BeIR/webis-touche2020 huggingface dataset:
Terrorists are engaged in a war like any other: they unite to undertake military action in favour of...

Terrorists are not engaged in a war. Their actions are aimed at destruction of civil society and of nations across the globe. Furthermore, the Geneva Convention has no role to play here. It exists to control wars between nations in a way which respects human dignity and minimises long-term harm. Wars between nations have a foreseeable end, and the Convention is an important means of aiding reconciliation and cooperation in the future: it is harder to build a relationship with a state which has brutally tortured your soldiers upon capture. However, a war against terrorists will often have no end: it is inconceivable, for example, either that Al Qaeda will successfully achieve the reestablishment of the Caliphate or that the West will quash all terrorist activity. Reconciliation and future cooperation are meaningless here.
Even if we think the terrorist cause is illegitimate we have a moral duty to respect a basic level o...

There is no moral duty to respect the dignity of these individuals. States should do whatever possible to protect their own citizens. The Geneva Convention is about reciprocity: it is in the interest of our own citizens to treat enemy combatants is a humane manner so that if our soldiers are caught they will receive similar treatment. There can be no guarantee of reciprocity from ‘terrorists’ as a whole, or even specific terrorist groups given the cellular nature of the organisations and the disparate nature of the command structures. Furthermore, terrorists specifically use poor treatment of hostages as a tool in their campaign. Given this, it is in the interests of our own citizens to use whatever means possible to fight terrorism; compliance with the Geneva Convention undermines this.
The USA has the biggest military capability in the world. It has a global reach with posts all over...

US troops are retreating from or reducing their presence in many countries where they have been based for decades (e.g. Saudi Arabia, Panama, Japan, Germany). Despite the global reach of their military they still are unable to resist the new threats of terrorism. Military expenditures nowadays are lower as a percentage of GDP than those during the cold war. Also, after quickly winning battles and wars, the US has proved unable to restore peace and order into failed states, tying their forces down in places such as Afghanistan and Iraq, and discouraging its politicians from further adventures overseas in future.
The USA now has an imperial impulse, or desire to establish a global hegemony in a post-cold war, un...

The USA is not an imperial power in any generally accepted sense of that term. It does not seek to acquire territory abroad, and has recently returned its land around the Panama Canal to the Panamanian government, as well as reducing its presence in the Far East and withdrawing from Saudi Arabia. Simply wishing to protect itself in an uncertain world by maintaining a military advantage does not make it imperialistic - indeed advances in American air superiority are making it less reliant on bases abroad, not more so. The USA has intervened in other countries, but not purely on the basis of self-interest. It had no economic or real strategic interest in the Balkans, and the whole world has gained from the removal of a terrorist regime in Afghanistan and an aggressive dictatorship in Iraq.
The US economy is the biggest in the world and strongly influences global financial currents. Its ec...

The US economy is in recession. New low-cost labour is threatening traditional economies. The growing economic strength of Western Europe and the emergence of powerful economies in Asia are threatening the USA's economic dominance. If the country wants benefits it has to negotiate with trading partners and the World Trade Organisation; this is not imperialism but the normal pursuit of economic interests and mutual advantage. In international negotiations, no country does more to promote free trade than the USA.
English is now the dominant or official language in over 60 countries and is represented on every co...

The number of Spanish-speaking people is growing rapidly and it may in its turn become the dominant global language. There are already 392 million Spanish-speaking people in 22 countries in the world, and they include a substantial minority of US citizens. Internet content in English is also decreasing compared to that in other languages. In any case, facility in English as a second-language does not naturally make someone sympathetic to the USA. Nor is there any actual US policy designed to promote this supposed 'soft power' through language. The widespread use of English simply reflects both the historic spread of the British (not US) Empire, and the current importance of the US in the World economy.
The USA has become the world's cultural centre, exporting its way of life around the globe. The con...

The idea of US cultural imperialism is an overly simplistic notion of culture. The assumptions that US content has only one meaning, is deliberately exported against local wishes, and cannot be resisted by foreign audiences are all false. In the process of globalisation elements of national cultures may also become complementary. Contrary to Americanisation, globalisation is not based primarily on the US culture. McDonaldization and CocaColization are just two of the processes of a wider phenomena. Cultures are critical of new elements; in some places neo-traditionalism is in the rise (e.g. the importance of Fado in Portugal, Bollywood in the Indian subcontinent, and increasing local programming on television in Europe and Asia). Finally, when it comes to sport, Americans more or less have to play by themselves; few other countries show much interest in baseball, basketball, gridiron football or ice hockey.
Over the last several decades the USA has maintained a wide lead over the rest of the world in resea...

