方济各会

香港马鞍山圣方济堂内的方济铜像
方济各会（Ordines Franciscani），又称方济会，是天主教托钵修会派别之一。这些修会由亚西西的方济各于1209年创立，分为三大组：- Primera Orden de San Francisco，包括：
** 小兄弟会（最大的分支，故常与方济各会混用）、Order of Friars Minor Conventual和嘉布遣小兄弟会- Segunda Orden de San Francisco，包括：
** 贫穷修女会等- Third Order of Saint Francis，包括：
** Secular Franciscan Order等

**始创人**
创始人为亚西西的方济各，原名乔瓦尼·贝纳多内（Giovanni Benadone），他年轻时常饮酒作乐，父亲甚为担忧，方济曾在反对王公贵族的战役中被掳达一年之久，之后又染重病，一步一步地让他悔改归正，于1208年之后开始在亚西西周围游行，帮助困苦无依之人并重修教堂。过着模仿基督耶稣、极度贫穷的生活，他相信以此种方式才能脱离世俗、不受影响、专心跟从基督。此派修道士的特点是：将所有财物都捐给穷人、靠布施行乞过生活、直属罗马教宗的管辖、潜心研究学问、四处讲道，甚至最后成为教宗用来压制异端的工具，这些行乞修会成员对当时西欧的生活产生非常惊人的影响。
第七任总会长圣文德总主教

**历史**
方济会效忠罗马教廷，重视学术研究和文化教育事业，反对异端，为传扬福音而到处游方。于1209年由意大利亚西西的圣方济得教宗依诺森三世的批准成立。1223年教宗何诺三世批准其重新撰写第二会规。
初创时，会内不置产业，靠双手工作为生，有需要时则行乞，故为托钵派。及后，方济会日益兴旺，获准拥有产业，难再过贫苦生活，内部因而分裂为守规派、住院派和嘉布遣派三支派。其中，守规派改革当时日趋安逸的修会，主张坚守方济最初创会的教导过贫穷生活、他们因拒绝接受教宗要他们改变规例而遭到迫害，并在16世纪时通过传教向外发展；接受改变规例的方济会士称之为住院派。方济的同乡佳兰（加辣，嘉勒）在方济创建的女修会担任第一任会长，倡导隐修，称方济第二会（又称佳兰会）。方济亦为在俗人士设立了第三会，入会者不必出家，只须在修会指导下过福音生活。

**中国**
1289年，方济会会士孟高维诺总主教，受罗马教廷派遣前往时值元朝统治的中国。经海路，1291年抵达泉州，1294年抵达大都（今北京），是为最早期的来华天主教传教士（当时尚未有基督新教）。
天主教在元末中国中断之后，于明末再度进入中国。方济会再次进入中国是从1633年抵达福建福安的利安当（Antonio de Santa Maria Caballero，OFM，1602-1669）神父开始。

**现时运作**
全球小兄弟会的总中心设于罗马，由以总会长为首的服务团队（参议员）作中央协调。一万五千多名的小兄弟分布于113个国家，隶属于不同会省。台湾及香港小兄弟合为中华之-{后}-会省；香港兄弟属于孟高维诺会区，属于中华之-{后}-会省。

