:::*The name of the 1264 Charter was General Charter of Jewish Liberties issued at Kalisz, was also know as Act, or Statue, of Kalisz by Boleslaw Pobozny. "...Its provisions established Jewish courts and a separate tribunal for matters involving Christians and Jews. Also, the Jews were exempted from slavery and serfdom as well as from any obligation to participate in defense of Poland or to speak Polish. These provisions created for the Jews in Poland the status of a foreign commercial group, free of any of the national obligations of the exclusively Christian fedual estates of peasants, burghers, and nobles..." (source: Pogonowski, Jews in Poland).