BeIR/webis-touche2020 huggingface dataset:
Development occurs when a dictatorship revert into democracy

There were two countries that was ruled under dictatorship era, South Korea and Taiwan, that reverted from the dictatorship to democracy. Started from 1987 when the martial law erased, to 1989 when the multi party elections happened in Taiwan, Taiwan went to the democratization path.[[http://www.wowessays.com/dbase/ae4/lmy76.shtml]]. The democratization happen as a result of better condition of economic.(wachman, 1994:2001) [[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=Ovff0QA98kUC&pg=PA220&lpg=PA220&dq=democratization+and+economy+of+taiwan&source=bl&ots=9tYD1dZ-MY&sig=nqNUgz5G1iJSwaElW0gEbBc08sY&hl=id&ei=pI2GSqfdJ6jq6gOAt_z6Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7#v=onepage&q=&f=false]] Because dictatorship has a limited path to development (due to their irregularities and instability) it can only reach certain level of development. To proceed, the country needs a more reliable system that can maintain the growth, put the government into an accountable position (where check and balances can be performed), and prevent the government from abusing its power. Only then, when the momentum is strong enough for change, after the people has witnessed the flaw of dictatorship that it's people will revert to a more sustainable mechanism; Democracy. But it doesn't mean that dictatorship is a prerequisite to democracy. The democratization allows a sustainable development to the middle class that is promisingly increase the income per capita. This is evident in South Korea in early 1990s. In the 1987 democratization movement, the new middle strata (Jungsangch'eung) that sided with the democracy movement against the authoritarian regime initially joined the popular sector. With industrialization, urban white collar workers which constituted the bulk of the new middle strata, rapidly increase in number. (Kihl, 2004:75) [[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=yHLVt8d4SvMC&pg=PA75&dq=Korea+democratization+and+development#v=onepage&q=&f=false]] From the 1987 to 1991, when the democratization happened, the GNP per capita growth in South Korea was more than 100%, from $3.110 in 1987, to $6.498 in 1991. [[ibid]]
Dictatorship helps achieve social stability

It is clear to better have a planned, smooth transitions in a certain period, than having an uncertain succession in the end of a dictator era. In a same objectivity not to put stigma on dictatorship and describing it as a totalitarian ruling party, it is also unfair to put bad democracy example as an evidence of the flaw of democracy itself. Yes, the example of the proposition is valid, but the example is just an example of fail implementation, but not a fail mechanism. The problem of the democracy system only appears when the implementation is bad, as been showed by the mexican election on 2006. But the uncertainty of succession, is surely bring the country into jeopardy, whether the dictator is good or bad. The evidence of that is Yugoslavia. Having timocrat dictator leader, Joseph Broz Tito, who successfully lead Yugoslavia cannot helps the country to escape from succession failure, which lead to the end of Yugoslavia country [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito]]. Singapore is popular as a democratic country who implement repressive action, which is claimed is done based on the consent of its citizen. The example given shows the evidence of the consent of citizen toward the repression, but do not necessarily mean that Singapore is controlled by dictatorship. Singapore did the election [[http://www.elections.gov.sg/index.html]], was built based on constitution [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore]], and having a separation of power as check and balances mechanism. Hence, the evidence given was irrelevant to the argument.
Dictatorship is a threat to diversity and multi ethnicity

Even though the proposition team sees no reasonable link between the motion “Dictatorship is the best path towards development” and the multi-ethnicity and diversity of a nation, and considering that no value different than development should be discussed in this debate, we will promptly answer it. There are many examples in history were democracies have ruled in discriminatory ways.The very first democracy known, Athens, sustained their experiment on direct democracy on the work of thousands of slaves (A history of political thought: from ancient Greece to early Christianity by Janet Coleman [[http://books.google.com/books?id=S8lamu73s08C&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&dq=ancient+greeks+slavery&source=bl&ots=pUj4heOTBT&sig=JHirDk_KgnHNbrDIbcw2FYQUc4Y&hl=en&ei=-9iGSqPHOc2ptgeimtjnDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10#v=onepage&q=ancient%20greeks%20slavery&f=false )]] The paragon of democracy, The United States of America, lived in a segregated society just some 4 decades ago. Not only that but, “discrimination against blacks in America is not an accident but rather a product of governmental policy and judicial mandates as reflected in patterns of community development.”,( American apartheid: segregation and the making of the underclass By Douglas S. Massey, Nancy A. Denton [[http://books.google.com/books?id=uGslMsIBNBsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=racial+segregation+united+states&ei=a8uGSs2xA57CzQTl_YXvDQ&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=racial%20segregation%20united%20states&f=false)]] More recent examples include the democratic India where “Caste is India’s hidden apartheid,” says Martin Macwan, 41, convenor of the National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights.( Gopal Guru, with Shiraz Sidhva. [[http://www.unesco.org/courier/2001_09/uk/doss22.htm)]]. Fiji’s democratic government also has a deep problematic with ethnic segregation. A United Nations-sponsored seminar to draw up a People’s Strategy for Peace, Stability and Development in Fiji has found that segregation along ethnic lines is a key concern.[[http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=23319]] Furthermore the opposition's concerns over dictatorships as focusing on the development of the majority, while neglecting the rights and welfare of the minority, are absolutely applicable to democracies which are “the rule of the majority". In any case the only interesting point of your argument for the debate would be that the dictatorships care about the welfare of the majority promoting development for a majority of people.
Dictators have incentives to promote development and diminish social differences

