BACKGROUND
aglepristone  is the only registered antiprogestin in veterinary medicine.
this nuclear progesterone receptor  antagonist has a higher affinity for npr than progesterone itself
<cit> .
this medication was initially used for pregnancy termination.
currently, aglepristone is used for induction of parturition and in the treatment of canine and feline pyometra
<cit> .
recently, there were also attempts to use aglepristone in the therapy of progesterone-dependent disorders in dogs, such as: growth hormone excess
<cit> , vaginal fibroma
<cit>  and mammary gland carcinoma
<cit> .
aglepristone is known to block the progesterone action on target cell receptors.
in bitches aglepristone abolishes the inhibitory effect of progesterone on the uterine myometrium.
studies conducted in vitro have demonstrated that aglepristone enhances contractile response of myometrial fibers to oxytocin and prostaglandin pgf2alpha during metestrus
<cit> .
the administration of aglepristone during the early luteal phase in healthy non-pregnant bitches shortened the interestrous interval suggesting that aglepristone influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis
<cit> .
aglepristone is a very effective drug in conservative treatment of canine pyometra.
it is thought that pyometra is linked to a hormonal imbalance and progesterone dominance in luteal phase which, in turn, suppresses the local innate immunity and favours bacterial colonization
<cit> .
since progesterone probably plays a major role in the pathogenesis of pyometra, pharmacological blockade of npr by aglepristone may lead to fast recovery
<cit> .
in vivo studies have shown that bitches with pyometra  <dig> days post treatment with aglepristone showed a decreased number of monocytes and granulocytes compared to reference values
<cit> .
furthermore, studies by fieni and collogues
<cit>  have indicated that inhibition of npr by aglepristone in bitches with pyometra significantly reduced the leukocyte count and plasma progesterone concentrations over the course of treatment.
after  <dig> hours of aglepristone administration bitches with closed pyometra showed cervical opening with subsequent evacuation of purulent discharge from uterus and improvement in the animal’s condition
<cit> .
however, the exact mechanism of aglepristone action in the treatment of pyometra remains unknown.
we can only suppose that aglepristone may have an influence on reversion of immune suppression induced by progesterone.
much of our current understanding of the potential effect of aglepristone on canine immune cells comes from studies of the mifepristone , the first synthesized antiprogestin used in human medicine.
mifepristone is now classified as a selective progesterone-receptor modulator  due to its mixed antagonist/agonist action on pr.
additionally, it is an antagonist/agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor
<cit> .
mifepristone has a very similar molecular structure to aglepristone
<cit> .
in humans mifepristone is used for early termination of pregnancy and in the therapy of progesterone-dependent tumors
<cit> .
mifepristone was successfully used for pregnancy termination in dogs
<cit> .
it also exerts an anti-glucocorticoid effect in this species.
in dogs ru <dig> alters adrenal function by inducing an increase in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone  and cortisol concentrations
<cit> .
it has been demonstrated that mifepristone suppressed proliferation and downregulated the interleukin- <dig> receptor  mrna in human lymphocytes.
moreover, mifepristone acted as a gr agonist and inhibited secretion of il- <dig> and il- <dig> by phytohemagglutinin -activated normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes
<cit> .
mifepriston enhanced cytotoxicity of peripheral blood nk cells isolated from woman in implantation phase
<cit>  and uterine nk  cells isolated at the window of implantation
<cit> .
additionally, ru- <dig> inhibited suppressive effect of p <dig> on ifn-γ mrna expression in unk cells stimulated with cpg and il- <dig>  the same effect was observed in murine splenic nk cells isolated in diestrus
<cit> .
bitches in luteal phase are under immunosuppression.
pbmcs isolated form bitches in diestrus showed decreased proliferation in response to lipopolysaccharide  derived from e. coli and pha compared to cells isolated in other phases of estrus cycle
<cit> .
data concerning pyometra treatment and mifepristone action suggest that aglepristone may have an influence on canine immune cells.
for that reason, the aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effect of aglepristone on cytokine synthesis by resting and mitogen-activated t cells isolated from bitches in luteal phase.
methods
animals
in the study  <dig> healthy bitches at different age  and different breeds were used.
all bitches were in luteal phase  confirmed by anamnesis, clinical examination, cytology and peripheral blood progesterone concentration assay.
investigations were carried out after the obtaining an agreement from iii-rd local animal experimentation committee at the warsaw university of life sciences number lke 72/ <dig> and an agreement of the dean of the faculty of veterinary medicine, warsaw university of life sciences number 1/ <dig>  such permissions are necessary before the receipt of the grant from the national science centre, poland and are in accordance with the law of united europe.
blood samples and hormonal profiles
blood samples were collected from the supraradial vein every  <dig> days starting from the 1st day after estrus .
blood for in vitro investigation was taken on day  <dig> of the luteal phase.
