文化资本

文化资本（le capital culturel，cultural capital）是一种已被广为接受的社会学概念，由皮耶·布迪厄首先提出。布迪厄和让–克洛德·帕斯隆于《文化再制与社会再制》一书中首次使用到了此一名词。在本书中，他试图去说明法国在1960年代间教育支出的不同。之后经过了再次地阐述和发展之后，文化资本在《资本的形式》（The Forms of Capital）中被指为另一个形式的资本，并在《国家贵族》（The State Nobility）中被指为较高等的教育。对于布迪厄来说，资本在一个交易系统中扮演着一种社会关系，而且这一词并延伸至指所有不论是物质性的或是象征性的商品，那些商品是稀有的且在特定的社会组成之下是值得去追寻的。而文化资本即是指包含了可以赋予权力和地位的累积文化知识的一种社会关系。

**和其他类型的资本之间的关系**
在《资本的形式》中，布迪厄区分出了四种类型的资本：
*经济资本：对经济资源（钱、财物）的拥有。
*社会资本：群体上的资源、关系、影响与扶持的网络。布迪厄定义社会资本为「拥有相识和认可等多少有些制度性关系的坚固网络，这些实际或潜在资源的总和」。
*文化资本：知识的类型、技能、教育、任何一种个人可以让他自己在社会上获得较高地位的优势，包括他人对自己高度的期许。父母给与孩子们文化资本，可以把教育体系变成舒适且熟悉的地方而使他们易于成功的态度及知识。- 符号资本：个人的魅力、声望以及权威和信誉（个人在信用、名望和认可上有用的资源），符号资本同时具有感受不到和感受得到的特质。

**文化资本的类型**
皮埃尔·布尔迪厄指出，文化资本包括三种子类型：体现化的、具体化的和制度化的。
*体现化文化资本（Embodied Cultral Capital）是指被内化于个人中的文化资本，即个体所具有的，浸入身心的素质。例如基本的言行举止，或知识，技能等。
*具体化文化资本（Objectified Cultural Capital）是指个体在身外拥有的物品。如科学制置或艺术作品等物品。这些文化产品可以物理性地作为经济资本被转移（卖出），且「象征性」地作为文化资本。然而，一个人虽然可以经由拥有一幅画来得到具体文化资本，但若他有着相应类型的（因画的转买而可能或不会被转移的）内含文化资本，他就可以只是「消费」这幅画（了解其文化意涵）。
*制度化文化资本（Institutionalised Cultural Capital）是指个人所持有的文化资本在制度上被广泛认可，一般最常指的是学业证书或执照。这主要是在劳动市场里被认知。它允许文化资本能较为简易地被转变成经济资本，经由对成就在制度上的等级加以给定其金钱价值。

**参考文献**
De Graaf, N., De Graaf, P., & Kraaykamp, G., (2000) “Parental cultural capital and educational attainment in the Netherlands: a refinement of the cultural capital perspective” in Sociology of Education, v.73, i.2, pp.92-11
*Dolby, N., (2000) “Race, National, State: Multiculturalism in Australia” in Arena Magazine, v.45, pp.48-51
*Dumais, S., (2002) “Cultural Capital, Gender, and School Success: the role of habitus” in Sociology of Education, v.75, i.1, pp.44-68
*Emirbayer, M., & Williams, E., (2005) “Bourdieu and Social Work” in Social Service Review, v.79, i.4 p689-725
*Emmison, M., & Frow, J., (1998) “Information Technology as Cultural Capital” in Australian Universities Review, Issue 1/1998, p.41-45
*Gorder, K., (1980) “Understanding School Knowledge: a critical appraisal of Basil Bernstein and Pierre Bourdieu” in Robbins, D., (2000) Pierre Bourdieu Volume II, Sage Publications, London, pp.218-233
*Harker, R., (1990) “Education and Cultural Capital” in Harker, R., Mahar, C., & Wilkes, C., (eds) (1990) An Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu: the practice of theory, Macmillan Press, London
*Kalmijn, M., & Kraaykamp, G., (1996) “Race, cultural capital, and schooling: An analysis of trends in the United States” in Sociology of Education, v.69, i.1, pp.22-34
*King, A., “Structure and Agency” in Harrington, A., (ed) (2005) Modern Social Theory: an introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp.215-232
*Kingston, P., (2001) “The Uunfulfilled Promise of Cultural Capital Theory” in Sociology of Education, Extra Issue, pp.88-99
*Martin, B., & Szelenyi, I., (1987) “Beyond Cultural Capital: toward a theory of symbolic domination” in Robbins, D., (ed) (2000) Pierre Bourdieu Volume I, Sage Publications, London, pp.278-302
*Robbins, D., (1991) The Work of Pierre Bourdieu: recognising society, Open University Press, Buckingham
*Robinson, R., & Garnier, M., (1986) “Class Reproduction among Men and Women in France: reproduction theory on its home ground” in Robbins, D., (ed) (2000) Pierre Bourdieu Volume I, Sage Publications, London, pp.144-153
*Rössel, Jörg and Claudia Beckert-Zieglschmid, 2002: Die Reproduktion kulturellen Kapitals. Zeitschrift für Soziologie 31: 497 - 513.
*Stanton-Salazar, R., & Dornbusch, S., (1995) “Social Capital and the Reproduction of Inequality: information networks among Mexican-origin high school students” in Sociology of Education (Albany), v.68, i.2
*Webb, J., Schirato, T. & Danaher, G., (2002) Understanding Bourdieu, Sage Publications, London

**另见**
皮埃尔·布迪厄
*社会资本
*文化研究
*人力资本
*个人资本

**相关阅读**
Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction Bourdieu and Passeron. In Richard K. Brown (Ed.), Knowledge, Education and Cultural Change. London: Tavistock.
*Les Trois états du capital culturel in Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 30 (1979), pp. 3–6.
*The Forms of Capital: English version published 1986 in J.G. Richardson's Handbook for Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, pp. 241–258.- 0803983204&id=vl0n9_wrrbUC&dq=%22Reproduction+in+Education%22 Bourdieu,Pierre and Jean Claude Passeron, (1990) Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture, Sage Publications Inc, ISBN 0803983204 - Bourdieu,Pierre (1996), The State Nobility, Translated by Lauretta C. Clough Foreword by Loic J. D. Wacquant, - 0226785955&id=wtv6upysjjgC&dq=%22cultural+capital%22 Swartz,David (1998), Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu,  University of Chicago Press ISBN 0226785955 - 0202305244&id=_CmvGsWXwYcC&dq=%22cultural+capital%22 Farkas,George (1996), Human Capital Or Cultural Capital?: Ethnicity and Poverty Groups in an Urban School District,Publisher: Aldine Transaction, ISBN 0202305244  and  date=20120406091622 - 0803976267&id=TAQ4FXkKEf8C&dq=%22The+State+Nobility+%22 Fowler,Bridget (1997), Pierre Bourdieu and Cultural Theory, Sage Publications Inc, ISBN 0803976267 
**First published 1983 in German  as Ökonomisches Kapital - Kulturelles Kapital - Soziales Kapital in Soziale Ungleichheiten, edited by Reinhard Kreckel, pp. 183–198.- The Forms of Capital- HyperBourdieu World Catalogue) "A comprehensive, contextual and referential  bibliography and mediagraphy of all works and public statements by Pierre Bourdieu" date=20201124174239 - 0761973419&id=ACA5u-F2PlMC&pg=PA37&lpg=PA37&dq=%22cultural+capital%22&sig=Q4zsnh-3tlJ-GwSFMJGc2kA3KKI  The Sage Dictionary of Cultural Studies