Ahmed Sékou Touré

Ahmed Sékou Touré, ở Việt Nam quen gọi là Xê-cu Tu-rê hay Sheku Turay hoặc Ture (9 tháng 1 năm 1922 – 26 tháng 3 năm 1984) là một lãnh đạo chính trị người Ghi-nê và là một chính khách châu Phi, người trở thành Tổng thống Ghi-nê đầu tiên trong lịch sử, tại nhiệm từ năm 1958 cho đến khi ông qua đời năm 1984. Tu-rê là một trong những người theo chủ nghĩa dân tộc Guinée thuở sơ khai có tham gia vào công cuộc đấu tranh giành độc lập cho đất nước từ tay Pháp.

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 Chính trị Guinée- Chuyến thăm cấp tổng thống của Sekou Touré đến Cộng hòa Congo- Cung Tổng thống Sekou Touré- Trường Đại học Kinh tế - Kỹ thuật Công nghiệp - Cơ sở 1 Nam Định, tên cũ là Trường Trung cấp Kỹ thuật Xê-cu Tu-rê

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**Chú thích**

**Nguồn trích dẫn**
 Henry Louis Gates, Anthony Appiah (eds). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African, "Ahmed Sékou Touré," pp. 1857–58. Basic Civitas Books (1999). 0-465-00071-1- isbn=978-1-4331-2243-9- Molefi K. Asante, Ama Mazama. Encyclopedia of Black Studies. Sage Publications (2005) 0-7619-2762-X- fr Ibrahima Baba Kake. Sékou Touré. Le Héros et le Tyran. Paris, 1987, JA Presses. Collection Jeune Afrique Livres. 254 p- Lansiné Kaba. "From Colonialism to Autocracy: Guinea under Sékou Touré, 1957–1984;" in Decolonization and African Independence, the Transfers of Power, 1960–1980. Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis (eds). New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.- Phineas Malinga.  "Ahmed Sékou Touré: An African Tragedy" date=2018-10-22 - Baruch Hirson.  "The Misdirection of C.L.R. James", Communalism and Socialism in Africa, 1989.- John Leslie.  Towards an African socialism, International Socialism (1st series), No.1, Spring 1960, pp. 15–19.- fr Alpha Mohamed Sow, "Conflits ethnique dans un État révolutionnaire (Le cas Guinéen)", in Les ethnies ont une histoire, Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Gérard Prunier (ed), pp. 386–405, Karthala Editions (2003) 2-84586-389-6- Parts of this article were translated from French Wikipedia's :fr:Ahmed Sékou Touré.
 Bài viết mới- "New West Africa Union Sealed By Heads of Ghana and Guinea" By Thomas F. Brady, The New York Times. May 2, 1959, p. 2- Guinea Shuns Tie to World Blocs; But New State Gets Most Aid From East—Toure Departs for a Visit to the U. S. By John B. Oakes, The New York Times, October 25, 1959, p. 16,- Red Aid to Guinea Rises By Homer Bigart, The New York Times. March 6, 1960, p. 4- Henry Tanner. Regime in Guinea Seizes 2 Utilities; Toure Nationalizes Power and Water Supply Concerns—Pledges Compensation, The New York Times. February 2, 1961, Thursday, p. 3- Toure Says Reds Plotted a Coup; Links Communists to Riots by Students Last Month. (UPI), The New York Times. December 13, 1961, Wednesday, p. 14- Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate'; Gui'nea embodies the emphatic nationalism and revolutionary hopes of ex-colonial Africa, but its energetic President confronts handicaps that are also typically African. Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate' By David Halberstam, July 8, 1962, Sunday The New York Times Magazine, p. 146- Guinea Relaxes Business Curbs; Turns to Free Enterprise to Rescue Economy. (Reuters), The New York Times, December 8, 1963, Sunday p. 24- U.S. Peace Corps Ousted by Guinea; 72 Members and Dependents to Leave Within a Week By Richard Eder, The New York Times, November 9, 1966, Wednesday, p. 11- Guinea Is Warming West African Ties, The New York Times, January 26, 1968, Friday, p. 52- Alfred Friendly Jr. Toure Adopting a Moderate Tone; But West Africa Is Skeptical of Guinean's Words. The New York Times. April 28, 1968, Sunday, p. 13- Ebb of African 'Revolution', The New York Times, December 7, 1968, Saturday p. 46- Guinea's President Charges A Plot to Overthrow Him, (Agence France-Presse), The New York Times, January 16, 1969, Thursday p. 10- Guinea Reports 2 Members Of Cabinet Seized in Plot, (Reuters), The New York Times, March 22, 1969, Saturday p. 14- 12 Foes of Regime Doomed in Guinea, The New York Times, May 16, 1969, Friday p. 2- Guinea Reports Invasion From Sea by Portuguese; Lisbon Denies Charge U.N. Council Calls for End to Attack Guinea Reports an Invasion From Sea (Associated Press), The New York Times, November 23, 1970, Monday, p. 1- Guinea: Attack Strengthens Country's Symbolic Role, The New York Times, November 29, 1970, Sunday, p. 194- Guinean is Adamant On Death Sentences, The New York Times, January 29, 1971, Friday. p. 3- Guinea Wooing the West In Bauxite Development; Guinea is Seeking Help On Bauxite, The New York Times, February 15, 1971, Monday Section: Business and Finance, p. 34- Political Ferment Hurts Guinea, The New York Times, January 31, 1972, Monday Section: Survey of Africa's Economy, p. 46- Guinean, in Total Reversal, Asks More U.S. Investment by Bernard Weinraub, The New York Times, July 2, 1982, Friday Late City Final Edition, p. A3, Col. 5- Guinea is Slowly Breaking Out of Its Tight Cocoon by Alan Cowell, The New York Times, December 3, 1982, Friday, Late City Final Edition, p. A2, Col. 3- In Revolutionary Guinea, Some of the Fire is Gone by Alan Cowell, The New York Times, December 9, 1982, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, p. A2, Col. 3- Guinea's President, Sekou Toure, Dies in Cleveland Clinic by Clifford D. May, The New York Times, Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, p. A1, Col. 1- Thousands Mourn Death of Toure by Clifford D. May, The New York Times, March 29, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, p. A3, Col. 1-  Ahmed Sekou Toure, a Radical Hero by Eric Pace, The New York Times, Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, p. A6, Col. 1- In Post-Coup Guinea, a Jail is Thrown Open. Clifford D. May. The New York Times, April 12, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, p.A1, Col. 4-  Topics; How to Run Things, Or Ruin Them, The New York Times, March 29, 1984.-  Guinea Airport Opens; Capital Appears Calm, The New York Times, April 7, 1984.-  Guinea Frees Toure's Widow, (Reuters), The New York Times, January 3, 1988.-  How France Shaped New Africa, Howard W. French, The New York Times, February 28, 1995.-  Conversations/Kwame Ture; Formerly Stokely Carmichael And Still Ready for the Revolution, Karen DeWitt, The New York Times, April 14, 1996.-  Stokely Carmichael, Rights Leader Who Coined 'Black Power,' Dies at 57, Michael T. Kaufman, The New York Times, November 16, 1998.-  'Mass graves' found in Guinea. BBC, 22 October 2002.-  Stokely Speaks (Book Review), Robert Weisbrot, The New York Times Review of Books, November 23, 2003.
