การหัวเราะ

ภาพเด็กน้อยขณะที่กำลังหัวเราะ
การหัวเราะ เป็นการแสดงออกของมนุษย์ที่มีภาวะอารมณ์ขัน หัวเราะเป็นปฏิกิริยาต่อเรื่องขำขัน สิ่งที่น่าขัน โดยแสดงออกเป็นการเปล่งเสียงพร้อมกับยิ้ม การหัวเราะโดยผิดธรรมชาติ อาจเกิดได้เช่น การได้รับก๊าซหัวเราะ เป็นต้น

**หนังสืออ่านเพิ่ม**
 Bachorowski, J.-A., Smoski, M.J., & Owren, M.J. The acoustic features of human laughter. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110 (1581) 2001- cite book | last = Bakhtin | first = Mikhail | author-link = Mikhail Bakhtin | year=1941 | title = Rabelais and His World | publisher = Indiana University Press | location= Bloomington | isbn = 978-0-253-34830-2 | title-link = Rabelais and His World - Chapman, Antony J.; Foot, Hugh C.; Derks, Peter (editors),  Humor and Laughter: Theory, Research, and Applications, Transaction Publishers, 1996. 1-56000-837-7. Books.google.com- Cousins, Norman, Anatomy of an Illness As Perceived by the Patient, 1979.-  pmid = 21355640 - Fried, I., Wilson, C.L., MacDonald, K.A., and Behnke EJ. Electric current stimulates laughter. Nature, 391:650, 1998 (see patient AK)- Goel, V. & Dolan, R. J. The functional anatomy of humor: segregating cognitive and affective components. Nature Neuroscience 3, 237 - 238 (2001).- Greig, John Young Thomson, The Psychology of Comedy and Laughter, New York, Dodd, Mead and company, 1923.- cite journal | last = Hennefeld | first = Maggie | title = Death from Laughter, Female Hysteria, and Early Cinema | journal = differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 45–92 | doi = 10.1215/10407391-3696631 | date = December 2016 - Knight, Chris,  Does laughter hold the key to human consciousness? – Chris Knight | Aeon Essays "Does laughter hold the key to human consciousness?" Aeon Magazine February 2019.- Marteinson, Peter,  On the Problem of the Comic: A Philosophical Study on the Origins of Laughter date=2020-07-16 , Legas Press, Ottawa, 2006. utoronto.ca-  pmc = 1860773- Provine, R. R.,  "Laughter". American Scientist, V84, 38:45, 1996. ucla.edu
*title=Laughter: A Scientific Investigation- url-status = dead  included in book: isbn=978-0-19-926461-2- Raskin, Victor, Semantic Mechanisms of Humor (1985).- MacDonald, C.,  "A Chuckle a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: Therapeutic Humor & Laughter" Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services (2004) V42, 3:18-25. psychnurse.org- Kawakami, K., et al.,  "Origins of smile and laughter: A preliminary study" Early Human Development (2006) 82, 61–66. kyoto-u.ac.jp- Johnson, S.,  Emotions and the Brain Discover (2003) V24, N4. discover.com- Panksepp, J., Burgdorf, J., "'Laughing' rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy?" Physiology & Behavior (2003) 79:533-547. psych.umn.edu- Milius, S.,  "Don't look now, but is that dog laughing?" Science News (2001) V160 4:55. sciencenews.org- Simonet, P., et al.,  Dog Laughter: Recorded playback reduces stress related behavior in shelter dogs 7th International Conference on Environmental Enrichment (2005). petalk.org- Discover Health (2004)  Humor & Laughter: Health Benefits and Online Sources, helpguide.org- Klein, A. The Courage to Laugh: Humor, Hope and Healing in the Face of Death and Dying. Los Angeles, CA: Tarcher/Putman, 1998.
*Ron Jenkins Subversive laughter (New York, Free Press, 1994), 13ff
*Bogard, M. Laughter and its Effects on Groups. New York, New York: Bullish Press, 2008.
*Humor Theory. The formulae of laughter by Igor Krichtafovitch, Outskitspress, 2006, 978-1-59800-222-5- Hans-Georg Moeller und Günter Wohlfart (Hrsg.): Laughter in Eastern and Western Philosophies. Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg / München 2010. 978-3-495-48385-5

**แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น**
  The Origins of Laughter date=2020-07-16 , chass.utoronto.ca-  Human laughter up to 16 million years old date=2012-09-17 , cosmosmagazine.com-  More information about Gelotology from the University of Washington, faculty.Washington.edu- WNYC's Radio Lab radio show:  Is Laughter just a Human Thing?, wnyc.org-  Transcriptions of laughter, writtensound.com
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