BACKGROUND
interspecific hybridization has long been recognized as a pivotal process in plant evolution and speciation .
the understanding of the process of natural hybridization could not only help to clarify taxonomic uncertainty, but also contribute to illuminate the origin of many adaptations, the maintenance of plant diversity and the process of speciation  <cit> .
natural hybridization occurs fairly commonly among and within genera of the subtribe pyrinae , which contains many economically important fruits, such as apple, pawpaw, pear and loquat  <cit> .
intergeneric hybridization has been observed in  <dig> genera of pyrinae  <cit> , while intrageneric hybridization is expected to be even more frequent and has been found in many genera of pyrinae, including amelanchier  <cit> , crataegus , and sorbus  <cit> .
the prevalence of natural hybridization among and within the genera of pyrinae indicates that hybridization may play important roles in the evolution of pyrinae  <cit> , and provides enormous opportunities to breed new cultivars of fruits.
the genus eriobotrya lindl., a small genus of pyrinae consisting of approximately  <dig> species, is distributed in himalaya, eastern asia and western malesia  <cit> .
eriobotrya japonica  lindl., commonly known as loquat, is an important fruit tree cultivated throughout southeastern asia  <cit> , while wild loquat is only distributed in yunnan, sichuan, hubei, guangxi and guangdong of china  <cit> .
of the  <dig> eriobotrya species found in china, there are three eriobotrya species flowering in autumn except for loquat, including e. prinoides, e. prinoides var.
daduheensis and e. malipoensis: e. prinoides rehd.
et wils.
occurs naturally in sichuan and yunnan, e. prinoides var.
daduheensis h. z. zhang is distributed in two counties of sichuan, hanyuan and shimian, while e. malipoensis occurs only in malipo, yunnan  <cit> .
e. prinoides var.
daduheensis has many intermediate morphological characteristics of e. japonica and e. prinoides as well as a unique pollen shape and peroxidase isozyme pattern  <cit> .
it was later considered to be an interspecific hybrid between e. japonica and e. prinoides based on karyotype and peroxidase isozyme data  <cit> .
in that study, all three taxa were reported as diploids with identical chromosomes .
additionally, the karyotype of e. prinoides var.
daduheensis was either the 3a type  or the 2a type , and e. prinoides var.
daduheensis displayed some additivity in the peroxidase allozyme between e. japonica and e. prinoides.
further karyotype analysis by liang et al.
obtained different results in which all three taxa were the 2a type.
thus, they reconsidered e. prinoides var.
daduheensis as a distinct variety of e. japonica  <cit> .
these controversial results were based mostly on conventional approaches such as morphological analysis, karyotype and allozyme assay, which are far enough to provide convincing conclusions for many species showing a high degree of morphological plasticity or intermediate morphological characters arising from forces other than hybridization  <cit> .
for most species in the subtribe pyrinae, the frequent occurrence of polyploidization, apomixis and hybridization makes identification of hybridization events even more difficult based on these conventional approaches.
recently, single or low-copy nuclear genes have been used successfully for identifying hybridization in plants .
the completion of the apple genome sequence provides ample ests for the development of exon-primed and intron-crossing  primers to detect dna sequence variations in the members of the subtribe pyrinae .
in this study, more than  <dig> individuals of each of the three taxa  were sampled from two locations , and four low-copy nuclear genes and two chloroplast dna fragments were sequenced to address the following two questions: 1) is e. prinoides var.
daduheensis an interspecific hybrid?
2) if so, what is the extent of hybridization?
are these hybrid individuals f1s or later generation hybrids, or both?
through these efforts, we further discussed factors that may contribute to the occurrence of hybridization, the effect of hybridization on their parent species, and the possible mechanism of species integrity in the face of gene flow.
RESULTS
at these four nuclear genes and two chloroplast regions, e. japonica and e. prinoides showed fixed nucleotide substitutions.
there were two fixed nucleotide substitutions at tpp <dig>  five nucleotide substitutions and one 1-bp indel at gdsl <dig>  four nucleotide substitutions at gdsl <dig>  three nucleotide substitutions and one 90-bp indel at wd, and three nucleotide substitutions in the rbcl + psbb region .table  <dig>
fixed nucleotide substitutions and gaps between
e. japonica
and
e. prinoides
in the four nuclear genes  and the two chloroplast genes
gene
gdsl1
gdsl2
e. japonica
e. prinoides
e. japonica
e. prinoideshaplotype networks of the six investigated genes for
e. japonica
,
e. prinoides
, and their putative hybrid.
