god

In the first round I not only said that that I am going to argue that the universe we have today which permits life needs a creator but also that this creator has a supreme intelligence. And I will try to substantiate this through the fine-tuning of the initial conditions of the universe. Let me start off by presenting the premises of this argument: 1. The fine-tuning of the universe to permit life is due to physical necessity, chance, or design. 2. It is not due to physical necessity or chance. 3. Therefore, it is due to design. Explaining Premise One The existence of a universe that permits human life is due to conditions that must have been fined-tuned to a degree that is beyond comprehension. Take the following examples into consideration: • The Strength of Gravity & the Atomic Weak Force: Physicist P. C. W. Davies concludes that a small change in the strength of gravity or of the atomic weak force would have prevented a universe that permits our existence. P. C. W. Davies argues that this small change is as small as one part in 10100 . • Volume of the phase space of possible universes: Roger Penrose of Oxford University explains that the creator would have to aim for a very tiny volume of the "phase space of possible universes" to create a universe that resembles our own. This is quite technical science, but we should ask the question: how tiny is this volume? According to Penrose the volume would be 1/10 to the power of X which is 10123. The precision required to produce a universe that resembles our own is much greater than the precision that would be required to hit one proton if the universe were a dartboard! In light of the above, there are only three possible explanations for the presence of the above fine tuning of the universe: 1. Physical necessity; 2. Chance; 3. Design. Why it cannot be Physical Necessity This option is irrational. There is just no physical reason why these constants and quantities should have the values they do. As P. C. W. Davies explains: "Even if the laws of physics were unique, it doesn't follow that the physical universe itself is unique…the laws of physics must be augmented by cosmic initial conditions…there is nothing in present ideas about ‘laws of initial conditions' remotely to suggest that their consistency with the laws of physics would imply uniqueness. Far from it…it seems, then, that the physical universe does not have to be the way it is: it could have been otherwise." Additionally if anyone was to take the view that the fine-tuning of the universe to permit human life is due to physical necessity, it would imply that it would be impossible to have a universe not fit for life! However physicists maintain that the universe in which we live didn't have to be the way that it is, and there could have been many other universes that did not permit human life. Why it cannot be Chance Some people who do not understand the impossibility of the universe coming into being by chance exclaim, "It could have happened by chance!" However would they say chance explains how an elephant was sleeping in their garage overnight? Or how a 747 ended up parked in their garden? Even after their irrational perspective is highlighted, they still hold on to the theory that the universe can exist due to chance. In response to this I would argue that it is not just about chance but something the theorists such as William Dembski call "specified probability." Specified probability is a probability that also conforms to an independent pattern. To illustrate this, imagine you have a monkey in a room for twenty-four hours, typing a way on your laptop. In the morning you enter the room and you see, "To be or not to be!" The monkey has miraculously written out a part of a Shakespearian play! What you may have expected is random words such as "house," "car," and "apple." However, in this case not only have you seen the improbability of typing English words – but they also conform to the independent pattern of English grammar! To accept this is just the result of blind chance would be irrational and counter discourse, as anyone can claim anything from this perspective. To put this in to context, British mathematicians have calculated that if a monkey did type on a laptop at every possible moment, it would take 28 Billion years (!!!) to produce "To be or not to be". In conclusion, accepting the chance hypothesis is tantamount to rejecting the existence of our own universe! Since premises one and two are true, it follows that supernatural design is the most reasonable explanation for the fine-tuning of the universe to permit human life.