Âm vật

Tập tin:Sarahvulvavn.jpg|nhỏ|phải|Vị trí của âm vật trong âm hộ
Âm vật (clitoris, s hoặc s), tên gọi dân gian là hột le hay mồng đốc, là một phần của cơ quan sinh dục của giống cái. Âm vật có mặt ở động vật có vú, đà điểu châu Phi và một số động vật khác. Ở người, âm vật là một khối mô cứng dài khoảng 1,5 cm, nằm ở giữa và phía trên của âm hộ, đầu âm vật được che một phần bởi nơi hai môi nhỏ hợp lại, nằm trên niệu đạo. Không giống như dương vật, âm vật không chứa phần mở ra bên ngoài của niệu đạo và do vậy không dùng để tiểu tiện. Mặc dù đa số động vật có vú không tiểu tiện qua âm vật, linh cẩu đốm cái - loài có âm vật phát triển đầy đủ - tiểu tiện, quan hệ tình dục và sinh con qua cơ quan này. Một số động vật có vú khác như vượn cáo và ateles cũng có âm vật phát triển đầy đủ.
Âm vật là cơ quan nhạy cảm nhất trong cơ thể con người  (cùng hạng với dương vật ở nam và lưỡi), nơi đây tập trung nhiều (khoảng 8000) đầu dây thần kinh có chức năng mang lại khoái cảm tình dục.
Các cuộc tranh luận về xã hội học, tình dục và y học đã tập trung vào âm vật, chủ yếu liên quan đến độ chính xác về giải phẫu, các yếu tố của cực khoái và giải thích sinh lý cho điểm G, và liệu âm vật là sản phẩm mang tính di tích, tính thích ứng, hoặc chuyên phục vụ chức năng sinh sản. Các nhận thức xã hội về âm vật dao động từ tầm quan trọng của vai trò của nó đối với khoái cảm tình dục của phụ nữ, các giả định về kích thước thực sự và chiều sâu của nó, và những niềm tin khác nhau liên quan đến việc sửa đổi bộ phận sinh dục như làm âm vật lớn hơn, xỏ khuyên âm vật và phẫu thuật cắt bỏ âm vật. Sửa đổi bộ phận sinh dục có thể là vì lý do thẩm mỹ, y tế hoặc văn hóa.
Kiến thức về âm vật bị ảnh hưởng đáng kể bởi nhận thức văn hoá về nó. Các nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng kiến thức về sự tồn tại và giải phẫu của âm vật rất ít so với các cơ quan tình dục khác, và việc giáo dục nhiều hơn về âm vật có thể giúp giảm bớt những căng thẳng xã hội liên quan đến cơ thể phụ nữ và tình dục nữ giới; ví dụ như âm vật và âm hộ nói chung là không hấp dẫn về mặt trực quan, phụ nữ mà thủ dâm là điều cấm kỵ, hoặc đàn ông cần làm chủ và kiểm soát cực khoái của phụ nữ.

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 Kích thích tình dục- Quan hệ tình dục- Cực khoái- Âm đạo

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*chú thích sách |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay |authorlink=Stephen Jay Gould |title=The Structure of Evolutionary Theory |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-674-00613-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhIl7e61WOUC&pg=PP1  
*url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NC5R0RozBYC&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách |last=Halberstam |first=Judith |authorlink=Judith Halberstam |title=Female Masculinity |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8223-2243-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/femalemasculinit00judi  
*chú thích sách |last=Hall |first=Brian Keith |title=Bones and Cartilage: Developmental and Evolutionary Skeletal Biology |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-12-319060-4 |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-RWPGDONlIC&pg=PP1  
*url=https://archive.org/details/humanreproductio0000heff 
*chú thích sách |last=Hite |first=Shere |authorlink=Shere Hite |title=The Hite Report: A Nationwide Study of Female Sexuality |publisher=Seven Stories Press |year=2003 |location=New York |isbn=978-1-58322-569-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s3OZaVn2wfkC&pg=PP1  
*url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDuF0Wbez-AC&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách |last=Hyde |first=Janet Shibley |title=Understanding Human Sexuality |url=https://archive.org/details/understandinghum0003hyde |isbn=978-0-07-298636-5 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2006 
*chú thích sách |last1=Jones |first1=Richard E. |last2=Lopez |first2=Kristin H. |year=2013 |title=Human Reproductive Biology |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0123821850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4kEdSnS-pkC  
*chú thích sách |last=Irvine |first=Janice M. |year=2005 |title=Disorders of desire: sexuality and gender in modern American sexology |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-59213-151-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIJXT7ZCTCsC&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách |last1=Kahn |first1=Ada P. |first2=Jan |last2=Fawcett |title=The Encyclopedia of Mental Health |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8160-6454-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTFYIh-HcYYC&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách |last=Kaplan |first=Helen Singer |title=The Evaluation of Sexual Disorders: Psychological and Medical Aspects |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-87630-329-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WCqMzcAka54C&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách |last1=Kaufman |first1=Raymond H |last2=Faro |first2=Sebastian |last3=Brown |first3=Dale |title=Benign Diseases of the Vulva And Vagina |publisher=Elsevier Mosby |isbn=978-0323014748 |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5BsAAAAMAAJ |quote=The external genitalia of a female fetus may become masculinized if exposed to excess androgens in utero.... Besides enlargement, congenital abnormalities of the clitoris may also include agenesis or hypoplasia.... After the 13th to 14th weeks of gestation, androgen exposure produces clitoromegaly alone.  