mutational steps are shown by the length of the connecting lines, indels with more than one nucleotide were considered as one mutation, and node size is proportional to the number of haplotypes possessed by all the investigated individuals.
we next focused on the sites that exhibited fixed differences between e. japonica and e. prinoides for sequence analysis in e. prinoides var.
daduheensis.
for convenience, we designated the sequence type for each individual of e. prinoides var.
daduheensis as h, j and p types if its sequence chromatogram was additive of e. japonica and e. prinoides, identical with e. japonica, and identical with e. prinoides, respectively.
of the  <dig> individuals of e. prinoides var.
daduheensis,  <dig> showed nucleotide additivity of e. japonica and e. prinoides  in at least at one nuclear gene .table  <dig>
sequence type of the six investigated genes in each putative hybrid
a
id
b
location
tpp2
gdsl1
gdsl2
wd
psb
b + rbcl
aaccording to fixed nucleotide substitutions between e. japonica and e. prinoides, sequences are same with those of e. japonica are defined as type “j”, sequences are same with those of e. prinoides are defined as type “p”, and sequences are the nucleotide additivity of both are defined as type “h”.
bd1-21: individual identified as typical e. prinoides var.
daduheensis; dp1-9: individual with characters between e. prinoides var.
daduheensis and e. prinoides; dj1-5: individual with characters between e. prinoides var.
daduheensis and e. japonica.
among the  <dig> individuals of e. prinoides var.
daduheensis, ten individuals were observed with h type at all four nuclear genes and  <dig> individuals harbored h type in at least one nuclear gene .
for the remaining two individuals, one  was p type at all four nuclear genes, and the other  was either p type or j type at the four nuclear genes.
nine of the  <dig> individuals with typical e. prinoides var.
daduheensis characteristics  were observed with a h type at all four nuclear genes, while only one individual exhibited a h type at all four nuclear genes for those atypical individuals of e. prinoides var.
daduheensis .
at these nuclear genes, only two of these atypical individuals had a j type in two nuclear genes .
at the two chloroplast regions, j and p types were observed in  <dig> and  <dig> individuals of e. prinoides var.
daduheensis, respectively.
although dp <dig> was observed with p type at all four nuclear genes, it exhibited a j type at the chloroplast regions.
of the  <dig> individuals detected with a h type at all four nuclear genes, j and p types were observed in  <dig> and  <dig> individuals, respectively .
for the haplotype analysis, e. japonica harbored a higher level of diversity than e. prinoides at the genes tpp <dig>  gdsl <dig> and gdsl <dig> .
this situation is reversed at the gene wd, where e. japonica had only one haplotype and e. prinoides had three.
at the chloroplast regions, no within-species variation was observed.
none of these haplotypes were shared by e. japonica and e. prinoides at all four nuclear genes and two chloroplast regions.
for e. prinoides var.
daduheensis, most haplotypes  were the same as those of e. japonica or e. prinoides .
there were also seven haplotypes unique to e. prinoides var.
daduheensis and only one mutational step existed between the six of them and the haplotypes of e. japonica or e. prinoides.
discussion
molecular evidence for the hybrid origin of e. prinoides var.
daduheensis
the taxonomic status of e. prinoides var.
daduheensis has been controversial.
it was recognized as either a variety of e. prinoides  <cit> , a natural hybrid between e. prinoides and e. japonica  <cit> , or a variety of e. japonica  <cit> .
however, due to very limited sampling, there has been no convincing conclusion regarding its status.
in this study, we aimed to characterize its status by sequencing four nuclear genes and two chloroplast regions for sufficient samples of the three taxa of eriobotrya in two locations.
our results showed that there were a few fixed nucleotide substitutions between e. japonica and e. prinoides in all four nuclear genes and two chloroplast regions, indicating that the two species are well separated.
most individuals of e. prinoides var.
daduheensis  showed nucleotide additivity of e. japonica and e. prinoides in at least one nuclear gene, providing direct evidence that they are hybrids between e. japonica and e. prinoides.
the remaining two individuals, dp <dig> and dp <dig>  are also hybrids because dp <dig> is p type at all four nuclear genes and j type at the chloroplast regions and dp <dig> is p type at two nuclear genes and j type at the two other nuclear genes.
in the ten individuals of e. prinoides var.
daduheensis, nucleotide additivity of e. japonica and e. prinoides was observed at all of the four randomly selected nuclear genes, suggesting that they might be f <dig> hybrids.
