BACKGROUND
toxoplasma gondii is the most successful parasitic pathogen world-wide, infecting all warm blooded animals including humans  <cit> .
toxoplasmosis caused by t. gondii has been considered to be one of the major causes of abortion and neonatal mortality in sheep, thus, the infection is of great economic importance to the sheep industry  <cit> .
furthermore, humans can be infected by consuming undercooked meat, which is a risk factor for human health  <cit> .
seroprevalence of t. gondii in sheep have been reported extensively in different countries and the positive rates ranged from 3% to 95%  <cit> .
in china, several studies indicated that the seroprevalence ranged from  <dig> % to  <dig> % in sheep  <cit> .
tibetan sheep, a specific species being cold and hypoxia resistant, mainly live in the alpine and pastoral areas, and they are an important economic resource for local people.
although two studies about the seroprevalence of t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep were carried out in tibet and qinghai province  <cit> , little information is available on the seroprevalence and risk factors for t. gondii in tibetan sheep in gansu province.
since gansu province is one of the largest industrial regions for tibetan sheep, it is important to quantify the prevalence of t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep and further understand the potential risk posed to humans from this source of meat.
this study was performed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep in gansu province, northwestern china.
methods
ethics statement
the tibetan sheep examined in the present study were handled in accordance with the good animal practice requirements of the animal ethics procedures and guidelines of the people’s republic of china.
this study was approved by the animal ethics committee of lanzhou veterinary research institute, chinese academy of agricultural sciences .
animals and samples
blood samples were collected from  <dig> tibetan sheep between february  <dig> and april  <dig> in tianzhu county  and maqu county  in gansu province, northwestern china.
tianzhu  and maqu  lie on the tibetan plateau.
the average height of the two areas is  <dig> meters above sea level, and both have a typical plateau continental climate, annual average temperature of − <dig> to +4°c.
all samples were selected randomly, and different farms were chosen in different seasons.
all the tibetan sheep were farmed under semi-extensive conditions which mean that during day time sheep were grazed in communal natural grasslands and returned to fenced areas at night.
biometric data for tibetan sheep, including age, breed and numbers of past pregnancies were obtained from the farmers and the study adhered to the highest standard  of veterinary care.
detailed information about pregnancies, source and age, and other characteristics was summarized.
blood samples were centrifuged at 2000 × g for 5 min and then sera were collected and stored at −20°c for further analysis.
serological examination
serum samples from tibetan sheep were diluted two-fold from 1: <dig> to 1: <dig> and examined for t. gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test  as described previously  <cit> .
in this study, sera with mat titers of 1: <dig> or higher were considered positive  <cit> .
positive and negative control sera were incorporated into each test.
the positive control sera were collected from sheep experimentally infected with t. gondii.
the positive and negative sera were provided by prof delin zhang as a gift.
the negative control sera were collected from sheep without t. gondii infection .the seronegative sheep were used for preparing positive sera according to the following protocol: the sheep were injected with 40 mg excreted/secreted antigens twice with 2 weeks interval, and infected with  <dig> tachyzoites of the rh strain two weeks later after the last immunization.
the positive sera were collected 3 weeks later after infection.
this infection experiment was approved by the animal ethics committee of lanzhou veterinary research institute, chinese academy of agricultural sciences .
those sera with questionable results were re-tested.
statistical analysis
to identify possible risk factors associated with exposure to t. gondii infection, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out using the pasw statistics  <dig>  .
the risk factors included age , gender , season , geographical origin , and numbers of past pregnancies .
when independent variables was included in the multivariable logistic regression model and probability  value <  <dig>  was considered as statistically significant between levels within factors and interactions, and their odd ratio  and 95% confidence interval  were calculated.
differences in t. gondii seroprevalence among independent variables were analyzed by a chi square test.
