马纳本德·纳特·罗易

马纳本德·纳特·罗易（মানবেন্দ্র নাথ রায়；Manabendra Nath Roy；catIdx=R罗），又译鲁易、鲁依、罗亦，印度革命家、哲学家、政治理论家及活动家。早年曾为共产主义领袖及理论家，在墨西哥、印度和中国从事革命活动；后来，他对资产阶级民主和共产主义都感到失望，在生命的最后几年致力于发展一种替代哲学，他称之为“激进人文主义”，

**早年**
他原名曼文德拉·纳特·巴塔查亚，18岁时参加印度地下独立运动。1915年尝试发动武装政变推翻英国统治未果。第一次世界大战期间前往德国及中国上海寻求德国提供武器支持印度革命，但未能获得成功。之后分别前往印尼、日本、韩国、墨西哥、菲律宾及美国，并在美国改名为马纳本德·纳特·罗易。罗易为政治理论家及活动家，1917年往墨西哥，与当地知识份子及政治领袖关系密切。罗易曾为墨西哥社会党总书记。十月革命后转向共产主义，与当时在墨西哥的鲍罗廷熟悉，并一起创建墨西哥共产党。罗易为共产国际驻墨代表。1920年受列宁之邀前往莫斯科参加共产国际第二次代表大会，于会上发表关于民族及殖民问题的理论，为列宁在这方面理论的补充。同时开始参予共产国际事务，同年于塔什干成立印度侨民共产党。1922年为共产国际远东局负责人之一，之后曾为共产国际主席团成员。

**到中国**
1927年年初，罗易奉共产国际之命前往中国，任共产国际驻中国代表团团长，负责指导中国革命，并出席中国共产党第五次全国代表大会。罗易于4月初抵达武汉。4月12日蒋介石及国民党右派在上海清党，引致宁汉分裂。罗易与当时中共主要负责人陈独秀、谭平山以及鲍罗廷等对革命方略出现争论。5月31日，共产国际密电中共，指示中共发动进行土地革命，武装农民、没收土地；渗入国民党内并组成可靠的武装部队。罗易于6月将共产国际指示给予国民党于武汉主事人汪精卫过目，最终武汉方面亦实行分共。同年8月罗易返回苏联。

**与共产党决裂**
罗易于1929年共产国际六大后与共产党决裂，罗易公开批评共产国际极左，而其本人则被共产国际开除。1930年出版关于中国之书本《中国的革命与反革命》。罗易返回印度后，被英国当局逮捕，被判六年监禁，于狱中着有《现代科学的哲学结果》一书原稿。罗易出狱后宣扬反对极权主义，支持反法西斯战争；同时并为自由印度起草宪法，提出由地方分权的经济政策。二战爆发前，罗易违反当时印度国民大会党领袖及印度共产党的主张，力主印度与英国合作对抗希特拉及法西斯；并指只有自由的英国得到胜利，印度才可能获得独立。

