词法学

词法学（morphology，“组织与形态”），又称形态学、构词学，是语言学的一个分支，研究单词（word）的内部结构和其形成方式。如英语的dog、dogs和dog-catcher有相当的关系，英语使用者能够利用他们的背景知识来判断此关系，对他们来说，dog和dogs的关系就如同cat和cats，dog和dog-catcher就如同dish和dishwasher。构词学正是研究这种单字间组成的关系，并试着整理出其组成的规则。

**基本概念**

**英文字的根基(字根)**
「Lexeme」 是指英文字的本根，dog 是dogs和dog catcher 的字根。虽然三字的义意不同，也与其字的根源有所关联。

**字形（word form）和字词（vocabulary）**
dog 和 cat 有不同的字形（word form） 。另一方面，Dog 和 dog catcher 是有不同解释的字词（vocabulary），他们所指的是不同的实体。
英文字的原形，称为词条（lemma；原形），其引用形式（citation form），即是指可于字典上查询的字词的根本原形（vocabulary）。

**构词学模式**

**语言类型分类**

**注释**

**参考文献**

**延伸阅读**
(Abbreviations: CUP = Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)- Anderson, Stephen R. (1992). A-Morphous Morphology. Cambridge: CUP.- Aronoff, Mark. (1993). " Morphology by Itself date=20220306070138 ". Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.- Aronoff, Mark. (2009). " Morphology: an interview with Mark Aronoff". ReVEL, v. 7, n. 12, 1678-8931.- Åkesson, Joyce. (2001).  Arabic Morphology and Phonology date=20180226141641 . Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.- Beard, Robert. (1995).  Lexeme-Morpheme Base Morphology. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. 0-7914-2471-5.- Bauer, Laurie. (2003). Introducing linguistic morphology (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. 0-87840-343-4.- Bauer, Laurie. (2004). A glossary of morphology. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown UP.- Bubenik, Vit. (1999). An introduction to the study of morphology. LINCOM coursebooks in linguistics, 07. Muenchen: LINCOM Europa. 3-89586-570-2.- Bybee, J. L. (1985). Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.- Dixon, R. M. W. and Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (Eds). (2007). Word: A cross-linguistic typology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press- Foley, William A. (1998). " Symmetrical Voice Systems and Precategoriality in Philippine Languages". Workshop: Voice and Grammatical Functions in Austronesian. University of Sydney.- Haspelmath, Martin. (2002). Understanding morphology. London: Arnold (co-published by Oxford University Press). 0-340-76025-7. 0-340-76026-5.- Fabrega, Antonio & Sergio Scalise (2012). Morphology: from Data to Theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.- Katamba, Francis. (1993). Morphology. Modern linguistics series. New York: St. Martin's Press. 0-312-10101-5. 0-312-10356-5.- Korsakov, A. K. (Andreĭ Konstantinovich). (1969) The use of tenses in English. Korsakov, A. K. Structure of Modern English pt. 1. oai:gial.edu:26766 at http://www.language-archives.org/item/oai:gial.edu:26766 date=20210413210439 - Kishorjit, N., Vidya Raj RK., Nirmal Y., and Sivaji B. (2012) " Manipuri Morpheme Identificationdate=20140508133019 ", Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on South and Southeast Asian Natural Language Processing (SANLP), pp. 95–108, COLING 2012, Mumbai, December 2012- Matthews, Peter. (1991). Morphology (2nd ed.). CUP. 0-521-41043-6. 0-521-42256-6.- Mel'čuk, Igor A. (1993–2000). Cours de morphologie générale, vol. 1–5. Montreal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal.- Mel'čuk, Igor A. (2006). Aspects of the theory of morphology. Berlin: Mouton.- Scalise, Sergio. (1983). Generative Morphology, Dordrecht, Foris.- Singh, Rajendra and Stanley Starosta (eds). (2003). Explorations in Seamless Morphology. SAGE Publications. 0-7619-9594-3.- Spencer, Andrew. (1991). Morphological theory: an introduction to word structure in generative grammar. No. 2 in Blackwell textbooks in linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.  0-631-16143-0; 0-631-16144-9- Spencer, Andrew and Zwicky, Arnold M. (Eds.) (1998). The handbook of morphology. Blackwell handbooks in linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell. 0-631-18544-5.- Stump, Gregory T. (2001). Inflectional morphology: a theory of paradigm structure. No. 93 in Cambridge studies in linguistics. CUP. 0-521-78047-0 (hb).- van Valin, Robert D., and LaPolla, Randy. (1997). Syntax : Structure, Meaning And Function. CUP

**参见**
 语素- 语法形态配列

**外部连结**
  Segmenti − Segmenti date=20210228184115  (Freeware)