토머스 F. 토렌스

토마스 포시스 토렌스(Thomas  Forsyth Torrance, 1913년 8월 30일~2007년 12월 2일)는 스코틀랜드의 개신교 신학자였다.
T. F. 토렌스라고 일반적으로 언급한다. 그는 유명한 토마스 토렌스의 아들로 27년 동안 에딘버그 뉴 컬러지와 에딘버그 대학에서 기독교 교리사를 강의하였다.
교회의 신학 이해에 끼친 토렌스의 공헌은 칼 바르트를 영어권 세계에 소개했고, 무엇보다도 초대 교부들의 연구의 중요성을 서구교회 에 알린 것이다. 그의 중요한 신학적 기여는 다른 신학자들은 물론 칼빈의 17세기 계승자들조차 깨 닫지 못한 칼빈의 신학적 천재성을 인식하고 이해했다는 것이다. 그러나 무엇보다 토렌스의 가장 중요한 업적은 바로 과학분야에 있다. 인문과학과 신학에 정통한 토렌스는 과학적 논리와 현대 물리학 분야에 15년이상을 연구하면서 신학과 과학의 통합적 사고에 삶을 바쳤다. 칼빈신학뿐만 아니라 칼빈의 해석학에서도 중요한 공헌을 하였다. 토마스 토렌스 가문의 장남이며 제임스 토랜스의 형이다. 그의 아들은 프린스턴 신학교의 교장이었던  이안 토렌스이다

**신학**
그는 웨스트민스터 신앙고백에 대한 비판을 가한 대표적인 신학자이다.  그는 이 신앙고백이 구원의 순서라는 중세신학적인 면을 도입하였기 때문에 존 칼빈과 정반대의 길을 가게 되었가고 주장하였다.  또한 신앙고백이 연방신학(언약신학)을 도입하였기 때문에 매우 율법적이며, 헌법적인 성격을 갖게 되었다고 비판하였다.  그는 그리스도와의 연합교리가 신앙고백에 빠져 있는 것이 구원의 순서를 도입한 결과라고 주장하였다.

