.

 Virtue-based arguments 

A virtue-based approach might state that although assigning property rights turns out to be a futile and self-contradictory exercise, nevertheless there is something more fundamentally and intuitively offensive about taking shamanic knowledge from traditional communities and making millions out of this without paying anything back to the communities in question. A virtue-based approach can thus bypass the difficult rights issues while nevertheless appealing to fundamental concepts of virtue to enforce some kind of exchange between prospectors and shamans