movements of imperial university students striving for social justice or political righteousness, sometimes against the authorities. The govenments didn't want to bring trouble for themself, so they generally did not intervene academia, expect providing supports. Now CCP government has the ideology of Marx's communism, and it's leaders is also ideaistic authority. Just like mdevial European churchs. But for traditional China, emperor is not regarded as ideaistic authority, government has no ideology that must be forced to accept as truth. Confucius, the highest respected man, were also criticized by some scholars.