**晚年**
罗易晚年表现对小资产阶级民主及共产主义失望，转为开始研究称为“激进人文主义”（Radical Humanism，又称「新人民主义」）的新主张。其思想收录在其晚年论着《理性、浪漫主义、革命》。

**参考文献**
- La voz de la India (The Voice of India). Mexico City: n.p., n.d. c. 1917.- La India: Su Pasado, Su Presente y Su Porvenir (India: Its Past, Its Present, and Its Future). Mexico City: n.p., 1918.- Indien (India). Hamburg: Verlag der Kommunistischen Internationale, 1922.-  India in Transition. With Abani Mukherji. Geneva: J.B. Target, 1922.- What Do We Want? Geneva: J. B. Target, 1922.- One Year of Non-Cooperation from Ahmedabad to Gaya. With Evelyn Roy. Calcutta: Communist Party of India, 1923. —Imprint probably fictitious.- India's Problem and Its Solution. n.c.: n.p., n.d. c. 1923.- Political Letters. Zurich: Vanguard Bookshop, 1924. —Alternate title: Letters to Indian Nationalists.- Cawnpore Conspiracy Case: An Open Letter to the Rt. Hon. J. R. MacDonald. London: Indian Defence Committee, 1924.- The Aftermath of Non-Cooperation: Indian Nationalism and Labour Politics. London: Communist Party of Great Britain, 1926.-  The Future of Indian Politics. London: R. Bishop Communist Party of Great Britain, 1926.- Our Task in India. n.c.: Bengal Committee of the Revolutionary Party of the Indian Working Class, n.d. c. 1932.-  "I Accuse!" : From the Suppressed Statement of Manabendra Nath Roy on Trial for Treason before Sessions Court, Cawnpore, India. New York: Roy Defense Committee of India, 1932. —Title of unexpurgated Indian edition: My Defence.- Congress at Crossroads, by a Congressman (M. N. Roy). Bombay: Independence of India League, c. 1934.- On Stepping Out of Jail. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, n.d. c. 1936.- Letters by M. N. Roy to the Congress Socialist Party, Written in 1934. Bombay: Renaissance Publishing Co., 1937.-  The Historical Role of Islam: An Essay on Islamic Culture. Bombay: Vora, 1937.- Presidential Address of M. N. Roy, United Provinces Youths' Conference, 29 and 30 May 1937, Sitapur. Bombay: R. D. Nadkarni, n.d. 1937.- Materialism and Spiritualism: Presidential Address of M. N. Roy at the 3rd Session of the Madras Presidency Radical Youths' Conference, Held at Madras on 25 July 1937. Bombay: R. D. Nadkarni, n.d. 1937.- My Crime. Bombay: Ramesh D. Nadkarni, n.d. c. 1937.- The Russian Revolution: A Review and the Perspective. Calcutta: D. M. Library, n.d. c. 1937.- Presidential Address of Com. M.N. Roy, First Rajputana-Central India Students' Conference, Benwar, 1 and 2 January 1938. Bombay: n.p., n.d. 1938.- All-India Sugar Mill Workers' Conference, Gorakhpur, Held on 30 April and 1 May 1938: Presidential Address by Manabendra Nath Roy. Gorakhpur: n.p., n.d. 1938.- Fascism: Its Philosophy, Professions and Practice. Calcutta: D.M. Library, 1938.- On the Congress Constitution. Calcutta: "Independent India" Office, 1938.- Our Differences. With V. B. Karnik. Calcuta: Saraswaty Library, 1938.- Our Problems. With V. B. Karnik. Calcutta; Barendra Library, 1938.- Gandhi vs. Roy: Containing Com. Roy's Letter to Gandhiji, the Latter's Reply and the Former's Rejoinder. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, 1939.- Heresies of the Twentieth Century: Philosophical Essays. Bombay: Renaissance Publishers, 1939.- Presidential Address by M. N. Roy at the First All-India Conference of the League of Radical Congressmen, Poona, 27 and 28 June 1939. Bombay: n.p., n.d. 1939.- Tripuri and After. Nasik: Radical Congressmen's League, n.d. 1930s.- Which Way, Lucknow? By a Radical Congressman (M. N. Roy). Bombay: M. R. Shetty, n.d. 1930s.- The Memoirs of a Cat. n.c. Dehra Dun: Renaissance Publishers, 1940.- Whither Europe? Bombay: Vora, 1940.- The Alternative. Bombay: Vora, 1940.- From Savagery to Civilisation. Calcutta: Digest Book House, 1940.- Gandhism, Nationalism, Socialism. Calcutta: Bengal Radical Club, 1940.- Science and Superstition. Dera Dun: Indian Renaissance Association, 1940.- Materialism: An Outline of the History of Scientific Thought. Dera Dun: Renaissance Publishers, 1940.- World Crisis (International Situation). (contributor) Ahmedabad: Gujarat Radical Democratic People's Party, 1940.- The Relation of Classes in the Struggle for Indian Freedom. Patna: Bihar Radical Democratic People's Party, n.d. c. 1940.- Science, Philosophy and Politics. Moradabad: J. S. Agarwal, n.d. c. 1940.- A New Path: Manifesto and Constitution of the Radical Democratic Party. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, n.d. c. 1940.- Twentieth Century Jacobinism: Role of Marxism in Democratic Revolution. Patna: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. c. 1940.- Some Fundamental Problems of Mass Mobilization. Calcutta: D. Goonawardhana, n.d. c. 1940.- My Differences with the Congress: Speech at Allahbad University, 27 November 1940. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, League of Radical Congressmen, n.d. c. 1940.- On Communal Question. With V. B. Karnik. Lucknow: A.P. Singh, n.d. c. 1940.- Culture at the Crossroads: Cultural Requisites of Freedom. Calcutta: Leftist Book Club, n.d. 1940s.- Radical Democratic Party's Message to the USSR. Calcutta: D. Goonawardhan, n.d. 1940s.- Presidential Address by Com. M. N. Roy at the Maharashtra Provincial Conference of the Radical Democratic Party held at Poona on 22 and 23 March 1941, Bombay: V. B. Karnik, n.d. 1941.- The Ideal of Indian Womanhood. n.c. Dehra Dun?: Renaissance Publishers, 1941.- Problem of the Indian Revolution. Bombay: Rajaram Panday, 1941.- All-India Anti-Fascist Trade Union Conference: Presidential Address by M. N. Roy: Lahore, 29–30 November 1941. Lahore: M. A. Kahn, n.d. 1941.- Scientific Politics: Lectures in the All India Political Study Camp, Dehradun, May and June 1940: Held under Auspices of All-India League of Radical Congressmen. Dehra Dun: Indian Renaissance Association, 1942.