measurements of progesterone concentrations were performed using commercial immunoenzymatic tests for quantitative determination of p <dig>  measurement of optical density was taken with a pointe  <dig> apparatus .
each analysis was performed two times in each series.
efficiency of extraction oscillated between 92% and 99%.
assay sensitivity and intra-series errors were  <dig>  ng/ml  and  <dig> % respectively for p <dig>
isolation of pbmcs
before isolation of pbmcs, edta peripheral blood was centrifuged at  <dig> × g for  <dig> min to obtain plasma which was collected and stored on ice until use.
pbmcs were isolated from the remaining edta peripheral blood diluted twofold with two-times concentrated rpmi  <dig> medium  using 50%  percoll  gradient with centrifugation at  <dig> × g for  <dig> min.
collected pbmcs were washed twice with rmpi  <dig> and red blood cells were then lysed in nh4cl/tris buffer for  <dig> min on ice.
after washing, pbmcs were resuspended in culture medium rmpi  <dig> supplemented with 10%  fetal bovine serum  and 1%  antibiotic–antimycotic   at  <dig> × 106/ml.
pbmcs treatment and stimulation
for enumeration of cytokine-synthesizing t cells by flow cytometry, pbmcs were placed at  <dig> × 105/well in a flat-bottom 96-well plate and treated with increased concentrations of aglepristone  diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide  i.e.
<dig>   <dig> and  <dig> ng or with dmso alone, as a negative control.
after  <dig> and  <dig> h of treatment, pbmcs were restimulated using  <dig> ng/ml of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate  and  <dig> μg/ml of ionomycin  in the presence of  <dig> μg/ml brefeldin a  for  <dig> h at 37°c in 5% co <dig> <cit> .
for measurement of cytokine concentration by elisa, pbmcs seeded in a flat-bottom 96-well plate were treated with dmso or  <dig>   <dig> and  <dig> ng of aglepristone together with mitogens: concanavalin a  or pha .
after  <dig> and  <dig> h supernatants were collected and stored at -20°c for further experiments.
surface and intracellular staining
after restimulation pbmcs were washed in phosphate buffered saline  and blocked for nonspecific binding in 30%  fbs in pbs for  <dig> min on ice.
surface staining was performed using monoclonal antibodies  conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate  against canine cd <dig> or canine cd <dig>  surface molecules.
intracellular staining was then performed using cytoix/cytoperm kit  in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
briefly, cells were fixed and permeabilized with cytoix/cytoperm solution for  <dig> min on ice followed by washing in perm/wash solution.
next, cells were stained for  <dig> min on ice with the respective phycoerythrin -labeled mab directed against bovine ifn-γ or bovine il- <dig> .
cross-reactivity of these mabs with canine cytokines was previously described
<cit> .
after washing, pbmcs were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde  in pbs and analyzed by flow cytometry within  <dig> h. in all experiments negative controls were run with each set of samples.
flow cytometry analysis
analysis of intracellular cytokine staining was performed using facscalibur flow cytometer equipped with the cellquest software .
results were determined as a percentage of cd4+ or cd8+ t cells synthesizing cytokine, and as mean fluorescent intensity  of a cytokine-positive cd4+ or cd8+ t cell subpopulation.
data from  <dig> ×  <dig> events were acquired for each sample.
lymphocytes were gated by the region determined by forward  and side  scatter characteristics.
elisa assay
elisa for canine ifn-γ and il- <dig> was performed using kits purchased from r&d systems  and eiaab , respectively, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
kits had a detection sensitivity of  <dig> pg/ml and  <dig>   <dig> pg/ml for ifn-γ and il- <dig>  respectively.
data analysis and statistics
the percentage of cytokine-producing t cells and the mfi of cytokine-positive t cells-treated with aglepristone were presented relative to control values.
the concentrations of cytokines in culture supernatants of mitogen-stimulated pdmc-treated with aglepristone were also presented relative to control values.
all data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation .
differences between aglepristone-treated and untreated control pbmcs at indicated time points were calculated using the student’s t-test for paired samples  or nonparametric wilcoxon signed rank test .
statistical significance was determined at p ≤  <dig> .
RESULTS
synthesis of ifn-γ and il- <dig> by cd4+ and cd8+ t cells-treated with aglepristone
we examined the in vitro effect of aglepristone on the synthesis of ifn-γ and il- <dig> by canine cd4+ and cd8+ t cells isolated from peripheral blood of bitches in the luteal phase.
the concentration of progesterone in blood of the studied bitches was high and ranged from  <dig>  ng/ml to  <dig>  ng/ml .
to achieve synthesis of cytokines, t cells were restimulated in vitro with ionomycin and pma for  <dig> h, which was chosen to be an optimal time for restimulation .
for all the experiments, the percentage of cytokine-producing t cells and mfi of cytokine-positive t cells treated with aglepristone were normalized to the dmso-treated control cells.