RESULTS
in this study,  <dig>  of  <dig> tibetan sheep were positive for antibodies against t. gondii, and the titers ranged from 1: <dig> to more than 1: <dig> .
the seroprevalence of tibetan sheep in tianzhu and maqu were  <dig> %  and  <dig>  , respectively.
positive samples were found in all four age groups, varied from  <dig>  to  <dig> %, and the highest prevalence was detected in tibetan sheep of the between  <dig> and 3 years of age .
the prevalence in females  were lower than in males .
the numbers of parturition of female tibetan sheep ranged between  <dig> pregnancy and above  <dig> pregnancies, and the t. gondii seroprevalence varied in female tibetan sheep with different numbers of pregnancies, ranging from  <dig> to  <dig> %  with the highest seroprevalence  in  <dig> or higher pregnancies group.
the seroprevalence in different season ranged from  <dig> % in winter to  <dig> % in summer .table  <dig>
seroprevalence of
toxoplasma gondii
infection in tibetan sheep in gansu province, northwest china by modified agglutination test
factor
category
no.
tested
no.
positive
prevalence
95% ci
p-value
a
ap values were calculated using chi square test.
forward stepwise logistic regression analysis was employed to evaluate the risk factors of t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep, and the results indicated that age, gender, and numbers of past pregnancies of tibetan sheep were not a significant risk factors  and left out of the final model, however, season and geographical origin were considered as risk factors for the infection.
the risk of acquiring the t. gondii infection in tianzhu, where were  <dig>  times higher  compared to maqu.
samples collected in summer had a  <dig>  times  higher risk of being seropositive compare to samples collected during winter, and had a  <dig>  times  higher risk of being seropositive compared to samples collected in spring, however, there was no statistically significant different between samples collected in winter or autumn  .table  <dig>
odds ratios for geographical origin and season of tibetan sheep as risk factors for
toxoplasma gondii
in tibetan sheep
factor
category
prevalence
or
95% ci
p-value
discussion
t. gondii infection poses a great health hazard to both humans and animals.
to date, a number of studies have been conducted on the seroprevalence of t. gondii infection in sheep from various geographical regions in the world, and the positive rates ranged from 3% to 95%  <cit> .
one study reported that  <dig>  of the  <dig> sheep exhibited antibodies against t. gondii by mat in michoacán state, mexico  <cit> , and cenci-goga et al.
detected a  <dig> % prevalence from  <dig> milk sheep by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test  in italy  <cit> .
lopes et al.
found that  <dig> % of  <dig> sheep were positive to t. gondii antibody tested by ifat in são paulo state, brazil  <cit> , and  <dig> % of  <dig> sheep were infected by t. gondii detected by mat in portugal  <cit> , the overall seroprevalence of t. gondii infection was  <dig> % in sheep in east and west shewa zones of oromia regional state, central ethiopia  <cit> .
these studies included both developed and developing countries but a common finding was that there was no correlation between the seroprevalence and economic development of different regions and countries.
in this study, the overall t. gondii seroprevalence in tibetan sheep in gansu province was  <dig> %, which was lower than those in the above mentioned studies but higher than that observed in sheep in borno state, nigeria   <cit>  and in humid pampa, argentina   <cit> .
in china, t. gondii seroprevalence in tibetan sheep in gansu was lower than that in qinghai province    <cit> , but considerably higher than that observed previously in tibet   <cit> , and in domestic sheep in liaoning province   <cit> .
compared to other asian countries, we found that t. gondii seroprevalence in tibetan sheep in gansu was higher than that in rahim yar khan , pakistan  and india   <cit> , but lower than that reported in iran   <cit> .
the differences could be related to differences in ecological and geographical factors such as temperature, rainfall or landscape differences.
the study area had overall low temperatures and it generally thought that the prevalence and risk of t. gondii infection decrease with decreasing temperature because it affect the survival of oocysts in the environment such as pastures.
the different sensitivity and specificity of the serological methods used to determine t. gondii prevalence may also be a factor contributing to the observed differences.
tibetan sheep in maqu had a higher seroprevalence compared to sheep in tianzhu, and the percentage of positive samples with high titers  in ganan was higher than in tianzhu.
the proportion of sheep with high titers was higher in ganan compared to tianzhu which could be due to a more recent infection or a higher parasite inoculum.
the ecological environment of ganan and tianzhu are similar, so ecological environment may not be a factor responsible of the differences in seroprevalence.
the difference could cause by the hygiene conditions or other factors for instance the number of cats in the two areas.
sheep acquire t. gondii infection mainly by ingestion of oocysts from the environment and congenital transmission.