other individuals of e. prinoides var.
daduheensis must be later-generation hybrids.
of the  <dig> putative f <dig> hybrids, j and p types were observed in  <dig> and  <dig> individuals, respectively, at the two chloroplast loci, indicating that both species could serve as female parent.
in this study, seven haplotypes from  <dig> nuclear genes were unique to e. prinoides var.
daduheensis .
these may be due to unsampled polymorphisms from the parental species, or new mutations in the hybrids.
molecular analyses show that  <dig> of  <dig> individuals of typical e. prinoides var.
daduheensis are likely f <dig> hybrids, while there is only one out of  <dig> individuals of atypical e. prinoides var.
daduheensis.
these results suggest that typical e. prinoides var.
daduheensis contains many f <dig> hybrids, whereas most atypical e. prinoides var.
daduheensis are later-generation hybrids.
the four nuclear genes developed from apple, which is a pyrinae species distantly related to eriobotrya, were also successfully applied in eriobotrya and rhaphiolepis in this study, and other genera of pyrinae, such as cotoneaster and sorbus .
this indicates that the four nuclear genes can be widely applied as universal nuclear markers for hybrid identification and phylogenetic analyses in species of pyrinae.
factors contributing to the natural hybridization between e. japonica and e. prinoides
the geographic distribution, flower morphology, and blooming periods of e. japonica and e. prinoides may provide ample opportunities for hybridization between these species.
the two species are found in simian and hanyuan, sichuan, china  <cit>  and are partially sympatric in habitat; however, e. japonica prefers higher elevations and e. prinoides prefers lower elevations.
the flowering periods of e. japonica and e. prinoides also overlap: both species flowers from october to february  <cit> .
during our field investigations in december,  <dig>  we found that e. japonica, e. prinoides and e. prinoides var.
daduheensis were blooming at the same time.
the overall flower morphology of the two species is quite similar, except for the size of inflorescence and the number of style  <cit> , and bees in the autumn and passerine birds in the winter are shared pollinators for them  <cit> .
in short, e. japonica and e. prinoides have ample opportunities to hybridize with each other naturally in places where they occur together.
consequences of hybridization between loquat and e. prinoides
in this study,  <dig> of the  <dig> investigated individuals were confirmed to be later-generation hybrids, suggesting that f <dig> hybrids can backcross with parental species and introgression may take place.
during our field investigations, hundreds of e. prinoides var.
daduheensis individuals were found, so the potential for introgression is great.
although no signals of introgression were observed in the sampled individuals of either e. japonica or e. prinoides, the possibility cannot be excluded because only four nuclear genes and chloroplast dna were analyzed.
e. japonica and e. prinoides occupy differential altitude range with slight overlap.
differential adaptation might maintain species integrity of e. japonica and e. prinoides in the presence of hybridization and potential introgression.
introgressive hybridization between e. japonica and e. prinoides may help to increase the genetic diversity of their wild populations, which might be advantageous for their long-term survival in the context of rapid global climate changes.
meanwhile, local people can use natural hybrid individuals to select new cultivars of loquat.
wild individuals of the two eriobotrya species are widely used as rootstock to graft loquat cultivars, so many wild populations have been destroyed .
the current status of these eriobotrya species calls for effective conservation.
CONCLUSIONS
based on sequence data of four low-copy nuclear genes and two chloroplast regions, we provided convincing evidence for the hybrid origin of e. prinoides var.
daduheensis, and found that most hybrid individuals could be later generation hybrids.
our study demonstrated a successful application of low-copy nuclear genes in the identification of hybrids in the subtribe pyrinae, and primers developed in this study could be applied in other genera of pyrinae.

