时间地理学

时间地理学（time geography）或时空地理学（time-space geography）是关于空间和时间过程和事件的发展中的跨学科视角，其中事件可以是社会互动、种间关系、社会和环境变化，甚至个人传记。时间地理学“本身并不是一个学科领域”，而是一个整合的本体论框架和Visual language，其中空间和时间是动态过程分析的基本维度。时间地理学最初是由人文地理学家发明的，但如今已应用于交通运输、Regional planning、地理学，人类学、Time-use research、生态学、环境科学和公共卫生等多个领域。瑞典地理学家Bo Lenntorp认为：“它是一种基本方法，每个研究人员都可以依照自己的方式将其与理论考虑联系起来。”

**起源**
瑞典地理学家托斯腾·哈格斯特朗基于他早期的关于瑞典人口迁徙模式的经验研究中的思想，于1960年代中期创立了时间地理学。他使用“一种关于研究时空框架内事件如何发生的物理方法”，寻求“一种发现大型社会环境机制运作方式的方法”。哈格斯特朗在一定程度上受到了时空物理学的概念进步和物理主义哲学的启发。
哈格斯特朗最早的时间地理学表述非正式地描述了其主要的本体论特征：在一定情景下，“个体在时空中画出了一条轨迹”。“生活轨迹被束缚在一系列的制约之网中，其中有些制约是生理和身体上的需要所施加的，有些是私人和集体决定所施加的”。哈格斯特朗表示“不可能提供所有可视作时空现象的制约的类别，”但他“初步描述”了三种重要的制约类别：- 能力制约（capability constraints）：由于个体的生物学结构和/或他们可掌握的工具而对其个体活动的限制，- 组合制约（coupling constraints）：“界定一人必须在何处、何时以及持续多久地与其他人、工具和材料一同进行生产、消费和交易”的限制（与关键路径分析密切相关），以及- 权威制约（authority constraints）：对领域或“时空实体的限制，其中事物和事件在特定的个人或特定的群体的控制下”。
Visual language的示例：时空立方体、轨迹、棱柱、束和其他概念。
哈格斯特朗用新创立的图形符号形式说明了这些概念（一定程度上是受Musical notation的启发），如：- 时空水族馆（space-time aquarium）或时空立方体（space-time cube），以空间和时间坐标的轴测投影的形式表示各轨迹；- 时空棱柱（space-time prism），它表示在特定的能力制约和组合制约的情况下，个体在时空中可能的行为；- 轨迹束（bundles），它们是轨迹的汇合处，部分是由于它们的能力制约和组合制约而形成的，并且有助于创建“地方秩序嵌套（pockets of local order）”；- 同心管（concentric tubes）或可及性环（rings of accessibility），标示特定个体的某些能力制约，例如空间大小有限，手、口、听觉和视觉能力有限；以及- 领域的嵌套层级（nested hierarchies of domains），表示特定个人或群组的权威制约。
尽管这种创新的Visual language是时间地理学的基本特征，但哈格斯特朗的同事Bo Lenntorp强调，它是作为基础的本体论的产物，不能本末倒置。记号系统是一种非常有用的工具，但是对于丰富的世界观而言却是相当贫乏的反映。许多情况下，记号工具一直是时间地理学的标志。但是，作为基础的本体论才是最重要的功能。时间地理并不只是与时间-地理图有关，就像音乐不只是与音乐符号有关一样。哈格斯特朗随后解释说：“这其中蕴含的是一个四维世界的形式。它不能完全以图形方式描绘。但话说回来，人应该能够足够清晰地想象它，以便指导经验和理论研究。”
到1981年，地理学家Nigel Thrift和Allan Pred已经在为时间地理学辩护，以反驳那些认为其“只是空间和时间组织的僵硬的描述性模型、只能用于可达性制约分析（以及社会工程学的相关活动）”的人。他们认为，时间地理学不仅仅是制约的模型；它是对现实的灵活而发展的思考方式，可以补足多种理论和研究方法。此后的几十年中，哈格斯特朗等人一直在努力阐明他最初的一套概念。哈格斯特朗晚年时不再使用“时间地理学”一词来指代这种思维方式，而改为使用诸如“拓扑生态学”等。

**后续发展**
2019
自1980年代以来，时间地理学已得到社会科学、生物科学和跨学科领域的研究者的应用。
1993年，英国地理学家吉莉安·罗斯指出：“时间地理学在关注人们的日常轨迹方面与女性主义是相通的，并且和女性主义类似，通过考虑制约因素，将这类轨迹与更大的社会结构联系起来。”但是，她指出，时间地理学尚未应用于对女性主义者来说重要的问题上，她称其为“社会科学男性化”的一种形式。在随后的几十年中，Feminist geography家重新审视了时间地理学，并开始将其用作解决女权问题的工具。
GIS软件已经能够在各种空间尺度上计算和分析时间地理问题。这些分析使用了不同类型的网络数据集（例如步行网络、公路网络和公共交通时刻表）以及各种可视化策略。GeoTime等专用软件可以帮助进行时间地理视觉化和视觉分析。
时间地理学也被用作心理健康的Therapeutic assessment的一种形式。
本杰明·巴赫（Benjamin Bach）及其同事将时空立方体推广为一个时间数据可视化的框架，该框架适用于所有能够用两个维度外加时间来表示的数据。
在2019冠状病毒病疫情中，时间地理学方法在追踪密切接触者方面得到了应用。疫情大流行限制了人类的物理活动，也使得时间地理学在后疫情时代交往虚拟化、数字化的背景下必须采用新的方法。

**参见**
 个体为本模型- GIS and public health- Historical ecology- Historical geographic information system- Material flow analysis- MuSIASEM- Sankey diagram- Spatiotemporal database- Time–distance diagram

**脚注**

**参考文献**
 cite journal|title=Using network segments in the visualization of urban isochrones|url=http://jamaps.github.io/docs/allen_2018_isochrones.pdf|last=Allen|first=Jeff|date=February 2019|journal=Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization|issue=4|doi=10.3138/cart.53.4.2018-0013|volume=53|pages=262–270|language=en|s2cid=133986477|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2021-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629171512/http://jamaps.github.io/docs/allen_2018_isochrones.pdf|dead-url=no- s2cid=40858744- cite book|last1=Bach|editor1-last=Borgo|publisher=Eurographics|location=Geneva|series=EuroVis|title=Eurographics Conference on Visualization 2014|editor3-first=Ivan|editor3-last=Viola|editor2-first=Ross|editor2-last=Maciejewski|editor1-first=Rita|chapter=A review of temporal data visualizations based on space-time cube operations|first1=Benjamin|date=June 2014|first5=Sheelagh|last5=Carpendale|first4=Christophe|last4=Hurter|first3=Daniel|last3=Archambault|first2=Pierre|last2=Dragicevic|chapter-url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01006140|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2021-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827104959/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01006140|dead-url=no- dead-url=no- cite