BACKGROUND
enterobacteriaceae with β-lactam resistance due to the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases  were discovered in the eighties and since that time became epidemic and endemic in hospitals worldwide  <cit> .
since two decades,  <dig> to  <dig> esbl-producing strains are isolated monthly in our hospital.
amongst the clinical isolates from our hospital, two new tem-β-lactamase genes were described  <cit> .
in belgium, as well as in other countries, a shift occurred from klebsiella pneumoniae isolates as the predominant esbl-producers  <cit>  to predominance of enterobacter aerogenes.
it is also known that most of the e. aerogenes isolates in the belgian hospitals belong to one of two predominant belgian clones   <cit> , a situation which is comparable to that in other countries  <cit> .
during the last years however, we found that several isolates that were identified as k. pneumoniae or k. terrigena by conventional biochemical testing were in fact e. aerogenes as could be shown by the use of genotypic methods, i.e.
tdna-pcr, validated by 16s rrna gene sequencing, and by extensive phenotypic testing .
RESULTS
for ten clinical isolates, i.e.
seven esbl-producing clinical isolates collected during  <dig> and three more recently collected isolates , the api20e codes  <dig> ,  <dig>  or  <dig>  were obtained.
the first code resulted in a weak identification as either e. aerogenes, k. pneumoniae or raoultella  planticola, the second code did not yield any identification, and the third code resulted in a weak but acceptable identification as k. terrigena.
the isolates with the codes  <dig> and  <dig> were identified as k. pneumoniae by additional biochemical testing due to negative reactions for motility  and ornithine decarboxylase.
however, these isolates all possessed an inducible cefalosporinase, as detected on the antibiogram using a disk approximation test, a finding which strongly contradicts an identification as k. pneumoniae or klebsiella sp.
in fact, the first hint that these strains, phenotypically identified as k. pneumoniae, were actually e. aerogenes, came from tdna-pcr based identification.
using this method, all isolates were identified as e. aerogenes, and this by comparison of the obtained fingerprint – composed of amplified intergenic trna spacers of  <dig>   <dig>   <dig>   <dig>   <dig>   <dig>   <dig>   <dig> or  <dig>  and  <dig> bp in length – with a library containing fingerprints of more than  <dig> strains belonging to hundreds of species, available at .
confirmation of this genotypic identification was obtained by 16s rrna gene sequencing for five isolates .
analysis yielded a similarity of between  <dig> % and 100% to e. aerogenes genbank entries.
the presence of a genuine k. pneumoniae isolate in patient dhj  further complicated the identification.
this observation lead us to carry out additional phenotypic testing.
using the hanging drop method for testing motility, a few motile cells were observed, and upon retesting in semi-solid medium, weak migration could be observed.
like most biochemical tests in the routine laboratory, ornithine decarboxylase is read after overnight or  <dig> hours of incubation, but when the incubation period was prolonged to up to 2– <dig> days, all isolates tested positive.
because at present automated systems are frequently used for routine identification, a selection of six strains, containing four isolates of the study and two controls, i.e.
phenotypically correctly identified e. aerogenes  and k. pneumoniae  isolates, were tested in two different systems, i.e.
vitek  <dig>  and phoenix .
both automated systems yielded the same results as the api20e, i.e.
that the e. aerogenes isolates, aberrant due to a slow reaction for motility and ornithine decarboxylase, were misidentified as k. pneumoniae .
this misidentification by the automated systems is not unexpected, since they are based on biochemical testing only and a reading time of  <dig> hours or less.
the control strains were correctly identified.
disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility testing, carried out according the nccls guidelines, revealed basically the same resistotype for all isolates, characterized by resistance to ceftazidime and susceptibility to ceftriaxone.
additional resistance to aztreonam was observed for some isolates, reflecting the most dominant resistance patterns for the e. aerogenes isolates in our hospital.
all isolates were also found to carry high-level resistance to cefoxitin, which is highly unusual for klebsiella spp.
furthermore, the disk-approximation test with an amoxycillin-clavulanic acid disk close to β-lactam disks on mueller-hinton ii agar, showed a combined pattern of synergy  and antagonism , which is suggestive for a combination of an esbl and an inducible β-lactamase.
again, inducible β-lactamases are very rare in klebsiella spp.
but typical for enterobacter spp.
