菲利普·安德森

菲利普·沃伦·安德森（Philip Warren Anderson，catIdx=A），美国物理学家。
物理上，在反铁磁性、高温超导等领域有重大贡献。
因「对磁性和无序体系电子结构的基础性理论研究」与内维尔·莫特、约翰·凡扶累克一同获得1977年的诺贝尔物理学奖。

**生平**
1923年出生于印第安纳波利斯并且在伊利诺伊州的厄巴纳度过他的童年，1940年他从厄巴纳的高级中学毕业。之后于哈佛大学完成了的学士学位并进入研究所。在约翰·凡扶累克的指导下学习物理。战争期间，安德森曾在美国海军研究实验室待上一段时间。1949年到1984年，安德森任职于纽泽西的贝尔实验室，广泛地研究了凝态物理的许多问题。这段期间他发现了局部化（Anderson localization）的概念；写下了安德森哈密顿算符以描述过渡金属系统中的电子。另外他还建议粒子物理学家寻找产生粒子质量的机制（后来所谓的希格斯机制）；发展了超导体BCS理论中的计算方法。针对1980年代高温超导体的发现，安德森提出共振价键(RVB)理论来解释这一现象。尽管许多人不接受这个想法，但这理论在自旋液体的研究中发挥了重要作用。
1963年被选为美国文理科学院院士。
1967年到1975年，安德森在剑桥大学担任理论物理学的教授。安德森还通过对层展现象的解释为科学哲学做出了概念上的贡献，这成为复杂系统科学的灵感来源。1972 年，他写了一篇名为“多者异也”(“More is different”)的文章，其中他强调了还原论的局限性和科学等级层次的存在，每一个层次都需要自己的基本原则。凝聚态系统由于包含的粒子数目非常巨大，可因量变导致质变，产生原本微观系统中不存在的新现象和性质。这篇文章可说是凝聚态物理的“独立宣言”。1977年，由于「对磁性和无序体系电子结构的基础性理论研究」他与内维尔·莫特、约翰·凡扶累克一同获得了诺贝尔物理学奖。这个研究为电子元件开关与记忆的技术提供了理论基础，对于后来电脑发展有重要贡献。1982年他获得了美国国家科学奖章。自1984起，他从贝尔实验室退休，到了普林斯顿大学主持约瑟·亨利物理教授席位。2006年何塞·索勒的一份分析统计比较了论文参考文献与引用数，指出安德森是世界上最有「创造力」的物理学家。

**著作**

**书籍**
  oclc = 782103851 -  isbn = 9789810232313 -  isbn = 9780201328301 -  isbn = 9780201156850 -  archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200819143532/https://books.google.com/books?id=m2sLGjfXyxwC -  isbn = 9780691043654 -  archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220716151718/https://books.google.com/books?id=tU9yOac455kC 

**期刊论文**
 cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = Absence of diffusion in certain random lattices | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1958-03-01_109_5/page/1492 | journal = Physical Review | volume = 109 | issue = 5 | pages = 1492–1505 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.109.1492 | date = March 1, 1958 |bibcode = 1958PhRv..109.1492A   Pdf. date=20170511073056 - cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = Plasmons, gauge invariance, and mass | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1963-04-01_130_1/page/439 | journal = Physical Review | volume = 130 | issue = 1 | pages = 439–442 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.130.439 | date = April 1, 1963 |bibcode = 1963PhRv..130..439A   Pdf.- cite journal | last1 = 安德森 | first1 = 菲利普 | last2 = Halperin | first2 = Bertrand I. | last3 = Varma | first3 = Chandra M. | author-link2 = Bertrand I. Halperin | title=Anomalous low-temperature thermal properties of glasses and spin glasses | journal=Philosophical Magazine | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–9 | doi = 10.1080/14786437208229210 | date = January 1972 |bibcode = 1972PMag...25....1A   Pdf. date=20170329133021 - Cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = More is different | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1972-08-04_177_4047/page/393 | journal = Science | volume = 177 | issue = 4047 | pages = 393–396 | doi = 10.1126/science.177.4047.393 | jstor = 1734697 | pmid = 17796623 | date = August 4, 1972 |bibcode = 1972Sci...177..393A   Pdf. date=20191122012135 - Cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = The resonating valence bond state in La2CuO4 and superconductivity | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1987-03-06_235_4793/page/1196 | journal = Science | volume = 235 | issue = 4793 | pages = 1196–1198  
s2cid = 28146486   Pdf.- cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = Physics: the opening to complexity | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 92 | issue = 15 | pages = 6653–6654 | date = July 18, 1995 | jstor = 236771 |bibcode = 1995PNAS...92.6653A |doi = 10.1073/pnas.92.15.6653 | pmid = 11607557 | pmc = 41390 | doi-access = free   Pdf. date=20170510132846 - cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = Mind over matter: Review of The Large, the Small and the Human Mind by Roger Penrose | journal = Nature | volume = 386 | issue = 6624 | page = 456 | doi = 10.1038/386456c0 | date = April 3, 1997 |bibcode = 1997Natur.386..456A | s2cid = 4336986 | doi-access = free - cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = When the electron falls apart | journal = Physics Today | volume = 50 | issue = 10 | pages = 42–49 | doi = 10.1063/1.881959 | date = October 1997 |bibcode = 1997PhT....50j..42A - cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = Computing: solving problems in finite time | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1999-07-08_400_6740/page/115 | journal = Nature | volume = 400 | issue = 6740 | page = 115 | doi = 10.1038/22001 | pmid = 10408432 | date = July 8, 1999 |bibcode = 1999Natur.400..115A | doi-access = free  - cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = Brainwashed by Feynman? | journal = Physics Today | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 11–14 | doi = 10.1063/1.882955 | date = February 2000 |bibcode = 2000PhT....53b..11A | doi-access = free   Pdf.- cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = Thinking big | journal = Nature | volume = 437 | issue = 7059 | pages = 625–626 | doi = 10.1038/437625a | pmid = 16193027 | date = September 27, 2005 |bibcode = 2005Natur.437..625A | s2cid = 4416556 - Cite journal | last = 安德森 | first = 菲利普 | title = Twenty years of talking past each other: the theory of high TC | journal = Physica C | volume = 460–462 |issue=Part 1 | pages = 3–6 | doi = 10.1016/j.physc.2007.03.261 | date = September 1, 2007 |bibcode = 2007PhyC..460....3A 

**参考资料**

**外部连结**
  Philip W. Anderson, Autobiography (The Nobel Foundation, 1977, 2005). date=20130602075437 -  Philip Warren Anderson date=20210325043043 -  Anderson's Princeton web page-  Video clip of Philip Anderson speaking at the International Conference on Complex Systems, Hosted by the New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI)-  Oral History interview transcript with Philip W. Anderson 30 March, 30 May, & 23 November 1999, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives date=20150112074322 -  Oral History interview transcript with Philip W. Anderson 13 July 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives date=20150112081407