BeIR/webis-touche2020 huggingface dataset:
It Forces Illegal Immigrants Underground

What OPP suggests is completely unrealistic; the whole point about underground immigrants sounds nonsense in a city as Los Angeles, the second city with the most quantity of Hispanics worldwide[[http://www.infoplease.com/spot/hhmcensus1.html#axzz0x7ZhdWYZ]]. How could they actually avoid being in “public places” as the OPP claims? Secondly, this measure in these communities would actually be effective because in the status quo policemen do not have the possibility of detaining illegal aliens where it is evident that they perform their regular activities. The purpose is not to stop any “non-american looking”, that would imply one of five persons on L.A walking on the street, but to reasonably suspect on an individual’s race situation; not meaning a Malawi going to the movies, but rather boarding a plane with suspicious passport, as on Israel airlines, of the most secure worldwide [[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/07/04/el.al.security/]] or a Hispanic involved on a criminal activity. This is actually the basis on which the Arizona Law works [[http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/05/17/20100517arizona-immigration-law-scenarios.html]]. So the question here is how exactly are people who employ immigrants going to hide 10000 workers in just a blink? Are they going to hide them on the back of their trucks? The only way that argument would make sense would be if illegal aliens would be moved underground...Literally! Moreover if ghettos were created then it would be easier to know where they are but now they usually live in communities of their race. Finally, their point about police helping immigrants for criminal issues doesn't fit, why would an immigrant look into a criminal gang to held accounts for him? Simply absurd, gangs are not 2nd-class polciemen but rather criminals that dedicate to kill, not protect people. A denounce to policemen is a specia case that doesn't fit to this debate because not the same measures would be
Undermines American Judical System

The opposition misses the whole point of what the Racial Profiling Policy is about: Police has a suspicion>he asks for immigration documents>then, the individual ,who’s obligation is to carry those documents, shows them to the police>if the information is in order the individual may continue its doings without any consequence[[http://www.keytlaw.com/blog/2010/04/anti-illegal-immigration-law-part-1/]] .So exactly where in the process is the declaration of the individual as guilty and the sentencing of people before they can show their documents? First of all, police can only question the people if there is a suspicious or criminal conduct[[http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/05/17/20100517arizona-immigration-law-scenarios.html]] (calls complaining about fighting, odor of marijuana,etc.)But even with this, the person contacted is presumed to be a citizen, meaning that: a)the innocence unless proving otherwise ideal is preserved; b)Not every single immigrant will be detained on those basis. There was also a comment of “Racial Profiling allows the police forces to raise a suspicion because of the color of another person’s skin” it is a cold way of saying it, but that is what Racial Profiling is about: increasing vigilance over Muslim communities, for example, makes perfect sense when the US are at war with Islamic extremists. Another thing, we see no reason for a police to exhaustively examine the individual, invade its privacy, or humiliate him, but if that happened it would be an exception and an abuse, the responsible would be punished. So there is only one risk left, being caught without being able to prove that you’re legal, and this is something that does not threaten the legal immigrants; actually it is the reason of existence of the policy and it’s a good thing, because if you are acting suspiciously and you can’t prove your legal status then you’re a factor of risk from whom society must be protected.
Racial profiling is an effective tool to tackle the problem

Racial profiling is when law enforcement uses race as a factor to cause suspicion [[http://www.amnestyusa.org/us-human-rights/racial-profiling/page.do?id=1106650]] It is not as the prop has assumed used only when suspicion is already there. In Operation Wetback, the suspicious situation was being Mexican in the US. How can you stop yourself being in a suspicious situation if that situation is caused by who you are, what you skin colour is? That is racial profiling, using a person's ethnicity as a substitution for evidence. The prop made a blatant assertion that the success of Operation Wetback in 1954 (that's over half a century ago) means that such an operation will have better success today. Well how will it? The solution proposed where suspicious situations will lead to police involvement (the status quo) is completely different from attracting police activity because of your ethnicity. The prop has failed to provide a clear link between their model and their example The prop has also failed to substantiate their claim that racial profiling will work when it doesn't address the social and political problems in Mexico. Why will it have a greater impact? Is it because Mexico is a safer place that the USA? Well no, Mexico (where many of the illegal immigrants come from) is in crisis, it's country is effectivly fighting a war against drug cartels, this makes Mexico a dangerous place which has left thousands dead to date.[[http://www.cfr.org/publication/13689/mexicos_drug_war.html]] To many Mexican families and people risking crossing the border for a better life in America would seem like a better option than staying in a place of conflict. Illegal immigrants have poor lives, virtually no income and often need to support a family. People will still have the same reasons to risk their lives crossing the border, and those reasons will not be outweighed by a greater chance of capture, as that chance (and the chance of being shot at the border) already exists.
It Harms Ethnic Minorities