Germany, France and Italy have spent a larger fraction of their R&D budgets on basic research (each at 21-22%) than the US (17%) and the number of scientific articles by authors from European and Asian countries has increased more rapidly than the number of the US authors. Meanwhile American companies are increasingly taking their R&D overseas to places such as India to benefit from cost-effective software and biomedical research. The US share of global R&D has declined by 4% from its high point earlier in the 1990s. Even within the USA, much R&D work is done by foreign nationals, who have moved to the USA for higher education and then stayed on to pursue academic or commercial research; many of these knowledge workers later return to their home country, taking their skills and American business models with them.
The USA has a unique role in modern world politics. The country has dominant influence in the Inter...

All countries are still sovereign in their essence and US cannot directly control their decisions. The USA needs other countries and the United Nations and can't perform solo political actions, as the war on terror has made clear. Despite current actions, the US in the long term will remain an equal partner in the international community precisely because its problems in Iraq and Afghanistan have shown how the limits of unilateral action. The present isolationist position of the USA is associated with just one President, and is unlikely to last. Meanwhile current US dominance is likely to diminish as the EU and ASEAN continue to expand and consolidate their powers, and China becomes an increasingly important economic and strategic player on the world stage while Russia recovers from a decade of turmoil.
The USA has the biggest military capability in the world. It has a global reach with posts all over...

The USA has the biggest military capability in the world. It has a global reach with posts all over the world. For Fiscal Year (FY) 2004, the US military budget is $400.1 billion, which is equivalent to approximately 47% of 1999 global military expenditures, and more than six times the budget of Russia. This spending also allows the US military a technological advantage over all possible opponents, especially in the air (e.g. stealth fighters and bombers, unmanned reconnaissance and attack aircraft, satellite surveillance, guided missiles). The Afghanistan and Iraq campaigns underlined the massive superiority of the USA.
The USA now has an imperial impulse, or desire to establish a global hegemony in a post-cold war, un...

The USA now has an imperial impulse, or desire to establish a global hegemony in a post-cold war, unipolar (only one superpower) world. This impulse is partly justified by the need for self-defence, but it also allows them to impose their policies on the rest of the world (e.g. over Israel), and to promote their own economic advantage (e.g. protecting their oil supplies through two Gulf Wars). This world view is illustrated by a 1992 Pentagon planning document declaring that no rival powers - primarily Germany or Japan - should challenge U.S. global domination. More recently, the USA's policy has explicitly become one of maintaining their supremacy against any other power. Although imperialism was in the past about seizing territory, the determination of the USA to control other countries amounts to the same thing.
The US economy is the biggest in the world and strongly influences global financial currents. Its ec...

The US economy is the biggest in the world and strongly influences global financial currents. Its economy is more closely intertwined with the global economy than it ever has been. Although the United States hold less than 5 percent of the world's population, it accounts for more than 25 percent of the world's economic output. Economic imperialism may be seen in its quest for bilateral trade deals which heavily favour America, rather than real support for progress in global free trade. Its agricultural and industrial protectionism distorts the world economy and prevents wider prosperity.
English is now the dominant or official language in over 60 countries and is represented on every co...

English is now the dominant or official language in over 60 countries and is represented on every continent. Most of the scientific, technological and academic information in the world is expressed in English and over 80% of all the information stored in electronic retrieval systems is in English. The language and culture of the USA dominates the way we think and express ideas, and this provides America with 'soft power' to influence the views and actions of people and countries across the world.
The USA has become the world's cultural centre, exporting its way of life around the globe. The con...

The USA has become the world's cultural centre, exporting its way of life around the globe. The concept of cultural imperialism today corresponds to the values and structures of the US. Ideas of materialism, individualism, sexual permissiveness and of convenience over quality are constantly pushed to the rest of the world by the US media and other companies. America is omnipresent with fast music, fast computers, and fast food - MTV, Macintosh, and McDonald's. US Pop Culture is marketed to the world and attempts to replace indigenous traditions in places like the Altiplano in Bolivia and Peru, and China.
Over the last several decades the USA has maintained a wide lead over the rest of the world in resea...

