Nakba

Nakba (النَّكْبَة an-Nakba, Thảm họa) là một cuộc thanh lọc sắc tộc Palestine tại Lãnh thổ ủy trị Palestine, diễn ra đồng thời với Chiến tranh Palestine 1948, thông qua nhiều hình thức như di dời bạo lực, tước đoạt đất đai và tài sản, hủy diệt cấu trúc xã hội, trấn áp văn hóa, căn tính, quyền chính trị, và ý thức dân tộc của người Palestine. Thuật ngữ này đôi khi cũng được dùng để chỉ các cuộc di dời và truy bức người Palestine đang tiếp diễn dưới chính quyền Israel. Nhìn chung, chúng bao hàm các hành động làm tan vỡ xã hội Palestine và chối bỏ quyền hồi hương của người Palestine tị nạn và con cháu của họ.
Trong cuộc Nakba vào năm 1948, ngót nửa dân số Ả Rập của Palestine, tức gần 750.000 người, đã bị bị buộc phải chạy nạn khỏi quê nhà của mình, đầu tiên là bằng nhiều phương pháp bạo lực do các tổ chức bán quân sự Zionist gây ra, và do Lực lượng Quốc phòng Israel sau sự thành lập của Nhà nước Israel. Những sự kiện này diễn ra song song với hàng chục vụ thảm sát nhắm vào người Ả Rập Palestine và sự sụt giảm dân số của trên 500 làng mạc có đa số sắc dân là người Ả Rập; nhiều trong số những nơi này bị hủy diệt hoàn toàn hoặc được tái định cư bởi người Do Thái và bị thay thế bởi những cái tên Hebrew mới. Cho tới cuối cuộc chiến, 78% diện tích Lãnh thổ Ủy trị Palestine đã nằm dưới sự kiểm soát của Israel và ít nhất 15.000 người Ả Rập Palestine đã bị giết hại.
Theo tường thuật quốc gia của Palestine, Nakba được coi như một vết thương tinh thần tập thể, góp phần xác lập căn tính dân tộc và nguyện vọng chính trị của họ. Trái lại, tường thuật quốc gia của Israel cho rằng Nakba chỉ đơn thuần là hậu quả của cuộc chiến tranh giành độc lập, kiến thiết nhà nước Israel.  Theo đó, họ cho rằng sự kiện năm 1948 là khúc cao trào thể hiện nguyện vọng chính trị của cả người Do Thái lẫn Palestine, đồng thời là mốc vàng son thắng lợi của quân đội Do Thái trước các đội quân Ả Rập thù địch; mặt khác phủ nhận hoặc chối bỏ những tội ác do chính họ gây ra trong cuộc chiến, đồng thời khẳng định nhiều người Palestine đã tự ý rời đi chứ không bị ép buộc, hoặc lập luận rằng điều đó là hậu quả không thể tránh khỏi của chiến tranh tàn khốc. Tường thuật chối bỏ Nakba đã bị thách thức từ những năm 1970 trong lòng xã hội Israel, nhất là từ phía trường phái Sử gia Mới, tuy nhiên tường thuật chính thức về sự kiện này vẫn ít bị thay đổi.

