Evolution: The ramfications of multiple mutations And the necessity for Informatio.

"Quote" C1 - Irreducible Complexity CON's first argument is based on biochemist Michael Behe's contention that certain organ systems are sufficiently well-matched, with mutually interacting parts performing specific functions in such a way that the removal of any one of the parts would cause the system to cease functioning.[1] Supposedly irreducibly complex systems, such wings or arms, evolve through useful intermediates. This is called the Mullerian Two-Step, named after Nobel Prize winning geneticist H.J. Muller. A feathered animal with no wings may not be able to fly, but the feathers are good for other things, such as insulation or trapping insects. The same could be said of wings without feathers, however they could work for gliding from tree to tree. Each trait evolves independently for different purposes, but they may later become co-opted. The wings and the feathers used in conjunction make sustained flight possible.[2] "End Quote" You do assume that mutations might come in a single handily matter. However you did fail to see the fact that despite a wing to serve a purpose with another characteristic, such as the feather, and serving sole purposes, such as your gliding, a wing without nerve connections would serve no purpose at all, as you would not be able to either move or feel it. As I already, I believe, clearly stated, this will lead to an important use of resource to maintain an "chunk" off the body, therefor depriving the individual survival's chances due to resource being wasted. The fact is, that despite how "simple" a mutation will appear, it will require another one, perhaps more (and a lot, especially on the molecular level) in most of the case, to be actually useful. Let me give you an example for the mammal's reproduction process. To achieve it, you need three "majors" mutations. (That already includes hundreds of smaller one's). First of all, you need a mother being able to carry a baby. Then, and that is my point, you need breast's for the baby's nourishment. However, the baby must have a psychological pattern for the reflex to actually feed. Which concludes into two mutations, in separate individual, each one alone giving a death sentence, as you have a baby which is unable to feed or a mother which is unable to give to his babies, due to lack of breasts. As for "vestigial" structures, my answer is simple: we did not found anything yet. Or are scientists arrogant to the point that they would assume to know all about life? This has been proven false on some degree. As for the human, the appendix (along with some others) were thought to be one of those "vestigial" structures. However, we have recently found that the appendix has a role in immunity system. And if I do understand your second example, you state that obtaining different characteristics with reproduction is impossible as it gives sterile infants. On the other hand, we have remarked some interesting mutation that did promote survival single handily, such as hemophilia, which makes you immune to malaria. However, in the process, information is lost and therefor they bleed out quite easily and as such, die easily. This does not, in overall, promote survival.