BACKGROUND
in intensive dairy production, high-quality disease data are a valuable resource.
the nordic countries denmark , finland , norway  and sweden  have established national milk recording schemes where data from disease recording are combined with data from milk recording and data on reproductive events in a central database.
the central databases are managed by the farmer-owned dairy co-operatives the danish cattle federation
<cit> , the agricultural data processing centre
<cit> , tine sa
<cit>  and the swedish dairy association
<cit> .
the information is used by herd managers, in advisory work and breeding programmes, and for research.
the disease information in the databases is mainly based on records made by veterinarians.
in all four nordic countries included, the legislation concerning veterinary care restricts the availability of prescription drugs, such as antibiotics, for both parenteral and local use, in dairy cattle.
therefore, in general, when a farmer detects a cow with clinical mastitis , she or he must consult a veterinarian who makes a treatment decision after clinical examination.
completeness of a disease database is defined in terms of the proportion of true disease events that are also recorded in the database and is consequently similar to the sensitivity of a diagnostic test
<cit> .
referring to figure
1a, completeness is therefore calculated as a/.
theoretically, if the cattle disease recording systems function well, the probability that all veterinary-diagnosed or -treated disease events are captured should be high.
however, by design none of these disease recording systems will include 100% of the clinical disease events as some will not warrant a veterinary consultation, which is more or less a prerequisite for recording.
in a previous study, where disease registrations from the nordic countries were analysed in a comparable manner, the incidence rates  for cm were markedly different
<cit> .
further, in a similar study using raw data from all four countries, discrepancies in between-country incidence risks of veterinary-treated cm were seen
<cit> .
the swedish dairy disease recording system has been subject to validation in earlier studies.
mörk et al.
<cit>  found a significant difference between the irs based on reports by farmers and ir based on registrations in the central database.
a comparison of copies of records left on-farm by the veterinarian  with registrations of veterinary examinations in the central database showed a completeness for diagnostic events of 75%
<cit> .
furthermore, a danish comparison between written registrations made by veterinarians and registrations in the danish database revealed that 18–21% of diagnoses were missing in the database at the individual cow level
<cit> .
this leads to the hypothesis that the completeness of disease registrations in the central databases, also for cm, may differ between the four nordic countries included, which may in part explain the differences in the incidences of cm.
the primary aim of this study was to estimate the completeness of disease registrations, with the diagnosis cm in focus, in the four nordic cattle databases.
a second aim was to estimate the cm irs, as detected and recorded by farmers, by country.
methods
disease recording in the nordic countries
according to the legislation in the nordic countries, veterinarians should record when a cow is treated with any drug with a withdrawal period, e.g.
any antibiotics.
in no and se, veterinarians are required to write a record regardless of whether the cow diagnosed with a disease was treated or not.
in se, the veterinarian needs to submit the record to the board of agriculture .
if the herd participates in milk recording the information is subsequently transferred to the swedish dairy association’s cattle database.
in dk and no, recording of all diseases, i.e.
the submission of the disease record to a central database, is mandatory for herds in milk recording.
in fi about 90% of the herds in milk recording also participate in disease recording, to have access to herd health and breeding advisory services.
in dk, the farmer or the veterinarian submits the records to the central database.
in fi, the veterinarian records the data on the cow’s health card and an artificial insemination  technician or the farmer submits the records to the central database.
in no, the farmer, herd management advisor or veterinarian submits the records.
in all four countries, farmers can also record diseases themselves with or without involvement of a veterinarian.
for a detailed description of the disease recording systems, see, e.g., olsson et al.
<cit> , bartlett et al.
<cit> , gröhn et al.
<cit> , Østerås et al.
<cit>  and mörk et al.
<cit> .
there are two exceptions to the rule that clinically diseased cows may not be treated with prescription drugs without prior clinical examination by a veterinarian.
the first is the “common practice” for milder cases of cm in fi.
finnish dairy producers may take a milk sample and send it for bacteriological analysis, and consult the veterinarian when the results are known.
depending on the veterinarian’s judgement, treatment may be prescribed without the veterinarian visiting the farm.
the farmer should record any treatment on the cow’s health card; the information is then submitted to the central database as described above.
the second exception is the danish system for veterinary care in dairy cattle that was introduced in  <dig> and by  <dig> was used by approximately 8% of danish dairy farmers
<cit> .
farmers may, after signing a contract with their veterinarian, initiate treatment themselves for certain disorders and only with a predetermined drug of choice.
instead of visiting each diseased cow, the veterinarian makes frequent scheduled visits to examine all cows at specific and predetermined stages of lactation and to follow up previously treated cows.
in this system, dairy cows can be regarded as veterinary-treated since the diagnostic criteria and follow-up of treatment are under veterinary supervision.
diagnoses and treatments made by the farmer are recorded and submitted to the database by the farmer.
we hereafter refer to this system as the “danish new herd health ”.
study herds and data collection
the data collection for cm was conducted as a part of a larger study where data for four major production-related complexes where studied and where data collection was conducted in parallel for all four complexes .
the number  of dairy herds in milk recording in dk, no and se was approximately  <dig>  ,  <dig>   and  <dig>   herds, respectively, in  <dig>  in fi, the health surveillance system kept records of approximately  <dig>   herds in the same year,  <dig>  the target population for this study were cows belonging to herds participating in these national schemes with a herd size of at least  <dig> cows.
four random samples were selected from these populations.
country-specific sample size calculations were done, with the disease event as the unit of interest.
calculations were based on an expected completeness of 80%, country-specific average herd sizes, the national registered disease incidences of previous years and a maximum width of the confidence intervals of  <dig> .
to account for the unknown clustering of registered disease events within herds, the sample size was doubled.
the target sample size was 150– <dig> herds per country, which was considered conservative.
taking country-specific expected response rates and practical circumstances into account,  <dig> ,  <dig>   <dig> and  <dig> herds in dk, fi, no and se, respectively, were invited to participate.
the owners of these herds were sent a letter explaining the purpose of the study and giving a description of what was expected of participating herds.
in fi, no and se, participants were offered lottery tickets with prizes ranging from a gift voucher for travel  and weekend travel to an agricultural show  to free embryos .
in dk, no incentives were offered to participating farmers.
data collection was done during two study periods in  <dig>  from  <dig> february to  <dig> april and from  <dig> september to  <dig> november.
in dk, the first study period started and ended  <dig> weeks later for practical reasons.
the study periods were chosen to avoid recording during the most labour intensive months for the farmers, but to still capture possible seasonal variation.
participating farmers were provided with written information, recording sheets, and prepaid envelopes for returning the recording sheets.
recording sheets could also be sent by fax or e-mail.
in fi, an online recording option was available.
all farmers were given a reminder by telephone or text message after  <dig> month and at the end of each study period.
where no disease events were detected, farmers reported “no events” either by returning a recording sheet with only the herd identification , or by sending a text message, fax or email.
before the second period all farmers were contacted by mail or phone and provided with new recording sheets, instructions and envelopes.
farmers who did not want to continue participating after the first study period, or who had failed to return their recording sheets or report absence of disease events were excluded.
in dk and no, a few farmers participated only during the second study period.
a number of parameters for the participating herds and target populations of herds were investigated to assess how representative the study herds were.
the selected parameters represented milk production, udder health, reproductive performance and indicators of metabolic status.
due to limited data access, official country statistics
<cit>  and only mean values without measures of spread were used for dk instead of target population data.
the farmer-recorded data
the diagnosis and clinical signs of mastitis, i.e.
