美洲原住民语言

美洲原住民语言并不是一种语言，甚至也不是属于一种语系，而是美洲所有原住民的各种语言的总称。其中玛雅语曾经有自己的文字系统。随着15世纪末开始西方殖民主义者的到来，美洲原住民数量在几百年的时间里锐减，再加上文化的同化，大部分美洲原住民语言都已经灭绝，目前即使会说美洲土着语言的大部分人也是操双语的人群。因为缺少研究材料，对美洲土着语言的研究很不足，目前对许多美洲土着语言的分类说法不一，尚不能把语系确定下来，只能暂时分为语组，大致有如下个语组，有几百种以上的语言，有许多语言现在能流利的说的人不足几十甚至几个人，大部分已经灭绝。
300px
南美的大语系：黑点表示孤立语言，灰点表示语系划分有争议的语言
根据UNESCO的说法，美洲的大多数土着语言都处于严重濒危状态，许多语言已经成为休眠语言（没有母语使用者，但有一群遗产语言的使用者）或完全灭绝。大多数广泛使用的土着语言是南部克丘亚语（主要在南秘鲁和玻利维亚使用）和瓜拉尼语（以巴拉圭为中心，与西班牙语共同享有国家语言地位），大约有六七百万使用者（在瓜拉尼语的情况下，包括许多欧洲血统的人）。只有6种其他语言的使用者超过一百万；这些语言包括玻利维亚的艾马拉语和墨西哥的纳瓦特尔语，各有将近两百万使用者；危地马拉和墨西哥的玛雅语言克克其语、基切语和尤卡坦玛雅语，大约各有一百万使用者；可能还有一两种在秘鲁和厄瓜多尔的克丘亚语。在美国，根据2010年人口普查，有372,000人报告在家中使用一种土着语言。在加拿大，根据2011年人口普查，有133,000人报告在家中使用一种土着语言。在格陵兰，约90%的人口讲格陵兰语，这是最广泛使用的爱斯基摩语。

**语系种类**

**北美洲**
 爱斯基摩-阿留申语系(Eskimo-Aleut)分布于北极地带，包括：
** 因纽特语
** 阿留申语- 纳-德内语系(Na-Dené)广泛分布在加拿大西部和美国的阿拉斯加州，主要包括：
** 特林吉特语(Tlingit)
** 阿萨帕斯卡语(Athabaskan)- 阿尔吉克语系(Algic)广泛分布在北美东海岸，从加拿大东部到美国落矶山以东的广大地区，主要有以下几种：
** 阿尔冈昆诸语言(Algonquian)
***黑脚语
***夏延语
***Arapaho language
***克里语
***奥吉布瓦语
***Potawatomi language
***Fox language（Sauk–Fox–Kickapoo）
***Shawnee language
***Massachusett language
**Yurok language(Yurok)
**Wiyot language(Wiyot)- 萨利希语系(Salishan)分布从加拿大西部到美国西部太平洋沿岸：
** 贝拉库拉语族（Bella Coola）
** 海岸萨利希语族（Coast Salish）
** 内陆萨利希语族（Interior Salish）- Tsimshianic languages（Tsimshianic）分布于不列颠哥伦比亚省西北部、克奇坎与安妮特岛- Wakashan languages（Wakashan）分布于北美西北海岸与温哥华岛- Siouan languages(Siouan–Catawban)分布于北美大平原大部分：
** Western Siouan languages（Western Siouan）
***苏族语 
***Assiniboine language(Assiniboine)
***Stoney language(Stoney)
***克罗语(Crow)
** Catawban languages†（Catawban†）- Kiowa-Tanoan languages(Kiowa-Tanoan)分布于北美大平原，新墨西哥、堪萨斯、奥克拉荷马与德克萨斯：
** Kiowa language(Kiowa)
** Jemez language(Jemez)
** Tiwa languages(Tiwa)
** Tewa language(Tewa)- Caddoan languages(Caddoan)分布于北美大平原，现今分布于北达科他南部与奥克拉荷马- 易洛魁语系(Iroquoian)分布于北美东部，主要于五大湖东部与圣劳伦斯河流域：
** 塞尼卡语（Seneca）
** Cayuga language（Cayuga）
** Onondaga language（Onondaga）
** Oneida language（Oneida）
** 莫霍克语（Mohawk）
** 切罗基语（Cherokee）- Muskogean languages(Muskogean)分布于美国东南部：
**Chickasaw language（Chickasaw）
**乔克托语（Choctaw）
**克里克-塞米诺尔语（Creek-Seminole）
**希奇提-密卡苏奇语（Hitchiti-Mikasuki）
**Apalachee language（Apalachee†）
**Alabama language（Alabama）
**Koasati language（Koasati）

