黄麻

黄麻（Corchorus）是一种长而柔软的、发出光泽的植物纤维，可以织成高强度的粗糙的细丝。它在植物分类上属于椴树亚科的黄麻属。
黄麻是最廉价的天然纤维之一，种植量和用途的广泛都仅次于棉花。 它和洋麻、大麻、亚麻、苎麻等同样属于韧皮纤维（从植物内皮或外皮提取的纤维）。纤维的颜色从白色到褐色，长1–4 米。
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**耕种栽培**
适合种植黄麻的气候为在盛行季风季节的季风气候（温暖，潮湿的气候）。适宜的气温为20˚C至40˚C和相对湿度70％-80％。 ：黄麻在播种期间需要比其他时期多5-8厘米/周的降雨。

**品种**

**圆果黄麻(White Jute)**
圆果黄麻（学名：Corchorus capsularis），在中国称作白黄麻。在几个历史记录中指出，贫穷的印度村民穿用黄麻制成的衣服。用简单的手摇纺织机和手纺车进行织布，将黄麻当成纺棉纱使用。历史上还指出，孟加拉人从更早的时代，就把家庭和其他用途的白黄麻制成的绳索和细绳。

**长蒴黄麻(Tossa Jute)**
长蒴黄麻（学名：Corchorus olitorius） ，在中国称作红麻，是非洲 - 阿拉伯的品种和锦葵科的成员（跟棉花同一科）。他也是很受欢迎的叶用蔬菜，阿拉伯人称为“molokhiya”（ملوخية=“国王”的意思），其叶为成分跟秋葵黏滑的成分相似。 犹太人在约伯记提到长果黄麻也是一种称作棣棠花（Jew's mallow）的蔬菜。
长果黄麻纤维比圆果黄麻更柔软、柔滑。也发现很适合在恒河三角洲气候栽种。19世纪时，随着圆果黄麻栽种，长果黄麻也开始在孟加拉栽培。目前，孟加拉地区（巴基斯坦、印度和孟加拉）是长果黄麻的世界最大的生产地区。

**用途**
黄麻可用于防洪
黄麻是重要性仅次于棉花的植物纤维；拥有多种用途。首先是用于原棉打包的包装运输袋，其次是制成袋子或粗布，还可以织成窗帘、椅套、地毯、粗麻布和油布的衬背，更可以当作造纸原料。黄麻杆也可当作燃料、活性碳、纤维版等，可以取代伐木工业的部分性质。

**特征**
 黄麻纤维可以100%进行生物分解和回收，对环境无害。- 它是一种拥有黄金和丝绸光泽的天然纤维，因而被称为“金色纤维”。- 它是最便宜的植物纤维，取自植物的茎的内皮或外皮。- 它在使用、全球消费量、生产和实用方面的重要性仅次于棉花的植物纤维。- 它的抗张强度很高，延展性低，防水性能较好。因此，黄麻非常适合于大批量农产品的包装。

**注释**

**参考**
 Basu, G., A. K. Sinha, and S. N. Chattopadhyay. "Properties of Jute Based Ternary Blended Bulked Yarns". Man-Made Textiles in India. Vol. 48, no. 9 (Sep. 2005): 350–353. (AN 18605324)- Chattopadhyay, S. N., N. C. Pan, and A. Day. "A Novel Process of Dyeing of Jute Fabric Using Reactive Dye". Textile Industry of India. Vol. 42, no. 9 (Sep. 2004): 15–22. (AN 17093709)- Doraiswamy, I., A. Basu, and K. P. Chellamani. "Development of Fine Quality Jute Fibres". Colourage. Nov. 6–8, 1998, 2p. (AN TDH0624047199903296)- Kozlowski, R., and S. Manys. "Green Fibres". Textile Industry: Winning Strategies for the New Millennium—Papers Presented at the World Conference. Feb. 10–13, 1999: 29 (13p). (AN TDH0646343200106392)- Madhu, T. "Bio-Composites—An Overview". Textile Magazine. Vol. 43, no. 8 (Jun. 2002): 49 (2 pp). (AN TDH0656367200206816)- Maulik, S. R. "Chemical Modification of Jute". Asian Textile Journal. Vol. 10, no. 7 (Jul. 2001): 99 (8 pp). (AN TDH0648424200108473)- Moses, J. Jeyakodi, and M. Ramasamy. "Quality Improvement on Jute and Jute Cotton Materials Using Enzyme Treatment and Natural Dyeing". Man-Made Textiles in India. Vol. 47, no. 7 (Jul. 2004): 252–255. (AN 14075527)- Pan, N. C., S. N. Chattopadhyay, and A. Day. "Dyeing of Jute Fabric with Natural Dye Extracted from Marigold Flower". Asian Textile Journal. Vol. 13, no. 7 (Jul. 2004): 80–82. (AN 15081016)- Pan, N. C., A. Day, and K. K. Mahalanabis. "Properties of Jute". Indian Textile Journal. Vol. 110, no. 5 (Feb. 2000): 16. (AN TDH0635236200004885)- Roy, T. K. G., S. K. Chatterjee, and B. D. Gupta. "Comparative Studies on Bleaching and Dyeing of Jute after Processing with Mineral Oil in Water Emulsion vis-a-vis Self-Emulsifiable Castor Oil". Colourage. Vol. 49, no. 8 (Aug. 2002): 27 (5 pp). (AN TDH0657901200208350)- Shenai, V. A. "Enzyme Treatment". Indian Textile Journal. Vol. 114, no. 2 (Nov. 2003): 112–113. (AN 13153355)- Srinivasan, J., A. Venkatachalam, and P. Radhakrishnan. "Small-Scale Jute Spinning: An Analysis". Textile Magazine. Vol. 40, no. 4 (Feb. 1999): 29. (ANTDH0624005199903254)- Vijayakumar, K. A., and P. R. Raajendraa. "A New Method to Determine the Proportion of Jute in a Jute/Cotton Blend". Asian Textile Journal, Vol. 14, no. 5 (May 2005): 70-72. (AN 18137355)

**参考文献**

**外部链接**
  International Jute Study Group (IJSG) Resources about Jute, Kenaf and Roselle Plants.-  Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue Universitydate=20090905153422  Some chemistry and medicinal information on Tossa Jute.-  International Jute Study Group (IJSG). A UN collaboration for learning various aspects of Jute and Kenaf. Its headquarter is located in Dhaka, Bangladesh.-  Bangladeshi Ministry of Jute and Textile (Jute Division). The ministry in Bangladesh directly concerned with jute.-  Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI)date=20061123211116 . The Institute in Bangladesh dedicated for jute research.-  Institute of Jute Technology, Kolkata, India. An institute for advanced research on jute and allied fibres.-  The Golden Fibre Trade Centre Limited (GFTCL) Commercial site used (with permission) as source and contributor for much of this article.