**注释**

**参考文献**

**书籍**
 The Poor and the Perfect: The Rise of Learning in the Franciscan Order, 1209–1310 by Neslihan Senocak. (Cornell University Press; 2012) 280 pages; shows how Franciscans shifted away from an early emphasis on poverty and humility and instead emphasized educational roles
*A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517 by John Richard Humpidge Moorman, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1988.  ISBN 978-0-8199-0921-3
*Origins of the Franciscan Order by Cajetan Esser, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1970.  ISBN 978-0-8199-0408-9
*The Leonine Union of the Order of Friars Minor by Maurice Carmody, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994.  ISBN 978-1-57659-084-3
*Friars Minor in China: 1294 – 1944, by Arnulf Camps and Pat McCloskey, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1996.  ISBN 978-1-57659-002-7
*In the Name of St. Francis: A History of the Friars Minor and Franciscanism until the Early Sixteenth Century, by Grado Giovanni Merlo, translated by Robert J. Karris and Raphael Bonanno, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2009.  ISBN 978-1-57659-155-0
*The History of Franciscan Theology, by Kenan Osborne, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994.  ISBN 978-1-57659-032-4
*Friars Minor in Ireland from Their Arrival to 1400, by Francis Cotter, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994. ISBN 978-1-57659-083-6
*The Franciscan Spirituals and the Capuchin Reform, by Thaddeus MacVicar, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1986.  ISBN 978-1-57659-086-7
*Medieval Franciscan Houses, by John R. H. Moorman, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1983.  ISBN 978-1-57659-079-9
*A Poor Man's Legacy: An Anthology of Franciscan Poverty, by Cyprian Lynch, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1989. ISBN 978-1-57659-069-0
*The Franciscan Concept of Mission in the High Middle Ages, by E. Randolph Daniel, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1992. ISBN 0-8131-1315-6
*Peace and Good in America, A History of the Holy Name Province, Order of the Friars Minor, 1850s to the Present, by Joseph M. White, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2004. ISBN 978-1-57659-196-3
*The Birth of a Movement, by David Flood and Thaddee Matura, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1975. ISBN 978-0-8199-0567-3
*A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517 by John R. H. Moorman, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (1968) ISBN 0-19-826425-9; reprint: Franciscan Herald Press, Chicago, IL (1988) ISBN 0-8199-0921-1
*Franciscan Philosophy at Oxford in the Thirteenth Century by D.E. Sharp, Oxford University Press, London (1930); (a more recent ed.: ISBN 0-576-99216-X)
*Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (3rd Edition) by C.H. Lawrence, ISBN 0-582-40427-4
*The Spiritual Franciscans: From Protest to Persecution in the Century After Saint Francis by David Burr. ISBN 0-271-02128-4
*Francis and Clare: The Complete Works By Ignatius C. Brady, Regis J. Armstrong, Paulist Press, Mahwah, New Jersey, (1982) ISBN 0-8091-2446-7
*The Fraternal Economy: A Pastoral Psychology of Franciscan Economics By David B. Couturier, Cloverdale Books, South Bend (2007) ISBN 978-1-929569-23-6
*Francis of Assisi: Early Documents 3 Volumes. Edited by Regis J. Armstrong, OFM Cap., J.A. Wayne Hellmann, OFM Conv., and William J. Short, OFM. New York: New City Press. Copyright 1999, Franciscan Institute of Saint Bonaventure University, Saint Bonaventure, NY. ISBN 978-1-56548-110-7.- "The Franciscan Story" by Maurice Carmody, Athena Press Publishing Co. UK (2008). ISBN 1-84748-141-8 ; ISBN 978-1-84748-141-2- "Santo António de Lisboa - Da Ciência da Escritura ao Livro da Natureza", Maria Cândida Monteiro Pacheco, Imprensa Nacional casa da Moeda,Lisboa, (1997), ISBN 972-27-0855-4- "O Simbolismo da Natureza em Santo António de Lisboa", José Acácio Aguiar e Castro,Universidade Católica Portugesa- Fundação Engº António de Almeida, Porto, 1997, ISBN UCP 972-9290.13-X /FEAA 972-8386-03-6

**文章**
 Schmucki, Oktavian (2000) "Die Regel des Johannes von Matha und die Regel des Franziskus von Assisi. Ähnlichkeiten und Eigenheiten. Neue Beziehungen zum Islam" (pp. 219–244) in Cipollone, Giulio (ed.). La Liberazione dei 'Captivi' tra Cristianità e Islam: Oltre la Crociata e il Gihâd: Tolleranza e Servizio Umanitario. (CollectaneaArchivi Vaticani, 46.) Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Vatican City.-  , Masha Halevi, Between Faith and Science: Franciscan Archaeology in the Service of the Holy Places, Middle Eastern Studies Volume 48, Issue 2, 2012pages 249-267 date=20200420170900 

**外部连结**
  耶路撒冷方济圣经学院Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem-  方济会中华省香港区会 date=20210124145636 -  FRANCISCAN AUTHORS, 13TH - 18TH CENTURY- 方济会总会网站Ordo Fratrum Minorum Franciscan Friars date=20220324060133