游说集团

烟草产业游说者提供给荷兰政治家卡尔梯卡·刘拓尔德的礼物
游说集团（Lobbying），又称院外集团或政治游说，是尝试影响立法人员或立法机构成员的政治决定或行为。游说由许多不同类型的人员、组织与团体，包括私人机构、企业、部分已经同意游说目的的立法人员、政府人员或利益团体进行。游说人员可能是某个选举区的投票者或已经形成共识的某个团体，也可能是一家公司员工。专业的游说人员可以代表他们的客户去影响立法、行政法规、政府决策、行为或政策。个人或非营利组织也可能进行游说，比如一家公司总裁为了一项计划与某位代表会谈，一个积极份子可能为了某个理念跟立法人员倡议某项法案，政府时常会界定并管制有影响力的游说团体。

**美国**
美国议会政治中很有代表性的政治现象。很多为利益集团代言、也有不少游说集团也同时为公众利益代言，对拥有立法权的参议院、众议院两院的议员进行游说，并从受益集团获取经济利益，这在美国的政治中心城市已经形成了一个产业链（旋转门）。其代表人物是杰克·阿布拉莫夫，有美国游说业“教父”之称。

**相关**
 战国策《说难》韩非- 智库- 行动主义- 倡导- 利益团体- 贿赂- 财阀- 门阀- 贵族- 深层政府- 政治献金- 《攻敌必救》 2016年美国电影，剧情描述游说团体之间的竞争

**参考文献**
  P. L. Petrillo, Form of government and lobbying in UE and UK, in (march, 2013) date=20210216131104 - Joos, Klemens: Lobbying in the new Europe. Successful representation of interests after the Treaty of Lisbon, 244 pages, ISBN 978-3-527-50597-5, Wiley VCH 2011- Geiger, Andreas: EU Lobbying handbook, A guide to modern participation in Brussels, 244 pages, ISBN 3-9811316-0-6, Helios Media GmbH, 2006-  GLOSSARY - Alphabetical list of terms associated with the Lobbying industry- The Bulletin, 16 March 2006, p. 14, Lobbying Europe: facts and fiction- The European Lawyer, December 2005/January 2006, p. 9, The lobbyists have landed- Financial Times, 3 October 2005, p. 8, Brussels braces for a U.S. lobbying invasion- Public Affairs News, November 2004, p. 34, Judgement Call- The European Lawyer, December 2004/January 2005, p. 26, Lifting the lid on lobbying- Pier Luigi Petrillo, Democracies under Pressures. Lobbies and Parliaments in a comparative public law, Giuffrè 2011 (www.giuffre.it)- Pietro Semeraro, I delitti di millantato credito e traffico di influenza,ed. Giuffre, Milano,2000.- Pietro Semeraro, Trading in Influence and Lobbying in the Spanish Criminal Code,  PDF date=20210225053059 - Wiszowaty, Marcin: Legal Regulation of Lobbying in New Members States of the European Union,  Arbeitspapiere und Materialien - Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universitat Bremen, No. 74: Heiko Pleines (ed.): Participation of Civil Society in New Modes of Governance. The Case of the New Member States. Part 2: Questions of Accountability date=20210804042712 . February 2006 (PDF)- Heiko Kretschmer/ Hans-Jörg Schmedes:  Enhancing Transparency in EU Lobbying? How the European Commission's Lack of Courage and Determination Impedes Substantial Progress date=20210216130033 ,  Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft date=20210314185328  1/ 2010, S. 112-122

**延伸阅读**

**外部连接**
 Lobbying (Politics)

**美国**
  Lobbyists.info date=20190105045213  - The largest, comprehensive database of 22,000 registered lobbyists. Contains searchable profiles of lobbyists and government relations professionals, their clients and issues.- dead-url=  - Fortune listed the top 25 lobbying groups in 1999.-  LobbyWatch - a project of the Center for Public Integrity with reports on lobbyists and lobbying efforts as well as a searchable database.-  OpenSecrets.org date=20210120172216 -  NoLobby.com - Capitalism Magazine mini-site. Opposes lobbying restrictions on free speech grounds.-  The Citizen's Guide to the U.S. Government - an online tutorial containing information for individuals who wish to address issues with their elected officials.-  Free Speech National Right to Life page containing documents opposing excessive regulation of "lobbying" as infringement on "right to petition" guaranteed by the First Amendment.-  Public Affairs Links-  First Street Research Group powered by https://web.archive.org/web/20120115155817/http://firststreet.cqpress.com/ - reports and analysis on the lobbying industry-  US Senate Lobbying-Database Search date=20201201162553 

**欧洲**
  Public Affairs Jobs HQ - news, jobs for lobbyists and policy professionals date=20210216131305 -  The Lobby Ticker date=20130514132302  - website of independent Austrian MEP Hans-Peter Martin with original lobbyist invitations and voting recommendations he received-  Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia date=20210216131206 -  PubAffairs - the public affairs network date=20210224232138 -  Public Affairs World date=20210216131225 -  LobbyPlanet website-  Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation (ALTER-EU) date=20210416100128 -  Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) date=20190406181828 -  EuroBrussels, the European Affairs Jobsite date=20210216131245 - euroXpress  www.euroxpress.es date=20210226034702 -  Spinwatch date=20190916011325 -  The New EU, European Affairs Jobs Community-  Alliance for Lobbying Transparency date=20210415055635  - UK based campaign-  OECD: Special Session on Lobbying: Enhancing Transparency and Accountability 7–8 June 2007