journal|title=Space–time modeling of grizzly bears|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-review_2000-04_90_2/page/206|first1=Leonard D|last2=Butler|first2=David R|date=April 2000|journal=Geographical Review|issue=2|doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2000.tb00331.x|volume=90|pages=206–221|jstor=216119|last1=Baer|s2cid=162614564- cite book|last1=Brasebin|first1=Mickaël|last2=Buard|first2=Elodie|year=2011|chapter=Visual exploration of large animal trajectories|title=Proceedings of the 25th International Cartographic Conference, Paris, 3–8 July 2011|location=Paris|publisher=International Cartographic Association|isbn=9781907075056|oclc=781048687|chapter-url=http://icaci.org/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2011/Oral%20Presentations%20PDF/C1-Analysis%20and%20visualisation%20of%20data%20over%20time/CO-186.pdf- oclc=63187516- doi=10.4324/9780429329036- doi-access=free- cite journal|title=The complex tapestry of everyday life|first1=Kajsa|last2=De Pater|first2=Ben|date=July 1999|journal=GeoJournal|issue=3|doi=10.1023/A:1007059105684|volume=48|pages=149–153|jstor=41147365|last1=Ellegård|s2cid=147585214- dead-url=no- cite journal|title=Torsten Hägerstrand's time-geography as the cradle of the activity approach in transport geography|url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:544278/FULLTEXT01.pdf|first1=Kajsa|last2=Svedin|first2=Uno|date=July 2012|journal=Journal of Transport Geography|doi=10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.023|volume=23|pages=17–25|last1=Ellegård|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2021-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629130648/https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:544278/FULLTEXT01.pdf|dead-url=no- cite techreport|last1=Fischer-Kowalski|last6=Remesch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215032617/http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/socec/downloads/WP121_WEB.pdf|url=http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/socec/downloads/WP121_WEB.pdf|issn=1726-3816|number=WP121|institution=Institute of Social Ecology, Klagenfurt University|title=Sociometabolic regimes in indigenous communities and the crucial role of working time: a comparison of case studies|date=March 2010|first6=Alexander|first5=Christian|first1=Marina|last5=Lauk|first4=Clemens M|last4=Grünbühel|first3=Lisa|last3=Ringhofer|first2=Simron Jit|last2=Singh|author-link1=Marina Fischer-Kowalski|archive-date=2016-02-15- s2cid=198174673- oclc=8629687- author-link1=Torsten Hägerstrand- doi=10.1007/978-4-431-87771-4- cite journal|title=Torsten Hägerstrand laudatio|last=Kuklinski|first=Antoni|journal=GeoJournal|issue=4|doi=10.1007/BF02602724|year=1987|volume=14|pages=503–510|jstor=41144140|s2cid=155401262- dead-url=no- cite journal|title=Affecting geospatial technologies: toward a feminist politics of emotion|url=http://meipokwan.org/Paper/PG_2007.pdf|last=Kwan|first=Mei-Po|journal=The Professional Geographer|issue=1|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9272.2007.00588.x|year=2007|volume=59|pages=22–34|s2cid=10120944|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2020-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113163234/http://meipokwan.org/Paper/PG_2007.pdf|dead-url=no- cite journal|title=Geo-narrative: extending geographic information systems for narrative analysis in qualitative and mixed-method research|url=http://meipokwan.org/Paper/PG_2008.pdf|first1=Mei-Po|last2=Ding|first2=Guoxiang|journal=The Professional Geographer|issue=4|doi=10.1080/00330120802211752|year=2008|volume=60|pages=443–465|last1=Kwan|s2cid=13008935|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2021-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006064713/http://meipokwan.org/Paper/PG_2008.pdf|dead-url=no- s2cid=132286834- dead-url=no- cite