*chú thích sách |last1=Komisaruk |first1=Barry R. |last2=Whipple |first2=Beverly |first3=Sara |last3=Nasserzadeh |first4=Carlos |last4=Beyer-Flores |authorlink2=Beverly Whipple |title=The Orgasm Answer Guide |isbn=978-0-8018-9396-4 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2009 |url=https://archive.org/details/orgasmanswerguid00komi  
*isbn=978-81-7133-891-7 
*chú thích sách |last=Krychman |first=Michael L. |title=100 Questions & Answers About Women's Sexual Wellness and Vitality: A Practical Guide for the Woman Seeking Sexual Fulfillment |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7637-8697-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kW64xtC4dBcC&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách |last=Labuski |first=Christine |title=It Hurts Down There: The Bodily Imaginaries of Female Genital Pain |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1438458854 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4F2CgAAQBAJ  
*chú thích sách |last=Lehmiller |first=Justin J. |title=The Psychology of Human Sexuality |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2013 |isbn=978-1118351291 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YS1IAgAAQBAJ  
*isbn=978-0-8016-7802-8 
*chú thích sách |last=Lief |first=Harold I. |editor-last=Berger |editor-first=Milton Miles |chapter=Discussion of the Paper by Helen Singer Kalplan |title=Women Beyond Freud: New Concepts of Feminine Psychology |isbn=978-0-87630-709-0 |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1994 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=By3n48Gqt_kC&pg=PP1 |url=https://archive.org/details/womenbeyondfreud00milt  
*chú thích sách |last1=Llord |first1=J |first2=D |last2=Uchil |editor-first=Sabaratnam |editor-last=Arulkumaran |editor2-first=Lesley |editor2-last=Regan |editor3-first=Aris |editor3-last=Papageorghiou |editor4-first=Ash |editor4-last=Monga |editor5-first=David |editor5-last=Farquharson |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRaWcRYx_7YC&pg=PP1 |chapter=12: Reproduction: Ambiguous Genitalia |title=Oxford Desk Reference: Obstetrics and Gynaecology |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2011 |isbn=9780191620874  
*chú thích sách |last=Lloyd |first=Elisabeth Anne |authorlink=Elisabeth Lloyd |title=The Case of the Female Orgasm: Bias in the Science of Evolution |isbn=978-0-674-01706-1 |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GFNvA6TvlwC&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách |last1=Merz |first1=Eberhard |first2=F. |last2=Bahlmann |title=Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=1 |publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-58890-147-7 
*chú thích sách |last1=McAnulty |first1=Richard D. |first2=M. Michele |last2=Burnette |title=Exploring human sexuality: making healthy decisions |url=https://archive.org/details/exploringhumanse0000mmic |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-205-38059-6 
*chú thích sách |last=Miller |first=Geoffrey |authorlink=Geoffrey Miller (psychologist) |title=The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature |publisher=Random House Digital |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-307-81374-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QG-8PbZb4csC&pg=PP1  
*isbn=978-1-85775-693-7  
*chú thích sách |last=Morris |first=Desmond |authorlink=Desmond Morris |title=The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body |isbn=978-0312338534 |publisher=Macmillan |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wa9zntiEKeAC&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách |last1=Morganstern |first1=Steven |first2=Allen |last2=Abrahams |title=The Prostate Sourcebook |isbn=978-1-56565-871-4 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRJTq11Zjh0C&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách |last1=Neil |first1=L. |last2=Sigal |first2=Pete |last3=Chuchiak, IV |first3=John F. |title=Sexual Encounters/Sexual Collisions: Alternative Sexualities in Colonial Mesoamerica |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0822366706 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTA4yyo4YCYC  
*chú thích sách |last1=O'Connell |first1=Helen E. |first2=Kalavampara V |last2=Sanjeevan |editor-last=Goldstein |editor-first=Irwin Joseph |title=Women's Sexual Function and Dysfunction: Study, Diagnosis and Treatment |publisher=Taylor & Francis US |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84214-263-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5P_5UwqYhoC  
*chú thích sách |last=Pitts-Taylor |first=Victoria |title=Cultural Encyclopedia of the Body |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0313341458 |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66u24WAyO_YC&q=Cultural+Encyclopedia+of+the+Body  
*chú thích sách |last=Pomeroy |first=Wardell Baxter |title=Dr. Kinsey and the Institute for Sex Research 1982 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1982 |origyear=1972 |isbn=9780300029161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRtDUxZSx7EC&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách |last1=Porst |first1=Hartmut |last2=Buvat |first2=Jacques |title=Standard Practice in Sexual Medicine |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=978-1405178723 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4GJio79XOUC  
*url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KsW6wPiXEd0C&pg=PP1  