Over the last several decades the USA has maintained a wide lead over the rest of the world in research and development (R&D). The most recent figures say that the US accounts for 43% of the industrial world's total R&D expenditures. Foreign firms are making substantial R&D investments in the US to the point where foreign firms' R&D expenditures in the U.S. are roughly equivalent to what the US invests abroad in similar activities. The USA is the country with the majority of both the world's patents and its Nobel laureates.
The USA has a unique role in modern world politics. The country has dominant influence in the Inter...

The USA has a unique role in modern world politics. The country has dominant influence in the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, NATO, UN Security Council and many other international organizations. The administration is also highly involved in domestic matters of countries around the world, especially South America. The USA can also get away with signing bilateral agreements outside the mainstream international policies and withdrawing from important global treaties, (e.g. Kyoto, the International Criminal Court, and their unilateral reinterpretation of the Ballistic Missile Treaty).
the reasoning in the debate summary is pitiful

In order to make something go well, you must look at history. Ex. In baseball, you must look at how _____ pitched with bases loaded before sending him to the mound. It is that simple. Hilter used Socialism. Grease is using lots of Socialism. Nook at them both today. Socialism is communism. Look at communism today. If in communism every person gets the same salary but does different jobs and contributes different effort in odd places, someone or some group must oversee it all or the country will collapse instantly. If someone is overseeing it and managing the system, that is when there is corruption in the government because nobody else can do anything about it.
the reasoning in the debate summary is pitiful

The UK is a welfare state where the government spends significantly on its people through shared revenue(read:taxes) [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state]] but is not totalitarian. the error in the description of socialist in the definition of the motion is in it's absoluteness specifically: the incorrect use of the word 'sole'. And saying something is 'totalitarian' and therefore bad is not an argument either. What's wrong with totalitarianism and therefore your skewed interpretation of socialism? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_socialist_countries]] [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_communist_states]]
Canada, France, Luxembourg, etc. are all socialist, yet last time I checked they weren't communist dictatorships.

Social Democracy, as quite simply defined by the UN is... "A state of government which is run in a Democratic fashion, but has high taxes (65-75% income tax on all) which are distributed to those below the poverty line and public needs." Examples of functioning Social Democracies are found throughout Europe, such as Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Belgium, Canada, Luxembourg, France, Austria and dozens more!. These are all wealthy countries. Socialism is simply an ingredient to communism, not the whole of it. Almost every functioning Democracy on earth has some kind of welfare system, and is therefore socialist. Last time I checked, Canada isn't a totalitarian state. Hitler did use Socialism, that is an undeniable fact. Greece (you've spelled it wrong) uses it. Hitler was a dictator. Greece's economy is falling apart. But these are only two examples. You cannot judge the many based on the few. Communism does not work, history (and I have looked at it) has proven that. But total capitalism does not work either. Total capitalism creates a very distinct class system, in which dictators take charge and the lower class suffers greatly. Thugs run the streets. Only the upper class is able to become educated. A simple example of this is Somalia. In conclusion, those who deny socialism deny themselves a future.
Women’s rights

The Civil War increased the roles that were viewed as acceptable for women in society. Women had already participated in industry before the war, including in textiles, clothing, and shoe-making. The war not only bolstered what percentage of the industry was done by women, from a quarter to a third, but it also expanded where women worked. They started to enter into agricultural work, and government civil service. They were also field hospital workers, where they had the closest to direct frontline effect on the war. The American Red Cross was formed as a result of this, an organization that has had a long lasting and far-reaching effect on the world. The South was very similar. Women often had clerical jobs in the confederate government. They became teachers. They were at first denied work as nurses, but the war’s casualties escalated to the point where they were desperately needed to keep soldiers from dying. This was the largest expansion of women’s roles in a long time, perhaps the first in the history of the united states.
Ethnic cleansing and slaves

So the North hand very little need for slaves because once they were populated with factories and building to help mas produce things. They realized how they shouldn't be using/keeping slaves anymore because they had no use for it and how it was wrong. The South on the other hand really wanted to keep their slaves to work in the fields. When the North tried to get rid of it the Confederacy seceded, another reason the war was fought was to keep the Americas and the union together. The North felt the right to free the slaves but the Southern that states that disagreed did not feel the want to do such a thing so they ceceded. They also didn’t want to be a part of the union if that meant giving up their slaves. The Northerners knew that the South no longer need slaves and they could become self sufficient without the enslavement of other humans. It was also wrong to take Africans away from their home and make them get on boats and cross the atlantic to work on southern american plantations. The slaves were treated very badly and inhumane. They had terrible living conditions and were kept in primitive cabins. Another terrible thing was that families that were brought over were split apart by slave traders. After they were freed (slaves that is) they were able to become citizen after a while and could vote and own land so they contributed to the economy and help make America. So this one reason why morally the Civil war was a just and was a good decision to engage in combat to free the slaves so that they could be free and so the Union and confederacy would be a nation together once again so that is that.
Freedom of religion means more than just freedom to worship in a church, mosque or synagogue. It is...