**Tham khảo**

**Thư mục**
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Kedar |date=2023-09-03 |title='Cast thy bread': Israeli biological warfare during the 1948 War |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=752–776 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448 |issn=0026-3206 |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118223735/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448 |url-status=live - access-date=2 April 2021- s2cid=253134415 - chú thích sách |last=Natour |first=Ghaleb |chapter=The Nakba—Flight and Expulsion of the Palestinians in 1948 |editor-last=Hoppe |editor-first=Andreas |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qdQLCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |title=Catastrophes: Views from Natural and Human Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |isbn=978-3-319-20846-6 |language=en |access-date=14 November 2023 - chú thích sách |authorlink=Ilan Pappe |last=Pappe |first=Ilan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrttEAAAQBAJ |title=A History of Modern Palestine |date=2022 |edition=3rd |orig-date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-24416-9 |access-date=6 November 2023- url-status=live - chú thích tạp chí |last=Pappe |first=Ilan |authorlink=Ilan Pappé |date=2020-05-01 |title=An Indicative Archive: Salvaging Nakba Documents |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/jps/article/49/3/22/110797/An-Indicative-Archive-Salvaging-Nakba-Documents |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |language=en |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=22–40 |doi=10.1525/jps.2020.49.3.22 |s2cid=225941252 |issn=0377-919X |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216182809/https://online.ucpress.edu/jps/article-abstract/49/3/22/110797/An-Indicative-Archive-Salvaging-Nakba-Documents?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live - chú thích sách |last=Pappe |first=Ilan |authorlink=Ilan Pappé |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1W7nDwAAQBAJ |title=Ten Myths About Israel |date=2017 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78663-020-9 |language=en |access-date=16 February 2024- chú thích sách |authorlink=Ilan Pappe |last=Pappe |first=Ilan |url=https://archive.org/details/pappe-ilan-the-ethnic-cleansing-of-palestine/ |title=The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine |date=2006 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-78074-056-0 |language=en - doi=10.1111/j.1467-6443.2009.01354.x - doi=10.3366/hls.2014.0076 - chú thích sách |last=Rogan |first=Eugene |authorlink=Eugene Rogan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16U0mEbf4nAC |title=The Arabs: A History |date=2017 |orig-date=2009 |edition=Revised and updated |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-03248-8 |language=en |access-date=20 January 2024- chú thích sách |last1=Rouhana |first1=Nadim |author-link1=Nadim Rouhana |chapter=The Psychopolitical Foundations of Ethnic Privileges in the Jewish State |date=2017 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipzDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |pages=3–35 |title=Israel and its Palestinian Citizens: Ethnic Privileges in the Jewish State |editor-last1=Rouhana |editor-first1=Nadim N. |editor-last2=Huneidi |editor-first2=Sahar S. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-04483-8 |language=en |access-date=14 November 2023- chú thích sách |last1=Rouhana |first1=Nadim |author-link1=Nadim Rouhana |last2=Sabbagh-Khoury |first2=Areej |author-link2=Areej Sabbagh-Khoury |chapter=Memory and the Return of History in a Settler-Colonial Context: The Case of the Palestinians in Israel |date=2017 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipzDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA393 |pages=393–432 |title=Israel and its Palestinian Citizens: Ethnic Privileges in the Jewish State |editor-last1=Rouhana |editor-first1=Nadim N. |editor-last2=Huneidi |editor-first2=Sahar S. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-04483-8 |language=en |access-date=14 November 2023 - url-status=live - chú thích sách |last1=Sa'di |first1=Ahmad H. |author-link1=Ahmad H. Sa'di |chapter=Afterword: Reflections on Representations, History and Moral Accountability |pages=285–314 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbKrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA285 |editor-last1=Sa'di |editor-first1=Ahmad H. |editor-last2=Abu-Lughod |editor-first2=Lila |editor-link2=Lila Abu-Lughod |title=Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory |year=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13579-5 |access-date=2 December 2023- s2cid=144811289 - chú thích sách |last=Sabbagh-Khoury |first=Areej |authorlink=Areej Sabbagh-Khoury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L37GEAAAQBAJ |title=Colonizing Palestine: The Zionist Left and the Making of the Palestinian Nakba |date=2023 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-3629-3 |access-date=6 November 2023- chú thích sách |last=Sayigh |first=Rosemary |authorlink=Rosemary Sayigh |chapter=On the Burial of the Palestinian Nakba |date=2023 |orig-date=2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWp2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 |title=Routledge International Handbook of Ignorance Studies |edition=2nd |publisher=Routledge |pages=279–289 |isbn=978-1-003-10060-7 |access-date=2 December 2023 - chú thích tạp chí |last1=Sayigh |first1=Rosemary |authorlink=Rosemary Sayigh |title=On the Exclusion of the Palestinian Nakba from the 'Trauma Genre' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_autumn-2013_43_1/page/51 |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |date=Autumn 2013 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=51–60 |doi=10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.51 |jstor=10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.51 - url-status=live - chú thích sách |last1=Sayigh |first1=Rosemary |authorlink=Rosemary Sayigh |chapter=Women's Nakba Stories: Between Being and Knowing |pages=135–158 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbKrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |editor-last1=Sa'di |editor-first1=Ahmad H. |editor-link1=Ahmad H. Sa'di |editor-last2=Abu-Lughod |editor-first2=Lila |editor-link2=Lila Abu-Lughod |title=Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory |year=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13579-5 |access-date=2 December 2023- access-date=7 April 2021
*chú thích sách |last=Shenhav |first=Yehouda |author-link=Yehouda Shenhav |chapter=The Palestinian Nakba and the Arab-Jewish Melancholy |editor=Shai Ginsburg |editor2=Martin Land |editor3=Jonathan Boyarin |title=Jews and the Ends of Theory |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pouUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT77 |date=2019 |publisher=Fordham University Press |pages=48–64 |isbn=978-0-8232-8201-2 |access-date=6 November 2023 - chú thích sách |authorlink=Avi Shlaim |last=Shlaim |first=Avi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1qcEAAAQBAJ |title=Israel and Palestine: Reappraisals, Revisions, Refutations |date=2009 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78960-165-7 |access-date=6 November 2023 - chú thích sách |last=Slater |first=Jerome |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1AAEAAAQBAJ |title=Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917-2020 |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-045908-6 |access-date=6 November 2023- chú thích sách |last=Slyomovics |first=Susan |chapter=The Rape of Qula, a Destroyed Palestinian Village |editor-last1=Sa'di |editor-first1=Ahmad H. |editor-link1=Ahmad H. Sa'di |editor-last2=Abu-Lughod |editor-first2=Lila |editor-link2=Lila Abu-Lughod |date=2007 |pages=27–52 |title=Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the claims of memory |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231509701 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5oHFei_GuMC&pg=PA27 |access-date=1 February 2024- access-date=2 April 2021- isbn=978-1-349-37755-8 - access-date=2 April 2021- isbn=978-1-349-36142-7 - doi-access=free - access-date=2 April 2021 (Original Arabic version: chú thích sách|publisher=دار العلم للملايين|title= وصف الكتاب|author-link=Constantin Zureiq|last= Zureiq |first= Constantin |date=1948)
Thể loại:Từ mới thập niên 1940
Thể loại:Từ ngữ Ả Rập
Thể loại:Thanh lọc sắc tộc ở châu Á
Thể loại:Lịch sử Palestine
Thể loại:Lịch sử người Do Thái ở Palestine
Thể loại:Xã hội Palestine
Thể loại:Không quốc gia