What Opp tries to do above is trying to mislead the debate falsely and unfairly. Let us quote the real, original text of SB 1070: “The attorney general or county attorney shall not investigate complaints that are based SOLELY on race, color or national origin”[[azleg.gov/legtext/49leg/2r/bills/sb1070s.pdf]] which we have defended the whole debate. What is absurd it to use it as sole basis, since then they would need to ask documents of almost 200 million that may “not look American”. Again, right now officers cannot detain on suspicion, because that suspicion always needs to consider race, obviously. That’s the point of the debate. The only harm they raised is “feeling second-class citizens” but we don’t see the reason for that. Again, being part of a minority is not something to be ashamed but actually to be proud and you won’t stop being a member of it. Minority citizens will feel secure by knowing officers are doing their job and protecting them, plus a poll showed 70 % of US Americans support the law[[upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/04/29/Poll-Most-support-Arizona-immigration-law/UPI-55921272544207/]] which obviously includes of every minority supporting, so they know they can be asked for an ID with it not posing discrimination, just a simple procedure that could take seconds. In the example, the riots were caused by people thinking a youth was killed by the police that were helping, not because police were asking for an ID, which is on a very different degree. Legal immigrants can be comfortable knowing they won’t be stolen off jobs unfairly by illegals or won’t be targets of illegal crimes, such as “cholos” that usually target legal migrants so it’s for their well being, plus it would only be racist if it targeted one specific race, which is not the case. Note: The article we cite in Arg. 5 says USA spends 22 billions on welfare directly to illegals (not kids as Opp asserts) without costs such as medical treatment and social services
The measure poses no threat

The prop seems slightly confused between 'racial profiling' and 'reasonable suspicion'. Police using racial profiling essentially means that they can point purely to race as a reason for suspicion. If they think that it should only be taken as one factor when the people are already on a highway known for smuggling, firstly that isn't really racial profiling at all, and secondly they can't possible hope for it to make any practical difference in finding illegal immigrants if it really only comes into play when there are already other reasons to believe people have immigrated illegally. The question of threat is about whether or not this will detrimentally affect legal immigrants whose race makes them suspect of being illegal. This measure puts these people in a possible two positions: Either, they have to carry around papers showing them to be legal all the time, which is an encumbrance on them and could make them feel like second-class citizens, or they will be liable to be detained purely because of the colour of their skin. The prop have also used the example of the MS-13, these people are already criminals, racial profiling will not only have no effect on finding and arresting these people but actually highlights a deeper problem with the police service, if they need to identify a murderer on the profile of 'being Mexican' this leaves the door open for dire miscarraiges of justice, due to the very large number of legal latino people living in the USA. These negative consequences for legal immigrants may counteract the positive aspects of the US that attracted them there in the first place, and may put off people from immigrating legally if the US becomes known for having a racist immigration policy (this will not put off illegal immigrants, who are desperate and already know they are violating immigration law).
Opposition Summary