In order to take into account the considerations above and to avoid undesirable for them social consequences, the most wise among dictators and particularly those whose power is based on long dynastic inheritance adopted a preemptive approach for softening and smoothening an affliction and dissatisfaction of people. Just like democracies they have introduced social benefits, even though much smaller ones in quantitative or financial expression. There are certainly fundamental differences between social benefits under democracy and under dictatorship. Under full-fledged representative democracy social payments or income redistribution are inbuilt in the power mechanisms of “one man – one vote” and form inevitable nature of society, without which society is essentially unthinkable. Under dictatorship social benefits are not immanent to the structure of society and are rather exceptions formed according to an arbitrary judgment, prudence and free will of dictator. [[http://state.110mb.com/income_redistribution_state.htm]] This means that even though there are examples of social benefits through the dictatorship, it is not comes from the system itself, as suggested by democracy, but are a subjective mechanism that comes from the dictator. On the other hand, as various statistical tables can show, the poorest countries in the world are dictatorships. All the famines have happened under autocratic rule [[Dreze and Sen, Hunger and Public Action, 1989]]. So we can see that actuallt there are a great gap between any kinds of dictatorship, which is lay in a great spectrum of dictators's free will.
Dictatorships resist to income Redistribution Pressures

Authoritarian states' resistance to income distributional pressures is key to their successful development, because the decision makers can organize against the sirens of short term pork-barrel politics that plague democracy, spearheaded by interest groups or "distributional coalitions" which pursue their own selfish interests at the expense of overall economic eficiency [[Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations, 1982]]. The impact of doing this can be appreciated in the contrast between the steady growth of the Asian Tigers: Taiwan, South Korea, Hong-Kong and PR China, where political authoritarianism was coupled with the opening to free markets; and the failure of leftist populist governments in Latin America, where the attemp was made to tackle income redistribution through macroeconomic means, in the case of Allende in Chile and the first term of Garcia in Peru, which achieved the opposite of what they set out to accomplish, resulting in massive political instability, high inflation, violence and even a coup[[Wintrobe,The Political Economy of Dictatorship,2000]]
Dictator’s decisions undermines the people and are unaccountable

In a dictatorship regime there is no ‘check and balance’ mechanism. A dictatorship action requires no constitutions. This leaves no room for accountability that puts the development of the country (if any) in a pendulum state. A dictatorship relies on the wisdom of the authoritarian leaders to lead the country and perform ‘Miracles’. Such a perfect example is of the Burmese military junta (that the opposition never defends); whom in their history produces policies such as: 1. The demonetization of their currency (kyat) [[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=WX-8MeW9ZasC&pg=PA228&lpg=PA228&dq=5+september+1987+burma+45+90&source=bl&ots=r3ReodvM_t&sig=xBYZaevbv3ZMYy9oouQmH4H-hao&hl=id&ei=RBmGSrP7HpCYkQWJ7-mmBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4#v=onepage&q=5%20september%201987%20burma%2045%2090&f=false]] 2. The movement of their capital [[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2006/11/2008525184150766713.html]] 3. The ban of motorcycles from the old capital (Yangoon) [[http://www.irrawaddy.org/print_article.php?art_id=707]]. These unpopular policies are an example of decisions that are made possible in a Dictatorship - based on the pure 'wisdom' of the authoritarian leader. It is in the spirit of the motion that the proposition has to show that “even if these dictators apply un-accountable and irregular decisions, it is permissible for the sake of development”. They would also have to show the benefits of a dictatorship - AS A SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT - so that we should allow the blind faith of these people be put upon the so called ‘magicians’ that are expected to perform ‘miracles’ of development at the price of a more democratic and stable government.
Dictatorship helps achieve social stability