**中美洲**
 Yuman–Cochimí languages(Yuman–Cochimí)分布在美国加利福尼亚州南部与亚利桑那州西部，以及墨西哥下加利福尼亚州
- 犹他-阿兹特克语系分布从美国犹他州到墨西哥广大地区
** Numic languages
*** Northern Paiute language
*** Comanche language
*** 休休尼语
*** Colorado River Numic language（Colorado River Numic language）
** Hopi language
** Piman languages
** Tarahumaran languages
** Nahuan languages
*** 纳瓦特尔语
*欧托-曼格语系（Oto-Manguean）主要分布在墨西哥，曾经分布到尼加拉瓜与哥斯大黎加，包括萨波特克语、米斯特克语、奥托米语等等- 马雅语系分布在中美洲和墨西哥南部地区：
** 犹加敦语支(Yucatec Maya)
** 乔尔泽套语支(Cholan–Tzeltalan)
** 瓦斯蒂克语支(Huastecan)
** 坎合巴祖赫语(Kanjobalan–Chujean)
** 基切马梅语支(Quichean–Mamean)

**南美洲**
 阿拉瓦克语系(Arawakan)分布在加勒比海岛屿到南美洲安第斯山以东的大部分地区- 奇布恰语系(Chibchan)分布在中美洲南部到哥伦比亚北部地区- 克丘亚语系分布在南美洲安第斯山以东北部地区- 图皮语系(Tupi)分布在南美从玻利维亚、巴拉圭到阿根廷地区- 舒阿尔语系(Shuar)分布在亚马逊河上游森林中地区