‘redness, soreness or swelling of the udder’ and ‘visible changes of the milk’, as well as systemic signs, e.g.
“fever’ and ‘poor appetite’, were listed on the recording sheets with a tick-box next to each item.
farmers had to fill in the herd id, cow id, date of detection of symptoms, dates of veterinary visits, who diagnosed the cow , and any treatments the cow was given or absence of treatment.
all cm events were recorded at the cow-level .
a copy of the recording sheet, in english or any of the four nordic languages concerned, is available from the main author upon request.
instructions were printed on the back of each recording sheet.
only cows were included in the study, i.e.
no heifers or young stock.
if a cow recovered, but had a relapse, a new recording sheet was filled out.
in general, the same recording sheet was used for all revisits by a veterinarian for the same disease event, and all therapy for that event, etc.
only events of clinical disease were recorded, i.e.
where the cow was not well according to the farmers’ judgement.
events of subclinical mastitis, e.g.
high somatic cell counts  at test milking or at california mastitis test  testing, were not recorded as ‘cm’.
no additional cow-side test was used, unless such tests were part of the normal routines in the herd.
data from the submitted recording sheets were manually entered into an access database  or electronically scanned .
in fi, web-based recording was also available.
all records were manually checked for data entry errors.
records were removed if the date of detection was outside the study period , if no dates were noted , or if the herd id or cow id was missing or unknown .
all data management and analysis was done using the statistical package sas  <dig>  .
a disease event was defined as “cm” if one of the following was indicated by the farmer on the recording sheet: “mastitis”, “changed appearance of the milk“or “swelling, redness or soreness of the udder” following the international dairy federation’s definition
<cit> .
a cm event was defined as “veterinary-visited” if one of the following was indicated: “veterinary-examined”, “diagnosed by a veterinarian”, “treated by a veterinarian” or if a date for a veterinary visit was stated.
for herds participating in the dnhh system , cm events were also defined as “veterinary-visited” if the farmer had recorded “treatment with antibiotics or non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs by the farmer”, because such treatments were under veterinary supervision.
for the same reason, the definition for “veterinary-visited” cm events in the finnish data was extended to antibiotics given by the farmer, to include cows that were treated after analysis of a milk sample, and after a telephone consultation and prescription by the veterinarian.
all cm events that occurred within  <dig> days of the first event were considered one cm case
<cit> .
the date used for defining a case was the first visit date even though each recording sheet could have several dates including date of detection and several visits dates.
if no visit date was given on a recording sheet, the date of detection was used.
if any of the events within a case were defined as “veterinary-visited”, the entire case was defined as “veterinary-visited”.
for the case date, the date of the first event was used.
data from the national cattle databases
data from the four national cattle databases were retrieved in may  <dig> and rearranged into one common disease database .
the retrieved information included cow-level information on entries and removals, reproductive events, milk recording and disease records.
disease records included events during the time from  <dig> days before to  <dig> days after the two study periods.
diagnostic codes differed between the countries.
for cm, seven, three, two and  <dig> codes were used in dk, fi, no and se, respectively, which represented varying degrees of clinical signs or other characteristics of cm .
to make a comparison between countries possible, all diagnostic codes for cm were re-coded to “clinical mastitis”.
disease events had a diagnostic date according to the veterinarian’s  recording.
also in the codd, all events with the diagnostic code cm within  <dig> days of the first event were viewed as one mastitis case, with the case date being the date of the first event.
completeness
the cm cases in the codd were matched to cm cases in the farmer-recorded data.
a match was defined as the same country, herd id and cow id with either the exact same case date , or allowing a discrepancy of  <dig> days between the case dates .
larger date discrepancies were evaluated.
completeness was calculated by country as the proportion  of farmer-recorded cases  that could be matched to a codd case, i.e., referring to figure
1b, as a/.
the completeness was calculated separately for all cases in the farmer-recorded data and for cases defined as “veterinary-visited” .
double-sided confidence intervals for the completeness at a significance level of 95%  were calculated as follows:
p+/−z√p1−p/n
to account for the unknown clustering of cases within herds, the confidence intervals were increased post hoc
<cit>  by factor  <dig>
cases of cm that were present only in the codd and not in the farmer-recorded data were considered not properly recorded by farmers in the study, rather than being considered errors in the codd.
in an alternative calculation of completeness these cases were reclassified as if they had also been recorded by the farmers, i.e.
completeness = / .
we hereafter refer to the farmer-recorded data  with the excess codd cm cases added as “adjusted frd”.
if the number of cm cases in the frd divided by the number of cm cases in the codd was > <dig>  the herd was classified as a herd where the farmer was a good reporter of findings.
consequently, for herds with many excess cm cases in the codd, farmers were classified as poor reporters.
the completeness calculations were repeated, this time including only good reporters.
for the finnish frd, an additional completeness calculation was done where antibiotics administered by the farmer were not included as a criterion for a cm case to be defined as “veterinary-visited”, i.e.
using the same definition for “veterinary-visited” as in no, se and dk .
incidence rate calculation
the time-at-risk for cm was defined as follows: in the codd, cows were given one record per lactation and disease case, meaning that cows with no mastitis events had one record per lactation.
when a cow left or re-entered the herd during the study period the observation period for that cow ended or started on that date.
if a cow calved during the study period, the new lactation, and consequently a new observation period, started on the calving date.
the previous observation period ended the day before the calving date, i.e.
the dry period was included in the time-at-risk.
heifers were included from the date of first calving.
hence, if a cow both entered and left the herd on the same day she contributed with  <dig> day at risk during which she could have a registered a disease event.
country- and database-specific irs for cm were estimated by poisson regression  with a deviance scale parameter to account for overdispersion in the data.
the different dependent variables were the number of cm cases per herd in the codd, or veterinary-visited cases or all cases in the farmer-recorded data.
days at risk per herd was the offset variable.
the days at risk were the number of cow-days per herd during the two study periods reduced by  <dig> days per cm case in the frd or codd.
negative binomial models were also evaluated.
the changes in point estimates and confidence intervals compared to the poisson models were minor and did not affect the differences in irs between countries or between datasets within countries.