whereas all the studied tibetan sheep were farmed under semi-extensive conditions and had good opportunity to ingest oocysts from pastures, which may explain the high seroprevalence of t. gondii infection in this study.
the final logistic regression model showed that age was not the significant risk factor associated with exposure to t. gondii infection.
although the highest  seroprevalence found in the age group between  <dig> and 3 years, and the univariate analysis showed that the difference was not significant .
thus, there was no correlation between the seroprevalence and age in tibetan sheep.
this result indicated that age was not a crucial risk factor for t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep in gansu province, which was similar to previous studies  <cit> .
however, there were some studies indicated that seroprevalence of t. gondii increased with age  <cit> , and those results were different with our study and other studies.
we had expected that age was an important factor for being seropositive as a measure of the cumulated life-time risk.
the climatic condition in the area is extreme with low temperatures in both summer and winter due mainly to the altitude.
it is possible that this influence the risk of infection in the sheep and this needs further studies for instance by sampling the pastures for t. gondii oocysts.
the lambs arrive in summer when it is warmest and they are immediately exposed to infection on the pastures.
if the risk of infection the rest of the year is very limited due to the low temperatures, risk of infection could be limited to a few months every year, thus infection is an early event which may – at least partly – explain the lack of correlation with age.
with regard to gender, the prevalence in males was higher than in females, but the difference was not statistically significant, which is in agreement with the conclusions of one study  <cit> .
however, several studies indicated that the prevalence in females were higher than males  <cit> , which was probably due to the lower levels in immune response or antibody persistence of females in some periods of their lives.
in our study, of the  <dig> female tibetan sheep examined,  <dig> had at least one previous pregnancies.
the seroprevalence in the tibetan sheep with ≥ <dig> births was the highest , followed by the tibetan sheep with  <dig> pregnancy, there was no statistically significant difference in seroprevalence between sheep of different parity.
the results of the present study clearly revealed that the season was a crucial risk factors associated with t. gondii seroprevalence.
in this study, we found that the seroprevalence in tibetan sheep were higher in summer and in spring, they had a  <dig>  times and  <dig>  times higher risk of being infection compared to tibetan sheep in winter.
the temperature and the range of cats may be explaining the significant seasonal differences in prevalence.
in spring and summer, the climate is warm and damp which are favorable for the survival of t. gondii oocysts, in addition, cats are more active at warm temperature and expand their range which lead to oocysts widely distribution.
these may contribute to the higher seroprevalence in spring and summer.
this is the first report of t. gondii infection and likely factors associated with t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep in gansu province, northwestern china, where mutton is the most liked meat by the local people, and the tibetan sheep populations was large enough for the results to be conclusive.
however, to better understand risk factors associated with t. gondii infection in this region, further studies are required that provide detailed information on risk factors associated with t. gondii infection, such as production system, tibetan sheep welfare, food source and the number of cats.
CONCLUSIONS
the results of the present survey showed a high seroprevalence of t. gondii in tibetan sheep in gansu province, northwestern china, and geographical origin and season are main risk factors associated with t. gondii infection.
the higher seroprevalence of t. gondii infection in spring and summer may provide seasonal information to prevent and control t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep, which could help reduce t. gondii infection in humans.
ming-yang yin and jin-lei wang contributed equally to this work.
competing interests
the authors declare that they have no competing interests.
authors’ contributions
xqz and syh conceived and designed the study and wrote and critically revised the manuscript.
myy, jlw, and syq performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript.
dhz, gxl and qdt helped in the study design, study implementation, and manuscript revision.
all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
project support was provided, in part, by the special fund for agro-scientific research in the public interest  and the science fund for creative research groups of gansu province .
the authors thank professor eskild petersen at department of infectious diseases, clinical institute, faculty of health sciences, aarhus university, denmark for copy-editing the manuscript and correcting the grammatical and typographical errors in the manuscript.

