科普特语

科普特字母表
科普特语（label=布海拉科普特语），是晚期阶段的古埃及语，形成于纪元前。纪元伊始，人们开始借鉴希腊字母，创制出了科普特语的子音字母；又照古埃及文的世俗体文字，创制出了母音字母，由此设计完成了一套科普特语字母。公元3世纪，出现大量用科普特语誊抄的希腊文献，尤其是基督教经文。迦克墩公会议后，亚历山大学派反对确立耶稣「一位二性」的信经，与罗马天主教分道扬镳，出现了科普特教派。科普特语言文字在科普特教派的信徒的使用中得到继承发扬。科普特语曾在埃及各地广泛使用，但后来逐渐被埃及阿拉伯语取代。现在，科普特语只在埃及科普特人的教会中使用。

**文字**
科普特文使用一种基本上完全从希腊字母衍生出来的书写系统，外带有着世俗体埃及文起源的一些字母。

**音系**

**元音**

**辅音**

**文法**
科普特语有主语-动词-宾语词序，但当有正确的前置词在主语之前时可以是动词-主语-宾语词序。数、性、时态和语气都用来自新埃及语的前缀指示。更早期的埃及语阶段通过后缀来完成。一些后缀屈折的痕迹存留于科普特语中，主要用来指示不可转让所有关系和用在一些动词中，比较中古埃及语形式 *satāpafa“he chooses”(在象形文中写为 stp.f)与科普特语 f.sotp ϥⲥⲱⲧⲡ̅“he chooses”。

**参考文献**

**引用**

**一般研究**
 Emmel, Stephen. 1992. "Languages (Coptic)". In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel Freedman. Vol. 4 of 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. 180–188.-  year=1976- Gignac, Francis Thomas. 1991. "Old Coptic". In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillian Publishing Company and Collier Macmillian Canada. 169—188.- Rodolphe Kasser. 1991. "Dialects". In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillian Publishing Company and Collier Macmillian Canada. 87—96.- Wolfgang Kosack Lehrbuch des Koptischen.Teil I:Koptische Grammatik.Teil II:Koptische  Lesestücke, Graz 1974.- Loprieno, Antonio. 1995. Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.- Hans Jakob Polotsky. 1971. "Coptic". In Afroasiatic: A Survey, edited by Carleton Taylor Hodge. (Jana Linguarum: Series Practica; 163). 's Gravenhage and Paris: Mouton. 67–79.

**文法**
   Henry Tattam, A compendious grammar of the Egyptian language as contained in the Coptic, Sahidic, and Bashmuric Dialects (London 1863) date=20150405024255 - Marius Chaîne. 1933. Éléments de grammaire dialectale copte: bohairique, sahidique, achmimique, fayoumique. Paris: Paul Geuthner.- Eberle, Andrea, & Regine Schulz.  2004.  Koptisch - Ein Leitfaden durch das Saïdische.  LINCOM Languages of the World/Materials 07.  Munich:  LINCOM Europa.- Lambdin, Thomas Oden. 1983. Introduction to Sahidic Coptic. Macon: Mercer University Press.- Layton, Bentley. 2000. A Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect): With a Chrestomathy and Glossary. (Porta linguarum orientalium; N.S., 20). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.- Layton, Bentley. 2007. Coptic in 20 Lessons: Introduction to Sahidic Coptic with Exercises and Vocabularies.  Peeters Publishers, ISBN 90-429-1810-1.- Mallon, Alexis. 1956. Grammaire copte: bibliographie, chrestomathie et vocabulaire. 4th edition. Beyrouth.- Mattar, Nabil. 1990. A Study in Bohairic Coptic. Pasadena: Hope Publishing House.- Hans Jakob Polotsky. 1987. Grundlagen des koptischen Satzbaus. American Studies in Papyrology 28. Decatur, Ga.: Scholars Press.- Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1988. Coptic Grammatical Chrestomathy: a course for academic and private study. Orientalia lovaniensia analecta 30. Leuven: Peeters.- Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1986. Coptic Grammatical Categories: Structural Studies in the Syntax of Shenoutean Sahidic. Analecta Orientalia 53. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. ISBN 88-7653-255-2.- Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 2007. Topics in Coptic Syntax: Structural Studies in the Bohairic Dialect. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 160. Leuven - Paris - Dudley, MA: Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-1875-7.- Till, Walter C. 1994. Koptische Dialektgrammatik. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.- Jozef Vergote. 1973–1983. Grammaire copte. Leuven: Peeters.- Younan, Sameh. 2005.  So, you want to learn Coptic? A guide to Bohairic Grammar date=20130921081241 . Sydney: St.Mary, St.Bakhomious and St.Shenouda Coptic Orthodox Church.

**词典**
 Černý, Jaroslav. 1976. Coptic Etymological Dictionary. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.- Wolfgang Kosack: Lehrbuch des Koptischen.Teil I:Koptische Grammatik.Teil II:Koptische Lesestücke, Graz 1974.- Wolfgang Kosack: Koptisches Handlexikon des Bohairischen. Koptisch - Deutsch - Arabisch. Verlag Christoph Brunner, Basel 2013, ISBN 978-3-9524018-9-7.- Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.- Vycichl, Werner. 1983. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte. Leuven: Éditions Peeters.- Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.

**语音**
 Depuydt, Leo. 1993. "On Coptic Sounds." Orientalia 62 (new series): 338–375.- Loprieno, Antonio. 1997. "Egyptian and Coptic Phonology". In Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Including the Caucasus), edited by Alan S. Kaye. Vol. 1 of 2 vols. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 431–460.- Peust, Carsten. 1999.  Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Languagefix-attempted=no . (Monographien zur ägyptischen Sprache; 2). Göttingen: Peust & Gutschmidt.

**书目**
 Kammerer, Winifred (compiler), A Coptic Bibliography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1950. (Reprint New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969)- Wolfgang Kosack: Der koptische Heiligenkalender. Deutsch - Koptisch - Arabisch nach den besten Quellen neu bearbeitet und vollständig herausgegeben mit Index Sanctorum koptischer Heiliger, Index der Namen auf Koptisch, Koptische Patriarchenliste, Geografische Liste. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-9524018-4-2.- Wolfgang Kosack: Schenute von Atripe De judicio finale. Papyruskodex 63000.IV im Museo Egizio di Torino. Einleitung, Textbearbeitung und Übersetzung herausgegeben von Wolfgang Kosack. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-9524018-5-9.

**参阅**
科普特百科全书
*科普特学
*埃及语
*埃及阿拉伯语

**外部连结**
  By Alin Suciu, a blog on Coptic literature and manuscripts date=20110903013008 -  France-copte.net By Mikhail David, French coptic site.-  Copticsounds – a resource for the study of Coptic phonology date=20110718092046 - http://sites.google.com/site/pisakho/Home date=20210308023606 : Coptic language  internet links date=20210307213341  and  bibliography date=20210308065509 -  Coptica.ch date=20210424010326  Online library of Coptic texts at University of Geneva (site text in French)-  New Athena Unicode font; includes the new Coptic range-  Online Coptic tutorial date=20060428014113 -  A comprehensive Coptic language resource (Remenkimi)-  Coptic block in the Unicode 4.1 standard date=20210420221153 - Heike Behlmer,  Selected Bibliography on the Coptic Language date=20060819071419 -  Coptic texts and manuscripts at Leiden University Library-  Ifao N Copte date=20210423170737  – A professional Coptic font for researchers.-  a set of Coptic fonts-  GNU FreeFont date=20140819150808 —FreeSerif face includes a Coptic range.