RESULTS
the number of study herds  was  <dig> ,  <dig> ,  <dig>  and  <dig> , of which  <dig>   <dig>   <dig> and  <dig> participated during both study periods in dk, fi, no, and se, respectively.
the parameters representing production and health in the study herds were judged as being comparable to those of the target populations .
descriptive statistics of the farmer-recorded data are presented in table
<dig>  in all four countries, the most common second diagnosis  in a cow with cm was teat lesions .
the number of such events was  <dig>   <dig>   <dig> and  <dig> in dk, fi, no, and se, respectively.
the percentage of cows with cm and no other disease in the herd on a particular date was 80%, 90%, 94% and 85% in dk, fi, no and se, respectively.
the frequencies of disease and mastitis events in the codd are presented in table
<dig>
the target populations were herds in milk recording with an average herd size of at least  <dig> cows.
the figures are only for within-country comparison since the presented parameters are calculated differently for each country.
a the access to target population data from denmark was limited.
consequently, officially published country statistics and only mean values are presented without measures of spread.
b 25th and 75th percentiles.
c we had no access to this figure for all dairy herds in denmark.
d the swedish mean is arithmetic.
in denmark the mean is of the bulk milk scc, in the other three countries the mean is calculated from individual cows scc.
scc = somatic cell count.
a 10th and 90th percentiles.
b all cases in the codd are seen by a veterinarian and/or are veterinary-treated.
c other diagnosis than cm.
overall, the completeness of registration of cm cases was highest in the danish data and lowest in the finnish data .
the completeness  for veterinary-visited cases ranged from  <dig>   in dk to  <dig>   in fi.
the point-estimates of completeness increased slightly in all countries when the adjusted frd was used to  <dig> ,  <dig> ,  <dig> ,  <dig>  in dk, fi, no and se, respectively .
also the proportion of veterinary-treated cases increased by 8%, 2%, 3% and 4% in dk, fi, no and se, respectively when the adjusted frd was used.
increasing the allowed discrepancy in the number of days between a farmer-recorded cm case and a matched codd case from  <dig> to  <dig> days increased the proportion of matches by 2%, 4%, 3% and 3% in dk, fi, no and se, respectively.
when only herds with good reporting were included in the frd, the completeness decreased .
the codd consisted of information retrieved from the four nordic national cattle databases.
the study was carried out during two 2-month periods in  <dig>
a excess codd cases added to the frd.
b only herds with good reporting to the frd were included.
the number of herds with good reporting was 48/ <dig> , 148/ <dig> , 142/ <dig>  and 105/ <dig>  in denmark, norway, finland and sweden, respectively.
ci = confidence interval.
frd = farmer-recorded data.
in addition, the finnish cm data were analysed separately, without defining antibiotic treatments by the farmer as “veterinary-visited”.
the number of veterinary-visited cm cases was then reduced by  <dig> to  <dig>  after matching these to codd data, the completeness  for veterinary-visited cases  increased from  <dig>   to  <dig>  .
the irs in the adjusted frd and codd differed, based on point estimates and confidence intervals, both within and between the countries .
in se, the ir  for all cases in the adjusted frd was  <dig>   compared to  <dig>   in the codd.
in fi, both the ir for all cases and veterinary-visited cases was higher than the ir in the codd .
the irs from the adjusted frd in dk were significantly higher than in no and se, and the irs in fi were higher than in se, for both veterinary-visited cases and all cases.
the study was carried out during two 2-month periods in  <dig>
ci = confidence interval.
frd = farmer-recorded data.
discussion
the results support our hypothesis that the completeness of the disease recording systems, both for veterinary-visited cases and for the total number of cases of cm, differs between the four nordic countries included in this study.
the different completeness figures and irs retrieved in this study indicate that dk’s disease recording system captured the highest proportion of cm cases.
also, dk had the highest ir of cm both in the frd and in the codd.
the frd ir for fi was higher than that for both no and se, which in official statistics based on the codd is hidden by the poor completeness.
although the completeness was better in no than in se, se had the lowest irs.
given the design of the disease recording systems in the nordic countries the completeness of the data for veterinary-visited cases should, theoretically, be 100%, which was not the case in any country.
this leads to an underestimation of the incidence of veterinary-visited cm in all four nordic cattle databases, which has implications for all areas where this information is used.
what can be regarded as an acceptable level of completeness for a disease database depends on the purpose of the recording system, and how the data are used.
for example, in research using secondary data , such as the disease data evaluated here, it is essential to know the proportion of disease in the population under investigation captured by the recording system and database.
moreover, for any study aiming at a between-country comparison of disease frequency, knowledge of differences in data quality is necessary to obtain valid results.
the number of studies validating a disease database for production animals is very limited.
in a swedish study, including all ages and diagnoses of dairy cattle, 71% of farmer-reported  events could be found in data from the cattle database
<cit> .
the norwegian disease recording system reportedly underestimates calf morbidity by, on average, 40%
<cit> .
in denmark, about one-fifth of reporting of diseases by veterinarians on individual cows could not be found in the cattle database
<cit> .
the findings in the present study support these previous studies.
completeness
the reason for imperfect completeness of registration of veterinary-visited cases of cm is that one or several of the steps in the disease recording system  do not work properly .
in fi, the common practice for mastitis cases where systemic signs are absent is that the farmer first takes a milk sample; once the bacteriological results are available, he or she consults the veterinarian.
if the cow is treated with antibiotics from a phone prescription, the farmer is instructed to record this on the cow’s health card.
the low completeness in finland indicates that this, generally, is not fully complied with.
consequently, the disease recording system fails to capture approximately every second cm case in finnish dairy herds.
this is in agreement with saloniemi
<cit>  who estimated the proportion of non-recorded cm cases in finland treated with phone prescription antibiotics to be 65%.
when the finnish cm cases that were obviously treated with over-the-phone prescription antibiotics were classified as “non-veterinary-visited” the completeness increased slightly.
unfortunately, the frd was in many cases not detailed enough to distinguish between veterinary and farmer-administered treatment with phone prescription antibiotics.
a significant within-country difference in completeness for veterinary-visited cases could also be expected at regional or even local level since neighbouring herds may use different veterinarians and advisory services whose recording and submission rate may differ
<cit> .
this was, however, not assessed in the present study.
the frd also did not allow any analysis of the characteristics of the fr cases that could not be found in the codd, e.g.
with milder or more severe clinical signs.
one step down in the data flow from the diseased cow to the database  is the farmer’s threshold for detection, which will also affect the completeness of the information in the database.
a farmer with a low threshold for detection, but not necessarily for treatment, will notice many cm cases but not have them treated by a veterinarian, and thereby decrease the total completeness.
the completeness for all cm cases, regardless of whether they are veterinary-visited or not, depends both on the completeness of registration of the veterinary-visited cases and on the overall proportion of cm cases that are veterinary-visited, i.e.
the coverage of the disease recording system.
the lower the coverage, the lower the completeness for all cases, since the proportion of cases expected to be captured by the disease recording system decreases.
the coverage is highly influenced by the farmers’ threshold for consulting a veterinarian.
the cases where the farmer chooses to consult a veterinarian, i.e.
cases that should be in codd, are likely to be more severe compared to cases where the veterinarian is not contacted or the cow not treated with prescription drugs; the coverage would be higher for severe cm cases compared to milder cases.
for cases in the codd there is no tool to assess the severity of a cm case other then what diagnostic code the veterinarian used when there are several to choose from .
the frd recordings were, in general, not detailed enough to assess the degree of severity for veterinary-supervised cases compared to non-veterinary-supervised cases.
it has been shown that dairy producers may have different thresholds for contacting a veterinarian depending on their attitudes to mastitis
<cit> , but the decision is also influenced by the herd situation and cow factors for that specific case, in particular when the cow presents only milder symptoms
<cit> .