- Freedom or Fascism? n.c. Bombay?: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.- India and the War. (contributor) Lucknow: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.- This War and Our Defence. Karachi: Sind Provincial Radical Democratic Party, 1942.- War and Revolution: International Civil War. Madras: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.- Origin of Radicalism in the Congress. Lucknow: S.S. Suri, 1942.- Library of a Revolutionary: Being a List of Books for Serious Political Study. Lucknow: New Life Union, for the Indian Renaissance Association, 1942.- This Way to Freedom: Report of the All-India Conference of the Radical Democratic Party held in December 1942. (contributor) Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.- Nationalism: An Antiquated Cult. Bombay: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. c. 1942.- Nationalism, Democracy, and Freedom. Bombay: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. c. 1942.- Letters from Jail. n.c. Dehra Dun?: Renaissance Publishing, 1943.- The Communist International. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1943.- What is Marxism? Bombay: n.p., 1943.- The Future of Socialism: Talk to the Calcutta Students' Club, November 1943. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. 1943.-  Poverty or Plenty? Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1943.- Indian Labour and Post-war Reconstruction. Lucknow: A. P. Singh, 1943.- Indian Renaissance Movement: Three Lectures. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1944.- The Future of the Middle Class: Lecture Delivered in Poona on 29 May 1944, in the Annual Spring Lecture Series. Patna: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. 1944.- Constitution of India, A Draft: Endorsed and Released for Public Discussion by the Central Secretariat of the Radical Democratic Party. Delhi: V. B. Karnik, 1944.- Your Future: An Appeal to the Educated Middle Class. Issued by the Radical Democratic Party. Lucknow: Radical Democratic Party, 1944.- Planning a New India. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. c. 1944.- National Government or People's Government? Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. c. 1944.- Constitution of Free India, A Draft by M. N. Roy: Endorsed and Released for Public Discussion by the Radical Democratic Party. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1945.- The Last Battles of Freedom: Being the Report of the Calcutta Conference of the Radical Democratic Party, 27 to 30 December 1944. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. 1945.- Post-War Perspective: A Peep into the Future. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1945.- Future of Democracy in India: Being the Full Text of a Speech Delivered at a Public Meeting Held at the Town Hall, Lucknow, on 6 October 1945. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. 1945.- The Problem of Freedom. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1945.- My Experiences in China. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1945.- Sino-Soviet Treaty. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.- Jawaharial Nehru, Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. c. 1945.- INA and the August Revolution. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946.- Revolution and Counter-Revolution in China. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946. —Published in German in 1931.- A New Orientation: Statement on the International Situation. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1946.- A New Orientation: Review and Perspective of the International Struggle for a New World Order of Democratic Freedom, Economic Prosperity, and Cultural Progress. Dehra Dun: Radical Democratic Party, Bengal, 1946.- New Orientation: Lectures Delivered at the Political Study Camp Held at Dehra Dun, from 8 to 18 May 1946. With Phillip Spratt. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946.- Radical Democratic Party Conference Inaugural Address: Bombay, 20th, 21st, 22 December 1946: Presidential Address and Resolutions. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, n.d. 1947.- Principles of Radical Democracy: Adopted by the Third All-India Conference by the Radical Democratic Party of India held in Bombay, 26 to 29 December 1946. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1947. —Attributed to Roy.- Leviathan and Octopus. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. 1947.- Asia and the World: A Manifesto. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1947.- Science and Philosophy. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.- New Humanism: A Manifesto. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.- Beyond Communism. With Philip Spratt. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.- A New Approach to the Communal Program: Lecture Delivered at the International Fellowship, Madras, 22 February 1941. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, n.d. c. 1947.- The Russian Revolution. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1949.-  India's Message. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1950.- The Rhythm of Cosmos: Inaugural Address of the Second All-India Rationalist Conference at Tenali held on 9 and 10 February 1952. Tenali: n.p., n.d. 1952.- Radical Humanism. New Delhi: n.p., 1952.- Reason, Romanticism and Revolution. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1952.- The Way Ahead in Asia. n.c.: British Information Service in Southeast Asia, n.d. c. 1950s.- Crime and Karma, Cats and Women. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1957.- Memoirs. Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1964. —Reissued 1984.

**外部连结**
 Manabendra Nath Roy Internet Archive date=20210424131329