Race is much more than skin colour

DNA My opponent pointed out how closely other species are related to humans. This emphasizes how significant a 1+% difference in DNA can be"While the genetic difference between individual humans today is minuscule – about 0.1%, on average – study of the same aspects of the chimpanzee genome indicates a difference of about 1.2%... The DNA difference with gorillas… is about 1.6%." [1] Humans don't have that much genetic variationLactose Intolerance I spoke to the absence of this mutation, not the presence of it. Lactose intolerance commonly occurs across racesHeight Con does not discuss many genes contributing to certain traits. Significant differences in height may be caused be a single gene. Con has not offered gene differences linked to height, only measured observable height"what’s meaningful is which genes differ" I agree this is part of the whole picture. Yet pro has listed many traits that don't translate to huge functional differences. Height, hair color, facial hair, nose shape, etc. are minor differences compared to e.g. the ability to speak I ask that con identify genes that translate to such differences between racesIntelligenceEnvironment A famous controlled study called the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) looks at the effects of institutionalized orphanages "Children reared in institutions showed greatly reduced intellectual performance compared to children raised with their biological families… scores, were 74 for children in the institutionalized group at 30 months..." [2] At 54 months, their mean IQ was 73. Whereas community children were at 109 and children from the institution placed into foster care were at 81 The BEIP study discusses the importance of individualized childcare, experiences, & stimulation necessary to support child development. This is a well researched topic & I can provide more sources upon request. But essentially things like a decorated room, change of scenery, toys, music, holding the baby, playtime, talking to the baby, reading to it, etc. all have a profound collective impact on cognitive & physical development. Concerning children from the institution placed into foster care: "Their heads stayed small, and brain activity wasn't as vigorous as it was in kids who'd never been institutionalized." [3] It should be noted that this is high quality foster care with training, support, & financial compensationRacism: Impact on child development It's true that social reform has improved race relations significantly, but this does not erase histories that still impact people today. I will use African American struggles as an example. We could discuss how British invasion & exploitation of nearly 200 countries has impacted other races as well but 5k limit here Consider: Black Codes—1865 Forced lower wages; "…many states required blacks to sign yearly labor contracts; if they refused, they risked being arrested, fined and forced into unpaid labor." [4] Jim Crow Laws—1896 Redlining—1930s [5] On redlining: the US government mapped out "good" & "hazardous" neighborhoods in green and red. Green = white neighborhoods. Red = minority neighborhoods. Loans were made much more accessible & cheaper to those in green neighborhoods, restricting minorities from buying homes in suburbs Furthermore, housing developers restricted minorities from inhabiting their developments. While this is illegal now, this does not erase the financial disparity caused by these policies. Black people living in redlined areas have far less buying power than white families who had access to cheap home loans. Redlining also increased segregation in schools by keeping white & black neighborhoods separate. Education is funded through property taxes, so schools in black neighborhoods also suffer financially because of these racist policies A deep history of racism has led to high rates of poverty among black people. Poverty decreases access to health care, food, & increases risk for mental/physical illnesses. It causes parents to spend more time working & less time with their children. It causes children to gain fewer experiences (books, TV, restaurants, toys, cars, etc.) which collectively affect their cognitive/physical development Racism caused huge financial disparities, which influence IQ. I also argue that discrimination still takes place and further prevents black people from accessing housing, higher paying jobs, quality education, and numerous other resources (e.g. clean water) *Poverty also influences prenatal environment—affecting differences at birth CorrelationsThe reason I asked for specific studies was because correlations do not speak for themselves. A correlation between race & IQ does not mean race causes higher/lower IQPro has not spoken on the high volume (perhaps thousands) of genes which may be linked to intelligence—or the studied miniscule of effect of 50 intelligence-linked genes—or if there are any/which genes are linked to certain racesSources in comments