 Các nguồn thứ cấp khác- Graeme Counsel.  "Popular music and politics in Sékou Touré’s Guinea". Australasian Review of African Studies. 26 (1), pp. 26–42. 2004- Jean-Paul Alata.  Prison d'Afrique- Jean-Paul Alata.  Interview-témoignage de Jean-Paul Alata sur Radio-France Internationale date=2018-01-13 - Herve Hamon, Patrick Rotman  L'affaire Alata- Ladipo Adamolekun. "Sekou Toure's Guinea: An Experiment in Nation Building". Methuen (August 1976). 0-416-77840-2- Koumandian Kéita.  Guinée 61: L'École et la Dictature. Nubia (1984).- Ibrahima Baba Kaké.  Sékou Touré, le héros et le tyran. Jeune Afrique, Paris (1987)- Alpha Abdoulaye Diallo.  La vérité du ministre: Dix ans dans les geôles de Sékou Touré. (Questions d'actualité), Calmann-Lévy, Paris (1985). 978-2-7021-1390-5- Kaba Camara 41.  Dans la Guinée de Sékou Touré: cela a bien eu lieu.- Kindo Touré.  Unique survivant du Complot Kaman-Fodéba- Adolf Marx.  Maudits soient ceux qui nous oublient.- Ousmane Ardo Bâ.  Camp Boiro. Sinistre geôle de Sékou Touré. Harmattan, Paris (1986) 978-2-85802-649-4- Mahmoud Bah.  Construire la Guinée après Sékou Touré- Mgr. Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo.  Noviciat d'un évêque: huit ans et huit mois de captivité sous Sékou Touré.- Amadou Diallo.  La mort de Telli Diallo- Almamy Fodé Sylla.  L'Itinéraire sanglant- Comité Telli Diallo.  J'ai vu: on tue des innocents en Guinée-Conakry date=2018-02-12 - Alsény René Gomez.  Parler ou périr- Sako Kondé.  Guinée. Le temps des fripouilles- André Lewin.  Diallo Telli. Le Destin tragique d'un grand Africain. date=2018-03-14 - Camara Laye.  Dramouss date=2018-03-05 - Dr. Thierno Bah.  Mon combat pour la Guinée- Nadine Bari.  Grain de sable- Nadine Bari.  Noces d'absence- Nadine Bari.  Chroniques de Guinée (1994)- Nadine Bari. Guinée. Les cailloux de la mémoire (2004)- Maurice Jeanjean. Nadine Bari.  Sékou Touré, Un totalitarisme africain- Collectif Jeune Afrique.  Sékou Touré. Ce qu'il fut. Ce qu'il a fait. Ce qu'il faut défaire.- Claude Abou Diakité. La Guinée enchaînée- Alpha Condé. Guinée, néo-colonie américaine ou Albanie d'Afrique- Lansiné Kaba. From colonialism to autocracy. Guinea under Sékou Touré: 1957–1984- Charles E. Sory. Sékou Touré, l'ange exterminateur- Charles Diané. Sékou Touré, l'homme et son régime: lettre ouverte au président Mitterrand- Emile Tompapa. Sékou Touré: quarante ans de dictature- Alpha Ousmane Barry. Pouvoir du discours et discours du pouvoir: l'art oratoire chez Sékou Touré de 1958 à 1984

**Liên kết ngoài**
  Xã luận: Kính chúc Tổng thống Xê-cu Tu-rê lên đường mạnh khỏe — Báo Nhân Dân, số 2374, 18 tháng 9 năm 1960-  1959 Time magazine cover story about Sékou Touré-  WebGuinee – Sekou Toure date=2018-03-18  Publishes full text of books and articles as well photos of Sekou Toure-  Camp Boiro Memorial. Extensive list of reports and articles on the notorious political prison where thousands of victims of the dictatorship of Sekou Toure disappeared between 1960 and 1984.-  More information about Ahmed Sékou Touré (French)-  BBC Radio: President Sekou Toure Defends One-Party Rule (1959).-  Conflict history: Guinea, 11 May 2007. International Crisis Group.-  1st page on the French National Assembly website-  2nd page on the French National Assembly website
Thể loại:Sinh năm 1922
Thể loại:Mất năm 1984
Thể loại:Tín hữu Hồi giáo Guinée
Thể loại:Chính khách Guinée
Thể loại:Lãnh tụ xã hội chủ nghĩa