In this debate, the proposition have been confused about racial profiling. They told you that there needs to be 'reasonable suspicion' as a justification for it not being racist, while at the same time admitting that racial profiling is using race to form a suspicion in the first place. The latter is what racial profiling is, and it gives the police race as a reason to ask for immigration papers, and also anyone who doesn't look 'American' the perception that race is the reason they are being asked. Even if there did have to be a different 'reasonable suspicion' before race could come into it, race would still be being used at all, which is still a racist policy with consequent harms. There were three key areas in this debate. They were: 1) What is the best way to deal with illegal immigrants. 2) Will it prevent illegal immigration in future. 3) What harms will it cause. The proposition asserted that illegal immigrants were a leach on society, who somehow received all the benefits of living there without contributing anything. We showed you that actually they live in America as second-class citizens who contribute to the economy by working in bad jobs with low wages, while receiving minimal benefits. If the problem is that illegal immigrants don't pay enough welfare etc, the best solution (and most practical, considering the children born in the US, the taking away of workers for employers, and the fact that most of them will try to return anyway) was instead to provide the path to citizenship. All the prop did was provide a monetary figure without attacking the analysis at all. As for preventing illegal immigration in future, the prop asserted that suddenly all the immigrants in Arizona would pack up and leave because there would suddenly be a greater chance of being caught. We showed you that actually the risks involved (such as death) in immigrating in the first place were much higher, so if the reasons they moved in the first place still exist people will stay (and crucially, continue to come over the border and return if they are deported). We also showed you that illegals will turn try and hide or turn to gangs instead of allowing themselves to be caught. All the prop did here was say it was ridiculous, without attacking the analysis that if people have an incentive to hide, they will (the police can't be everywhere) and the fact that gangs operate for profit, not just to kill, meaning they will be an alternative to the police if there is value in it. Thirdly, the harms. What are the consequences of racist policy? We showed how racial profiling would lead to discontent as it did in Brixton, London in 1981. We showed how it undermines the American judicial system assumption of innocence. We showed how it would actually harm police efforts in the wider community as it put them offside with ethnic groups.We showed that racism is wrong, and the prop responded with 'it's not racist, it's a criteria'. Yes, it's a racist criteria. Opp win.
The best solution for illega immigration is racial profiling as a tool for reasonable suspicion

The point about what racial profiling is needs to be clarified. The prop seem to be saying that they want police officers to take race into account once they have a suspicion that someone is an illegal immigrant. Surely if police suspect someone to be an illegal immigrant, they should just ask them for documents anyway? The question is what police should take into account when forming suspicion. Racial profiling is when race is allowed to be taken into account. The prop are trying to reduce their onus by saying this avoids using race to ask for immigration papers. But in reality, that is what will happen. People speaking a different language or driving on a highway from Mexico is using race as a reason to form suspicion. They're also confused: if you look at another of their arguments they agree that racial profiling involves using skin colour to form suspicion. The wording of Bill 1070 is 'A law enforcement official or agency... may not consider race, color or national origin...' [[http://www.keytlaw.com/blog/2010/04/anti-illegal-immigration-law-part-1/]]. The prop isn't proposing the motion, because the bill doesn't include racial profiling. They've also effectively conceded the debate by saying that police detaining people on the basis of race is absurd. Their right, it is, but that's racial profiling. Because police are allowed to take race into account, they will (and will be perceived to), and they will end up detaining people on that basis. Illegal or not, people should not be detained because of race. Saying that racial profiling would have prevented 9/11 is absurd and irrelevant, and typical of the attitude of racial profiling. The idea is that by treating all people who don't 'look American' like illegal immigrants we will solve the problem of illegal immigration. Most immigrants won't repatriate. They know the problems at home, many of them have jobs, and if they are willing to risk death crossing the border being detained won't be a big deterrent.
It Forces Illegal Immigrants Underground

Illegal Immigrants don't want to be caught by immigration officers and detained or deported. This policy gives greater powers to officers to simply stop people on the street and detain them if they don't have the requisite papers. To lower the chance of being caught by police officers, illegal immigrants will be less willing to interact on a regular basis with the rest of society. They will simply go into hiding and avoid being out in public or places that would expose them to police officers. This will firstly make the policy virtually ineffective as police officers still don't (and will never get) the ability to march into peoples' homes and demand immigration papers, but also forces greater ghettoisation as the immigrants will have greater incentive to form their own societies away from police. This will also have an effect on the people who employ illegal immigrants, as they do not want to lose the cheap labour. They will further want to hide their employees to stop them being caught and to stop themselves from facing prosecution. This will create a poorer relationships between these businesses and the police. Finally, the immigrants will not want to use services such as the police to help them with criminal issues. They will have to turn to other enforcers, such as gangs and associations that take the law into their own hands. This will therefore cause illegal immigrants to further dissociate from society and potentially increase crime in areas with illegal immigrants.
Undermines American Judical System

