สิริมาโว พัณฑารนายกะ

สิริมา รัตวัตเต ฑยัส พัณฑารนายกะ (อักษรโรมัน: Sirima Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike, සිරිමා රත්වත්තේ ඩයස් බණ්ඩාරනායක; 17 เมษายน ค.ศ. 1916 – 10 ตุลาคม ค.ศ. 2000) หรือ จิริมา รัตวัตเต ฏยัส ปัณฏารนายักเก (சிறிமா ரத்வத்தே டயஸ் பண்டாரநாயக்கே) หรือที่รู้จักในชื่อ สิริมาโว พัณฑารนายกะ หรือ จิริมาโว ปัณฏารนายักเก (อักษรโรมัน: Sirimavo Bandaranaike, โดยคำลงท้ายว่า โว เป็นคำให้เกียรติแก่สตรี2000) เป็นนักการเมืองชาวศรีลังกา ผู้ดำรงตำแหน่งนายกรัฐมนตรีศรีลังกาสามสมัยใน ค.ศ. 1960-1965 (ในเวลานั้นคือรัฐซีลอน), สมัยที่สองใน ค.ศ. 1970 ถึง 1977 และสมัยที่สามในสาธารณรัฐศรีลังกา ระหว่างปี 1994 ถึง 2000 ภายใต้ประธานาธิบดีจัทริกา กุมารตุงคะ ซึ่งเป็นลูกสาวของเธอ การขึ้นมาดำรงตำแหน่งของเธอใน ค.ศ. 1960 ทำให้เธอเป็นสตรีคนแรกของโลกที่ดำรงตำแหน่งนายกรัฐมนตรี2000 เธอเป็นประธานพรรคเสรีภาพศรีลังกา (SLFP) ระหว่าง ค.ศ. 1960 ถึง 1994
ในสมัยที่เธอขึ้นเป็นนายกรัฐมนตรีนั้น แนวคิดเรื่องการมีสตรีเป็นผู้นำประเทศเป็นสิ่งที่ไม่มีในสาธารณชน2000 พันฑารนายกะช่วยสร้างภาพใหม่ให้แก่ความสามารถของสตรีในระดับสากลp=126 นอกจากตัวเธอจะมีส่วนในรัฐบาลของศรีลังกาอย่างมากแล้ว ลูกของเธอก็มีส่วนอย่างมากในการเมืองของประเทศในเวลาต่อมา ลูกของเธอทั้งสามมีตำแหน่งในรัฐบาลศรีลังกา200020172000 รัฐบาลโดยตระกูลพันฑารนายกะสามารถทำลายระบบชนชั้นวรรณะในศรีลังกาตลอดระยะเวลาหลายปี2000 ผ่านการบังคับใช้นโยบายสังคมนิยมp=125
ตลอดระยะเวลาสามสมัยของสิริมาโวในการเป็นนายกรัฐมนตรี เธอนำพาประเทศให้เปลี่ยนผ่านจากอดีตของการเป็นรัฐอาณานิคม สู่การเป็นสาธารณรัฐที่เป็นเอกราช ในระหว่างสงครามเย็น เธอนำศรีลังกาโดยใช้นโยบายสังคมนิยมซึ่งรวมถึงการรวบธุรกิจสำคัญของประเทศเป็นของรัฐ (nationalise) รวมถึงยังทำการปฏิรูปที่ดินซึ่งเป็นประโยชน์แก่คนท้องถิ่น2000 ทั้งหมดนี้เธอมีเป้าหมายเพื่อทลายความโน้มเอียงทางการเมืองซึ่งเป็นใจให้แก่ชนชั้นนำที่ได้รับการศึกษามาแบบตะวันตกp=126 เป้าหมายหลักประการหนึ่งในหลายนโยบายของเธอคือเพื่อลดความแตกต่างทางชนชั้นสังคมและความแตกต่างทางชาติพันธุ์ในประเทศp=272 อย่างไรก็ตาม เธอไม่สามารถตอบความต้องการของประชากรชาวทมิฬในประเทศได้เพียงพอ ซึ่งนำไปสู่การลุกฮือต่อต้านและกลายสภาพมาเป็นความรุนแรงในเวลาต่อมาp=126 พัณฑารนายกะเป็นหนึ่งในผู้สถาปนาขบวนการไม่เลือกข้าง (Non-Aligned Movement)2000 เธอนำพาศรีลังกามามีบทบาทสำคัญในบรรดารัฐที่เสาะหาการเป็นกลางท่ามกลางอิทธิพลของรัฐมหาอำนาจpp=303–306 เธอพยายามสร้างพันธมิตรกับบรรดาประเทศในกลุ่มประเทศโลกใต้2016 และพยายามแก้ไขปัญหาโดยใช้วิธีการทางการทูต ตลอดจนต่อต้านการขยายตัวของการครอบครองอาวุธนิวเคลียร์ (nuclear expansion)p=1128