at first, we assessed the in vitro influence of aglepristone on the percentage of t cell subsets .
our results demonstrated no effect of aglepristone on the cd4+/cd8+ t cells ratio  after  <dig> and  <dig> h of treatment.
representative dot blots showing synthesis of ifn-γ by cd4+ and cd8+ t cells isolated from diestral bitches and in vitro treated with dmso  or  <dig>   <dig> and  <dig> ng/ml of aglepristone, are presented on figure
<dig>  the percentage of cd4+ t cells-synthesizing ifn-γ ranged from  <dig> % to  <dig> % and  <dig> % to  <dig> % in control cells,  <dig> % to  <dig> % and  <dig> % to  <dig> % in cells treated with  <dig> ng/ml of aglepristone,  <dig> % to  <dig> % and  <dig> % to  <dig> % in cells treated with  <dig> ng/ml of aglepristone,  <dig> % to  <dig> % and  <dig> % to  <dig> % in cells treated with  <dig> ng/ml of aglepristone, at  <dig> and  <dig> h of incubation, respectively.
our results showed no differences in the percentage of cd4+ t cells-synthesizing ifn-γ between control and studied groups .
moreover, flow cytometric analysis revealed no effect of aglepristone on mfi of ifn-γ produced by cd4+ t cells .
the percentage of cd8+ t cells-synthesizing ifn-γ in control and aglepristone-treated groups ranged from 15% to around 60% at  <dig> and  <dig> h of incubation.
similarly to cd4+ t cells, cd8+ t cells synthesized ifn-γ at similar levels in the control and aglepristone-treated groups .
the percentage of both cd4+ and cd8+ t cells-synthesizing il- <dig> ranged from around 1% to around 4% in control group and groups treated with different dosages of aglepristone .
our results indicated no statistically significant changes in the percentage of il-4-synthesizing cd4+ and cd8+ t cells in group treated with aglepristone compared to control group .
moreover, in both t cell subsets no statistically significant changes in mfi of il- <dig> expression were observed between control and studied groups .
no effect of aglepristone on ifn-γ and il- <dig> production by mitogen-activated pbmcs
next, we examined whether aglepristone influences the production of cytokines by mitogen-activated pbmcs.
because cona and pha was shown to stimulate t but not b cells
<cit> , we can assume that most ifn-γ and il- <dig> in culture supernatant derived from activated t cells.
pbmcs stimulation with cona or pha significantly increased ifn-γ and il- <dig> production compared to unstimulated cells .
moreover, cona-stimulated pbmc produced significantly  more ifn-γ than pha-stimulated cells , however the proliferation activity was higher in the latter cells .
our results showed that aglepristone has no effect on ifn-γ and il- <dig> production by canine pbmcs, induced neither by cona nor pha .
the level of ifn-γ and il- <dig> in culture supernatants of aglepristone-treated cells was comparable with control cells, treated only with dmso.
discussion
this is the first study on the in vitro influence of aglepristone on ifn-γ and il- <dig> synthesis by resting cd4+ and cd8+ t lymphocytes and mitogen activated pbmcs isolated from luteal bitches.
the concentration of p <dig> in the luteal phase of bitches is always very high and suppresses the function of the immune system cells
<cit> .
the results of our study showed that there are no statistically significant differences in the percentage of cd4+ and cd8+ t cells-synthesizing ifn-γ or il- <dig> between the control group and groups treated with different dosages of aglepristone.
moreover, we did not observe the dose-effect relationship between aglepristone exposure and the production of cytokines by t cell subsets.
based on our results we can conclude that aglepristone has no in vitro effect on resting cd4+ and cd8+ t cell differentiation toward t helper  <dig>  or th <dig> and t cytotoxic  <dig>  or tc <dig> phenotype, respectively.
the second analyzed parameter was mfi of cytokines synthesized by t lymphocyte subsets.
statistical analysis did not reveal any significant differences in ifn-γ or il- <dig> synthesis by resting th <dig> or tc <dig> and th <dig> or tc <dig> cells, respectively, treated with aglepristone compared to untreated control cells.
moreover, aglepristone did not suppress mitogen-derived production of ifn-γ and il- <dig> by pbmcs isolated from bitches in luteal phase.
our results indicate that aglepristone has no suppressive effect on ifn-γ and il- <dig> synthesis by resting and mitogen-activated t cells.
it is known that mifepristone, an analogue of aglepristone, inhibits many human t cell function.
mifepristone alone or synergistically with progesterone was shown to inhibit a pha-induced proliferation of human t cells
<cit> .
it also suppressed a production of il- <dig> and il- <dig> by those cells
<cit> .
it is thought that its suppressive effect on human t cell function is mediated by agonistic action on gr
<cit> .
moreover, mifepristone suppressed in a dose-dependent manner a rapid non-genomic responses caused by progesterone, such as increased intracellular calcium  and decreased intracellular ph in human t cells
<cit> .
