空降部队

time=2014-05-20T02:48:24+00:00 -{H|zh-cn:空降兵; zh-tw:空降部队;}-
空降
军事跳伞或滑翔前运人员或物资的形式。
用途
提供人员，设备或耗材。
起源
起源于1927年11月意大利部队。


空降部队（Airborne forces）属于军事单位，早期为轻装步兵，近年分演为「伞兵」、「Glider infantry」、「空中突击兵」3种。其部队运动通常采用运输机等航空器进行“空投”来战斗。因此，他们可以投入敌后，有能力在几乎任何地方进行部署。二战直到现在空降兵仍然具有高度风险，空降部队的编队辎重往往是有限的，只能经由他们的航空器进行运输，难以汇集足够持续的军力，因此主要的优势在于情报得利之“在几分钟内突然冒出的数量和大小”，否则一旦没配合好就会遭遇重大损失，欧美称为「垂直包围行动」（vertical envelopment）。

**一般**
空降部队运用概分为3类：
*伞降：伞兵从运输机、航空器、飞行器上用降落伞降落；
*Glider infantry：士兵从固定翼航空器降落（通常是Military glider，非民用型滑翔机）投入战场；
*空中突击：或称空中机动，士兵由战斗直升机或倾转旋翼机、动力三轮车（Para-trike，动力滑翔翼、滑翔伞、动力飞行伞）、超轻航三轮车等旋翼航空器前运。
空降的基本前提是，他们可以快速抵达，不能快速部署一个连贯的防御。据推测，这种战术上的优势不能持续很长，所以伞兵必须善用敌人的资材，不断通过空中补给或等待地面部队以得到支援。虽然空降部队在运输过程中通常手无寸铁，但是，他们的突然出现带给守卫部队一瞬间「惊奇」或「冲击」。
空降部队一般（早期）都是由步兵、轻量、非装甲车辆（例如吉普车、悍马车等高机动车）和枪支及迫击砲组成。在第二次世界大战中，伞兵使用了轻型摩托车，如美军Cushman 公司53型速克达（G683）和英军威尔单兵摩托车。
-{zh-cn:朝鲜战争; zh-tw:韩战; zh-hk:韩战; zh-sg:韩战;zh:朝鲜战争}-结束后，轻重量车辆能够通过降落伞空降开始研发，例如M-551谢里登轻型坦克。苏联开发BMD-1步兵战车和BMD-3步兵战车。直升机可以运输轻型装甲车，例如德国鼬鼠装甲车、美军LAV-25装甲车和英国的CVR (T)等。以及，大型运输机可供运输少量主战坦克或较笨重的步兵战车。
许多空降重武器例如坦克，吉普车担心落地时摔坏，尤考验单位事前准备

**战争史**

**相关影视剧作**
《-{zh-cn:遥远的桥; zh-hk:英雄冢; zh-tw:夺桥遗恨;}-》（1977年电影）
*《-{zh-tw:抢救雷恩大兵;zh-hk:雷霆救兵;zh-cn:拯救大兵瑞恩;}-》（1998年电影）
*《-{zh-tw:诺曼第大空降;zh-hk:雷霆伞兵;zh-cn:兄弟连;}-》（2001年，HBO）
*《大兵日记》（1990年，华视）
*《新兵日记之特战英雄》（2011年，民视无线台）
*《第一伞兵队》（2014年9月，中国大陆电视剧）