One of the main prerequisites for democracy is periodical elections, and each election in a democracy is a time when the continuity of rule of law is put in jeopardy, especially when the former opposition party becomes the new governing party and vice-versa, because the ministries and government agencies have to switch their policies and because partisan hiring is commonplace. When the results of the election are very close, there is a chance of anarchy whilst the votes are recounted. After the 2006 Mexican presidential election, popular unrest with the tight results led to mass protests, asking for a recount, and the president-elect had to deal with a strong faction in the parliament that refused to recognize him, and with the contender refused to admit defeat. [[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5161862.stm]][[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6199356.stm]] On the other hand, dictatorships are the most stable form of government due to no dilution of power and because the opposition has no real chance to become government, a consequence of this is that they avoid electoral turmoil altogether. In addition, the social control exercised by dictatorships allow them to prevent financial losses due to strikes, riots, and keep low criminality rates. Thus providing a bargain for investors. The PAP subjugates politics in Singapore since its independence in 1965. Singapore has been tagged as a de facto one-party state and several foreign analysts and internal political parties have accused the PAP of taking harsh action against opposition parties to discourage and impede their success. One former Singaporean Foreign Minister asked: “How many Singaporeans really want free speech anyway? They want orderliness, a decent living” (S. Rajaratnam quoted in Bellows,1989:153) [[http://www.statsvitenskap.uio.no/konferanser/nf09/kp2/chk.pdf]] Thus dictatorships are better at safeguarding order and stability against anarchy than democracies. And without stability, the lack of confidence may translate in stifled development, since they are closely related [[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200504/22/eng20050422_182327.html]].
Dictatorships breed development though efficient and straighfoward decision making

When a Dictatorship makes a decision; be it efficient, effective, straightforward, or divine revelation, it has no mechanism to balance the consequences of the result. What happen is, even if the dictator makes one or two sound decisions, it will leave the possibilities for all the false decisions to come to have no room for accountability. A system that relies on the wise choice of a single person or clique to represent the interest of the whole country is wishful thinking. That any development that appears as a result of those choices will have no safety net when the dictators makes a false decision during the early stage of development. The big assumption here is that these Dictators are rational, wise, and not materialistic (given by the proposition’s claims). While power hungry general are able to perform a coup d’etat (Which how the dictators from the example stated earned that power) and rule through Dictatorship, the rational, wise, and not materialistic person (read: the perfect ruler) will unlikely be able to take control of power (or even join the military at the very beginning) through those method, making the path of dictatorship lacking any competent candidates. Thus, the expectation that a dictator will consecutively implement bullet proof decision making (without needing a proper check and balance mechanism) is a phenomenon that can only be categorized as a Miracle. Hence the famous Spanish and Chilean Miracle we all have heard about.
Dictatorship is a threat to diversity and multi ethnicity

The dictatorship era is a single ethnic rule. It may not be an issue in single ethnic countries in Africa or Latin America, but really a threat for multi ethnic countries. We can name Adolf Hitler in Germany, Reza Mirpang Pahlavi in Iran, and Slobodan Milosevic in former Yugoslavia. Hitler designated the Aryans, Reza Mirpang and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi the Persians, and Milosovic the Serbs as the sole owner of his “nation-state.” This requires the identification of only one group as the sole owner of a country and the elimination, marginalization, or subjugation (physical, cultural, etc) of all other groups. This method requires a brutal dictatorship not only to eliminate and oppress the other groups but also all those in the designated dominant group who are liberal, social democrat, and humanitarian who oppose genocide, ethnic cleansing and discrimination. Even the best-claimed example of dictatorship country from the proposition team, China, was not clean from this. The Tibet freedom [[http://www.friends-of-tibet.org.nz/occu.html]], and the latest conflict in Xinjiang [[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8135203.stm]] are among the examples. Thus, we believe that dictatorship is not the best path for development, because the development of dictator country is a single face development, who focus on the wealth development of the majority, and neglects the rights and welfare of the minority.
Dictators have incentives to promote development and diminish social differences

Dictatorships have great incentives to achieve greater inter-group equality: "In most unequal societies (e.g., South Africa prior to 1994), the citizens have a great reason to be unhappy and try to rise up against the authority of non-democracy." [[http://books.google.com/books?id=gzdbfu55IGgC&lpg=PA37&dq=democracy%20equal&hl=es&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=democracy%20equal&f=false]] Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson make the point on Economic origins of dictatorship and democracy [[http://books.google.com/books?id=gzdbfu55IGgC&lpg=PA37&dq=democracy%20equal&hl=es&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=democracy%20equal&f=false]] that this equality might explain the fact that democracy was slow to arrive to South Korea and Taiwan, that were at the time growing rapidly, and hasn't arrived yet to Singapore. On the other hand, highly unequal societies are a breeding ground for revolution as the pressure comes for better redistribution. The more equal a society is the fewer incentives they will have to go through an uprising so then the ruling elite goes unchallenged, or, if they are challenged, they can make small redistribution gestures to appease people. The dictator or governing clique is much better off maintaining their citizens equal and happier. Of course equality is not enough. He also has an incentive to keep them making money and generating riches the dictator can predate on.
Dictatorship is a more economic institution: elections are a luxury reserved for developed countries.