**저서들**
 The Doctrine of Grace in the Apostolic Fathers. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1948- Calvin’s Doctrine of Man. London: Lutterworth Press, 1949.- Kingdom and Church: A Study in the Theology of the Reformation, Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1956.- Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics I/2 The Doctrine of the Word of God. Prolegomena, Part 2, translated by G.T. Thomson and H. Knight. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1956.- Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics IV/1 The Doctrine of Reconciliation, Part I, translated by G.W. Bromiley. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1956.- When Christ Comes and Comes Again. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1957.- Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics II/1, The Doctrine of God, translated by T.H.L. Parker, W.B. Johnston, H.Knight and J.L.M. Haire. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1957.- Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics II/2, The Doctrine of God, translated by G.W. Bromiley, J.C. Campbell, I. Wilson, J. Strathern McNab, H. Knight and R.A. Stewart. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1957.- Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics III/1, The Doctrine of Creation, Part 1, translated by J.W. Edwards, O. Bussey and H. Knight. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1958.- Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics IV/2, Part 2, The Doctrine of Reconciliation, translated by G.W. Bromiley. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1958.- The Apocalypse Today. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1959.- Conflict and Agreement in the Church, I: Order and Disorder. London: Lutterworth Press, 1959.- Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics III/2. The Doctrine of Creation, Part 2, Translated by H. Knight, J.K.S. Reid, G.W. Bromiley and R.H. Fuller. Edinburgh, T&T Clark, 1960.- Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics III/3. The Doctrine of Creation, Part 3, Translated by G.W. Bromiley and R. Ehrlich. Edinburgh, T&T Clark, 1960.- "Justification: Its Radical Nature and Place in Reformed Doctrine and Life," SJT 13 (1960) 240.- Conflict and Agreement in the Church, II: The Ministry and Sacraments of the Gospel. London: Lutterworth Press, 1960.- Karl Barth: an Introduction to his Early Theology, 1910-1931. London: SCM Press; New York: Harper & Row, 1962.- "Scientific Hermeneutics according to St. Thomas Aquinas." The Journal of Theological Studies XIII.2 (October, 1962): 259-89.- Coedited with D.W. Torrance, Calvin's Commentaries, The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians, translated by T.A. Smail. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1964.- Theology in Reconstruction. London: SCM Press Ltd, 1965.- Coedited with D.W. Torrance, Calvin's Commentaries, The Epistles of Paul the Apostle to the Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians and Colossians, translated by T.H.L Parker. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1965.- Coedited with D.W. Torrance, Calvin's Commentaries, The Acts of the Apostles 14-26, translated by J.W. Fraser. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1966.- Coedited with D.W. Torrance, Calvin's Commentaries, A Harmony of the Gospels: Matthew, Mark and Luke, 3 vols. Vols 1 and 3 translated by A.W. Morrison and vol. 2 translated by T.H.L. Parker. Edinburgh: Saint Andrew Press, 1972; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1968.- Space, Time and Incarnation. London: Oxford University Press, 1969- Theological Science. London: Oxford University Press, 1969.- "The Problem of Natural Theology in the Thought of Karl Barth." Religious Studies 6 (1970): 121-35.- God and Rationality. London: Oxford University Press, 1971.- "The Relation of the Incarnation to Space in Nicene Theology," The Ecumenical World of Orthodox Civilization: Russia and Orthodoxy. vol. 3. (Essays in Honor of Georges Florovsky) ed. Andrew Blane. Paris: Mouton, 1974.- Theology in Reconciliation: Essays towards Evangelical and Catholic Unity in East and West. London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1975.- "Toward Ecumenical Consensus on the Trinity," Theologische Zeitschrift 31 (1975) 337-50.- Space, Time and Resurrection. Edinburgh: Handsel Press, 1976- The Ground and Grammar of Theology. Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1980.- Christian Theology and Scientific Culture, vol. 1 of series, Theology and Scientific Culture, edited with General Forward by Torrance. New Edition. Belfast: Christian Journals; New York: Oxford University Press, 1981- Divine and Contingent Order. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.- The Incarnation: Ecumenical Studies in the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed. Edinburgh: The Handsel Press, 1981.- Reality and Evangelical Theology. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1982.- A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, James Clerk Maxwell, edited by Torrance, Scottish Academic Press, February 1983, 0-7073-0324-9- "The Deposit of Faith." The Scottish Journal of Theology 36.1 (1983): 1-28.- Transformation & Convergence in the Frame of Knowledge: Explorations in the Interrelations of Scientific and Theological Enterprise. Belfast: Christian Journals; Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1984.- The Christian Frame of Mind. Edinburgh: Handsel Press, 1985- Reality and Scientific Theology . The Margaret Harris Lectures, Dundee, 1970 (Theology and Science at the Frontiers of Knowledge, vol 1). Edinburgh: Scottish University Press, 1985- "My Interaction with Karl Barth." In How Karl Barth Changed My Mind, edited by Donald K. McKim, 52-64. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 1986.- "Karl Barth and Patristic Theology," in Theology Beyond Christendom: Essays on the Centenary of the Birth of Karl Barth May 10, 1986. ed. John Thompson. Allison Park, PA: Pickwich, 1986, 215-39.- "Theological Realism." In The Philosophical Frontiers of Christian Theology: Essays Presented to D. M. MacKinnon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982, 169-96.- The Hermeneutics of John Calvin. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1988.- The Trinitarian Faith: The Evangelical Theology of the Ancient Catholic Church. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1988.- Karl Barth, Biblical and Evangelical Theologian. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1990.- The Mediation of Christ. Colorado Springs: Helmers & Howard, 1992.- Royal Priesthood: A Theology of Ordained Ministry. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1993.- Ed. Theological Dialogue Between Orthodox and Reformed Churches, 2 Vols. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985-1993.- Trinitarian Perspectives: Toward Doctrinal Agreement. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1994.- Preaching Christ Today: The Gospel and Scientific Thinking. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1994.- Divine Meaning: Studies in Patristic Hermeneutics. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1995.- "The Uniqueness of Divine Revelation and the Authority of the Scriptures: The Creed Associations's Statement." Scottish Bulletin of Evangelical Theology 13 (Aut. 1995): 97-101.- The Christian Doctrine of God, One Being Three Persons. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1996.- Kingdom and Church: A Study in the Theology of the Reformation. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock, 1996.-  Scottish Theology: From John Knox to John McLeod Campbell. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1996.- Theological and Natural Science. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock, 2002.- The Doctrine of Jesus Christ. Eugene Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2002.- Incarnation: The Person and Life of Christ. Edited by Robert T. Walker. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2008.- Atonement: The Person and Work of Christ. Edited by Robert T. Walker. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2009.- The School of Faith : the Catechisms of the Reformed Church. 1959.

**같이 보기**
 토렌스 가문

**각주**
분류:1913년 출생
분류:2007년 사망
분류:스코틀랜드의 성직자
분류:에든버러 대학교 교수
분류:조직신학자
분류:템플턴상 수상자
분류:에든버러 대학교 동문
분류:옥스퍼드 대학교 동문
분류:바젤 대학교 동문
분류:대영제국 훈장 구성원
분류:에든버러 왕립학회 석학회원