in the present study, the high completeness both for veterinary-visited cases and for all cases in dk and the low completeness figures in fi could not be explained by a high versus low coverage.
in this study, disease occurrence as noted by the farmers during their normal routines was used as the standard against which the codd data were compared.
mastitis is a common disorder in dairy cows and any dairy producer should be familiar with its clinical manifestation.
however, the individual herdsman’s threshold for detection depends on several factors, such as the diagnostic tools used, e.g.
cow-side tests or detection via the milking system.
some routine tests will detect subclinical disease as well.
we chose not to include any cow-side tests, such as the cmt, as a criterion for the farmers to use in this study, since not all farmers use this in their everyday work and some have not used it at all.
also, we wanted the farmers’ recording of disease events to be as close to their normal level of detection as possible, without influencing their threshold for detection or their threshold for contacting their veterinarian since this could have influenced the completeness.
in the presence of a gold standard for true disease status, completeness of a database is calculated similarly to the sensitivity of a diagnostic test, or a/ in figure
1a.
to fully assess the accuracy of a database, the correctness = a/ in figure
1a, equivalent to the positive predictive value of a diseased animal, should be checked.
in the present study the unit of interest was the disease case, i.e.
completeness was calculated for cm cases , not diseased animals .
correctness could not be calculated in this study because the farmers obviously did not record 100% of all veterinary-visited  cm cases in the frd; had they done so, the adjusted frd would have been identical to the original frd and cell b in figure
1b empty.
this was illustrated when we included only herds belonging to good reporters of findings; the difference between completeness for the original frd and the adjusted frd was minor .
in other words, the number of cm cases that were not recorded in either the frd or in the codd  was unknown.
in dk, the number of farmer-recorded cm cases  was much lower than the number of cm cases in the codd  , indicating that the danish farmers did not report all cm events they detected, in the frd.
any cm cases recorded in the codd are most likely to have been observed by the farmer at some point, even if they were not recorded in the frd, and the adjustment of the frd was done with the assumption that the disease information in the codd is correct although not complete.
hence, the addition of excess codd cases to the frd should not lead to any false fr cases.
however, the adjusted frd led to an overestimation of the completeness for all cm cases, particularly in dk because of the danish farmers’ lower-than-expected reporting to the frd.
it was possible for a herd with many veterinary-visited cases not recorded in the frd to also have many non-veterinary-visited cases that were not recorded in the frd , but the extent of these events could not be estimated in our study.
incidence rates
the country-specific differences between incidences based on the adjusted frd with veterinary visits versus the codd reflect the completeness for cases seen by a veterinarian.
for example, in no, these figures were  <dig>  and  <dig> , respectively, and the corresponding completeness was estimated to be  <dig> .
the overall ir, including all cases, in the adjusted frd should be close to the true observable occurrence of cm.
also, the ir of cases seen by a veterinarian based on the adjusted frd should capture all cases receiving veterinarian attention except those that were not recorded in either the frd or the codd.
accordingly, the overall ir in the adjusted frd will be an underestimation of the true ir since the adjustment to the frd only influences cases seen by a veterinarian  and any cases not seen by a vet and not recorded in the frd are unknown .
the incidence of cm has previously been estimated to be 36– <dig> cases per  <dig> cow-years in dk
<cit> , with 17% lactational risk in fi
<cit> ,  <dig>  cases per  <dig> cow-years in no
<cit> , and  <dig>  veterinary-treated cases per  <dig> cow-years in se
<cit> .
non- nordic authors have reported incidence rates of  <dig>  cases per  <dig> cow-years in canada
<cit> ,  <dig>  and  <dig>  cases per  <dig> cow-years in france
<cit> ,  <dig> cases per  <dig> cow-years in england and wales
<cit> ,  <dig> - <dig>  cases per  <dig> cow-years in the netherlands
<cit> .
the irs that were estimated in the present study based on the frd suggest that the incidence of cm in the nordic countries is higher than what has been found in previous studies but within the range of what has been estimated in non-nordic countries.
however, comparing incidence between and within countries as estimated in research studies is problematic.
incidence rates may not be comparable due to different inclusion criteria or definitions of what makes a cm case.
a direct comparison of official disease incidence between countries is not accurate either since the process that generates such figures is unique to each country.
nevertheless, the irs from the codd roughly agree with the previous nordic studies.
in the present study the codd data were extracted as raw data that were re-coded, edited and presented identically in all four countries, which has allowed us to use the irs calculated in this study for a between-country comparison.
there might be seasonal variation in cm occurrence which may impact on estimates of ir based on only two study periods.
however, there were no such trends for the ir estimates detected from frd and codd ; some estimates were slightly higher during the autumn period but some were lower.
seasonal variation in the irs in this study might be a true reflection of the occurrence of cm or effects of variation in recording compliance by farmers , variation in the completeness of recordings in the codd, or because proportionally fewer cows were visited by a veterinarian .
the completeness estimates did not differ between study periods .
study herds
when the completeness calculation included only herds with good reporting to the frd, the completeness decreased, both for all cases and for veterinary-visited cm only.
this was due to an increase in the number of cases captured only in the frd .
in other words, these cases increased the denominator in the completeness formula, which consequently led to a decrease in the calculated completeness.
since the estimate of completeness for the good reporters is likely to be closer to the “true” completeness, the overall completeness figures for the frd presented in this study are likely to be overestimated.
a large number of herds were invited to the study in dk, fi and no to achieve the desired sample size.
for practical reasons, it was not possible to first invite a smaller sample of herds and then contact non-responders individually, as was done in se.
for this type of study, where highly motivated farmers are crucial, we were willing to accept the proportionally low response rate this caused.
nevertheless, this may have introduced selection bias, e.g.
with regard to herd size, udder health, production level, or farmers who were dissatisfied with the quality of disease data or who had a particular interest in disease recording or research studies.
however, our study herds did not deviate to a large extent from target herds with respect to characteristics related to size and performance .
a fair number of herd owners who agreed to participate did not do so, or participated in only one of the two study periods .
we did not try to persuade these farmers to continue participating but tried to include farmers who were willing to do a good job with recording.