it should be noticed that this phenomenon will not be detected by automated mic-determination systems like vitek  <dig> and phoenix.
using pcr and sequencing as described previously  <cit> , the presence of tem- <dig> could be shown in the isolates of patients ga and mn, and shv- <dig> in the isolate of patient dhj.
the genotypic relationship of the phenotypically aberrant isolates was investigated with ap-pcr.
isolates ga <dig>  ga <dig>  ga <dig>  mn <dig>  mn <dig> and dbh were corresponding to belgian clone bei , isolates vgm, dhj <dig> and dhj <dig> were closely related to belgian clone beii  while isolate ra was not related to any of the others .
this genetic diversity among the phenotypically aberrant strains makes it probable that strains with this kind of aberrant phenotype are not restricted to a single clone within e. aerogenes.
discussion
k. pneumoniae and e. aerogenes are taxonomically closely related species  <cit>  which share many characteristics.
our sequencing results  and those of others  <cit>  confirm that the genus enterobacter is polyphyletic and that e. aerogenes should be placed within the genus klebsiella.
however, differentiation between e. aerogenes and k. pneumoniae is usually straightforward when based on testing for ornithine decarboxylase and motility, both positive for e. aerogenes.
this is also reflected in the name "klebsiella mobilis"  <cit> , which is known as a valid synonym for e. aerogenes.
apparently, in some e. aerogenes isolates, the expression of these characteristics can be weak and/or delayed, and these are therefore scored negative when reading is done after the incubation periods that are routinely applied .
however, the combination of an inducible β-lactamase and/or high-level cefoxitin resistance, which are rare in klebsiella spp., and an identification as klebsiella sp.
should warrant further investigation.
the phenomenon of e. aerogenes misidentified as k. pneumoniae or k. terrigena due to delayed or negative ornithine decarboxylase and motility was reported previously, and was also discovered because of unexpected imipenem resistance of the so-called k. pneumoniae isolates  <cit> .
also in this case, subculture and prolonged incubation restored the positivity for these characteristics.
the problem of misidentification of e. aerogenes as k. pneumoniae  is probably not uncommon and probably also geographically widespread.
this can be deduced from the following considerations: i) this phenomenon of misidentification of e. aerogenes was already reported in  <dig>  <cit> , ii) the phenomenon occurred in genotypically different organisms, iii) the isolates were found over an extended period of time – also recently, and finally iv) we received similar strains from other belgian hospitals .
it should be noted that misidentification also occurred when using the newer and automated systems like vitek <dig> and phoenix.
on the other hand, the problem seems to be largely unknown.
in a recent study, hansen and colleagues  <cit>  carried out an interlaboratory comparison of the efficacy of  <dig> biochemical tests for the identification of  <dig> strains of different klebsiella species and of enterobacter aerogenes, but do not mention the problem of possible delayed activity, possibly also because the study started from validated strains of each species.
CONCLUSIONS
identification in a routine clinical microbiology laboratory of the most commonly encountered enterobacteriaceae is usually considered to be fast and straightforward, but apparently identification problems may occur due to diminished or delayed expression of some characteristics, even for well-established species like e. aerogenes and k. pneumoniae.
here we showed that e. aerogenes isolates exist for which ornithine decarboxylase and motility are negative or delayed positive, and that as such these isolates can be misidentified as k. pneumoniae.
this phenomenon may be quite frequent and geographically widespread.
genotypic identification techniques like tdna-pcr, which moreover are cheaper than phenotypic testing for many bacterial species, can be semi-automatized, are faster and mostly have a higher discriminatory power, which is also reflected in this study.