**อ้างอิง**

**บรรณานุกรม**
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*cite news |last1=Rosenblum |first1=Mort |title=Prime Minister Bandaranaike Faces More Violence |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25087272/lansing_state_journal/ |access-date=4 November 2018 |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The Lansing State Journal |date=16 July 1972 |location=Lansing, Michigan |page=27 |via = Newspapers.com 
*oclc=1044318527
*cite book |last1=Rowan |first1=F. C. |editor1-last=Williams |editor1-first=E. T. |editor2-last=Palmer |editor2-first=Helen M. |title=Dictionary of National Biography 1951–1960 |date=1971 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London, England |oclc=650436979 |pages=58–59 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati19511960lees/page/58?q |chapter=Bandaranaike, Solomon West Ridgeway Dias (1899–1959)
*url-access=registration 
*cite news |last1=Sala |first1=Ilaria Maria |last2=Lahiri |first2=Tripti |title=Sri Lanka's new electoral quota is seeing thousands of women run for office |url=https://qz.com/1204691/sri-lankas-new-electoral-quota-is-seeing-thousands-of-women-run-for-office/ |access-date=10 November 2018 |newspaper=Quartz |date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307181809/https://qz.com/1204691/sri-lankas-new-electoral-quota-is-seeing-thousands-of-women-run-for-office/|archive-date=7 March 2018
*cite journal |last1=Schaffer |first1=Howard B. |title=The Sri Lankan Elections of 1994: The Chandrika Factor |journal=Asian Survey |date=May 1995 |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=409–425 |doi=10.2307/2645745 |jstor=2645745 
*cite news |last1=Sebastian |first1=Rita |title=Sri Lanka-Politics: Kumaratunga Is First Woman President |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/1994/11/sri-lanka-politics-kumaratunga-is-first-woman-president/ |access-date=7 November 2018 |agency=Inter Press Service |date=10 November 1994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107161043/http://www.ipsnews.net/1994/11/sri-lanka-politics-kumaratunga-is-first-woman-president/ |archive-date=7 November 2018 |location=Rome, Italy
*oclc=1695062
*cite news |last1=Sims |first1=Watson |title=The Open Window |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25105284/sims_watson_the_open_window_the/ |access-date=4 November 2018 |newspaper=The Battle Creek Enquirer |date=12 May 1974 |location=Battle Creek, Michigan |page=16 |via = Newspapers.com 
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*cite book |last=Skard |first=Torild |title=Women of Power: Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1N0aBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |year=2015 |publisher=Policy Press |location=Bristol, England |isbn=978-1-4473-1580-3
*cite news |last1=Spencer |first1=Christina |title=Sri Lankan election exercise in indigenous rule-bending |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25142963/spencer_christina_the_ottawa_citizen/ |access-date=6 November 2018 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=19 February 1989 |location=Ottawa, Ontario, Canada |page=47 |via = Newspapers.com 
*location=Colombo, Sri Lanka
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