no effect of aglepristone on the synthesis of ifn-γ and il- <dig> may suggest that aglepristone at a concentration <  <dig> μg/ml does not affect the activation of canine t lymphocytes.
the maximal concentration of aglepristone after  <dig> injections of  <dig> mg/kg/day at a  <dig> h interval is achieved after  <dig>  days and reached  <dig> ng/ml.
it cannot be excluded that aglepristone has no influence on t cell cytokine synthesis in in vivo conditions.
moreover, it cannot be excluded that aglepristone performs a modulatory effect on t cells activation/function at a higher concentration .
mifepristone was shown to have a significant dose dependent inhibitory influence on proliferation of pha-stimulated human t cells at  <dig> μm and above
<cit> .
the effect of mifepristone on canine t cell function has not been investigated to-date, thus it is not known whether a potential mechanism of inhibition of t lymphocyte properties by ru <dig> is similar in human and canine t cells.
additionally, we cannot exclude that aglepristone is not an agonist of canine gr or has low affinity to gr.
however, it is still possible that aglepristone affects the production of other cytokines by t cells and/or their proliferation.
these matters need further examination.
we also have to remember about potential differences between aglepristone and mifepristone action.
mifepristone is a selective receptor modulator and its action on target cells has not been clearly defined.
it shows mixed agonist/antagonist affinity to both gr and pr.
the type of mifepristone action depends on the cell type
<cit> , receptors level
<cit> , promoter context
<cit>  and level of modulatory molecules in cell environment
<cit> .
the agonistic action of mifepristone on gr has been studied in different cells lines transfected with pmtvcat, where acetyltransferase  gene was under regulation of glucocorticoid-inducible promoter.
the agonist activity of mifepristone depended on cell line and gr expression.
expression of glucocorticoid related genes after mifepristone treatment increased proportionally to gr level in those cells.
agonistic effect of mifepristone was noticeable only in cells with higher gr expression
<cit> .
liu and coworkers
<cit>  demonstrated that mifepristone has different influence on transcription activity on p <dig> related genes in different cell types.
it correlates with the ratio of endogenous coactivators/corepressors in those cells
<cit> .
the aglepristone action on canine t cells is hard to define based on mifepristone data, because of many factors involved in its interaction with target cells.
for that reason, future studies are needed to determine factors influencing the aglepristone action on target cells including affinity to gr, promoter context, type of cells and presence of modulatory molecules in the cellular environment.
the exact mechanism of aglepristone action is not known.
there are two types of antiprogestins.
type ii refers to molecules that bind to the receptor and promote its binding to hres  of target genes.
binding of antiprogestin-receptor complex to hres does not activate transcription, because of inefficient conformation charges of the receptor
<cit> .
type i antiprogestins bind to the receptor but do not promote its binding to dna.
this mechanism of action is limited to passive blockage of the receptor.
mifepristone is type ii antiprogestin
<cit> .
in contrast to mifepristone, onapristone – type i antiprogestin, has no influence on transcription of progesterone related genes.
onapristone is considered to be pure antagonist of pr.
it shows only minimal affinity to gr
<cit> , however in vivo studies in rats may suggest its potential agonistic and antagonistic action on gr
<cit> .
it is not known whether aglepristone is a type i or type ii antiprogestin.
onapristone differs from mifepristone not only in c <dig> chain structure but also in stereochemical conformation at c18
<cit> .
it is thought that the affinity to gr is related to the bend structure at a/b ring junction of steroid skeleton
<cit> .
aglepristone has the same stereochemical structure as mifepristone.
the only dissimilarity between these two compounds is c <dig> structure.
aglepristone has 1-propenyl side chain at the 17α position, whereas mifepristone has a 17α-1-propinyl group
<cit> .
we cannot exclude that even slight differences in this chain structure may impact the conformation of the whole molecule.
the molecule conformation is directly correlated with its affinity to the receptors and mechanism of action.
it seems that even a slight change in ligand structure affects the coactivator interaction with nuclear receptors
<cit> .
additionally, in different animal species receptors vary in terms of structure.
for example, structure of conservative amino acid motif in canine npr vary from that in human npr
<cit> .
mifepristone also shows different affinity to receptors depending on the species
<cit> .
CONCLUSIONS
in summary, our results demonstrated no effect of aglepristone on the synthesis of ifn-γ and il- <dig> by resting or mitogen-activated t cells of peripheral blood of canine bitches in the luteal phase.
future studies are clearly needed to evaluate the influence of aglepristone on proliferation of mitogen-activated canine t cells.
obtained results will help to understand the immunomodulatory effect of antiprogestins on functional properties of canine immune cells.
competing interests
none of the authors have any conflict of interest to declare.
authors’ contributions
pj drafted the manuscript.
lsd, pj, jb provided data and managed the data records.
jb performed statistical analyses.
lsd, pj, jb, aw reviewed and commented the manuscript during its preparation.
all authors read and approved the final manuscript.

