阿卡 (以色列)

阿科（ʻAkkō，Acre），或阿卡（ʻAkkā），是一座位于以色列北部加利利西部的城市，距离耶路撒冷约152公里。阿卡是持续有人类居住的最古老的城市之一。2011年人口为46,464人，约75%为犹太人，25%为阿拉伯人。在1948年被以色列占领之前，大多数阿卡居民是阿拉伯人。

**中世纪**
第一次十字军东征建立耶路撒冷王国后，十字军进攻阿卡，经过约4年围困后，阿卡于1104年向十字军投降。阿卡成为十字军在巴勒斯坦的主要港口。到1130年代，阿卡人口约有25,000人，当时耶路撒冷王国境内只有耶路撒冷城的规模可与阿卡相比。
埃及的萨拉丁在1187年的哈丁战役击败十字军后攻占耶路撒冷，随后未经战斗即占领阿卡、西顿等地。第三次十字军东征时，十字军于1191年攻占阿卡。随着十字军运动的衰落，地中海东岸的其它十字军城镇相继失守，阿卡变成一座孤城，终于在1291年被马穆鲁克王朝攻陷。

**近代及现代**
因阿卡及其周围有大量巴哈伊信仰的圣地，故2008年，阿卡与海法的巴哈伊信仰相关地点被列入世界遗产名录。
Akko-44-Saeulenkarawanserei-2010-gje.jpg
Akko-52-Saeulenkarawanserei-2010-gje.jpg
Akko-Al-Jazar-Moschee-14-Hof-2010-gje.jpg
Akko-Al-Jazar-Moschee-18-Portal-2010-gje.jpg
Akko-Al-Jazar-Moschee-20-innen-2010-gje.jpg
Akko-28-Suesswarenhaendler-2010-gje.jpg
Akko-60-Meer-2010-gje.jpg

**参考文献**

**延伸阅读**
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*publisher=Printed for the author, by W. Bowyer
*cite book|title=Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC|first=Denys|last=Pringle|year=1997|isbn=0521-46010-7|publisher=Cambridge University Press|access-date=2015-07-01|archive-date=2020-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608230937/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC|url-status=live (pp.  16 date=2015-09-24 -17)
*citation |last=Riley-Smith |first=J. |author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith |title=A History of the World-Object: Hedwig glass beaker |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/2GL6QSA8SMmcMCtPgHQJsw |publisher=BBC |year=2010 |access-date=2010-06-25 |archive-date=2019-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529072735/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/2GL6QSA8SMmcMCtPgHQJsw |url-status=live 
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**外部链接**
  Old City of Acre - The Official Website（Old Acre Development Company - OADC）-  Acre's History date=20060705214819 （Jewish Virtual Library）-  The Acre prison break date=20161104120245 （Jewish Virtual Library）-  Names by which Acre has been known & pictures（Bibleplaces.com）-  Hazlitt's Classical Gazetteer-  Acre Walls（OADC）-  The Tourists Guide to Acre date=20090806063051 - Photos of Acco date=20210318004559