journal|title=Time-geography—at the end of its beginning|last=Lenntorp|first=Bo|date=July 1999|journal=GeoJournal|issue=3|doi=10.1023/A:1007067322523|volume=48|pages=155–158|jstor=41147366|s2cid=142500989- s2cid=140944093- cite journal|title=Bringing emotions to time geography: the case of mobilities of poverty|first1=Julia|last2=Dijst|first2=Martin|date=July 2012|journal=Journal of Transport Geography|doi=10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.019|volume=23|pages=26–34|last1=McQuoid- doi=10.1007/978-90-481-3487-8- cite book|last=Rose|first=Gillian|author-link=Gillian Rose (geographer)|year=1993|title=Feminism and geography: the limits of geographical knowledge|location=Minneapolis|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0816624171|oclc=27935641|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismgeograph00rose- cite journal|title=Re-reading time-geography from a gender perspective: examples from gendered mobility|first1=Christina|last2=Friberg|first2=Tora|date=December 2012|journal=Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie|issue=5|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9663.2012.00717.x|volume=103|pages=584–600|last3=Sandén|first3=Annika|last1=Scholten- cite journal|title='Doing' critical geographies with numbers|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_professional-geographer_2009-11_61_4/page/459|first1=Tim|last2=Kwan|first2=Mei-Po|journal=The Professional Geographer|issue=4|doi=10.1080/00330120903103072|year=2009|volume=61|pages=459–464|last1=Schwanen|s2cid=144480962- last1=Saeedimoghaddam- cite techreport|last1=Singh|date=March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215033146/http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/socec/downloads/WP120_Web.pdf|url=http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/socec/downloads/WP120_Web.pdf|issn=1726-3816|number=WP120|institution=Institute of Social Ecology, Klagenfurt University|title=Local studies manual: a researcher's guide for investigating the social metabolism of local rural systems|first5=Marina|first1=Simron Jit|last5=Fischer-Kowalski|first4=Fridolin|last4=Krausmann|first3=Willi|last3=Haas|first2=Lisa|last2=Ringhofer|archive-date=2016-02-15- cite journal|title=Looking through Hägerstrand's dual vistas: towards a unifying framework for time geography|last=Sui|first=Daniel Z|date=July 2012|journal=Journal of Transport Geography|doi=10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.020|volume=23|pages=5–16- dead-url=no- last1=Sunnqvist- s2cid=144455475- cite journal|title=Time-geography: a new beginning|first1=Nigel|last2=Pred|first2=Allan|date=June 1981|journal=Progress in Human Geography|issue=2|doi=10.1177/030913258100500209|volume=5|pages=277–286|last1=Thrift|author-link1=Nigel Thrift|author-link2=Allan Pred|s2cid=154098410- dead-url=no

**延伸阅读**
 cite journal|title=A reconsideration of personal boundaries in space-time|last=Adams|first=Paul Channing|date=June 1995|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|issue=2|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01794.x|volume=85|pages=267–285|jstor=2564314- cite book|last=Adams|first=Paul Channing|year=2009|title=Geographies of media and communication: a critical introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/geographiesofmed0000adam|series=Critical introductions to geography|location=Chichester, UK; Malden, MA|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=9781405154130|oclc=237788695- doi=10.1007/1-4020-2370-7_4- dead-url=no- cite journal|title=Physics of transport and traffic phenomena in biology: from molecular motors and cells to organisms|first1=Debashish|last2=Schadschneider|first2=Andreas|date=December 