 interspecific hybridization has long been recognized as a pivotal process in plant evolution and speciation. the understanding of the process of natural hybridization could not only help to clarify taxonomic uncertainty, but also contribute to illuminate the origin of many adaptations, the maintenance of plant diversity and the process of speciation. natural hybridization occurs fairly commonly among and within genera of the subtribe pyrinae, which contains many economically important fruits, such as apple, pawpaw, pear and loquat. intergeneric hybridization has been observed in genera of pyrinae, while intrageneric hybridization is expected to be even more frequent and has been found in many genera of pyrinae, including amelanchier, crataegus, and sorbus. the prevalence of natural hybridization among and within the genera of pyrinae indicates that hybridization may play important roles in the evolution of pyrinae, and provides enormous opportunities to breed new cultivars of fruits. the genus eriobotrya lindl., a small genus of pyrinae consisting of approximately species, is distributed in himalaya, eastern asia and western malesia. eriobotrya japonica lindl., commonly known as loquat, is an important fruit tree cultivated throughout southeastern asia, while wild loquat is only distributed in yunnan, sichuan, hubei, guangxi and guangdong of china. of the eriobotrya species found in china, there are three eriobotrya species flowering in autumn except for loquat, including e. prinoides, e. prinoides var. daduheensis and e. malipoensis: e. prinoides rehd. et wils. occurs naturally in sichuan and yunnan, e. prinoides var. daduheensis h. z. zhang is distributed in two counties of sichuan, hanyuan and shimian, while e. malipoensis occurs only in malipo, yunnan. e. prinoides var. daduheensis has many intermediate morphological characteristics of e. japonica and e. prinoides as well as a unique pollen shape and peroxidase isozyme pattern. it was later considered to be an interspecific hybrid between e. japonica and e. prinoides based on karyotype and peroxidase isozyme data. in that study, all three taxa were reported as diploids with identical chromosomes. additionally, the karyotype of e. prinoides var. daduheensis was either the 3a type or the 2a type, and e. prinoides var. daduheensis displayed some additivity in the peroxidase allozyme between e. japonica and e. prinoides. further karyotype analysis by liang et al. obtained different results in which all three taxa were the 2a type. thus, they reconsidered e. prinoides var. daduheensis as a distinct variety of e. japonica. these controversial results were based mostly on conventional approaches such as morphological analysis, karyotype and allozyme assay, which are far enough to provide convincing conclusions for many species showing a high degree of morphological plasticity or intermediate morphological characters arising from forces other than hybridization. for most species in the subtribe pyrinae, the frequent occurrence of polyploidization, apomixis and hybridization makes identification of hybridization events even more difficult based on these conventional approaches. recently, single or low-copy nuclear genes have been used successfully for identifying hybridization in plants. the completion of the apple genome sequence provides ample ests for the development of exon-primed and intron-crossing primers to detect dna sequence variations in the members of the subtribe pyrinae. in this study, more than individuals of each of the three taxa were sampled from two locations, and four low-copy nuclear genes and two chloroplast dna fragments were sequenced to address the following two questions: 1) is e. prinoides var. daduheensis an interspecific hybrid? 2) if so, what is the extent of hybridization? are these hybrid individuals f1s or later generation hybrids, or both? through these efforts, we further discussed factors that may contribute to the occurrence of hybridization, the effect of hybridization on their parent species, and the possible mechanism of species integrity in the face of gene flow.  at these four nuclear genes and two chloroplast regions, e. japonica and e. prinoides showed fixed nucleotide substitutions. there were two fixed nucleotide substitutions at tpp five nucleotide substitutions and one 1-bp indel at gdsl four nucleotide substitutions at gdsl three nucleotide substitutions and one 90-bp indel at wd, and three nucleotide substitutions in the rbcl + psbb region.table fixed nucleotide substitutions and gaps between e. japonica and e. prinoides in the four nuclear genes and the two chloroplast genes gene gdsl1 gdsl2 e. japonica e. prinoides e. japonica e. prinoideshaplotype networks of the six investigated genes for e. japonica, e. prinoides, and their putative hybrid. mutational steps are shown by the length of the connecting lines, indels with more than one nucleotide were considered as one mutation, and node size is proportional to the number of haplotypes possessed by all the investigated individuals. we next focused on the sites that exhibited fixed differences between e. japonica and e. prinoides for sequence analysis in e. prinoides var. daduheensis. for convenience, we designated the sequence type for each individual of e. prinoides var. daduheensis as h, j and p types if its sequence chromatogram was additive of e. japonica and e. prinoides, identical with e. japonica, and identical with e. prinoides, respectively. of the individuals of e. prinoides var. daduheensis, showed nucleotide additivity of e. japonica and e. prinoides in at least at one nuclear gene.table sequence type of the