 toxoplasma gondii is the most successful parasitic pathogen world-wide, infecting all warm blooded animals including humans. toxoplasmosis caused by t. gondii has been considered to be one of the major causes of abortion and neonatal mortality in sheep, thus, the infection is of great economic importance to the sheep industry. furthermore, humans can be infected by consuming undercooked meat, which is a risk factor for human health. seroprevalence of t. gondii in sheep have been reported extensively in different countries and the positive rates ranged from 3% to 95%. in china, several studies indicated that the seroprevalence ranged from % to % in sheep. tibetan sheep, a specific species being cold and hypoxia resistant, mainly live in the alpine and pastoral areas, and they are an important economic resource for local people. although two studies about the seroprevalence of t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep were carried out in tibet and qinghai province, little information is available on the seroprevalence and risk factors for t. gondii in tibetan sheep in gansu province. since gansu province is one of the largest industrial regions for tibetan sheep, it is important to quantify the prevalence of t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep and further understand the potential risk posed to humans from this source of meat. this study was performed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep in gansu province, northwestern china. methods ethics statement the tibetan sheep examined in the present study were handled in accordance with the good animal practice requirements of the animal ethics procedures and guidelines of the people’s republic of china. this study was approved by the animal ethics committee of lanzhou veterinary research institute, chinese academy of agricultural sciences. animals and samples blood samples were collected from tibetan sheep between february and april in tianzhu county and maqu county in gansu province, northwestern china. tianzhu and maqu lie on the tibetan plateau. the average height of the two areas is meters above sea level, and both have a typical plateau continental climate, annual average temperature of − to +4°c. all samples were selected randomly, and different farms were chosen in different seasons. all the tibetan sheep were farmed under semi-extensive conditions which mean that during day time sheep were grazed in communal natural grasslands and returned to fenced areas at night. biometric data for tibetan sheep, including age, breed and numbers of past pregnancies were obtained from the farmers and the study adhered to the highest standard of veterinary care. detailed information about pregnancies, source and age, and other characteristics was summarized. blood samples were centrifuged at 2000 × g for 5 min and then sera were collected and stored at −20°c for further analysis. serological examination serum samples from tibetan sheep were diluted two-fold from 1: to 1: and examined for t. gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test as described previously. in this study, sera with mat titers of 1: or higher were considered positive. positive and negative control sera were incorporated into each test. the positive control sera were collected from sheep experimentally infected with t. gondii. the positive and negative sera were provided by prof delin zhang as a gift. the negative control sera were collected from sheep without t. gondii infection.the seronegative sheep were used for preparing positive sera according to the following protocol: the sheep were injected with 40 mg excreted/secreted antigens twice with 2 weeks interval, and infected with tachyzoites of the rh strain two weeks later after the last immunization. the positive sera were collected 3 weeks later after infection. this infection experiment was approved by the animal ethics committee of lanzhou veterinary research institute, chinese academy of agricultural sciences. those sera with questionable results were re-tested. statistical analysis to identify possible risk factors associated with exposure to t. gondii infection, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out using the pasw statistics. the risk factors included age, gender, season, geographical origin, and numbers of past pregnancies. when independent variables was included in the multivariable logistic regression model and probability value <  was considered as statistically significant between levels within factors and interactions, and their odd ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated. differences in t. gondii seroprevalence among independent variables were analyzed by a chi square test.  in this study, of tibetan sheep were positive for antibodies against t. gondii, and the titers ranged from 1: to more than 1:. the seroprevalence of tibetan sheep in tianzhu and maqu were % and, respectively. positive samples were found in all four age groups, varied from to %, and the highest prevalence was detected in tibetan sheep of the between and 3 years of age. the prevalence in females were lower than in males. the numbers of parturition of female tibetan sheep ranged between pregnancy and above pregnancies, and the t. gondii seroprevalence varied in female tibetan sheep with different numbers of pregnancies, ranging from to % with the highest seroprevalence in or higher pregnancies group. the seroprevalence in different season ranged from % in winter to % in summer.table seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in tibetan sheep in gansu province, northwest china by modified agglutination test factor category no. tested no. positive prevalence 95% ci p-value a ap values were calculated using chi square test. forward stepwise logistic regression analysis was employed to evaluate the risk factors of t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep, and the results indicated that age, gender, and numbers of past pregnancies of tibetan sheep were not a significant risk factors and