 aglepristone is the only registered antiprogestin in veterinary medicine. this nuclear progesterone receptor antagonist has a higher affinity for npr than progesterone itself. this medication was initially used for pregnancy termination. currently, aglepristone is used for induction of parturition and in the treatment of canine and feline pyometra. recently, there were also attempts to use aglepristone in the therapy of progesterone-dependent disorders in dogs, such as: growth hormone excess, vaginal fibroma and mammary gland carcinoma. aglepristone is known to block the progesterone action on target cell receptors. in bitches aglepristone abolishes the inhibitory effect of progesterone on the uterine myometrium. studies conducted in vitro have demonstrated that aglepristone enhances contractile response of myometrial fibers to oxytocin and prostaglandin pgf2alpha during metestrus. the administration of aglepristone during the early luteal phase in healthy non-pregnant bitches shortened the interestrous interval suggesting that aglepristone influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. aglepristone is a very effective drug in conservative treatment of canine pyometra. it is thought that pyometra is linked to a hormonal imbalance and progesterone dominance in luteal phase which, in turn, suppresses the local innate immunity and favours bacterial colonization. since progesterone probably plays a major role in the pathogenesis of pyometra, pharmacological blockade of npr by aglepristone may lead to fast recovery. in vivo studies have shown that bitches with pyometra days post treatment with aglepristone showed a decreased number of monocytes and granulocytes compared to reference values. furthermore, studies by fieni and collogues have indicated that inhibition of npr by aglepristone in bitches with pyometra significantly reduced the leukocyte count and plasma progesterone concentrations over the course of treatment. after hours of aglepristone administration bitches with closed pyometra showed cervical opening with subsequent evacuation of purulent discharge from uterus and improvement in the animal’s condition. however, the exact mechanism of aglepristone action in the treatment of pyometra remains unknown. we can only suppose that aglepristone may have an influence on reversion of immune suppression induced by progesterone. much of our current understanding of the potential effect of aglepristone on canine immune cells comes from studies of the mifepristone, the first synthesized antiprogestin used in human medicine. mifepristone is now classified as a selective progesterone-receptor modulator due to its mixed antagonist/agonist action on pr. additionally, it is an antagonist/agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor. mifepristone has a very similar molecular structure to aglepristone. in humans mifepristone is used for early termination of pregnancy and in the therapy of progesterone-dependent tumors. mifepristone was successfully used for pregnancy termination in dogs. it also exerts an anti-glucocorticoid effect in this species. in dogs ru alters adrenal function by inducing an increase in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol concentrations. it has been demonstrated that mifepristone suppressed proliferation and downregulated the interleukin- receptor mrna in human lymphocytes. moreover, mifepristone acted as a gr agonist and inhibited secretion of il- and il- by phytohemagglutinin -activated normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. mifepriston enhanced cytotoxicity of peripheral blood nk cells isolated from woman in implantation phase and uterine nk cells isolated at the window of implantation. additionally, ru- inhibited suppressive effect of p on ifn-γ mrna expression in unk cells stimulated with cpg and il- the same effect was observed in murine splenic nk cells isolated in diestrus. bitches in luteal phase are under immunosuppression. pbmcs isolated form bitches in diestrus showed decreased proliferation in response to lipopolysaccharide derived from e. coli and pha compared to cells isolated in other phases of estrus cycle. data concerning pyometra treatment and mifepristone action suggest that aglepristone may have an influence on canine immune cells. for that reason, the aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effect of aglepristone on cytokine synthesis by resting and mitogen-activated t cells isolated from bitches in luteal phase. methods animals in the study healthy bitches at different age and different breeds were used. all bitches were in luteal phase confirmed by anamnesis, clinical examination, cytology and peripheral blood progesterone concentration assay. investigations were carried out after the obtaining an agreement from iii-rd local animal experimentation committee at the warsaw university of life sciences number lke 72/ and an agreement of the dean of the faculty of veterinary medicine, warsaw university of life sciences number 1/ such permissions are necessary before the receipt of the grant from the national science centre, poland and are in accordance with the law of united europe. blood samples and hormonal profiles blood samples were collected from the supraradial vein every days starting from the 1st day after estrus. blood for in vitro investigation was taken on day of the luteal phase. measurements of progesterone concentrations were performed using commercial immunoenzymatic tests for quantitative determination of p measurement of optical density was taken with a pointe apparatus. each analysis was performed two times in each series. efficiency of extraction oscillated between 92% and 99%. assay sensitivity and intra-series errors were ng/ml and % respectively for p isolation of pbmcs before isolation of pbmcs, edta peripheral blood was centrifuged at × g for min to obtain plasma which was collected