America is a proud nation, it prides itself on its judical system, where it upholds basic rights of all people and where people are seen as innocent until proven guilty [[http://peacesecurity.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_meaning_of_innocent_until_proven_guilty]] what the prop has suggested is that we should forgoe this pillar of American law and assume a guilty until prooven inncoent ideal. Why will racial profiling undermine this right? Because by utilizing racial profiling a nation allows its police forces to satisfy the need for reasnoable suspision because of the colour of another persons skin. There is also the problem of who to assume is an illegal immigrant? The prop has told us that there are 7.7 million illegal latin workers [[numbersusa.com/content/files/pdf/Putting%20Americans%20Back%20to%20Work(2).pdf]] in the USA, they believe racial profiling will target these immigrants. However what about the 9,8 million legal immigrants? [[http://www.migrationinformation.org/usfocus/display.cfm?ID=208]] What about the 7.3 million South American legal immigrants? [[http://www.migrationinformation.org/usfocus/display.cfm?ID=208]] That is roughly 53% [[http://www.migrationinformation.org/usfocus/display.cfm?ID=208]] of total immigration to the US, all 17.1 million legal immigrants could reasnoably be assumed to fit the basic description of a Mexican illegal immigrant. Is it fair that they could be up for an unwarranted search of their person, an invasion of their privacy and possible public humiliation of beign asked to present your papers on suspision of being illegal? No, not only is it not fair but it assumes guilt in the basis of ethnicity, it assumes guilt, underming the principle of innocence until prooven guilty by a court of law, not an everday policeman who is wary of every latin american looking person. This is the situaton racial profiling will cause and this situation is unacceptable in a country claiming to lead the western world.
Racial profiling is an effective tool to tackle the problem

Back in 1954 the US INS put in practice the Operation Wetback, which was intended to remove one million illegal immigrants from southwestern USA through the use of racial profiling, ending up removing near the million illegal immigrants[[pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/timeline/20.html]] targeted. What’s the logic behind it? It gives the police the liberty to use common sense in obvious situations where normally policemen would have to limit their instinct. With the racial profiling approved, the police will have the liberty to act against illegal immigrants when they see one. There's more to the way it works than just racial apparel, since it would be impossible for the state to identify every single person which looks as an immigrant descendent ergo possible illegal (simply for the percentage of immigrants in the country). They have to be caught on a suspicious situation and that has to be left to the policeman criteria, if we can't trust the people which we are paying to take care of us, then who can we trust in? Giving this criteria power to the cops would definitely raise the percentage of illegals caught in the country, just for giving them the right to act when they feel they have to. It gives the state a practical solution free of further investigation and just by putting this solution to work, the problem starts to resolve by its own through attrition: By September 1954, after catching 80,000 illegals (approx.), there were already from 500,000 to 700,000 which went back to their countries just for the "fear" of getting caught. Out of the million illegals which abandoned the country three quarters left on their own, which ends up being way practical. It's also important to note that this operation was abandoned due to poll interests and lasted less than a year: Now it would have a greater impact![[tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/OO/pqo1.html]] The case study and the logic prove the method is a practical and effective form to tackle this issue.
It Harms Ethnic Minorities

There are plenty of ethnic minorities in the US who are citizens or legal immigrants. Racial profiling will harm these people. Racial profiling makes minorities feel disenfranchised and discriminated against. This is because they are being stopped, pulled over and/or searched far more than people of other ethnicities. This causes people to feel like second-class citizens, which is unfair. It leads people (even the innocent) to resent the police, and respond aggressively. An example of this is the Brixton Riots in 1981. Brixton was a poor black neighbourhood, with very high crime. In response, the London Police carried out over 950 stop and searches in just five days during April. On April 11, riots broke out. [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Brixton_riot]] Interviews with people that lived there tell how they felt huge anger at police, as if they were enemies. Minorities felt antagonised and that the police were “against them”. [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cCjZEZt3QKc]] The same will happen when an ethnic minority can be asked for immigration papers, because even if a reasonable suspicion has to be formed first they are still being treated differently on the basis of the colour of their skin. If minorities resent and distrust police they will not be as helpful in reporting crime, and will not feel comfortable living in the United States. This discourages legal immigrants from moving to the United States, as they do not want to live in a country where they will be racially profiled. Even if there is a “reasonable suspicion” that a person may be an illegal immigrant, the fact that racial profiling is allowed means they will still hold a perception that they have been stopped on the basis of their skin colour. This further causes distrust of police by minorities. When the prop says gangs are only criminals who kill people they are being completely ignorant. If people can't go to the police, gangs will want to profit from this so they will make offer