*url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDS9kC03x2IC&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách |last=Rodgers |first=Joann Ellison |title=Sex: A Natural History |publisher=Macmillan |year=2003 |isbn=978-0805072815 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJutAwmKCPEC&q=gbs_navlinks_s  
*chú thích sách |last=Rosenthal |first=Martha |title=Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-618-75571-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách |last1=Rosenzweig |first1=Mark R. |first2=Arnold L. |last2=Leiman |first3=Marc |last3=Breedlove |title=Biological psychology |publisher=Sinauer Associates |isbn=978-0-87893-775-2 |year=1996 |url=https://archive.org/details/biologicalpsycho00rose 
*url=https://archive.org/details/carnivoresofwest00rose  
*chú thích sách |last=Roughgarden |first=Joan |year=2004 |title=Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24073-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionsrainbo00roug  
*chú thích sách |last=Saladin |first=Kenneth S. |title=Human anatomy |isbn=978-0-07-298636-5 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ul4QAQAAMAAJ  
*chú thích sách |last1=Seidman |first1=Steven |first2=Nancy L. |last2=Fischer |first3=Chet |last3=Meeks |title=Handbook of the New Sexuality Studies |isbn=978-0-415-38648-7 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkp65to1wn8C&pg=PA112  
*chú thích sách |last1=Schatzberg |first1=Alan F. |last2=Cole |first2=Jonathan O. |last3=DeBattista |first3=Charles |title=Manual of Clinical Psychopharmacology |volume=1 |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub |year=2010 |isbn=978-1585623778 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3zz1NCm3qcC  
*chú thích sách |last1=Schünke |first1=Michael |first2=Erik |last2=Schulte |first3=Lawrence M. |last3=Ross |first4=Edward D. |last4=Lamperti |first5=Udo |last5=Schumacher |title=Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System |volume=1 |publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-13-142081-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NK9TgTaGt6UC&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách |last1=Schuenke |first1=Michael |first2=Erik |last2=Schulte |first3=Udo |last3=Schumacher |year=2010 |title=General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System |publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers |isbn=978-1-60406-287-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcpVUrdYk9sC&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách |last1=Schwartz |first1=Pepper |first2=Martha |last2=Kempner |year=2015 |title=50 Great Myths of Human Sexuality |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0470674338 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0goBgAAQBAJ  
*chú thích sách|last1=Shrage|first1=Laurie J.|last2=Stewart|first2=Robert Scott|year=2015|title=Philosophizing About Sex|publisher=Broadview Press|isbn=978-1770485365|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RysEBgAAQBAJ 
*chú thích sách |last=Sloane |first=Ethel |title=Biology of Women |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7668-1142-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqcYyk7zlHYC&pg=PP1  
*chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2udV9fAz1UkC&pg=PP1  
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*chú thích sách |last1=Tavris |first1=Carol |last2=Wade |first2=Carole |last3=Offir |first3=Carole |title=The longest war: sex differences in perspective |publisher=University of Michigan |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-15-551186-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/longestwarsexdif00tavr 
*chú thích sách |last1=Weiten |first1=Wayne |first2=Dana S. |last2=Dunn |first3=Elizabeth Yost |last3=Hammer |title=Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st century |isbn=978-1-111-18663-0 |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGu96TeAZo0C&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách |last=Westheimer |first=Ruth |authorlink=Ruth Westheimer |title=Encyclopedia of sex |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofse0000unse_p6z0 |publisher=Continuum |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8264-1240-9 
*chú thích sách |last=Wilkinson |first=Edward J. |title=Wilkinson and Stone Atlas of Vulvar Disease |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |year=2012 |isbn=978-1451178531 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNCvfblD1qgC  
*chú thích sách |last=Williams |first=Linda |title=Screening Sex |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8223-4285-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHPEp2AbYxcC&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách |last=Wingfield |first=John C |editor-last=Neill |editor-first=Jimmy D |year=2006 |chapter=Communicative Behaviors Hormone–Behavior Interactions, and Reproduction in Vertebrates |title=Physiology of Reproduction |volume=2 |isbn=978-0-12-515402-4 |publisher=Gulf Professional Publishing |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11f2zMjqqVkC&pg=PP1  
*chú thích sách|last=Wood|first=Rachel|year=2017|title=Consumer Sexualities: Women and Sex Shopping|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1315447506|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFsvDwAAQBAJ 

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clitoris
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