4-17: "The Triple Cross"
** ep. 4-23: "Shortcut to Hell"
** ep. 4-25: "R.I.P." (a.d. June 6, 1959)
*: uncertain; some sources cite Altman on these episodes; no known source cites anybody else
** ep. 4-18: "The Third Miracle"
** ep. 4-31: "Kill or Be Killed"
** ep. 4-32: "Backfire"
** ep. "Tapes For Murder"
** ep. "Special Delivery"
** ep. "Paper Bullets"
** ep. "Tarnished Star"- Troubleshooters (1959) (13 episodes)- Hawaiian Eye (1959) ep. 8: "Three Tickets to Lani" (a.d. November 25, 1959)- Sugarfoot (1959–60)
** ep. #47 / 3-7: "Apollo With A Gun" (a.d. December 8, 1959)
** ep. #50 / 3-10: "The Highbinder" (a.d. January 19, 1960)- Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse (1960)
** ep. "The Sound of Murder" (a.d. January 1, 1960)
** ep. "Death of a Dream"- The Gale Storm Show aka Oh! Susanna (1960) ep. #125 / 4-25: "It's Magic" (a.d. March 17, 1960)- Bronco (1960) ep #41 / 3-1: "The Mustangers" (a.d. October 17, 1960)- Maverick (1960) ep. #90: "Bolt From the Blue" (a.d. November 27, 1960)- The Roaring '20s (1960–61)
** ep. 1-5: "The Prairie Flower" (a.d. November 12, 1960)
** ep. 1-6: "Brother's Keeper" (a.d. November 19, 1960)
** ep. 1-8: "White Carnation" (a.d. December 3, 1960)
** ep. 1-12: "Dance Marathon" (a.d. January 14, 1961)
** ep. 1-15: "Two a Day" (a.d. February 4, 1961)
** ep. 1-28&29: "Right Off the Boat" Parts 1 & 2 (a.d. May 13/20, 1961)
** ep. 1-31: "Royal Tour" (a.d. June 3, 1961)
** ep. 2-4: "Standing Room Only" (a.d. October 28, 1961)- Bonanza (1960–61)
** ep. 2-13: "Silent Thunder" (a.d. December 10, 1960)
** ep. 2-19: "Bank Run" (a.d. January 28, 1961)
** ep. 2-25: "The Duke" (a.d. March 11, 1961)
** ep. 2-28: "The Rival" (a.d. April 15, 1961)
** ep. 2-31: "The Secret" (a.d. May 6, 1961)
** ep. 2-32 "The Dream Riders" (a.d. May 20, 1961)
** ep. 2-34: "Sam Hill" (a.d. June 3, 1961)
** ep. 3-7: "The Many Faces of Gideon Finch" (a.d. November 5, 1961)- Lawman (1961) ep. #92 / 3-16: "The Robbery" (a.d. January 1, 1961)- Surfside 6 (1961) ep. 1-18: "Thieves Among Honor" (a.d. Jan 30, 1961)- Peter Gunn (1958) ep. 3-28: "The Murder Bond" (a.d. April 24, 1961)- Bus Stop (1961–62)
** ep. 4: "The Covering Darkness" (a.d. October 22, 1961)
** ep. 5: "Portrait of a Hero" (a.d. October 29, 1961)
** ep. 8: "Accessory By Consent" (a.d. November 19, 1961)
** ep. 10: "A Lion Walks Among Us" (a.d. December 3, 1961)
** ep. 12: "... And the Pursuit of Evil" (a.d. December 17, 1961)
** ep. 15: "Summer Lightning" (a.d. January 7, 1962)
** ep. 23: "Door Without a Key" (a.d. March 4, 1962)
** ep. 25: "County General" possibly failed pilot (a.d. March 18, 1962)- Route 66 (1961)
** ep. #40/2-10: "Some of the People, Some of the Time' (a.d. December 1, 61)
** ep. 3-17: "A Gift For A Warrior" (a.d. January 18, 1963) - often incorrectly cited, Altman did not direct this- The Gallant Men (1962) pilot: "Battle Zone" (a.d. October 5, 1962)- Combat! (1962–63)
** ep. 1-1: "Forgotten Front" (a.d. October 2, 1962)
** ep. 1-2: "Rear Echelon Commandos" (a.d. October 9, 1962)
** ep. 1-4: "Any Second Now" (a.d. October 23, 1962)
** ep. 1-7: "Escape to Nowhere" (a.d. December 20, 1962)
** ep. 1-9: "Cat and Mouse" (a.d. December 4, 1962)
** ep. 1-10: "I Swear By Apollo" (a.d. December 11, 1962)
** ep. 1-12: "The Prisoner" (a.d. December 25, 1962)
** ep. 1-16: "The Volunteer" (a.d. January 22, 1963)
** ep. 1-20: "Off Limits" (a.d. February 19, 1963)
** ep. 1-23: "Survival" (a.d. March 12, 1963)- Kraft Suspense Theatre (1963)
** ep 1-8: "The Long Lost Life of Edward Smalley" (also writer) (a.d. December 12, 1963)
** ep 1-9: "The Hunt" (also writer) (a.d. December 19, 1963)
** ep 1-21: "Once Upon a Savage Night"
**: released as TV-Movie Nightmare in Chicago in 1964- The Long Hot Summer (1965) pilot- Nightwatch (1968) pilot: "The Suitcase"- Premiere (1968) ep. "Walk in the Sky" (a.d. July 15 1968)- Saturday Night Live (1977) ep. #39 / 2-16 "h: Sissy Spacek", seg. "Sissy's Roles" (a.d. March 12, 1977)- Gun (aka Robert Altman's Gun) (1997) ep. 4: "All the President's Women" (a.d. May 10 1997)
*: this episode, along with another, was released on DVD as Gun: Fatal Betrayal; subsequently, the entire six-episode series was released

**参考**

**延伸阅读**
  isbn=978-1-78023-522-6 - The director's commentary on the McCabe & Mrs. Miller DVD, while focusing on that film, also to some degree covers Altman's general methodology as a director.- Judith M. Kass. Robert Altman: American Innovator early (1978) assessment of the director's work and his interest in gambling. Part of Leonard Maltin's Popular Library filmmaker series.- The English band Maxïmo Park have a song named "Robert Altman", a b-side to their single "Our Velocity"- The Criterion Collection has released several of Altman's films on DVD (Short Cuts, 3 Women, Tanner '88, Secret Honor) which include audio commentary and video interviews with him that shed light on his directing style.- Charles Warren, "Cavell, Altman and Cassavetes" in the Stanley Cavell special issue, Jeffey Crouse (ed.), Film International, Issue 22, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2006, pp. 14–20.- Rick Armstrong, "Robert Altman: Critical Essays" Actors, historians, film scholars, and cultural theorists reflect on Altman and his five-decade career...(McFarland, February 18, 2011)- Mitchell Zuckoff, Robert Altman: The Oral Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. 978-0-307-26768-9- Description and details on the Short Cuts Soundtrack for more in-depth information about this title.- Helene Keyssar, Robert Altman's America. Oxford, 1991

**外部连结**
 0000265- 27237760- 14032-  Robert Altman bibliography date=20180809140104 ，来自柏克莱加州大学媒体资源中心