 enterobacteriaceae with β-lactam resistance due to the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases were discovered in the eighties and since that time became epidemic and endemic in hospitals worldwide. since two decades, to esbl-producing strains are isolated monthly in our hospital. amongst the clinical isolates from our hospital, two new tem-β-lactamase genes were described. in belgium, as well as in other countries, a shift occurred from klebsiella pneumoniae isolates as the predominant esbl-producers to predominance of enterobacter aerogenes. it is also known that most of the e. aerogenes isolates in the belgian hospitals belong to one of two predominant belgian clones, a situation which is comparable to that in other countries. during the last years however, we found that several isolates that were identified as k. pneumoniae or k. terrigena by conventional biochemical testing were in fact e. aerogenes as could be shown by the use of genotypic methods, i.e. tdna-pcr, validated by 16s rrna gene sequencing, and by extensive phenotypic testing.  for ten clinical isolates, i.e. seven esbl-producing clinical isolates collected during and three more recently collected isolates, the api20e codes, or were obtained. the first code resulted in a weak identification as either e. aerogenes, k. pneumoniae or raoultella planticola, the second code did not yield any identification, and the third code resulted in a weak but acceptable identification as k. terrigena. the isolates with the codes and were identified as k. pneumoniae by additional biochemical testing due to negative reactions for motility and ornithine decarboxylase. however, these isolates all possessed an inducible cefalosporinase, as detected on the antibiogram using a disk approximation test, a finding which strongly contradicts an identification as k. pneumoniae or klebsiella sp. in fact, the first hint that these strains, phenotypically identified as k. pneumoniae, were actually e. aerogenes, came from tdna-pcr based identification. using this method, all isolates were identified as e. aerogenes, and this by comparison of the obtained fingerprint – composed of amplified intergenic trna spacers of or and bp in length – with a library containing fingerprints of more than strains belonging to hundreds of species, available at. confirmation of this genotypic identification was obtained by 16s rrna gene sequencing for five isolates. analysis yielded a similarity of between % and 100% to e. aerogenes genbank entries. the presence of a genuine k. pneumoniae isolate in patient dhj further complicated the identification. this observation lead us to carry out additional phenotypic testing. using the hanging drop method for testing motility, a few motile cells were observed, and upon retesting in semi-solid medium, weak migration could be observed. like most biochemical tests in the routine laboratory, ornithine decarboxylase is read after overnight or hours of incubation, but when the incubation period was prolonged to up to 2– days, all isolates tested positive. because at present automated systems are frequently used for routine identification, a selection of six strains, containing four isolates of the study and two controls, i.e. phenotypically correctly identified e. aerogenes and k. pneumoniae isolates, were tested in two different systems, i.e. vitek and phoenix. both automated systems yielded the same results as the api20e, i.e. that the e. aerogenes isolates, aberrant due to a slow reaction for motility and ornithine decarboxylase, were misidentified as k. pneumoniae. this misidentification by the automated systems is not unexpected, since they are based on biochemical testing only and a reading time of hours or less. the control strains were correctly identified. disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility testing, carried out according the nccls guidelines, revealed basically the same resistotype for all isolates, characterized by resistance to ceftazidime and susceptibility to ceftriaxone. additional resistance to aztreonam was observed for some isolates, reflecting the most dominant resistance patterns for the e. aerogenes isolates in our hospital. all isolates were also found to carry high-level resistance to cefoxitin, which is highly unusual for klebsiella spp. furthermore, the disk-approximation test with an amoxycillin-clavulanic acid disk close to β-lactam disks on mueller-hinton ii agar, showed a combined pattern of synergy and antagonism, which is suggestive for a combination of an esbl and an inducible β-lactamase. again, inducible β-lactamases are very rare in klebsiella spp. but typical for enterobacter spp. it should be noticed that this phenomenon will not be detected by automated mic-determination systems like vitek and phoenix. using pcr and sequencing as described previously, the presence of tem- could be shown in the isolates of patients ga and mn, and shv- in the isolate of patient dhj. the genotypic relationship of the phenotypically aberrant isolates was investigated with ap-pcr. isolates ga ga ga mn mn and dbh were corresponding to belgian clone bei, isolates vgm, dhj and dhj were closely related to belgian clone beii while isolate ra was not related to any of the others. this genetic diversity among the phenotypically aberrant strains makes it probable that strains with this kind of aberrant phenotype are not restricted to a single clone within e. aerogenes. discussion k. pneumoniae and e. aerogenes are taxonomically closely related species which share many characteristics. our sequencing results and those of others confirm that the genus enterobacter is polyphyletic and that e. aerogenes should be placed within the genus klebsiella. however, differentiation between e. aerogenes and k. pneumoniae is usually straightforward when based on testing for ornithine