**参考文献**

**引用**

**来源**
 Reproduced in Blunt, Victor, The User of Air Power. Military Service Publishing Company; Harrisburg, 1943: pp.v-ix.- 徳永悦太郎「日本陆海军空挺部队かく戦えり」『丸』エキストラ版41集、潮书房、1975年、226页以下。
*高桥庆史『続ラスト・オブ・カンプフグルッペ』大日本絵画、2005年、8～9页。- Hastings, Max, Armageddon – The Battle For Germany 1944–45, Macmillan, 2004- dead-url= no - Ambrose, Stephen E., Pegasus Bridge. Pocket Books, 2003- Ambrose, Stephen E., Band of Brothers. Pocket Books, 2001- Arthur, Max, Forgotten Voices Of The Second World War. Edbury Press, 2005- Balkoski, Joseph, Utah Beach: The Amphibious Landing and Airborne Operations on D-Day, June 6, 1944. Stackpole Books US, 2006- Bando, Mark A., 101st Airborne: The Screaming Eagles at Normandy. Motorbooks International, 2001- Blair, Clay, Ridgway’s Paratroopers – The American Airborne In World War II. The Dial Press, 1985- Buckingham, William F., Arnhem 1944. Tempus Publishing Limited, 2004- Buckingham, William F., D-Day – The First 72 Hours. Tempus Publishing Limited, 2004- Calvocoressi, Peter, The Penguin History of the Second World War, Penguin Books Ltd, 1999- Department Of The Army, Pamphlet No. 20-232, Historical Study – Airborne Operations – A German Appraisal, 1951, Department Of The Army- Devlin, Gerard M., Paratrooper – The Saga Of Parachute And Glider Combat Troops During World War II, Robson Books, 1979- Dover, Victor, The Sky Generals, Cassell Ltd, 1981- Flanagan, E.M. Jr., Airborne – A Combat History Of American Airborne Forces, The Random House Publishing Group, 2002- Flint, Keith, Airborne Armour: Tetrarch, Locust, Hamilcar and the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment, 1938–50, Helion & Company, 2004- French, David, Raising Churchill’s Army – The British Army And The War Against Germany 1919–1945, Oxford University Press, 2000- Frost, John, A Drop Too Many, Leo Cooper Ltd, 1994- Gregory, Barry, British Airborne Troops, Macdonald & Co (Publishers) Ltd, 1974- Harclerode, Peter, Arnhem – A Tragedy Of Errors, Caxton Editions, 2000- Harclerode, Peter, Para! – Fifty Years Of The Parachute Regiment, Orion Books Ltd, 1996- Harclerode, Peter, Wings Of War – Airborne Warfare 1918–1945, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005- Hastings, Max, Overlord, Pan Books, 1999- Hibbert, Christopher,‘Arnhem, B.T. Batsford Ltd, 1998- Horrocks, Brian, A Full Life, Collins, 1960- Huston, James A., Out Of The Blue – U.S Army Airborne Operations In World War II, Purdue University Press, 1998- Jewell, Brian, ”Over The Rhine” – The Last Days Of War In Europe, Spellmount Ltd, 1985- Keegan, John, The Second World War, Pimlico, 1997- Kershaw, Robert J., It Never Snows In September – The German View Of MARKET-GARDEN And The Battle Of Arnhem, September 1944, Ian Allan Publishing Ltd, 2004- Koskimaki, George E., D-Day With The Screaming Eagles, Presidio Press, 2002
*Koskimaki, George E., Hell’s Highway – A Chronicle Of The 101st Airborne In The Holland Campaign, September–November 1944, Presidio Press, 2007- Jones, Robert, The History of the 101st Airborne Division, Turner Publishing Company, 2005- Middlebrook, Martin, Arnhem 1944 – The Airborne Battle, Penguin Books, 1995- Ministry Of Information, By Air To Battle – The Official Account Of The British Airborne Divisions, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1945- Nordyke, Phil, All American, All the Way: The Combat History Of The 82nd Airborne Division In World War II, Motorbooks International, 2005- Nordyke, Phil, Four Stars of Valour: The Combat History of the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment in World War II, Motorbooks, 2006- Norton, G.G., The Red Devils – The Story Of The British Airborne Forces, Pan Books Ltd, 1973- Otway, T.B.H, Airborne Forces, Adlib Books, 1990- Rawson, Andrew, The Rhine Crossing – 9th US Army & 17th US Airborne, Pen & Sword Military, 2006- Ryan, Cornelius, A Bridge Too Far, Coronet Books, 1984- Saunders, Hilary St. George, The Red Beret – The Story Of The Parachute Regiment 1940–1945, Michael Joseph Ltd, 1954- Saunders, Tim, Operation Plunder – The British & Canadian Rhine Crossing, Pen & Sword Military, 2006- Tanase, Mircea, The airborne troops during the World War II, Military Publishing House Romania, 2006- Tugwell, Maurice, Airborne To Battle – A History Of Airborne Warfare 1918–1971, William Kimber & Co Ltd, 1971- Urquhart, R.E., Arnhem, Pan Books, 1960- Weeks, John, Assault From The Sky – The History Of Airborne Warfare, David & Charles Publisher plc, 1988- Whiting, Charles, American Eagles – The 101st Airborne’s Assault On Fortress Europe 1944/45, Eskdale Publishing, 2001- Whiting, Charles, "Bounce The Rhine" – The Greatest Airborne Operation In History, Grafton Books, 1987- Whiting, Charles Slaughter Over Sicily, Leo Cooper, 1992

**参见**
 快速反应部队
*步兵
**散兵
**重装步兵-轻装步兵 - 线列步兵 - 摩托化步兵 - 机械化步兵
*特种部队 - 空降部队
**伞兵
**空中突击
*军事航空
*空降战车