six investigated genes in each putative hybrid a id b location tpp2 gdsl1 gdsl2 wd psb b + rbcl aaccording to fixed nucleotide substitutions between e. japonica and e. prinoides, sequences are same with those of e. japonica are defined as type “j”, sequences are same with those of e. prinoides are defined as type “p”, and sequences are the nucleotide additivity of both are defined as type “h”. bd1-21: individual identified as typical e. prinoides var. daduheensis; dp1-9: individual with characters between e. prinoides var. daduheensis and e. prinoides; dj1-5: individual with characters between e. prinoides var. daduheensis and e. japonica. among the individuals of e. prinoides var. daduheensis, ten individuals were observed with h type at all four nuclear genes and individuals harbored h type in at least one nuclear gene. for the remaining two individuals, one was p type at all four nuclear genes, and the other was either p type or j type at the four nuclear genes. nine of the individuals with typical e. prinoides var. daduheensis characteristics were observed with a h type at all four nuclear genes, while only one individual exhibited a h type at all four nuclear genes for those atypical individuals of e. prinoides var. daduheensis. at these nuclear genes, only two of these atypical individuals had a j type in two nuclear genes. at the two chloroplast regions, j and p types were observed in and individuals of e. prinoides var. daduheensis, respectively. although dp was observed with p type at all four nuclear genes, it exhibited a j type at the chloroplast regions. of the individuals detected with a h type at all four nuclear genes, j and p types were observed in and individuals, respectively. for the haplotype analysis, e. japonica harbored a higher level of diversity than e. prinoides at the genes tpp gdsl and gdsl. this situation is reversed at the gene wd, where e. japonica had only one haplotype and e. prinoides had three. at the chloroplast regions, no within-species variation was observed. none of these haplotypes were shared by e. japonica and e. prinoides at all four nuclear genes and two chloroplast regions. for e. prinoides var. daduheensis, most haplotypes were the same as those of e. japonica or e. prinoides. there were also seven haplotypes unique to e. prinoides var. daduheensis and only one mutational step existed between the six of them and the haplotypes of e. japonica or e. prinoides. discussion molecular evidence for the hybrid origin of e. prinoides var. daduheensis the taxonomic status of e. prinoides var. daduheensis has been controversial. it was recognized as either a variety of e. prinoides, a natural hybrid between e. prinoides and e. japonica, or a variety of e. japonica. however, due to very limited sampling, there has been no convincing conclusion regarding its status. in this study, we aimed to characterize its status by sequencing four nuclear genes and two chloroplast regions for sufficient samples of the three taxa of eriobotrya in two locations. our results showed that there were a few fixed nucleotide substitutions between e. japonica and e. prinoides in all four nuclear genes and two chloroplast regions, indicating that the two species are well separated. most individuals of e. prinoides var. daduheensis showed nucleotide additivity of e. japonica and e. prinoides in at least one nuclear gene, providing direct evidence that they are hybrids between e. japonica and e. prinoides. the remaining two individuals, dp and dp are also hybrids because dp is p type at all four nuclear genes and j type at the chloroplast regions and dp is p type at two nuclear genes and j type at the two other nuclear genes. in the ten individuals of e. prinoides var. daduheensis, nucleotide additivity of e. japonica and e. prinoides was observed at all of the four randomly selected nuclear genes, suggesting that they might be f hybrids. other individuals of e. prinoides var. daduheensis must be later-generation hybrids. of the putative f hybrids, j and p types were observed in and individuals, respectively, at the two chloroplast loci, indicating that both species could serve as female parent. in this study, seven haplotypes from nuclear genes were unique to e. prinoides var. daduheensis. these may be due to unsampled polymorphisms from the parental species, or new mutations in the hybrids. molecular analyses show that of individuals of typical e. prinoides var. daduheensis are likely f hybrids, while there is only one out of individuals of atypical e. prinoides var. daduheensis. these results suggest that typical e. prinoides var. daduheensis contains many f hybrids, whereas most atypical e. prinoides var. daduheensis are later-generation hybrids. the four nuclear genes developed from apple, which is a pyrinae species distantly related to eriobotrya, were also successfully applied in eriobotrya and rhaphiolepis in this study, and other genera of pyrinae, such as cotoneaster and sorbus. this indicates that the four nuclear genes can be widely applied as universal nuclear markers for hybrid identification and phylogenetic analyses in species of pyrinae. factors contributing to the natural hybridization between e. japonica and e. prinoides the geographic distribution, flower morphology, and blooming periods of e. japonica and e. prinoides may provide ample opportunities for hybridization between these species. the two species are found in simian and hanyuan, sichuan, china and are partially sympatric in habitat; however, e. japonica prefers higher elevations and e. prinoides prefers lower elevations. the flowering periods of e. japonica and e. prinoides also