CONCLUSIONS
the completeness for farmer-recorded cm cases, either veterinary-visited cases only or including all cases, ranged between  <dig>  and  <dig> .
denmark had the highest completeness and fi the lowest.
our study shows that the ir for cm is underestimated in all four included countries when it is based on disease data from the cattle databases.
this underestimation affects genetic evaluations, advisory work, statistics and research.
the irs for cm also differed between farmer recordings and the cattle databases.
overall, the highest fr ir was found in dk and the lowest in se.
the largest percentage point difference between fr and codd ir was found in fi, reflecting poor completeness of the database in that country.
competing interests
the authors declare that they have no competing interests.
authors’ contributions
cw, me, akl and sr participated in the study design and were responsible for data collection in their respective countries.
cw further performed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript.
al, ae and ue participated in the study design and statistical analyses and revised the manuscript.
sr, me and akl revised the manuscript.
all authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

 in intensive dairy production, high-quality disease data are a valuable resource. the nordic countries denmark, finland, norway and sweden have established national milk recording schemes where data from disease recording are combined with data from milk recording and data on reproductive events in a central database. the central databases are managed by the farmer-owned dairy co-operatives the danish cattle federation, the agricultural data processing centre, tine sa and the swedish dairy association. the information is used by herd managers, in advisory work and breeding programmes, and for research. the disease information in the databases is mainly based on records made by veterinarians. in all four nordic countries included, the legislation concerning veterinary care restricts the availability of prescription drugs, such as antibiotics, for both parenteral and local use, in dairy cattle. therefore, in general, when a farmer detects a cow with clinical mastitis, she or he must consult a veterinarian who makes a treatment decision after clinical examination. completeness of a disease database is defined in terms of the proportion of true disease events that are also recorded in the database and is consequently similar to the sensitivity of a diagnostic test. referring to figure 1a, completeness is therefore calculated as a/. theoretically, if the cattle disease recording systems function well, the probability that all veterinary-diagnosed or -treated disease events are captured should be high. however, by design none of these disease recording systems will include 100% of the clinical disease events as some will not warrant a veterinary consultation, which is more or less a prerequisite for recording. in a previous study, where disease registrations from the nordic countries were analysed in a comparable manner, the incidence rates for cm were markedly different. further, in a similar study using raw data from all four countries, discrepancies in between-country incidence risks of veterinary-treated cm were seen. the swedish dairy disease recording system has been subject to validation in earlier studies. mörk et al. found a significant difference between the irs based on reports by farmers and ir based on registrations in the central database. a comparison of copies of records left on-farm by the veterinarian with registrations of veterinary examinations in the central database showed a completeness for diagnostic events of 75%. furthermore, a danish comparison between written registrations made by veterinarians and registrations in the danish database revealed that 18–21% of diagnoses were missing in the database at the individual cow level. this leads to the hypothesis that the completeness of disease registrations in the central databases, also for cm, may differ between the four nordic countries included, which may in part explain the differences in the incidences of cm. the primary aim of this study was to estimate the completeness of disease registrations, with the diagnosis cm in focus, in the four nordic cattle databases. a second aim was to estimate the cm irs, as detected and recorded by farmers, by country. methods disease recording in the nordic countries according to the legislation in the nordic countries, veterinarians should record when a cow is treated with any drug with a withdrawal period, e.g. any antibiotics. in no and se, veterinarians are required to write a record regardless of whether the cow diagnosed with a disease was treated or not. in se, the veterinarian needs to submit the record to the board of agriculture. if the herd participates in milk recording the information is subsequently transferred to the swedish dairy association’s cattle database. in dk and no, recording of all diseases, i.e. the submission of the disease record to a central database, is mandatory for herds in milk recording. in fi about 90% of the herds in milk recording also participate in disease recording, to have access to herd health and breeding advisory services. in dk, the farmer or the veterinarian submits the records to the central database. in fi, the veterinarian records the data on the cow’s health card and an artificial insemination technician or the farmer submits the records to the central database. in no, the farmer, herd management advisor or veterinarian submits the records. in all four countries, farmers can also record diseases themselves with or without involvement of a veterinarian. for a detailed description of the disease recording systems, see, e.g., olsson et al., bartlett et al., gröhn et al., Østerås et al. and mörk et al.. there are two exceptions to the rule that clinically diseased cows may not be treated with prescription drugs without prior clinical examination by a veterinarian. the first is the “common practice” for milder cases of cm in fi. finnish dairy producers may take a milk sample and send it for bacteriological analysis, and consult the veterinarian when the results are known. depending on the veterinarian’s judgement, treatment may be prescribed without the veterinarian visiting the farm. the farmer should record any treatment on the cow’s health card; the information is then submitted to the central database as described above. the second exception is the danish system for veterinary care in dairy cattle that was introduced in and by was used by approximately 8% of danish dairy farmers. farmers may, after signing a contract with their veterinarian, initiate treatment themselves for certain disorders and only with a predetermined drug of choice. instead of visiting each diseased cow, the veterinarian makes frequent scheduled visits to examine all cows at specific and predetermined stages of lactation and to follow up previously treated cows. in this system, dairy cows can be regarded as veterinary-treated since the diagnostic criteria and follow-up of treatment are under veterinary supervision. diagnoses and treatments made by the farmer are recorded and submitted to the database by the farmer. we hereafter refer to this system as the “danish new herd health ”. study herds and data collection the data collection for cm was conducted as a part of a larger study where data for four major production-related complexes where studied and where data collection was conducted in parallel for all four complexes. the number of dairy herds in milk recording in dk, no and se was approximately, and herds, respectively, in in fi, the health surveillance system kept records of approximately herds in the same year, the target population for this study were cows belonging to herds participating in these national schemes with a herd size of at least cows. four random samples were selected from these populations. country-specific sample size calculations were done, with the disease event as the unit of interest. calculations were based on an expected completeness of 80%, country-specific average herd sizes, the national registered disease incidences of previous years and a maximum width of the confidence intervals of. to account for the unknown clustering of registered disease events within herds, the sample size was doubled. the target sample size was 150– herds per country, which was considered conservative. taking country-specific expected response rates and practical circumstances into account,, and herds in dk, fi, no and se, respectively, were invited to participate. the owners of these herds were sent a letter explaining the purpose of the study and giving a description of what was expected of participating herds. in fi, no and se, participants were offered lottery tickets with prizes ranging from a gift voucher for travel and weekend travel to an agricultural show to free embryos. in dk, no incentives were offered to participating farmers. data collection was done during two study periods in from february to april and from september to november. in dk, the first study period started and ended weeks later for practical reasons. the study periods were chosen to avoid recording during the most labour intensive months for the farmers, but to still capture possible seasonal variation. participating farmers were provided with written information, recording sheets, and prepaid envelopes for returning the recording sheets. recording sheets could also be sent by fax or e-mail. in fi, an online recording option was available. all farmers were given a reminder by telephone or text message after month and at the end of each study period. where no disease events were detected, farmers reported “no events” either by returning a recording sheet with only the herd identification, or by sending a text message, fax or email. before the second period all farmers were contacted by mail or phone and provided with new recording sheets, instructions and envelopes. farmers who did not want to continue participating after the