语言人类学

语言人类学（Linguistic Anthropology）是人类学的分支，将语言学研究方法运用于人类学问题上，将语言或符号的形式与过程联结到社会文化过程的诠释。

**历史发展**

**人类学式的语言学**
最早的理论典范原本被称为语言学（linguistics），虽然当这门学科及相关的研究领域发展成熟之后，称为 「人类学式的语言学」（anthropological linguistics）。这个领域专门研究这个次学科所独有的一些主题：对于被视为注定要灭绝的语言所做的语言学记录（有一些北美原住民语言成为这个次学科学者所关注的焦点），例如：- 语法描述，- 类型学分类 ，以及- 关于语言相对论的未决议题（关连到爱德华·萨丕尔与本杰明·李·沃夫，但实际上由法兰兹·鲍亚士所发展，在他之前，有一长串欧洲思想家，从詹巴蒂斯塔·维柯到约翰·戈特弗里德·赫尔德到威廉·冯·洪堡）。所谓的萨丕尔-沃夫假说可能是个不当的用词，这是就这个两位学者的科学取向，有别于科学上的实证论、以假说为取向的模型。无论如何，这个名词是Harry Hoijer（萨丕尔的学生）所创（Hoijer 1954; see also HIll and Mannheim 1992）。

**语言人类学**
在1960年代，Dell Hymes主要负责发起第二种理论典范，将「语言人类学」（linguistic anthropology）这个名称固定下来，虽然他也创造了「言谈民族志」（ethnography of speaking，或「沟通民族志」 ethnography of communication）这个术语，来描述他为这个学术领域所设想的架构。这包含了运用录音设备等新的科技发展。
海姆斯也引介了一种新的分析单位。有鉴于在第一种理论典范聚焦于表面上独特的「语言」（引号表示当代的语言人类学家将「一个语言」的概念视为一种理想建构，从而掩盖了这个语言内部的复杂性，以及「跨越」所谓的语言界线的复杂性）；第二种理论典范的分析单位是「言谈事件」（speech event）。（言谈事件是一个事件，由发生在这个事件之中的言谈所界定的，例如，一场晚宴并不是一个言谈事件，而是一个言谈情境，在这种情境下，言谈可能会发生，也可能不会发生。）有许多学者专注于在这些言谈事件中，参与者对他们的语言表现型态所提出的解释。
海姆斯也开创了语言人类学的一种研究方法，Ethnopoetics。
海姆斯希望将语言人类学更密切联结到人类学这个母学科。语言人类学这个名称强调它的首要身份是人类学，并且是「人类学式的语言学」。如今这在大多数的大学是一门独立学科（而不是在法兰兹·鲍亚士和萨丕尔的时代）。然而，语言人类学这个理论典范，标志着它跟人类学的其他分支学科进一步的疏远。

**透过语言学方法与资料所从事的人类学议题研究**
在1980年代后期兴起的第三种理论典范，并不是继续追求来自一个让人类学感到陌生的学科（语言学）的各项议题，语言人类学家有系统地专注于自己母学科人类学所提出的各项议题，但运用了语言学的资料和方法。在这第三种理论典范的热门研究议题，包括社会身份认同的调查研究、普遍共同具有的意识形态，以及在个人和团体之间的互动中，论述的建构与运用方式。

**研究兴趣领域**
当代语言人类学研究延续了上述的三个理论典范。有几个领域关连到第三种典范，也就是对于人类学议题的研究，这是当代语言人类学家特别专注的领域。

**身分认同**
语言人类学的作品有许多从语言学角度探讨社会文化认同的议题。语言人类学家库利克（Don Kulick）在巴布亚纽几内亚一个名为迦普恩（Gapun）的村落，依据对许多场景的分析，研究语言与认同的关系。库利克探讨了迦普恩的儿童如何使用两种语言──传统语言「塔伊阿普」（Taiap）只在自己村落使用，从而标示了一种根本赋予的（primordially）迦普恩人身分认同。另一种语言则是巴布亚皮钦语（在纽几内亚盛行的官方语言）。 （语言人类学家使用「标示」（indexical）这个字的意思是指标性。）