and stored on ice until use. pbmcs were isolated from the remaining edta peripheral blood diluted twofold with two-times concentrated rpmi medium using 50% percoll gradient with centrifugation at × g for min. collected pbmcs were washed twice with rmpi and red blood cells were then lysed in nh4cl/tris buffer for min on ice. after washing, pbmcs were resuspended in culture medium rmpi supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotic–antimycotic at × 106/ml. pbmcs treatment and stimulation for enumeration of cytokine-synthesizing t cells by flow cytometry, pbmcs were placed at × 105/well in a flat-bottom 96-well plate and treated with increased concentrations of aglepristone diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide i.e. and ng or with dmso alone, as a negative control. after and h of treatment, pbmcs were restimulated using ng/ml of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and μg/ml of ionomycin in the presence of μg/ml brefeldin a for h at 37°c in 5% co. for measurement of cytokine concentration by elisa, pbmcs seeded in a flat-bottom 96-well plate were treated with dmso or and ng of aglepristone together with mitogens: concanavalin a or pha. after and h supernatants were collected and stored at -20°c for further experiments. surface and intracellular staining after restimulation pbmcs were washed in phosphate buffered saline and blocked for nonspecific binding in 30% fbs in pbs for min on ice. surface staining was performed using monoclonal antibodies conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate against canine cd or canine cd surface molecules. intracellular staining was then performed using cytoix/cytoperm kit in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. briefly, cells were fixed and permeabilized with cytoix/cytoperm solution for min on ice followed by washing in perm/wash solution. next, cells were stained for min on ice with the respective phycoerythrin -labeled mab directed against bovine ifn-γ or bovine il-. cross-reactivity of these mabs with canine cytokines was previously described. after washing, pbmcs were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde in pbs and analyzed by flow cytometry within h. in all experiments negative controls were run with each set of samples. flow cytometry analysis analysis of intracellular cytokine staining was performed using facscalibur flow cytometer equipped with the cellquest software. results were determined as a percentage of cd4+ or cd8+ t cells synthesizing cytokine, and as mean fluorescent intensity of a cytokine-positive cd4+ or cd8+ t cell subpopulation. data from × events were acquired for each sample. lymphocytes were gated by the region determined by forward and side scatter characteristics. elisa assay elisa for canine ifn-γ and il- was performed using kits purchased from r&d systems and eiaab, respectively, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. kits had a detection sensitivity of pg/ml and pg/ml for ifn-γ and il- respectively. data analysis and statistics the percentage of cytokine-producing t cells and the mfi of cytokine-positive t cells-treated with aglepristone were presented relative to control values. the concentrations of cytokines in culture supernatants of mitogen-stimulated pdmc-treated with aglepristone were also presented relative to control values. all data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. differences between aglepristone-treated and untreated control pbmcs at indicated time points were calculated using the student’s t-test for paired samples or nonparametric wilcoxon signed rank test. statistical significance was determined at p ≤.  synthesis of ifn-γ and il- by cd4+ and cd8+ t cells-treated with aglepristone we examined the in vitro effect of aglepristone on the synthesis of ifn-γ and il- by canine cd4+ and cd8+ t cells isolated from peripheral blood of bitches in the luteal phase. the concentration of progesterone in blood of the studied bitches was high and ranged from ng/ml to ng/ml. to achieve synthesis of cytokines, t cells were restimulated in vitro with ionomycin and pma for h, which was chosen to be an optimal time for restimulation. for all the experiments, the percentage of cytokine-producing t cells and mfi of cytokine-positive t cells treated with aglepristone were normalized to the dmso-treated control cells. at first, we assessed the in vitro influence of aglepristone on the percentage of t cell subsets. our results demonstrated no effect of aglepristone on the cd4+/cd8+ t cells ratio after and h of treatment. representative dot blots showing synthesis of ifn-γ by cd4+ and cd8+ t cells isolated from diestral bitches and in vitro treated with dmso or and ng/ml of aglepristone, are presented on figure  the percentage of cd4+ t cells-synthesizing ifn-γ ranged from % to % and % to % in control cells, % to % and % to % in cells treated with ng/ml of aglepristone, % to % and % to % in cells treated with ng/ml of aglepristone, % to % and % to % in cells treated with ng/ml of aglepristone, at and h of incubation, respectively. our results showed no differences in the percentage of cd4+ t cells-synthesizing ifn-γ between control and studied groups. moreover, flow cytometric analysis revealed no effect of aglepristone on mfi of ifn-γ produced by cd4+ t cells. the percentage of cd8+ t cells-synthesizing ifn-γ in control and aglepristone-treated groups ranged from 15% to around 60% at and h of incubation. similarly to cd4+ t cells, cd8+ t cells synthesized ifn-γ at similar levels in the control and aglepristone-treated groups. the percentage of both cd4+ and cd8+ t cells-synthesizing il- ranged from around 1% to around 4% in control group and groups treated with different dosages of aglepristone. our results indicated no statistically significant changes in the percentage of il-4-synthesizing cd4+ and cd8+ t cells in group