decarboxylase and motility, both positive for e. aerogenes. this is also reflected in the name "klebsiella mobilis", which is known as a valid synonym for e. aerogenes. apparently, in some e. aerogenes isolates, the expression of these characteristics can be weak and/or delayed, and these are therefore scored negative when reading is done after the incubation periods that are routinely applied. however, the combination of an inducible β-lactamase and/or high-level cefoxitin resistance, which are rare in klebsiella spp., and an identification as klebsiella sp. should warrant further investigation. the phenomenon of e. aerogenes misidentified as k. pneumoniae or k. terrigena due to delayed or negative ornithine decarboxylase and motility was reported previously, and was also discovered because of unexpected imipenem resistance of the so-called k. pneumoniae isolates. also in this case, subculture and prolonged incubation restored the positivity for these characteristics. the problem of misidentification of e. aerogenes as k. pneumoniae is probably not uncommon and probably also geographically widespread. this can be deduced from the following considerations: i) this phenomenon of misidentification of e. aerogenes was already reported in, ii) the phenomenon occurred in genotypically different organisms, iii) the isolates were found over an extended period of time – also recently, and finally iv) we received similar strains from other belgian hospitals. it should be noted that misidentification also occurred when using the newer and automated systems like vitek and phoenix. on the other hand, the problem seems to be largely unknown. in a recent study, hansen and colleagues carried out an interlaboratory comparison of the efficacy of biochemical tests for the identification of strains of different klebsiella species and of enterobacter aerogenes, but do not mention the problem of possible delayed activity, possibly also because the study started from validated strains of each species.  identification in a routine clinical microbiology laboratory of the most commonly encountered enterobacteriaceae is usually considered to be fast and straightforward, but apparently identification problems may occur due to diminished or delayed expression of some characteristics, even for well-established species like e. aerogenes and k. pneumoniae. here we showed that e. aerogenes isolates exist for which ornithine decarboxylase and motility are negative or delayed positive, and that as such these isolates can be misidentified as k. pneumoniae. this phenomenon may be quite frequent and geographically widespread. genotypic identification techniques like tdna-pcr, which moreover are cheaper than phenotypic testing for many bacterial species, can be semi-automatized, are faster and mostly have a higher discriminatory power, which is also reflected in this study. 
here we report that genotypically unrelated strains of e. aerogenes can be misidentified as k. pneumoniae by routine laboratories using standard biochemical identification and using identification automates. ten clinical isolates, identified as k. pneumoniae or k. terrigena with the routinely used biochemical tests and with api-20e, were identified as e. aerogenes by tdna-pcr – an identification that was confirmed by 16s rrna gene sequencing for five of these isolates. it could be shown by rapd-analysis that the e. aerogenes strains belonged to different genotypes. clinical e. aerogenes isolates can be easily misidentified as klebsiella due to delayed positivity for ornithine decarboxylase and motility. enterobacter aerogenes and klebsiella pneumoniae are common isolates in clinical microbiology and important as producers of extended spectrum β-lactamases. misidentification also occurred when using the automated identification systems vitek and phoenix, and was due to delayed positivity for ornithine decarboxylase and motility. subculture and prolonged incubation resulted in positive results for ornithine decarboxylase and for motility. a useful clue for correct identification is the presence of an inducible β-lactamase, which is highly unusual for k. pneumoniae.
 enterobacter aerogenes and klebsiella pneumoniae are common isolates in clinical microbiology and important as producers of extended spectrum β-lactamases. the discrimination between both species, which is routinely based on biochemical characteristics, is generally accepted to be straightforward. here we report that genotypically unrelated strains of e. aerogenes can be misidentified as k. pneumoniae by routine laboratories using standard biochemical identification and using identification automates.  ten clinical isolates, identified as k. pneumoniae or k. terrigena with the routinely used biochemical tests and with api-20e, were identified as e. aerogenes by tdna-pcr – an identification that was confirmed by 16s rrna gene sequencing for five of these isolates. misidentification also occurred when using the automated identification systems vitek and phoenix, and was due to delayed positivity for ornithine decarboxylase and motility. subculture and prolonged incubation resulted in positive results for ornithine decarboxylase and for motility. it could be shown by rapd-analysis that the e. aerogenes strains belonged to different genotypes.  clinical e. aerogenes isolates can be easily misidentified as klebsiella due to delayed positivity for ornithine decarboxylase and motility. the phenomenon may be widespread, since it was shown to occur among genotypically unrelated strains from different hospitals and different isolation dates. a useful clue for correct identification is the presence of an inducible β-lactamase, which is highly unusual for k. pneumoniae. in several instances, the use of genotypic techniques like tdna-pcr may circumvent problems of phenotypic identification. 