Abiogenesis Is Possible

It was very informative and it humbles me because all I'm about to present is a simple mathematical calculation to figure out the odds of Abiogenesis. After seeing many responses to the protein argument, it was concluded that creationists did not provide satisfactory evidence to diminish the odds of Abiogenesis. They would make either one of the following mistakes or both:- They would calculate the odds of forming a modern day protein containing 1000 amino acids. - They would assume a fixed sequence (one combination) to be the only one required for life. In my work, I will calculate the odds of forming a functional protein of length 32 Amino Acids only (A number given to me from a pro Abiogenesis debater as a form of a primitive protein that was first to arise). The next step is to figure out the number of possible combinations 32 amino acids can form and find the ratio of the functional proteins to the total number. For a protein to be functional, it is known that all amino acids in the chain have to be left-handed[1]. Put one right-handed amino acid in the chain and the protein will not function. Both left-handed and right-handed amino acids occur in nature in equal amounts (50-50)[2]. This reduces the percentage of functional proteins to 1 in 2^32 (or 2.33E-10). Another probabilistic hurdle to overcome is that all bonds between the amino acids in the chain have to be peptide bonds[3]. Put one non-peptide bond in the chain and the protein will not function. Both peptide bonds and non-peptide bonds occur in nature in equal amounts (50-50). This reduces the percentage of functional proteins to 1 in 2^31 (or 4.66E-10). By multiplying both probabilities (because they have to exist in the same time), we get 1 in 2^63 (or 1.08E-19). This is only the ratio of functional proteins to total combinations. This ratio (1.08E-19) represents the number of all the possible functional proteins (given the two restrictions above) to the total number of possible combinations. Lets calculate the total possible combinations (given we have 20 different kinds of amino acids, each having two versions, left-handed and right-handed. So that's 40):40^32 * 2^31 = 3.96E+60 (number of all possible combinations)Now, let's calculate the number of functional combinations:(3.96E+60)*(1.08E-19) = 4.28E+41 (Wow! the number of functional combinations of proteins is that big! )As you can see, I'm avoiding the second mistake that creationists make, which was to assume only one functioning combination out of the total number of total combinations 3.96E+60. In the following, I'll be using the ratio only instead of using the absolute number because it will be easier to deal with and in the end should give the same result. So be prepared to see this number 1.08E-19 later in the following calculations. Next step is to figure out the total number of amino acids available in the universe:- Let's start by saying that the total number of atoms in the universe is 10^80 [4]==> # of Nitrogen atoms in the universe is 10^77 [5](I chose nitrogen because every amino acid has to have at least one N atom). But wait, N is abundantly occurring in nature in the form of N2 gas, which is very close in characteristics to noble gases because it's very hard to break or to react even in very high temperatures. Amino Acids get its nitrogen from forms of N like NH3 or NH4+ that are mainly products of living organisms. Before life began, it only makes sense that Nitrogen is found in the form of N2, since NH3 can burn or combust easily. Anyways, I'll rely on NH3 concentrations in the atmosphere and in the ocean (even though concentrations are rising due to industrial and biological effects). Concentrations are in extreme cases 0.7 ppm. [6][7]==> # of NH3 in the universe is 10^70 I'll assume 0.01% (very high) of all NH3 in the universe went into the formation of amino acids. ==> # of amino acids in the universe is 10^66 (still big! ) Let's assume that, somehow, all the amino acids in the universe, over billions of years, formed 32 long proteins. ==> # of 32 long proteins in the universe is (10^66)/32 = 3.13E+64 Since all combinations have the same likelihood of appearing, we will use the ratio of the functional proteins (1.08E-19) to find the absolute number of functional proteins we get: ==> # of functional proteins in the universe= 3.13E+64 * 1.08E-19 = 3.38E+45 Yes! ! I am admitting that chance will produce functional proteins useful for life (at least according to my generous calculations). But since we did all our calculations in universal terms, it would be absurd to put all that protein in Earth alone (We are not special). So considering the Sun is an average star and one in 200 billion stars in the milky way and the milky way is one galaxy in 200 billion galaxies in the universe, we can extrapolate the number of stars in the universe to be 4E+22. [4] ==> Earth's share (actually the solar system's share) of protein = (3.38E+45)/(4E+22) = 10^23 molecules. ==> That is equal to 35 grams! !! Now for the second part: In order to create the simplest living cell, we will need 600 different proteins of different lengths, many of them long (more than 500 amino acids long). We will also need enzymes (Essentially very large proteins) to be responsible for many metabolic processes to sustain life. We will also need nucleotides to form RNA in parallel to the formation of proteins from amino acids. And nucleotides have Phosphorus, which is 2 orders of magnitude rarer than Nitrogen[5]. Finally, we need all of them to appear in the same place within micrometers. To be honest, I don't see a need to go through the calculations of the second part. If the opponent sees a point of weakness within my math, then I will be obliged to go through further calculations. I Know I'm not being very accurate, but I'm definitely giving Abiogenesis a benefit of the doubt by being generous in my calculations. FAQs 1- Why didn't you account for simultaneous trials that occurred for billions of years since the big bang? That's because I gave amino acids all the time they need to build up to proteins to the point where there are no amino acids left to use. The only limitation is the finite amount of matter in the universe. Sources: [1] . http://www.forbes.com... [2] Miller-Urey experiment found both in equal amounts. . http://en.wikipedia.org... [3] . http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu... [4] . http://www.universetoday.com... [5] . http://en.wikipedia.org... [6] . http://en.wikipedia.org... [7] . http://reefkeeping.com...