left out of the final model, however, season and geographical origin were considered as risk factors for the infection. the risk of acquiring the t. gondii infection in tianzhu, where were times higher compared to maqu. samples collected in summer had a times higher risk of being seropositive compare to samples collected during winter, and had a times higher risk of being seropositive compared to samples collected in spring, however, there was no statistically significant different between samples collected in winter or autumn.table odds ratios for geographical origin and season of tibetan sheep as risk factors for toxoplasma gondii in tibetan sheep factor category prevalence or 95% ci p-value discussion t. gondii infection poses a great health hazard to both humans and animals. to date, a number of studies have been conducted on the seroprevalence of t. gondii infection in sheep from various geographical regions in the world, and the positive rates ranged from 3% to 95%. one study reported that of the sheep exhibited antibodies against t. gondii by mat in michoacán state, mexico, and cenci-goga et al. detected a % prevalence from milk sheep by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test in italy. lopes et al. found that % of sheep were positive to t. gondii antibody tested by ifat in são paulo state, brazil, and % of sheep were infected by t. gondii detected by mat in portugal, the overall seroprevalence of t. gondii infection was % in sheep in east and west shewa zones of oromia regional state, central ethiopia. these studies included both developed and developing countries but a common finding was that there was no correlation between the seroprevalence and economic development of different regions and countries. in this study, the overall t. gondii seroprevalence in tibetan sheep in gansu province was %, which was lower than those in the above mentioned studies but higher than that observed in sheep in borno state, nigeria and in humid pampa, argentina. in china, t. gondii seroprevalence in tibetan sheep in gansu was lower than that in qinghai province, but considerably higher than that observed previously in tibet, and in domestic sheep in liaoning province. compared to other asian countries, we found that t. gondii seroprevalence in tibetan sheep in gansu was higher than that in rahim yar khan, pakistan and india, but lower than that reported in iran. the differences could be related to differences in ecological and geographical factors such as temperature, rainfall or landscape differences. the study area had overall low temperatures and it generally thought that the prevalence and risk of t. gondii infection decrease with decreasing temperature because it affect the survival of oocysts in the environment such as pastures. the different sensitivity and specificity of the serological methods used to determine t. gondii prevalence may also be a factor contributing to the observed differences. tibetan sheep in maqu had a higher seroprevalence compared to sheep in tianzhu, and the percentage of positive samples with high titers in ganan was higher than in tianzhu. the proportion of sheep with high titers was higher in ganan compared to tianzhu which could be due to a more recent infection or a higher parasite inoculum. the ecological environment of ganan and tianzhu are similar, so ecological environment may not be a factor responsible of the differences in seroprevalence. the difference could cause by the hygiene conditions or other factors for instance the number of cats in the two areas. sheep acquire t. gondii infection mainly by ingestion of oocysts from the environment and congenital transmission. whereas all the studied tibetan sheep were farmed under semi-extensive conditions and had good opportunity to ingest oocysts from pastures, which may explain the high seroprevalence of t. gondii infection in this study. the final logistic regression model showed that age was not the significant risk factor associated with exposure to t. gondii infection. although the highest seroprevalence found in the age group between and 3 years, and the univariate analysis showed that the difference was not significant. thus, there was no correlation between the seroprevalence and age in tibetan sheep. this result indicated that age was not a crucial risk factor for t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep in gansu province, which was similar to previous studies. however, there were some studies indicated that seroprevalence of t. gondii increased with age, and those results were different with our study and other studies. we had expected that age was an important factor for being seropositive as a measure of the cumulated life-time risk. the climatic condition in the area is extreme with low temperatures in both summer and winter due mainly to the altitude. it is possible that this influence the risk of infection in the sheep and this needs further studies for instance by sampling the pastures for t. gondii oocysts. the lambs arrive in summer when it is warmest and they are immediately exposed to infection on the pastures. if the risk of infection the rest of the year is very limited due to the low temperatures, risk of infection could be limited to a few months every year, thus infection is an early event which may – at least partly – explain the lack of correlation with age. with regard to gender, the prevalence in males was higher than in females, but the difference was not statistically significant, which is in agreement with the conclusions of one study. however, several studies indicated that the prevalence in females were higher than males, which was probably due to the lower levels in immune response or antibody persistence of females in some periods of their lives. in our study, of the female tibetan sheep examined, had at least one previous pregnancies. the seroprevalence in the tibetan sheep with ≥ births was the highest, followed by the tibetan sheep with pregnancy, there was no statistically significant difference