Freedom of religion means more than just freedom to worship in a church, mosque or synagogue. It is also the freedom to follow beliefs and practices. It is not enough that religious people are allowed to attend a place of worship. Religion is part of all areas of life and cannot be separated from everyday things such as eating or relationships. In order to fully protect people’s right to freedom of religion, all of the practices and beliefs of that religion have to be respected.
There is no way of knowing that secular, government laws are any better than religious laws. Making...

There is no way of knowing that secular, government laws are any better than religious laws. Making religious people follow government laws forces them to go against their beliefs. Religious people are faced with the hard choice of being good citizens and obeying government law, or committing a sin and acting against the laws of their faith. There is no good reason why a religious person should be forced to break the law just to follow their religion.
The only way that society can become more tolerant of minority religions is by seeing their practice...

The only way that society can become more tolerant of minority religions is by seeing their practices being respected by the government. If the government labels religious beliefs as ‘illegal’, it gives intolerant people an excuse to discriminate against religious people. If people see other religious practices and beliefs as ‘legal’ and part of everyday life, they are more likely to accept them and, in turn, make an effort to understand religions and their beliefs.
Religious people have a right to follow their religious beliefs without interference from the govern...

Governments should treat everyone equally whatever their faith. As a result, no special treatment should be granted to religions. It is unfair to non-religious people to create exceptions in the law for religious people but not for others who believe that the law is wrong or should be changed. There is no difference between believers and those who hold strong political beliefs about what the law should be or how it should be enforced (e.g. pacifists).
Freedom of religion means more than just freedom to worship in a church, mosque or synagogue. It is...

Many religious practices are biased against women. Some readings of Islamic divorce law always grant custody of children to male family members. Women are only allowed to ask for divorce under certain circumstances. There is no reason why the rights of religions should be placed above over the rights of women and children.\ Another problem is that some cultural groups have traditional ways that may not be linked directly to their religious faith. Examples of this include female circumcision or special ways to dress. Often these traditions are very important to ethnic groups, but where they clash with the laws of the state it can be very hard to draw clear lines between what is and what isn’t a valid religious ritual.\
There is no way of knowing that secular, government laws are any better than religious laws. Making...

If a government allows religious beliefs and practices to ignore national law, they must be consistent. This means that all religious practices would have to be permitted. The government would also have to respect all the sub-groups of different religions, not just the ones that are mainstream or that the government approves of. This would lead to confusion and make national laws difficult to enforce. Having national laws that apply equally to everyone, without exception, is the only way to ensure that the government protects all religious believers.
Permitting people to practice all parts of their religion sends a message from the government that t...

Granting religious groups exemptions from the law will only encourage them to become more isolated. The more a religious group is allowed to follow their own ways, the more likely it is that they will turn away from the rest of society and refuse to mix with other groups. This will lead to a divided society where members of one religion will not work alongside members of other religions or non-believers.
The Schengen agreement has opened internal borders within Europe, but externally the opposite is tru...

The Schengen agreement often favours those who apply for Schengen visas since once a visa is granted, they can easily travel throughout all the countries that have signed the Agreement. This process not only saves money but it also allows for more freedom of movement for those who enter the Schengen area under a visa regime. Countries are free to choose whether they want to become part of the Schengen regime or not, and are thus making a rational and informed decision on whether the Schengen agreement serves them better than maintaining open borders with traditional allies that are not part of the Schengen area.
The Schengen agreement has opened internal borders within Europe, but externally the opposite is tru...

The Schengen agreement has opened internal borders within Europe, but externally the opposite is true. Thus, while citizens of the belonging countries enjoy complete freedom of movement, citizens of non-member countries find that it is more difficult to receive entry visas to enter the Schengen area. As the Schengen area continues to expand, it enforces more and more restrictions on countries that lie outside its borders, turning borders that have historically been open into real fortresses and thus significantly affecting the political and economic relations between long-term allies. For example, the eastern borders of East European States that already enjoy some Schengen privileges are hardening, cutting their inhabitants off from neighbours such as Ukraine, Belarus and Russia.