The national motto of the United States should be changed (Two)

I would also like to introduce a new definition to this debate: Motto: 1. a short saying expressing the guiding maxim or ideal of a family or organization, esp. when part of a coat of arms 2. a verse or maxim contained in a paper cracker 3. a quotation prefacing a book or chapter of a book [Italian] (Source: . http://www.thefreedictionary.com......) For the purposes of the remainder of the debate, definition 1 seems the most appropriate since the national motto is not a verse in a paper cracker, nor is it a quotation prefacing a book or a chapter. ------- Before I begin, I am compelled to correct a rather large error in Con's first round. He claimed that "In we Trust" seems like the intent of the Founding Fathers. " However, the phrase originates in the fourth verse of Francis Scott Key's Star Spangled banner. This was written in 1814, a full generation after the founding generation. Therefore, it cannot be said that the founder intended anything by the phrase. ====== Court of Appeals (432 F.2d 242 [9th cir. 1970]) ====== Con's argument rests on the 1970 Court of Appeals Case (Aronow v. United States). In this case, the court found that the national motto does not establish a religion, and therefore does not violate the first amendment. Here is supposed to be a complete rebuttal of the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Establishment Clause. Unfortunately for Con, the U. S. Court of Appeals is not the Supreme Court. The two types of rulings are not synonymous. The Supreme Court, being of higher authority, has the ability to overturn a case in the Court of Appeals. The final word on constitutionality lies with the Supreme Court, not the Court of Appeals. It is important to note, then, that the Supreme Court has never heard a case on the national motto. Let me repeat, the Supreme Court has never heard a case on the national motto. Therefore, this point is negated. I reaffirm: that the national motto, by the Supreme Court's understanding of the Establishment Clause, is a violation of the First Amendment. ====== Preference ====== Con claims that 'God' can refer to any god, including Jesus, Vishnu, Zues, or even no god. This is flatly untrue for at least two reasons: 1. The last option is clearly absurd. One cannot profess "In God We Trust" and be referring to no god. 2. The phrase "In God We Trust" clearly refers to a monotheistic deity, being that it uses the singular for God. This limits us to Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and some deists. Most religions (save for the religions listed above), and all non-religions are left out. As we will see below, this constitutes a clear violation of the U. S. Constitution via Justice Black's ruling. ====== Violation of the Constitution ====== As we have seen above, the motto is referring to a monotheistic religion (or, theism in general). We have also seen, in my first round argument, that the Establishment Clause prohibits the federal government from forcing an individual "to profess belief or disbelief in any religion. " Finally, we have seen from the definition of motto provided above, that a motto is "a short saying expressing the guiding maxim or ideal of a family or organization. " In our representative form of government, anything passed by the government is a representation of the populace. So when the federal government officially professes a belief in religion (as they did in making our national motto 'In God We Trust'), the entire population of legal U. S. citizens is professing a belief in religion. Unfortunately, the Establishment Clause (by current understanding) strictly prohibits the federal government from forcing anyone to profess a belief in religion. Therefore, in forcing the entire U. S. population to profess a belief in religion, the federal government was violating the First Amendment right of anyone who does not fit into the category of Islam, Christianity, Judaism, or Deism. Therefore, the national motto should be changed because it is a violation of the U. S. Constitution. The resolution is affirmed.