in seroprevalence between sheep of different parity. the results of the present study clearly revealed that the season was a crucial risk factors associated with t. gondii seroprevalence. in this study, we found that the seroprevalence in tibetan sheep were higher in summer and in spring, they had a times and times higher risk of being infection compared to tibetan sheep in winter. the temperature and the range of cats may be explaining the significant seasonal differences in prevalence. in spring and summer, the climate is warm and damp which are favorable for the survival of t. gondii oocysts, in addition, cats are more active at warm temperature and expand their range which lead to oocysts widely distribution. these may contribute to the higher seroprevalence in spring and summer. this is the first report of t. gondii infection and likely factors associated with t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep in gansu province, northwestern china, where mutton is the most liked meat by the local people, and the tibetan sheep populations was large enough for the results to be conclusive. however, to better understand risk factors associated with t. gondii infection in this region, further studies are required that provide detailed information on risk factors associated with t. gondii infection, such as production system, tibetan sheep welfare, food source and the number of cats.  the results of the present survey showed a high seroprevalence of t. gondii in tibetan sheep in gansu province, northwestern china, and geographical origin and season are main risk factors associated with t. gondii infection. the higher seroprevalence of t. gondii infection in spring and summer may provide seasonal information to prevent and control t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep, which could help reduce t. gondii infection in humans. ming-yang yin and jin-lei wang contributed equally to this work. competing interests the authors declare that they have no competing interests. authors’ contributions xqz and syh conceived and designed the study and wrote and critically revised the manuscript. myy, jlw, and syq performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript. dhz, gxl and qdt helped in the study design, study implementation, and manuscript revision. all authors read and approved the final manuscript. project support was provided, in part, by the special fund for agro-scientific research in the public interest and the science fund for creative research groups of gansu province. the authors thank professor eskild petersen at department of infectious diseases, clinical institute, faculty of health sciences, aarhus university, denmark for copy-editing the manuscript and correcting the grammatical and typographical errors in the manuscript.
multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors associated with seroprevalence, the results showed that age, gender, and numbers of past pregnancies were not the significant risk factors. in the present study, we estimated the seroprevalence and risk factors of t. gondii infection in this region of china. limited information is available about t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep in gansu province, northwestern china. antibodies to t. gondii were examined by modified agglutination test, and out of tibetan sheep were found positive. thus, season and location were considered as risk factors associated with t. gondii infection in this study. this is the first report of t. gondii seroprevalence in tibetan sheep in gansu province, which enriches the epidemiological data of t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep in china. the results of this study indicate that tibetan sheep in gansu province are frequently exposed to t. gondii, posing a direct threat to the public health as well as to local sheep industry. these data is useful to strengthen future prevention and control of t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep in this region. a total of tibetan sheep were included from tianzhu and maqu in gansu province. however, tibetan sheep in maqu had a times higher seroprevalence compared to tianzhu, and the seropositivity in summer were times higher compared to tibetan sheep in winter, followed by times in spring. toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan parasite, infects almost all warm-blooded animals and humans.
 toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan parasite, infects almost all warm-blooded animals and humans. limited information is available about t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep in gansu province, northwestern china. in the present study, we estimated the seroprevalence and risk factors of t. gondii infection in this region of china.  a total of tibetan sheep were included from tianzhu and maqu in gansu province. antibodies to t. gondii were examined by modified agglutination test, and out of tibetan sheep were found positive. multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors associated with seroprevalence, the results showed that age, gender, and numbers of past pregnancies were not the significant risk factors. however, tibetan sheep in maqu had a times higher seroprevalence compared to tianzhu, and the seropositivity in summer were times higher compared to tibetan sheep in winter, followed by times in spring. thus, season and location were considered as risk factors associated with t. gondii infection in this study.  this is the first report of t. gondii seroprevalence in tibetan sheep in gansu province, which enriches the epidemiological data of t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep in china. the results of this study indicate that tibetan sheep in gansu province are frequently exposed to t. gondii, posing a direct threat to the public health as well as to local sheep industry. these data is useful to strengthen future prevention and control of t. gondii infection in tibetan sheep in this region. issue-copyright-statement© the author 2015 