first study period, or who had failed to return their recording sheets or report absence of disease events were excluded. in dk and no, a few farmers participated only during the second study period. a number of parameters for the participating herds and target populations of herds were investigated to assess how representative the study herds were. the selected parameters represented milk production, udder health, reproductive performance and indicators of metabolic status. due to limited data access, official country statistics and only mean values without measures of spread were used for dk instead of target population data. the farmer-recorded data the diagnosis and clinical signs of mastitis, i.e. ‘redness, soreness or swelling of the udder’ and ‘visible changes of the milk’, as well as systemic signs, e.g. “fever’ and ‘poor appetite’, were listed on the recording sheets with a tick-box next to each item. farmers had to fill in the herd id, cow id, date of detection of symptoms, dates of veterinary visits, who diagnosed the cow, and any treatments the cow was given or absence of treatment. all cm events were recorded at the cow-level. a copy of the recording sheet, in english or any of the four nordic languages concerned, is available from the main author upon request. instructions were printed on the back of each recording sheet. only cows were included in the study, i.e. no heifers or young stock. if a cow recovered, but had a relapse, a new recording sheet was filled out. in general, the same recording sheet was used for all revisits by a veterinarian for the same disease event, and all therapy for that event, etc. only events of clinical disease were recorded, i.e. where the cow was not well according to the farmers’ judgement. events of subclinical mastitis, e.g. high somatic cell counts at test milking or at california mastitis test testing, were not recorded as ‘cm’. no additional cow-side test was used, unless such tests were part of the normal routines in the herd. data from the submitted recording sheets were manually entered into an access database or electronically scanned. in fi, web-based recording was also available. all records were manually checked for data entry errors. records were removed if the date of detection was outside the study period, if no dates were noted, or if the herd id or cow id was missing or unknown. all data management and analysis was done using the statistical package sas. a disease event was defined as “cm” if one of the following was indicated by the farmer on the recording sheet: “mastitis”, “changed appearance of the milk“or “swelling, redness or soreness of the udder” following the international dairy federation’s definition. a cm event was defined as “veterinary-visited” if one of the following was indicated: “veterinary-examined”, “diagnosed by a veterinarian”, “treated by a veterinarian” or if a date for a veterinary visit was stated. for herds participating in the dnhh system, cm events were also defined as “veterinary-visited” if the farmer had recorded “treatment with antibiotics or non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs by the farmer”, because such treatments were under veterinary supervision. for the same reason, the definition for “veterinary-visited” cm events in the finnish data was extended to antibiotics given by the farmer, to include cows that were treated after analysis of a milk sample, and after a telephone consultation and prescription by the veterinarian. all cm events that occurred within days of the first event were considered one cm case. the date used for defining a case was the first visit date even though each recording sheet could have several dates including date of detection and several visits dates. if no visit date was given on a recording sheet, the date of detection was used. if any of the events within a case were defined as “veterinary-visited”, the entire case was defined as “veterinary-visited”. for the case date, the date of the first event was used. data from the national cattle databases data from the four national cattle databases were retrieved in may and rearranged into one common disease database. the retrieved information included cow-level information on entries and removals, reproductive events, milk recording and disease records. disease records included events during the time from days before to days after the two study periods. diagnostic codes differed between the countries. for cm, seven, three, two and codes were used in dk, fi, no and se, respectively, which represented varying degrees of clinical signs or other characteristics of cm. to make a comparison between countries possible, all diagnostic codes for cm were re-coded to “clinical mastitis”. disease events had a diagnostic date according to the veterinarian’s recording. also in the codd, all events with the diagnostic code cm within days of the first event were viewed as one mastitis case, with the case date being the date of the first event. completeness the cm cases in the codd were matched to cm cases in the farmer-recorded data. a match was defined as the same country, herd id and cow id with either the exact same case date, or allowing a discrepancy of days between the case dates. larger date discrepancies were evaluated. completeness was calculated by country as the proportion of farmer-recorded cases that could be matched to a codd case, i.e., referring to figure 1b, as a/. the completeness was calculated separately for all cases in the farmer-recorded data and for cases defined as “veterinary-visited”. double-sided confidence intervals for the completeness at a significance level of 95% were calculated as follows: p+/−z√p1−p/n to account for the unknown clustering of cases within herds, the confidence intervals were increased post hoc by factor cases of cm that were present only in the codd and not in the farmer-recorded data were considered not properly recorded by farmers in the study, rather than being considered errors in the codd. in an alternative calculation of completeness these cases were reclassified as if they had also been recorded by the farmers, i.e. completeness = /. we hereafter refer to the farmer-recorded data with the excess codd cm cases added as “adjusted frd”. if the number of cm cases in the frd divided by the number of cm cases in the codd was > the herd was classified as a herd where the farmer was a good reporter of findings. consequently, for herds with many excess cm cases in the codd, farmers were classified as poor reporters. the completeness calculations were repeated, this time including only good reporters. for the finnish frd, an additional completeness calculation was done where antibiotics administered by the farmer were not included as a criterion for a cm case to be defined as “veterinary-visited”, i.e. using the same definition for “veterinary-visited” as in no, se and dk. incidence rate calculation the time-at-risk for cm was defined as follows: in the codd, cows were given one record per lactation and disease case, meaning that cows with no mastitis events had one record per lactation. when a cow left or re-entered the herd during the study period the observation period for that cow ended or started on that date. if a cow calved during the study period, the new lactation, and consequently a new observation period, started on the calving date. the previous observation period ended the day before the calving date, i.e. the dry period was included in the time-at-risk. heifers were included from the date of first calving. hence, if a cow both entered and left the herd on the same day she contributed with day at risk during which she could have a registered a disease event. country- and database-specific irs for cm were estimated by poisson regression with a deviance scale parameter to account for overdispersion in the data. the different dependent variables were the number of cm cases per herd in the codd, or veterinary-visited cases or all cases in the farmer-recorded data. days at risk per herd was the offset variable. the days at risk were the number of cow-days per herd during the two study periods reduced by days per cm case in the frd or codd. negative binomial models were also evaluated. the changes in point estimates and confidence intervals compared to the poisson models were minor and did not affect the differences in irs between countries or between datasets within countries.  the number of study herds was,, and, of which and participated during both study periods in dk, fi, no, and se, respectively. the parameters representing production and health in the study herds were judged as being comparable to those of the target populations. descriptive statistics of the farmer-recorded data are presented in table  in all four countries, the most common second diagnosis in a cow with cm was teat lesions. the number of such events was and in dk, fi, no, and se, respectively. the percentage of cows with cm and no other disease in the herd on a particular date was 80%, 90%, 94% and 85% in dk, fi, no and se, respectively. the frequencies of disease and mastitis events in the codd are presented in table  the target populations were herds in milk recording with an average herd size of at least cows. the figures are only for within-country comparison since the presented parameters are calculated differently for each country. a the access to target population data from denmark was limited. consequently, officially published country statistics and only mean values are presented without measures of spread. b 25th and 75th percentiles. c we had no access to this figure for all dairy herds in denmark. d the swedish mean is arithmetic. in denmark the mean is of the bulk milk scc, in the other three countries the mean is calculated from individual cows scc. scc = somatic cell count. a 10th and 90th percentiles. b all cases in the codd are seen by a veterinarian and/or are veterinary-treated. c other diagnosis than cm. overall, the completeness of registration of cm cases was highest in the danish data and lowest in the finnish data. the