掸语

shàn语（ရှမ်းဘာသာ，；Shan language）是dǎi耶语（လိၵ်ႈတႆး，lik.táj，ၵႂၢမ်းတႆး，或ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး，；ภาษาไทใหญ่）在缅语和英语中的通称。傣耶语是傣耶人（掸族）最主要的语言，掸邦的官方语言之一，也是德宏傣族景颇族自治州一种傣族方言，在其它傣语支语言中时称「尧语」（ngiːwˀ，ngʸawˀ，ngyawˀ/ngɛːwˀ，ngyiːewˀ）。

**简述**
说掸语的人自称大傣(Tai Yai或Tai Long)。“掸”是他称，可能是暹罗一词的讹传。
掸语与傣那语非常接近。属台语支的西南部语群。
南掸邦的掸语（傣耶语）一般用傣耶文书写，傣耶文非常接近缅文，与中国的傣绷文相同。20世纪60年代之前使用的老傣耶文还不能完整地记录掸语的语音。现行的傣耶文和语音对应良好。北掸邦接近克钦的地区的掸语（傣耶语）使用傣卯文，与东克钦、德宏的傣那文是同一文种；东掸邦的掸语（傣耶语）和傣痕语共用昙摩文，即西双版纳老傣文。

**掸语音系**

**辅音**
掸语有19个辅音。与泰语和老挝语不同，掸语没有IPA|d和IPA|b两个浊口腔塞音，古内爆浊音今读浊鼻塞音。
1 声门爆破音一般标记在未终止的短元音后，或者在一个元音前的无声“a”。
2 开头的IPA|f只见于某些方言词中，其他方言区一般发音为IPA|pʰ。
3 颤音很少见，一般用于英语或巴利语外来词中。很多掸族人不会发IPA|r这个音，有时发IPA|l作为替代。

**元音**
掸语有10个元音，13个双元音：
和泰语相比，掸语的元音的比较简单。掸族人在学习泰语时很难发出ia、ua、uea（IPA|ɯa）等双元音。此外，掸语没有三元音，在长元音和短元音方面也没有泰语那样系统性的区别。

**声调**
掸语的元音有抑止元音和自由元音的对立，两者的声调有所不同。根据方言差异，掸语有五个或六个声调。第六个声调只在北部方言出现。

**自由元音音节的声调对比**
下表是六个自由元音音节表示的声调，即以m、n、ŋ、w等响音结尾的闭音节，和以j结尾的开音节。- The symbol in the first column corresponds to conventions used for other tonal languages; the second is derived from the Shan orthography.
下表是具体音位的声调示例:
掸语声调与泰语声调对应，如下所示:
# 掸语的升调接近泰语的升调。
# The Shan low tone is equivalent to the Thai low tone.
# The Shan mid-tone is different from the Thai mid-tone. It falls in the end.
# The Shan high tone is close to the Thai high tone. But it is not rising.
# The Shan falling tone is different from the Thai falling tone. It is short, creaky and ends with a glottal stop.

**抑止元音音节的声调对比**
下表是四个抑止元音音节（入声）表示的声调，即以声门塞音ʔ及p、t、k三个阻碍音 结尾的闭音节。

**音节结构**
The syllable structure of Shan is C(G)V((V)/(C)), which is to say the onset consists of a consonant optionally followed by a glide, and the rhyme consists of a monophthong alone, a monophthong with a consonant, or a diphthong alone. (Only in some dialects, a diphthong may also be followed by a consonant.) 
The glides are: -w-, -y- and -r-.
There are seven possible final consonants: /ŋ/, /n/, /m/, /k/, /t/, /p/, and /ʔ/.
Some representative words are:
*CV /kɔ/ also
*CVC /kàːt/ market
*CGV /kwàː/ to go
*CGVC /kwaːŋ/ broad
*CVV /kǎi/ far
*CGVV /kwáːi/ water buffalo
Typical Shan words are monosyllabic. Multisyllabic words are mostly Pali loanwords, or Burmese words with the initial weak syllable /ə/.

**注释**

**参考文献**
 The Major Languages of East and South-East Asia. Bernard Comrie (London, 1990).- A Guide to the World's Languages. Merritt Ruhlen (Stanford, 1991).- Shan for English Speakers. Irving I. Glick & Sao Tern Moeng (Dunwoody Press, Wheaton, 1991).- Shan - English Dictionary. Sao Tern Moeng (Dunwoody Press, Kensington, 1995).- An English and Shan Dictionary. H. W. Mix (American Baptist Mission Press, Rangoon, 1920; Revised edition by S.H.A.N., Chiang Mai, 2001).- Grammar of the Shan Language. J. N. Cushing (American Baptist Mission Press, Rangoon, 1887).

**延伸阅读**
 Sai Kam Mong. The History and Development of the Shan Scripts. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, 2004. ISBN 974-9575-50-4

**外部连结**
 Ethnologue entry date=20120929065106 - Shan-language Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words date=20120113085940  (from Wiktionary's  Swadesh-list appendix date=20101027084401 )- Shan Alphabet date=20110429185656 - The New Testament written in Shan- SIL Padauk Font (Shan Unicode) date=20170430104017 - SEAlang Library Shan Dictionary date=20210308073412