**参考文献**

**引用**

**来源**
 Bright, William. (1984). The classification of North American and Meso-American Indian languages. In W. Bright (Ed.), American Indian linguistics and literature (pp. 3–29). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.- Bright, William (Ed.). (1984). American Indian linguistics and literature. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-009846-6.- Brinton, Daniel G. (1891). The American race. New York: D. C. Hodges.- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.- Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.- Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com date=20111013215305 ).
 北美洲- Boas, Franz. (1911). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 1). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).- Boas, Franz. (1922). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 2). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).- Boas, Franz. (1929). Classification of American Indian languages. Language, 5, 1–7.- Boas, Franz. (1933). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 3). Native American legal materials collection, title 1227. Glückstadt: J.J. Augustin.- Bright, William. (1973). North American Indian language contact. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (part 1, pp. 713–726).  Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton.- Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.- Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native languages and language families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). Map. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institution). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). ISBN 0-8032-9271-6.- Goddard, Ives. (2005). The indigenous languages of the southeast. Anthropological Linguistics, 47 (1), 1–60.- Mithun, Marianne. (1990).  Studies of North American Indian Languages. Annual Review of Anthropology, 19(1): 309–330.- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.- Powell, John W. (1891). Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico. Seventh annual report, Bureau of American Ethnology (pp. 1–142). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. (Reprinted in P. Holder (Ed.), 1966, Introduction to Handbook of American Indian languages by Franz Boas and Indian linguistic families of America, north of Mexico, by J. W. Powell, Lincoln: University of Nebraska).- Powell, John W. (1915). Linguistic families of American Indians north of Mexico by J. W. Powell, revised by members of the staff of the Bureau of American Ethnology. (Map). Bureau of American Ethnology miscellaneous publication (No. 11). Baltimore: Hoen.- Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1973). Linguistics in North America (parts 1 & 2).  Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted as Sebeok 1976).- Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1976). Native languages of the Americas. New York: Plenum.- Sherzer, Joel.  (1973).  Areal linguistics in North America.  In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (part 2, pp. 749–795).  Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted in Sebeok 1976).- Sherzer, Joel. (1976). An areal-typological study of American Indian languages north of Mexico. Amsterdam: North-Holland.- Sletcher, Michael, ‘North American Indians’, in Will Kaufman and Heidi Macpherson, eds., Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History, (2 vols., Oxford, 2005).- Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).- Vaas, Rüdiger: ‘Die Sprachen der Ureinwohner’. In: Stoll, Günter, Vaas, Rüdiger: Spurensuche im Indianerland. Hirzel. Stuttgart 2001, chapter 7.- Voegelin, Carl F.; & Voegelin, Florence M. (1965). Classification of American Indian languages. Languages of the world, Native American fasc. 2, sec. 1.6). Anthropological Linguistics, 7 (7): 121-150.- Zededa, Ofelia; Hill, Jane H. (1991). The condition of Native American Languages in the United States. In R. H. Robins & E. M. Uhlenbeck (Eds.), Endangered languages (pp. 135–155). Oxford: Berg.-  Debian North American Indigenous Languages Project date=20130511085328 
 南美洲- Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.- Fabre, Alain. (1998). "Manual de las lenguas indígenas sudamericanas, I-II". München: Lincom Europa.- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.- Key, Mary R. (1979). The grouping of South American languages. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.- Loukotka, Čestmír. (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, University of California.- Mason, J. Alden. (1950). The languages of South America. In J. Steward (Ed.), Handbook of South American Indians (Vol. 6, pp. 157–317). Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin (No. 143). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.- Migliazza, Ernest C.; & Campbell, Lyle. (1988). Panorama general de las lenguas indígenas en América. Historia general de América (Vol. 10). Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia.- Rodrigues, Aryon. (1986). Linguas brasileiras: Para o conhecimento das linguas indígenas. São Paulo: Edições Loyola.- Rowe, John H. (1954). Linguistics classification problems in South America. In M. B. Emeneau (Ed.), Papers from the symposium on American Indian linguistics (pp. 10–26). University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 10). Berkeley: University of California Press.- Sapir, Edward. (1929). Central and North American languages. In The encyclopædia britannica: A new survey of universal knowledge (14 ed.) (Vol. 5, pp. 138–141). London: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Ltd.- Voegelin, Carl F.; & Voegelin, Florence M. (1977). Classification and index of the world's languages. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-00155-7.

**外部连结**
  Catálogo de línguas indígenas sul-americanas date=20120402234052 -  Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos-  Towards a general typology of South American indigenous languages. A bibliographical database-  South American Languages-  Society to Advance Indigenous Vernaculars of the United States date=20120227063740  (SAIVUS)-  Indigenous Peoples Languages: Articles, News, Videos-  Documentation Center of the Linguistic Minorities of Panama-  The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America-  Indigenous Language Institute date=20120517154720 -  The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages  of the Americas date=20120204041453  (SSILA)-  Southern Oregon Digital Archives First Nations Tribal Collection date=20120209110219  (collection of ethnographic, linguistic, & historical material)-  Center for the Study of the Native Languages of the Plains and Southwest-  Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica-  Programa de Formación en Educación Intercultural Bilingüe para los Países Andinos date=20120504022751 -  Native American Language Center (University of California at Davis)-  Native Languages of the Americas date=20190724224713 -  International Journal of American Linguistics date=20071123080902 -  Our Languages (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)-  Swadesh Lists of Brazilian Native Languages