completeness for veterinary-visited cases ranged from in dk to in fi. the point-estimates of completeness increased slightly in all countries when the adjusted frd was used to,,, in dk, fi, no and se, respectively. also the proportion of veterinary-treated cases increased by 8%, 2%, 3% and 4% in dk, fi, no and se, respectively when the adjusted frd was used. increasing the allowed discrepancy in the number of days between a farmer-recorded cm case and a matched codd case from to days increased the proportion of matches by 2%, 4%, 3% and 3% in dk, fi, no and se, respectively. when only herds with good reporting were included in the frd, the completeness decreased. the codd consisted of information retrieved from the four nordic national cattle databases. the study was carried out during two 2-month periods in a excess codd cases added to the frd. b only herds with good reporting to the frd were included. the number of herds with good reporting was 48/, 148/, 142/ and 105/ in denmark, norway, finland and sweden, respectively. ci = confidence interval. frd = farmer-recorded data. in addition, the finnish cm data were analysed separately, without defining antibiotic treatments by the farmer as “veterinary-visited”. the number of veterinary-visited cm cases was then reduced by to after matching these to codd data, the completeness for veterinary-visited cases increased from to. the irs in the adjusted frd and codd differed, based on point estimates and confidence intervals, both within and between the countries. in se, the ir for all cases in the adjusted frd was compared to in the codd. in fi, both the ir for all cases and veterinary-visited cases was higher than the ir in the codd. the irs from the adjusted frd in dk were significantly higher than in no and se, and the irs in fi were higher than in se, for both veterinary-visited cases and all cases. the study was carried out during two 2-month periods in ci = confidence interval. frd = farmer-recorded data. discussion the results support our hypothesis that the completeness of the disease recording systems, both for veterinary-visited cases and for the total number of cases of cm, differs between the four nordic countries included in this study. the different completeness figures and irs retrieved in this study indicate that dk’s disease recording system captured the highest proportion of cm cases. also, dk had the highest ir of cm both in the frd and in the codd. the frd ir for fi was higher than that for both no and se, which in official statistics based on the codd is hidden by the poor completeness. although the completeness was better in no than in se, se had the lowest irs. given the design of the disease recording systems in the nordic countries the completeness of the data for veterinary-visited cases should, theoretically, be 100%, which was not the case in any country. this leads to an underestimation of the incidence of veterinary-visited cm in all four nordic cattle databases, which has implications for all areas where this information is used. what can be regarded as an acceptable level of completeness for a disease database depends on the purpose of the recording system, and how the data are used. for example, in research using secondary data, such as the disease data evaluated here, it is essential to know the proportion of disease in the population under investigation captured by the recording system and database. moreover, for any study aiming at a between-country comparison of disease frequency, knowledge of differences in data quality is necessary to obtain valid results. the number of studies validating a disease database for production animals is very limited. in a swedish study, including all ages and diagnoses of dairy cattle, 71% of farmer-reported events could be found in data from the cattle database. the norwegian disease recording system reportedly underestimates calf morbidity by, on average, 40%. in denmark, about one-fifth of reporting of diseases by veterinarians on individual cows could not be found in the cattle database. the findings in the present study support these previous studies. completeness the reason for imperfect completeness of registration of veterinary-visited cases of cm is that one or several of the steps in the disease recording system do not work properly. in fi, the common practice for mastitis cases where systemic signs are absent is that the farmer first takes a milk sample; once the bacteriological results are available, he or she consults the veterinarian. if the cow is treated with antibiotics from a phone prescription, the farmer is instructed to record this on the cow’s health card. the low completeness in finland indicates that this, generally, is not fully complied with. consequently, the disease recording system fails to capture approximately every second cm case in finnish dairy herds. this is in agreement with saloniemi who estimated the proportion of non-recorded cm cases in finland treated with phone prescription antibiotics to be 65%. when the finnish cm cases that were obviously treated with over-the-phone prescription antibiotics were classified as “non-veterinary-visited” the completeness increased slightly. unfortunately, the frd was in many cases not detailed enough to distinguish between veterinary and farmer-administered treatment with phone prescription antibiotics. a significant within-country difference in completeness for veterinary-visited cases could also be expected at regional or even local level since neighbouring herds may use different veterinarians and advisory services whose recording and submission rate may differ. this was, however, not assessed in the present study. the frd also did not allow any analysis of the characteristics of the fr cases that could not be found in the codd, e.g. with milder or more severe clinical signs. one step down in the data flow from the diseased cow to the database is the farmer’s threshold for detection, which will also affect the completeness of the information in the database. a farmer with a low threshold for detection, but not necessarily for treatment, will notice many cm cases but not have them treated by a veterinarian, and thereby decrease the total completeness. the completeness for all cm cases, regardless of whether they are veterinary-visited or not, depends both on the completeness of registration of the veterinary-visited cases and on the overall proportion of cm cases that are veterinary-visited, i.e. the coverage of the disease recording system. the lower the coverage, the lower the completeness for all cases, since the proportion of cases expected to be captured by the disease recording system decreases. the coverage is highly influenced by the farmers’ threshold for consulting a veterinarian. the cases where the farmer chooses to consult a veterinarian, i.e. cases that should be in codd, are likely to be more severe compared to cases where the veterinarian is not contacted or the cow not treated with prescription drugs; the coverage would be higher for severe cm cases compared to milder cases. for cases in the codd there is no tool to assess the severity of a cm case other then what diagnostic code the veterinarian used when there are several to choose from. the frd recordings were, in general, not detailed enough to assess the degree of severity for veterinary-supervised cases compared to non-veterinary-supervised cases. it has been shown that dairy producers may have different thresholds for contacting a veterinarian depending on their attitudes to mastitis, but the decision is also influenced by the herd situation and cow factors for that specific case, in particular when the cow presents only milder symptoms. in the present study, the high completeness both for veterinary-visited cases and for all cases in dk and the low completeness figures in fi could not be explained by a high versus low coverage. in this study, disease occurrence as noted by the farmers during their normal routines was used as the standard against which the codd data were compared. mastitis is a common disorder in dairy cows and any dairy producer should be familiar with its clinical manifestation. however, the individual herdsman’s threshold for detection depends on several factors, such as the diagnostic tools used, e.g. cow-side tests or detection via the milking system. some routine tests will detect subclinical disease as well. we chose not to include any cow-side tests, such as the cmt, as a criterion for the farmers to use in this study, since not all farmers use this in their everyday work and some have not used it at all. also, we wanted the farmers’ recording of disease events to be as close to their normal level of detection as possible, without influencing their threshold for detection or their threshold for contacting their veterinarian since this could have influenced the completeness. in the presence of a gold standard for true disease status, completeness of a database is calculated similarly to the sensitivity of a diagnostic test, or a/ in figure 1a. to fully assess the accuracy of a database, the correctness = a/ in figure 1a, equivalent to the positive predictive value of a diseased animal, should be checked. in the present study the unit of interest was the disease case, i.e. completeness was calculated for cm cases, not diseased animals. correctness could not be calculated in this study because the farmers obviously did not record 100% of all veterinary-visited cm cases in the frd; had they done so, the adjusted frd would have been identical to the original frd and cell b in figure 1b empty. this was illustrated when we included only herds belonging to good reporters of findings; the difference between completeness for the original frd and the adjusted frd was minor. in other words, the number of cm cases that were not recorded in either the frd or in the codd was unknown. in dk, the number of farmer-recorded cm cases was much lower than the number of cm cases in the codd, indicating that the danish farmers did not report all cm events they detected, in the frd. any cm cases