**参阅**
 人类学- 语言学- 社会语言学- Sociocultural linguistics- 沟通- 民族志- 法兰兹·鲍亚士- 认同- 意识型态- Indexicality- 符号学- 班杰明·李·沃尔夫- 语言接触

**注释**

**引用文献**
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*Duranti, Alessandro. 1992. Language and Bodies in Social Space: Samoan Greetings. American Anthropologist 94:657-691.
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**进阶阅读**
 Ahearn, Laura M. 2011. Living Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.- Baugh, J. & J. Sherzer. eds. 1984. Language in use. Prentice Hall.- Blount, Ben G. ed. 1995. Language, Culture, and Society: A Book of Readings. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.- Bonvillain, Nancy. 1993. Language, culture, and communication: The meaning of messages. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.- Brenneis, Donald; and Ronald K. S. Macaulay. 1996. The matrix of language: Contemporary linguistic anthropology. Boulder: Westview.- Duranti, Alessandro. 1997. Linguistic Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.- Duranti, Alessandro. ed. 2001. Key terms in language and culture. Malden, MA: Blackwell.- Duranti, Alessandro. ed. 2001. Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader. Malden, MA: Blackwell.- Duranti, Alessandro. ed. 2004. Companion to Linguistic Anthropology. Malden, MA: Blackwell.- Duranti, Alessandro and Charles Goodwin. eds. 1992. Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon. Studies in the social and cultural foundations of language (No. 11). Cambridge: Cambridge University.- Fitch, K. and G. Philipsen. 1995. Ethnography of speaking. In Handbook of pragmatics. J. Verschueren, J.-O. Östman,  J. Blommaert, eds. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.- Foley, W. A. 1997. Anthropological linguistics: an introduction. Blackwell.- Frank, Francine and Frank Anshen. 1984. Language and the sexes. Albany: State U of NY Press.- Giglioli, Pier Paolo. 1972. Language and social context: Selected readings. Middlesex: Penguin Books.- Goffman, Erving 1981. Forms of talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.- Gumperz, John and Dell Hymes. eds. 1964. The ethnography of communication. American Anthropologist, 66 (6, Part 2), 1-186. - Gumperz, John J. ed. 1982. Language and social identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Gumperz, John J. and Dell Hymes. eds. 1972. Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.- Hanks, William F. 1996. Language and communicative practices. Critical essays in anthropology(No. 1). Boulder, CO: Westview.- Harrison, K. David. 2007. When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. New York and London: Oxford University Press.- Hill, Jane H. 2001. Language, Race, and White Public Space. In Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader. A. Duranti, ed. Pp. 450-464. Malden: Blackwell.- Morgan, M. ed. 1994. Language and the social construction of identity. Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies, UCLA.- Newmeyer, F. J. ed. 1989. Language: The socio-cultural context. New York: Cambridge University Press.  - Philipsen, G. 1992. Speaking culturally. Albany: State University of New York Press. - Salzmann, Zdenek. 1998. Language, culture, & society (2nd ed.). Westview Press.- Sanches, M. and B. G. Blount. eds. 1975. Sociocultural dimensions of language use. New York: Academic Press.- Schiffman, H. 1996. Linguistic culture and language policy. Routledge.- Silverstein, Michael. 1994.  Shifters, Linguistic Categories, and Cultural Description. In Language, Culture, and Society: A Book of Readings. B.G. Blount, ed. Pp. 187-221. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.- Tedlock, Dennis and Bruce Mannheim. 1995. The dialogic emergence of culture. Champaign: University of Illinois.- Whorf, Benjamin Lee. 1956. Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings. J. B. Carroll, ed. Cambridge: Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

**外部连结**
可于网路下载的本文所引述作者的著作- Alessandro Duranti的著作 - Joel Kuipers的著作- Elinor Ochs的著作 date=20060828021311 - Bambi Schieffelin的著作 date=20110606234912 - James Wilce的著作 date=20061205190843