Pedro de Alvarado

Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras (ˈpeðɾo ðe alβaˈɾaðo; khoảng 1485 - 4 tháng 7 năm 1541) là một chinh phục tướng công người Tây Ban Nha và sau này giữ chức thống đốc thuộc địa Guatemala. Ông tham chiến trong cuộc chinh phục Cuba, tham gia chuyến thám hiểm Bán đảo Yucatán và Vịnh Mexico của Juan de Grijalva rồi chỉ huy cuộc chinh phục Mexico dưới quyền Hernán Cortés. Ông đóng vai trò rất lớn trong cuộc thuộc địa hóa Trung Mỹ của Tây Ban Nha, bao gồm phần lớn Guatemala, Honduras và El Salvador hiện nay. Alvarado là người thông thạo chiến tranh. Tuy có xuất thân cao quý, vẻ ngoài hào nhoáng nhưng trong lòng lại tàn nhẫn, hiểm độc; làm mọi điều dơ bẩn nhất để có thể đạt được mục đích của mình. Alvarado chính là kẻ chủ mưu nhiều vụ thảm sát dân bản địa trong cả hai cuộc chinh phạt vùng Mexico và Guatemala.
Trích lời bình của sử gia William H. Prescott về Pedro de Alvarado trong tác phẩm History of the Conquest of Mexico:

**Tham khảo**

**Dẫn nguồn**
 cite book |author=Alvarado, Pedro de   
publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |location=University Park, Pennsylvania, US |isbn=978-0-271-02758-6 |oclc=165478850 |pages= 23–47- cite book |author=Asselbergs, Florine G.L. |year=2004 |title=Conquered Conquistadors: The Lienzo de Quauhquechollan, a Nahua vision of the conquest of Guatemala |series=CNWS publications series |location=Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=Research School CNWS |isbn=978-90-5789-097-0 |oclc=491630572- cite encyclopedia |author=Bandelier, Adolph Francis |author-link=Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier|year=1907 |title=Pedro de Alvarado|encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01372d.htm|editor=Charles G. Herbermann |editor2=Edward A. Pace |editor3=Condé B. Pallen |editor4=Thomas J. Shahan |editor5=John J. Wynne |edition=New Advent online reproduction |volume= I |location=New York |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |oclc=1017058- cite journal |author=Batres, Carlos A. |year=2009 |title=Tracing the "Enigmatic" Late Postclassic Nahua-Pipil (A.D. 1200–1500): Archaeological Study of Guatemalan South Pacific Coast |journal=Theses |url=http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/136/ |publisher=Southern Illinois University Carbondale |location=Carbondale, Illinois, US |access-date=2011-10-02 - oclc=791188- cite book |author=Clendinnen, Inga |author-link=Inga Clendinnen |orig-year=1988 |year=2003 |title=Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1517–1570 |edition=2 |isbn=978-0-521-52731-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |url=https://archive.org/details/ambivalentconque00inga |url-access=registration |oclc=50868309 - cite book |author=Díaz del Castillo, Bernal |author-link=Bernal Díaz del Castillo |year=1963 |orig-year=1632 |title=The Conquest of New Spain |edition=6 1973|others=translated by J. M. Cohen  
publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-044123-9 |oclc=162351797|title-link=Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España - cite journal |author=Fowler, William R. Jr. |date=Winter 1985 |title=Ethnohistoric Sources on the Pipil-Nicarao of Central America: A Critical Analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ethnohistory_1985_32_1/page/37 |journal=Ethnohistory |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=37–62 |publisher=Duke University Press |jstor=482092 |issn=0014-1801 |oclc=478130795 |doi=10.2307/482092 - cite journal |author=Gall, Francis |title=Los Gonzalo de Alvarado, Conquistadores de Guatemala |journal=Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia |volume=XL |date=July–December 1967 |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |publisher=Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala |oclc=72773975|language=es- language=es - s2cid=164975904  - language=es- cite book |author=Hernández, Christine |author2=Anthony P. Andrews |author3=Gabrielle Vail |year=2010 |title=Astronomers, Scribes, and Priests: Intellectual Interchange Between the Northern Maya Lowlands and Highland Mexico in the Late Postclassic Period |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0SkqcbLubAC |editor=Gabrielle Vail |editor2=Christine L. Hernández |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Washington, D.C, US |oclc=845573515 |isbn=9780884023463 |series=Dumbarton Oaks Pre-Columbian symposia and colloquia |pages=17–36 - cite book |author=Juarros, Domingo |author-link=Domingo Juarros |year=1808–18 |title=Compendio de la historia de la ciudad de Guatemala |volume=2 vols. |location=Guatemala |publisher=Ignacio Beteta |oclc=2187421|language=es- cite book |author=Juarros, Domingo |author-link=Domingo Juarros |year=1823 |title=A statistical and commercial history of the kingdom of Guatemala, in Spanish America: containing important particulars relative to its productions, manufactures, customs, &c. &c. &c. With an account of its conquest by the Spaniards, and a narrative of the principal events down to the present time: from original records in the archives; actual observation; and other authentic sources |url=https://archive.org/details/astatisticaland00bailgoog |format=online reproduction at Internet Archive |others=translated by John Baily |edition=translation of Compendio de la historia de la ciudad de Guatemala, 1st English |location=London |publisher=John Hearne |oclc=367922521 - pages=131–132- cite book |chapter=Las tierras comunales xincas de Guatemala |title=Tierra, identidad y conflicto en Guatemala |author=Letona Zuleta, José Vinicio   
publisher=Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO); Misión de Verificación de las Naciones Unidas en Guatemala (MINUGUA); Dependencia Presidencial de Asistencia Legal y Resolución de Conflictos sobre la Tierra (CONTIERRA) |location=Guatemala |oclc=54679387 |isbn=978-99922-66-84-7|language=es|date=2003-01-01 - jstor=980856 - cite book |author=Lovell, W. George |year=2005 |title=Conquest and Survival in Colonial Guatemala: A Historical Geography of the Cuchumatán Highlands, 1500–1821 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |location=Montreal, Canada |edition=3 |isbn=978-0-7735-2741-6 |oclc=58051691 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05wSqQiu52MC - cite book |author=Matthew, Laura E. |year=2012 |title=Memories of Conquest: Becoming Mexicano in Colonial Guatemala |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA |isbn=978-0-8078-3537-1 |oclc=752286995 |series=First Peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVAFbknbo_EC |format=hardback - url-status=dead - year=2004 - language=es- language=es- location=London, UK - language=es- language=es- cite book |author=Schele, Linda |author-link=Linda Schele |author2=Peter Mathews |year=1999 |title=The Code of Kings: The language of seven Maya temples and tombs |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York, US |isbn=978-0-684-85209-6 |oclc=41423034 |url=https://archive.org/details/codeofkingslangu00lind - cite book |author=Sharer, Robert J. |author-link=Robert Sharer |author2=Loa P. Traxler |year=2006 |title=The Ancient Maya |edition=6 |location=Stanford, California, US |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-4817-9 |oclc=57577446 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar - cite book |author=Stone, Samuel Z. |year=1975 |title=La dinastía de los conquistadores: La crisis del poder en la Costa Rica contemporánea |location=Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, Costa Rica |publisher=Editorial Universitaria Centroamericana |oclc=1933264|language=es- cite book |author=Stone, Samuel Z. |year=1990 |title=The heritage of the conquistadors: Ruling classes in Central America from the Conquest to the Sandinistas |edition=6 , fully revised and expanded |location=Lincoln |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-4207-4 |oclc=20393173 |url=https://archive.org/details/heritageofconqui00ston -  location=London, UK