2005|journal=Physics of Life Reviews|issue=4|doi=10.1016/j.plrev.2005.09.001|volume=2|pages=318–352|arxiv=physics/0509025|bibcode=2005PhLRv...2..318C|last3=Nishinari|first3=Katsuhiro|last1=Chowdhury|s2cid=13191602- doi=10.1007/978-94-007-0214-1_17- cite book|last=Ellegård|first=Kajsa|date=2019|title=Thinking time geography: concepts, methods and applications|series=Routledge studies in human geography|location=Abingdon; New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781138573789|oclc=1055695801|doi=10.4324/9780203701386|url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1252285/FULLTEXT01.pdf|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2021-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628051535/https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1252285/FULLTEXT01.pdf|dead-url=no- cite book|editor-last=Ellegård|editor-first=Kajsa|date=2019|title=Time geography in the global context: an anthology|series=Routledge studies in human geography|location=Abingdon; New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781138573789|oclc=1035437517|doi=10.4324/9780203701393|url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1251648/FULLTEXT01.pdf|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2021-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628033924/https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1251648/FULLTEXT01.pdf|dead-url=no- cite book|last=Gren|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/timespacegeograp00thri/page/n220|isbn=978-0415180832|publisher=Routledge|location=London; New York|pages= 208–225|series=Critical geographies, 13|chapter-url-access=limited|title=TimeSpace: geographies of temporality|first=Martin|year=2001|editor2-first=Nigel J|editor2-last=Thrift|editor1-first=Jon|editor1-last=May|chapter=Time-geography matters|oclc=52996864- cite book|last=Kellerman|first=Aharon|year=1989|title=Time, space, and society: geographical societal perspectives|volume=11|series=GeoJournal library|location=Dordrecht; Boston|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|isbn=978-0792301233|oclc=19130678|doi=10.1007/978-94-009-2287-7|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-009-2287-7- cite journal|title=Population movement under extreme events|first1=Dror Y|last2=Portugali|first2=Juval|date=July 2012|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|issue=29|doi=10.1073/pnas.1209306109|volume=102|pages=11472–11473|bibcode=2012PNAS..10911472K|pmc=3406849|pmid=22778423|last1=Kenett- cite book|last=Kraak|title=Geographic visualization: concepts, tools and applications|oclc=191847101|isbn=9780470515112|pages= 293–306|publisher=Wiley|location=Chichester, England; Hoboken, NJ|chapter-url-access=limited|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/geographicvisual00dodg_752/page/n307|editor3-first=Martin|first=Menno-Jan|editor3-last=Turner|editor2-first=Mary|editor2-last=McDerby|editor1-first=Martin|editor1-last=Dodge|chapter=Geovisualization and time: new opportunities for the space-time cube|year=2008|doi=10.1002/9780470987643.ch15- cite journal|title=Beyond space (as we knew it): toward temporally integrated geographies of segregation, health, and accessibility|url=http://meipokwan.org/Paper/Annals_2013.pdf|last=Kwan|first=Mei-Po|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|issue=5|doi=10.1080/00045608.2013.792177|year=2013|volume=103|pages=1078–1086|s2cid=52022991|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2020-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215062454/http://meipokwan.org/Paper/Annals_2013.pdf|dead-url=no- dead-url=no- s2cid=129750716- doi=10.1002/9783527618712- cite journal|title=A review of quantitative methods for movement data|first1=Jed A|last2=Nelson|first2=Trisalyn A|journal=International Journal of Geographical Information