treated with aglepristone compared to control group. moreover, in both t cell subsets no statistically significant changes in mfi of il- expression were observed between control and studied groups. no effect of aglepristone on ifn-γ and il- production by mitogen-activated pbmcs next, we examined whether aglepristone influences the production of cytokines by mitogen-activated pbmcs. because cona and pha was shown to stimulate t but not b cells, we can assume that most ifn-γ and il- in culture supernatant derived from activated t cells. pbmcs stimulation with cona or pha significantly increased ifn-γ and il- production compared to unstimulated cells. moreover, cona-stimulated pbmc produced significantly more ifn-γ than pha-stimulated cells, however the proliferation activity was higher in the latter cells. our results showed that aglepristone has no effect on ifn-γ and il- production by canine pbmcs, induced neither by cona nor pha. the level of ifn-γ and il- in culture supernatants of aglepristone-treated cells was comparable with control cells, treated only with dmso. discussion this is the first study on the in vitro influence of aglepristone on ifn-γ and il- synthesis by resting cd4+ and cd8+ t lymphocytes and mitogen activated pbmcs isolated from luteal bitches. the concentration of p in the luteal phase of bitches is always very high and suppresses the function of the immune system cells. the results of our study showed that there are no statistically significant differences in the percentage of cd4+ and cd8+ t cells-synthesizing ifn-γ or il- between the control group and groups treated with different dosages of aglepristone. moreover, we did not observe the dose-effect relationship between aglepristone exposure and the production of cytokines by t cell subsets. based on our results we can conclude that aglepristone has no in vitro effect on resting cd4+ and cd8+ t cell differentiation toward t helper or th and t cytotoxic or tc phenotype, respectively. the second analyzed parameter was mfi of cytokines synthesized by t lymphocyte subsets. statistical analysis did not reveal any significant differences in ifn-γ or il- synthesis by resting th or tc and th or tc cells, respectively, treated with aglepristone compared to untreated control cells. moreover, aglepristone did not suppress mitogen-derived production of ifn-γ and il- by pbmcs isolated from bitches in luteal phase. our results indicate that aglepristone has no suppressive effect on ifn-γ and il- synthesis by resting and mitogen-activated t cells. it is known that mifepristone, an analogue of aglepristone, inhibits many human t cell function. mifepristone alone or synergistically with progesterone was shown to inhibit a pha-induced proliferation of human t cells. it also suppressed a production of il- and il- by those cells. it is thought that its suppressive effect on human t cell function is mediated by agonistic action on gr. moreover, mifepristone suppressed in a dose-dependent manner a rapid non-genomic responses caused by progesterone, such as increased intracellular calcium and decreased intracellular ph in human t cells. no effect of aglepristone on the synthesis of ifn-γ and il- may suggest that aglepristone at a concentration < μg/ml does not affect the activation of canine t lymphocytes. the maximal concentration of aglepristone after injections of mg/kg/day at a h interval is achieved after days and reached ng/ml. it cannot be excluded that aglepristone has no influence on t cell cytokine synthesis in in vivo conditions. moreover, it cannot be excluded that aglepristone performs a modulatory effect on t cells activation/function at a higher concentration. mifepristone was shown to have a significant dose dependent inhibitory influence on proliferation of pha-stimulated human t cells at μm and above. the effect of mifepristone on canine t cell function has not been investigated to-date, thus it is not known whether a potential mechanism of inhibition of t lymphocyte properties by ru is similar in human and canine t cells. additionally, we cannot exclude that aglepristone is not an agonist of canine gr or has low affinity to gr. however, it is still possible that aglepristone affects the production of other cytokines by t cells and/or their proliferation. these matters need further examination. we also have to remember about potential differences between aglepristone and mifepristone action. mifepristone is a selective receptor modulator and its action on target cells has not been clearly defined. it shows mixed agonist/antagonist affinity to both gr and pr. the type of mifepristone action depends on the cell type, receptors level, promoter context and level of modulatory molecules in cell environment. the agonistic action of mifepristone on gr has been studied in different cells lines transfected with pmtvcat, where acetyltransferase gene was under regulation of glucocorticoid-inducible promoter. the agonist activity of mifepristone depended on cell line and gr expression. expression of glucocorticoid related genes after mifepristone treatment increased proportionally to gr level in those cells. agonistic effect of mifepristone was noticeable only in cells with higher gr expression. liu and coworkers demonstrated that mifepristone has different influence on transcription activity on p related genes in different cell types. it correlates with the ratio of endogenous coactivators/corepressors in those cells. the aglepristone action on canine t cells is hard to define based on mifepristone data, because of many factors involved in its interaction with target cells. for that reason, future studies are needed to determine factors influencing the aglepristone action on target cells including affinity to gr, promoter context, type of cells and presence of modulatory molecules in the cellular environment. the exact mechanism of aglepristone action