人文主义

人文主义（Humanism），又译人本主义、人类主义、人道主义（译为人道主义时常与另一种人道主义（Humanitarianism）混用）是一种基于理性和仁慈为哲学理论的世界观。作为一种生活哲学，人文主义从仁慈的人性获得启示，并通过理性推理来指导。
人文主义以理性推理为思想基础，以仁慈博爱为基本价值观。个人兴趣、尊严、思想自由、人与人之间的容忍和无暴力相处等，都是人文主义内涵范畴。同时，与人本主义心理学和人道主义关系密切。
除了一般无宗教的世俗人文主义外，也存在有宗教的人文主义，在各个主要宗教中，人文主义一般与该宗教的信仰和传统相结合。有些人文主义还认为，人有需要参加仪式和规则，并组织一些团体来满足这种需要。相比唯物主义，人文主义注重人的精神心灵；另一方面，人文主义注重理性。因此，有无神论的人文主义者认为，和理性精神相违背的神灵崇拜的宗教精神，并不是人文主义。

**词源及定义**
“humanism”一词来源于拉丁语的“人性”（humanitas）一词，后者最早由西塞罗用来描述与自由教育有关的价值观，在当时自由教育这一概念类似于今天的艺术、哲学、历史、文学。这个词在意大利文艺复兴时期以意大利语“umanista”再度出现，在十六世纪传入英语世界，不过当时这个词并非以humanism的形式描述思想，而是以humanist的形式代指一群研究和倡导基于古典文学的教育的人2pp=1-2。19世纪早期，以“humanismus”的形式传入德语，之后再从德语以学术上的对古典文学的倡导及对非宗教性生活的追求这两种意义传回英语2pp=18–19。“humanism”这一概念于不晚于1901年传入中国，而其对应的中文“人文主义”一词则最早出现于胡先骕翻译的《白璧德中西人文教育谈》一文（发表于《学衡》第三期，1922年）。
可能是巴伐利亚神学家弗里德里希·伊曼努尔·尼特哈默尔创造了人文主义一词，用以描述他计划在德国中学开设的古典学课程。不久后，格奥尔·沃伊特和雅各·布克哈特在内的一批学者采用了这个术语pp=9–10。在20世纪，这个词的含义被进一步完善，并被赋予了当代含义，即对生活的自然主义态度，关注人类的福祉和自由pp=3–4。

**人文主义思想的历史**

**古希腊**
古希腊在西方，古希腊的苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德等，也提出一些早期人文主义思想观点。 

**文艺复兴时期**
现代生产方式出现，不但动摇中世纪社会基础，而且确立个人价值，肯定现实生活意义，促进世俗文化发展，由此形成与宗教神权文化对立之思想——人文主义。人文主义肯定人是生活创造者和主人，他们要求文学艺术表现人的思想和感情，科学为人生谋福利，教育发展人的个性，即要求把思想、感情、智慧都从神学的束缚中解放出来。因此，人文主义的学者和艺术家提倡人性以反对神性，提倡人权以反对神权，提倡个性自由以反对人身依附。

**现代**
经历两次世界大战后，西方国家对人类自身反思越发明显。随着冷战开始，1960年代后，美国和西欧爆发一系列反传统运动和民权运动、女权运动、以及20世纪末崛起的LGBT权利运动后，西方国家趋向世俗化，无宗教信仰者的比例日益增加。人文主义的主张及理念，为无宗教信仰者提供一个近似宗教的信仰和价值观。

**参见**
 理性- 人本主义- 人道主义- 神曲
*人文主义国际
*人文主义者国际

**参考文献**

**引用**

**来源**
 cite book|last=Blackham|first=H. J.|author-link=H. J. Blackham|editor=Paul Kurtz|title=The Humanist Alternative: Some Definitions of Humanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40IbAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Pemberton|isbn=978-0-87975-013-8|chapter=A definition of humanism|access-date=2021-08-26|archive-date=2022-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201235319/https://books.google.com/books?id=40IbAAAAMAAJ|dead-url=no- cite web|last=Bonazzi|first=Mauro|title=Protagoras|website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=2020-09-08|edition=Fall 2020|editor=Edward N. Zalta|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/protagoras/|access-date=2021-05-27|archive-date=2022-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203192154/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/protagoras/|dead-url=no- cite book|last=Butler|first=Philip|editor=Anthony B. Pinn|title=The Oxford Handbook of Humanism|url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-20|year=2020|publisher=Pemberton|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.20|chapter=Humanism and the Conceptualization of Value and Well-Being|pages=644–664|isbn=978-0-19-092153-8|access-date=2021-08-26|archive-date=2022-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201235342/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-20|dead-url=no- dead-url=no- dead-url=no- cite book|last=Copson|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Copson|editor=A. C. Grayling|others=Andrew Copson|title=The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ|date=2 June 2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-97717-9|chapter=What is Humanism?|pages=1–72|ref=harv|access-date=2021-08-26|archive-date=2022-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202000807/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ|dead-url=no- dead-url=no- dead-url=no-  s2cid=145380913 - cite book|last=Engelke|first=Matthew|editor=A. C. Grayling|others=Andrew Copson|title=The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ|date=2 June 2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-97717-9|chapter=Humanist Ceremonies: The Case of Non-Religious Funerals in England|pages=216–233|access-date=2021-08-26|archive-date=2022-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202000807/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ|dead-url=no- dead-url=no- cite book|last=Fowler|first=Merv R|editor=A. C. Grayling|others=Andrew Copson|title=The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ|date=2015-06-02|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-97717-9|chapter=Ancient China|pages=133–152|access-date=2021-08-26|archive-date=2022-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202000807/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ|dead-url=no- dead-url=no- cite book|last=Grayling|first=A.C.|author-link=安东尼·克利福德·格雷林|editor=A. C. Grayling|others=Andrew Copson|title=The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ|date=2015-06-02|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-97717-9|chapter=The Good and Worthwhile Life|pages=87–84|access-date=2021-08-26|archive-date=2022-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202000807/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ|dead-url=no- cite book|last=Jakelić|first=Slavica|editor=Anthony B. Pinn|title=The Oxford Handbook of Humanism|url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-8|year=2020|publisher=Pemberton|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.8|chapter=Humanism and Its Critics|pages=264–293|isbn=978-0-19-092153-8|access-date=2021-08-26|archive-date=2022-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201235437/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-8|dead-url=no- dead-url=no- cite book|last=Haworth|first=Alan|editor=A. C. Grayling|others=Andrew Copson|title=The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ|date=2 June 2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-97717-9|chapter=Humanism and the Political Order|pages=255–279|access-date=2021-08-26|archive-date=2022-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202000807/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ|dead-url=no
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**外部链接**
 高宣扬： 〈法国哲学界对人文主义的新辩论〉 date=20210205004724 （2006）-  西方人文主义传统 date=20210205004803 -  人文主义宗教与宗教人文主义——从中国早期宗教和人文主义传统看儒学的性质