Science|issue=2|doi=10.1080/13658816.2012.682578|year=2013|volume=27|pages=292–318|last1=Long|hdl=10023/5417|s2cid=15358225|hdl-access=free- cite journal|title=Space-time, 'science' and the relationship between physical geography and human geography|last=Massey|first=Doreen B|journal=Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers|issue=3|doi=10.1111/j.0020-2754.1999.00261.x|year=1999|volume=24|pages=261–276- cite journal|title=Human geography without time-space|last=Merriman|first=Peter|journal=Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers|issue=1|doi=10.1111/j.1475-5661.2011.00455.x|year=2012|volume=37|pages=13–27- cite journal|title=A GIS-based method to identify spatiotemporal gaps in public service delivery|url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2034089|first1=Tijs|last2=Delafontaine|first2=Matthias|date=March 2012|journal=Applied Geography|issue=2|doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.05.006|volume=32|pages=253–264|last3=Scott|first3=Darren M|last4=De Maeyer|first4=Philippe|last1=Neutens|hdl=1854/LU-2034089|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2021-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629120755/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2034089|dead-url=no- s2cid=129935266- cite journal|title=A three-dimensional network-based space–time prism|first1=Tijs|last2=Weghe|first2=Nico|date=March 2008|journal=Journal of Geographical Systems|issue=1|doi=10.1007/s10109-007-0057-x|volume=10|pages=89–107|bibcode=2008JGS....10...89N|last3=Witlox|first3=Frank|last4=Maeyer|first4=Philippe|last1=Neutens|s2cid=38314672- last1=Patten- cite book|last=Peuquet|first=Donna J|year=2002|title=Representations of space and time|url=https://archive.org/details/representationso0000peuq|location=New York|publisher=Guilford Press|isbn=978-1572307735|oclc=49530164- cite book|last=Post|first=Eric S|date=2019|title=Time in ecology: a theoretical framework|series=Monographs in population biology|volume=61|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691182353|oclc=1032655216|doi=10.1515/9780691185491|jstor=j.ctv3s8sns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XOYDwAAQBAJ|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2021-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705133611/https://books.google.com/books?id=5XOYDwAAQBAJ|dead-url=no- cite journal|title=Conceptualizing the healthscape: contributions of time geography, location technologies and spatial ecology to place and health research|first1=Daniel|last2=McDowell|first2=Ian|date=March 2010|journal=Social Science & Medicine|issue=5|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.035|volume=70|pages=668–676|pmid=19963310|last3=Krewski|first3=Daniel|last4=Sawada|first4=Mike|last1=Rainham- last1=Raubal- s2cid=30157340- cite book|last1=Richards|editor2-first=David T|isbn=978-0415305433|pages= 327–352|publisher=Routledge|location=London; New York|chapter-url-access=limited|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/unifyinggeograph00herb/page/n341|title=Unifying geography: common heritage, shared future|editor2-last=Herbert|first1=Keith|editor1-first=John A|editor1-last=Matthews|chapter=Space, time and science: individuals, emergence and geographies of space and place|year=2004|first3=Michael|last3=Bravo|first2=Michael|last2=Bithell|oclc=53814306- cite book|last1=Svee|first1=Eric-Oluf|last2=Sanches|first2=Pedro|last3=Bylund|first3=Markus|year=2009|chapter=Time geography rediscovered: a common language for location-oriented services|pages=1–4|title=Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Location and the Web, Boston, Massachusetts, April 4, 2009|location=New York|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|isbn=9781605584577|oclc=470652992|doi=10.1145/1507136.1507147|s2cid=9210735- doi-access=free