== Some sources == 

 The Evolution of the Idaw al-Hajj Commercial Diaspora James L. A. Webb 

 UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. III, Abridged Edition: Africa from ... edited by M. El Fasi  

 Desert Frontier: Ecological And Economic Change Along The Western Sahel ... By James L.A., Jr. Webb 

 Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia By John A. Shoup