overlap: both species flowers from october to february. during our field investigations in december, we found that e. japonica, e. prinoides and e. prinoides var. daduheensis were blooming at the same time. the overall flower morphology of the two species is quite similar, except for the size of inflorescence and the number of style, and bees in the autumn and passerine birds in the winter are shared pollinators for them. in short, e. japonica and e. prinoides have ample opportunities to hybridize with each other naturally in places where they occur together. consequences of hybridization between loquat and e. prinoides in this study, of the investigated individuals were confirmed to be later-generation hybrids, suggesting that f hybrids can backcross with parental species and introgression may take place. during our field investigations, hundreds of e. prinoides var. daduheensis individuals were found, so the potential for introgression is great. although no signals of introgression were observed in the sampled individuals of either e. japonica or e. prinoides, the possibility cannot be excluded because only four nuclear genes and chloroplast dna were analyzed. e. japonica and e. prinoides occupy differential altitude range with slight overlap. differential adaptation might maintain species integrity of e. japonica and e. prinoides in the presence of hybridization and potential introgression. introgressive hybridization between e. japonica and e. prinoides may help to increase the genetic diversity of their wild populations, which might be advantageous for their long-term survival in the context of rapid global climate changes. meanwhile, local people can use natural hybrid individuals to select new cultivars of loquat. wild individuals of the two eriobotrya species are widely used as rootstock to graft loquat cultivars, so many wild populations have been destroyed. the current status of these eriobotrya species calls for effective conservation.  based on sequence data of four low-copy nuclear genes and two chloroplast regions, we provided convincing evidence for the hybrid origin of e. prinoides var. daduheensis, and found that most hybrid individuals could be later generation hybrids. our study demonstrated a successful application of low-copy nuclear genes in the identification of hybrids in the subtribe pyrinae, and primers developed in this study could be applied in other genera of pyrinae. 
four nuclear genes and two chloroplast regions were sequenced in individuals of these three eriobotrya taxa from two locations where they coexist. daduheensis, showed nucleotide additivity of e. japonica and e. prinoides in at least one nuclear gene, and of them harboured nucleotide additivity at all the four nuclear genes. eriobotryahybridizationnuclear geneschloroplast dnaissue-copyright-statement© the author 2014 it occurs fairly common in the genera of the subtribe pyrinae. most hybrid individuals are later-generation hybrids. both e. japonica and e. prinoides can serve as female parent. in the two chloroplast regions, and individuals were identical with e. japonica and e. prinoides, respectively. differential adaptation might maintain the species boundary of e. prinoides and e. japonica in the face of hybridization and potential introgression. interspecific hybridization has long been recognized as a pivotal process in plant evolution and speciation. a few fixed nucleotide substitutions or gaps were found in each of the investigated nuclear and chloroplast loci between e. japonica and e. prinoides. daduheensis has been recognized as either a variety of e. prinoides, a natural hybrid between e. prinoides and e. japonica, or a variety of e. japonica. daduheensis were also shared with those of e. japonica and e. prinoides. in eriobotrya, a small tree genus of pyrinae, e. prinoides var. of the individuals of e. prinoides var. most haplotypes of e. prinoides var. our study provides compelling evidence for a hybrid status for e. prinoides var.
 interspecific hybridization has long been recognized as a pivotal process in plant evolution and speciation. it occurs fairly common in the genera of the subtribe pyrinae. in eriobotrya, a small tree genus of pyrinae, e. prinoides var. daduheensis has been recognized as either a variety of e. prinoides, a natural hybrid between e. prinoides and e. japonica, or a variety of e. japonica. however, to date, there has been no convincing evidence on its status.  four nuclear genes and two chloroplast regions were sequenced in individuals of these three eriobotrya taxa from two locations where they coexist. a few fixed nucleotide substitutions or gaps were found in each of the investigated nuclear and chloroplast loci between e. japonica and e. prinoides. of the individuals of e. prinoides var. daduheensis, showed nucleotide additivity of e. japonica and e. prinoides in at least one nuclear gene, and of them harboured nucleotide additivity at all the four nuclear genes. most haplotypes of e. prinoides var. daduheensis were also shared with those of e. japonica and e. prinoides. in the two chloroplast regions, and individuals were identical with e. japonica and e. prinoides, respectively.  our study provides compelling evidence for a hybrid status for e. prinoides var. daduheensis. most hybrid individuals are later-generation hybrids. both e. japonica and e. prinoides can serve as female parent. differential adaptation might maintain the species boundary of e. prinoides and e. japonica in the face of hybridization and potential introgression. keywords eriobotryahybridizationnuclear geneschloroplast dnaissue-copyright-statement© the author 2014 