recorded in the codd are most likely to have been observed by the farmer at some point, even if they were not recorded in the frd, and the adjustment of the frd was done with the assumption that the disease information in the codd is correct although not complete. hence, the addition of excess codd cases to the frd should not lead to any false fr cases. however, the adjusted frd led to an overestimation of the completeness for all cm cases, particularly in dk because of the danish farmers’ lower-than-expected reporting to the frd. it was possible for a herd with many veterinary-visited cases not recorded in the frd to also have many non-veterinary-visited cases that were not recorded in the frd, but the extent of these events could not be estimated in our study. incidence rates the country-specific differences between incidences based on the adjusted frd with veterinary visits versus the codd reflect the completeness for cases seen by a veterinarian. for example, in no, these figures were and, respectively, and the corresponding completeness was estimated to be. the overall ir, including all cases, in the adjusted frd should be close to the true observable occurrence of cm. also, the ir of cases seen by a veterinarian based on the adjusted frd should capture all cases receiving veterinarian attention except those that were not recorded in either the frd or the codd. accordingly, the overall ir in the adjusted frd will be an underestimation of the true ir since the adjustment to the frd only influences cases seen by a veterinarian and any cases not seen by a vet and not recorded in the frd are unknown. the incidence of cm has previously been estimated to be 36– cases per cow-years in dk, with 17% lactational risk in fi, cases per cow-years in no, and veterinary-treated cases per cow-years in se. non- nordic authors have reported incidence rates of cases per cow-years in canada, and cases per cow-years in france, cases per cow-years in england and wales, - cases per cow-years in the netherlands. the irs that were estimated in the present study based on the frd suggest that the incidence of cm in the nordic countries is higher than what has been found in previous studies but within the range of what has been estimated in non-nordic countries. however, comparing incidence between and within countries as estimated in research studies is problematic. incidence rates may not be comparable due to different inclusion criteria or definitions of what makes a cm case. a direct comparison of official disease incidence between countries is not accurate either since the process that generates such figures is unique to each country. nevertheless, the irs from the codd roughly agree with the previous nordic studies. in the present study the codd data were extracted as raw data that were re-coded, edited and presented identically in all four countries, which has allowed us to use the irs calculated in this study for a between-country comparison. there might be seasonal variation in cm occurrence which may impact on estimates of ir based on only two study periods. however, there were no such trends for the ir estimates detected from frd and codd; some estimates were slightly higher during the autumn period but some were lower. seasonal variation in the irs in this study might be a true reflection of the occurrence of cm or effects of variation in recording compliance by farmers, variation in the completeness of recordings in the codd, or because proportionally fewer cows were visited by a veterinarian. the completeness estimates did not differ between study periods. study herds when the completeness calculation included only herds with good reporting to the frd, the completeness decreased, both for all cases and for veterinary-visited cm only. this was due to an increase in the number of cases captured only in the frd. in other words, these cases increased the denominator in the completeness formula, which consequently led to a decrease in the calculated completeness. since the estimate of completeness for the good reporters is likely to be closer to the “true” completeness, the overall completeness figures for the frd presented in this study are likely to be overestimated. a large number of herds were invited to the study in dk, fi and no to achieve the desired sample size. for practical reasons, it was not possible to first invite a smaller sample of herds and then contact non-responders individually, as was done in se. for this type of study, where highly motivated farmers are crucial, we were willing to accept the proportionally low response rate this caused. nevertheless, this may have introduced selection bias, e.g. with regard to herd size, udder health, production level, or farmers who were dissatisfied with the quality of disease data or who had a particular interest in disease recording or research studies. however, our study herds did not deviate to a large extent from target herds with respect to characteristics related to size and performance. a fair number of herd owners who agreed to participate did not do so, or participated in only one of the two study periods. we did not try to persuade these farmers to continue participating but tried to include farmers who were willing to do a good job with recording.  the completeness for farmer-recorded cm cases, either veterinary-visited cases only or including all cases, ranged between and. denmark had the highest completeness and fi the lowest. our study shows that the ir for cm is underestimated in all four included countries when it is based on disease data from the cattle databases. this underestimation affects genetic evaluations, advisory work, statistics and research. the irs for cm also differed between farmer recordings and the cattle databases. overall, the highest fr ir was found in dk and the lowest in se. the largest percentage point difference between fr and codd ir was found in fi, reflecting poor completeness of the database in that country. competing interests the authors declare that they have no competing interests. authors’ contributions cw, me, akl and sr participated in the study design and were responsible for data collection in their respective countries. cw further performed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. al, ae and ue participated in the study design and statistical analyses and revised the manuscript. sr, me and akl revised the manuscript. all authors have read and approved the final manuscript. 
disease data are submitted to the national cattle databases where they are combined with, e.g., production data at cow level, and used for breeding programmes, advisory work and herd health management. previous studies have raised questions about the quality of the disease data. the main aim of this study was to examine the country-specific completeness of the disease data, regarding clinical mastitis diagnosis, in each of the national cattle databases. this has an impact on all areas where the disease data are used. the completeness of registration of all cm cases, which includes all cases noted by farmers, regardless of whether the cows were seen or treated by a veterinarian or not, was,, and, respectively, in the same countries. hence, the number of cm cases in dairy cows is underestimated. in the nordic countries denmark, finland, norway and sweden, the majority of dairy herds are covered by disease recording systems, in general based on veterinary registration of diagnoses and treatments. the country-specific completeness of disease registrations was calculated as the proportion of farmer-recorded cases that could be found in the central database. the irs, estimated by poisson regression in cases per cow-years, based on the farmers’ recordings, were,, and, respectively, which was between 20% and 100% higher than the irs based on recordings in the central cattle databases. over months in farmers in the four nordic countries recorded clinical diseases in their dairy cows. the completeness for veterinary-supervised cases of cm was considerably less than 100% in all four nordic countries and differed between countries.
 in the nordic countries denmark, finland, norway and sweden, the majority of dairy herds are covered by disease recording systems, in general based on veterinary registration of diagnoses and treatments. disease data are submitted to the national cattle databases where they are combined with, e.g., production data at cow level, and used for breeding programmes, advisory work and herd health management. previous studies have raised questions about the quality of the disease data. the main aim of this study was to examine the country-specific completeness of the disease data, regarding clinical mastitis diagnosis, in each of the national cattle databases. a second aim was to estimate country-specific cm incidence rates.  over months in farmers in the four nordic countries recorded clinical diseases in their dairy cows. their registrations were matched to registrations in the central cattle databases. the country-specific completeness of disease registrations was calculated as the proportion of farmer-recorded cases that could be found in the central database. the completeness for veterinary-supervised cases of cm was,, and in denmark, finland, norway and sweden, respectively. the completeness of registration of all cm cases, which includes all cases noted by farmers, regardless of whether the cows were seen or treated by a veterinarian or not, was,, and, respectively, in the same countries. the irs, estimated by poisson regression in cases per cow-years, based on the farmers’ recordings, were,, and, respectively, which was between 20% and 100% higher than the irs based on recordings in the central cattle databases.  the completeness for veterinary-supervised cases of cm was considerably less than 100% in all four nordic countries and differed between countries. hence, the number of cm cases in dairy cows is underestimated. this has an impact on all areas where the disease data are used. bovine mastitisdisease recordingcompletenessnordicdatabasevalidation 