is not known. there are two types of antiprogestins. type ii refers to molecules that bind to the receptor and promote its binding to hres of target genes. binding of antiprogestin-receptor complex to hres does not activate transcription, because of inefficient conformation charges of the receptor. type i antiprogestins bind to the receptor but do not promote its binding to dna. this mechanism of action is limited to passive blockage of the receptor. mifepristone is type ii antiprogestin. in contrast to mifepristone, onapristone – type i antiprogestin, has no influence on transcription of progesterone related genes. onapristone is considered to be pure antagonist of pr. it shows only minimal affinity to gr, however in vivo studies in rats may suggest its potential agonistic and antagonistic action on gr. it is not known whether aglepristone is a type i or type ii antiprogestin. onapristone differs from mifepristone not only in c chain structure but also in stereochemical conformation at c18. it is thought that the affinity to gr is related to the bend structure at a/b ring junction of steroid skeleton. aglepristone has the same stereochemical structure as mifepristone. the only dissimilarity between these two compounds is c structure. aglepristone has 1-propenyl side chain at the 17α position, whereas mifepristone has a 17α-1-propinyl group. we cannot exclude that even slight differences in this chain structure may impact the conformation of the whole molecule. the molecule conformation is directly correlated with its affinity to the receptors and mechanism of action. it seems that even a slight change in ligand structure affects the coactivator interaction with nuclear receptors. additionally, in different animal species receptors vary in terms of structure. for example, structure of conservative amino acid motif in canine npr vary from that in human npr. mifepristone also shows different affinity to receptors depending on the species.  in summary, our results demonstrated no effect of aglepristone on the synthesis of ifn-γ and il- by resting or mitogen-activated t cells of peripheral blood of canine bitches in the luteal phase. future studies are clearly needed to evaluate the influence of aglepristone on proliferation of mitogen-activated canine t cells. obtained results will help to understand the immunomodulatory effect of antiprogestins on functional properties of canine immune cells. competing interests none of the authors have any conflict of interest to declare. authors’ contributions pj drafted the manuscript. lsd, pj, jb provided data and managed the data records. jb performed statistical analyses. lsd, pj, jb, aw reviewed and commented the manuscript during its preparation. all authors read and approved the final manuscript. 
our results showed no statistically significant differences in the percentage of ifn-γ and il-4-synthesizing cd4+ or cd8+ resting t cells between untreated and aglepristone-treated cells at and hours post treatment. presented results indicate that administration of aglepristone for hours has no influence on ifn-γ and il- synthesis by resting and mitogen-activated t cells isolated from diestral bitches. mifepristone has been shown to suppress proliferation and cytokine production by t cells, whereas the effect of aglepristone on t cell function remains elusive. the purpose of this project was to investigate the in vitro influence of ru on ifn-γ and il- synthesis by peripheral blood t cells isolated from healthy bitches in luteal phase. the production of cytokines by resting or mitogen-activated t cells was determined by intercellular staining and flow cytometry analysis or elisa assay, respectively. moreover, mitogen-activated pbmcs treated with ru displayed similar concentration of ifn-γ and il- in culture supernatants to those observed in mitogen-activated dmso-treated pbmcs. its molecular structure is similar to mifepristone, an antiprogestin used in human medicine. aglepristone is an antiprogestin used for pregnancy termination, parturition induction and conservative pyometra treatment in bitches. the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated with three different dosages of aglepristone, or dimethyl sulfoxide, with or without mitogen.
 aglepristone is an antiprogestin used for pregnancy termination, parturition induction and conservative pyometra treatment in bitches. its molecular structure is similar to mifepristone, an antiprogestin used in human medicine. mifepristone has been shown to suppress proliferation and cytokine production by t cells, whereas the effect of aglepristone on t cell function remains elusive. the purpose of this project was to investigate the in vitro influence of ru on ifn-γ and il- synthesis by peripheral blood t cells isolated from healthy bitches in luteal phase. the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated with three different dosages of aglepristone, or dimethyl sulfoxide, with or without mitogen. the production of cytokines by resting or mitogen-activated t cells was determined by intercellular staining and flow cytometry analysis or elisa assay, respectively.  our results showed no statistically significant differences in the percentage of ifn-γ and il-4-synthesizing cd4+ or cd8+ resting t cells between untreated and aglepristone-treated cells at and hours post treatment. moreover, mitogen-activated pbmcs treated with ru displayed similar concentration of ifn-γ and il- in culture supernatants to those observed in mitogen-activated dmso-treated pbmcs. presented results indicate that administration of aglepristone for hours has no influence on ifn-γ and il- synthesis by resting and mitogen-activated t cells isolated from diestral bitches.  we conclude that antiprogestins may differentially affect t cell function depending on the animal species in which they are applied. aglepristonemifepristonebitcht cellscytokines 