It is unsound to cite the cost of election in the United States (being a first world country) to be the premise for the reasoning to opt Dictatorship as a more cheap and viable form of government for developing country. An election cannot be measured or compared with the capital they take. An election is a good indicator on how the government has performed and its future within the country. It is an example of a good 'social contract' mechanism that does not exist in a dictatorship. Every action of the government is to be accounted for at the end of the term, this gives the government in power a sense of RESPONSIBILITY when entering and during a term. Therefore one should not value the cost of election by the capital required to conduct an election but by the cost of what would happened if we take out that election. It is in this sense that we believe that election is really the luxury of a democratic government.
Central Planning and Mass killings

Dictatorship means having an economy based upon central planning and centrally planned economies do not promote development. If you want evidence for this then you can look towards almost every single economy based upon central planning. At times a dictator can put forward massive development programs but they are hardly the best way to develop your economy or society. If something good can be created by the whim of one individual then it can also be destroyed by the whim of one individual, therefore development under a dictatorship is at best unstable because it is based upon the emotions and decisions of one person and at worst societal/ developmental suicide. Dictators tend to take massive amounts of other people's land to build bigger palaces for themselves, so in a since they are promoting development but only development for their own mansions and destruction for the rest of the society. Secondly, the majority of genocides, mass torture campaigns, and general suppression of the lives of every day people happen under dictatorships. Those people who are destroyed by genocide, mass torture, and the like obviously are unable to contribute to the development of society. Lastly, dictatorships destroy the cultural, economic, intellectual, emotional, political, and artistic soul of a society. Therefore the society is not being developed, it is being destroyed. It makes citizens have a fearful mindset toward their own life, in constant fear that someone in a uniform will take them away and their family will never see them again because only one man has power in the society and he answers to no one. This psychological and emotional torture that is instilled in people who live under a dictatorship lasts for generations and may never truly dissipate, this state of fear is not productive to the development of the society, the economy, the nation, or truly anything except the power of one individual,
Development is not possible when there is no succession in the government

The opposition should have explained how development is conditioned by succession. It didn't of course. Still, that wasn't the biggest mistake the opposition made on this point. The opposition is dead wrong about dictatorships not having successions. Examples abound, starting from North Korea which they introduced to the debate. There is going to be a second successor, from Kim Il-Sung to Kim Yong-Il, the grandson of the original dictator. [[http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=1012277]] Another example of a dictatorial government with a succession _where not a drop of blood was shed_ is Cuba. Raul Castro was designated as the successor of Fidel years ago and everything continues as it was. [[http://www.iammyownreporter.com/ElectionsInCuba.htm]], In Myanmar the junta is planning multi-party elections in 2010. [[http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/news/story.html?id=da3ecc3a-3ba0-4426-875c-a888705e9eed]] d [[http://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache:-fnkjcbSlG8J:fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22742.pdf+cuba+succession&hl=es&gl=ve]].Which is sure to lessen the other team's worries. The USSR had a lot of sucessions pacific inside politburó. Lybia has never had a transition, so its difficult to diagnose. Maybe Khadaffi has a successor already in mind. Who knows. Yugoslavia merits more time as here the interpretation of the events by the opposition is completely wrong. It was indeed lead by Tito, a communist dictator and he rebuilt it from the ashes but here is where they get it wrong because they give a false meaning to the word "after": "only to find itself disintegrated, overwhelmed with civil war and ethnic cleansing after the death of their dictatorship leader" They present it as this happened just after. When in fact Tito's death happened in 1980 and it was eleven years after, in 1991, that the war began. The disintegration wasn't a consequence of the lack of a successor but of the adoption way too early of democracy. There are many examples of dictatorships that are not personal but cliques (as in one party systems). The small group designates a leader so in those cases the succession is as smooth as silk.
The loger lasting and biggest economic miracles have ocurred under dictatorships

Growth rates are either very low or very high in dictatorships (read:They are never stable). Only democratic countries that gives an average sustainable growth rate. This observed large variance in economic performance casts doubt on the effect of dictatorship on economic development. Because as history shows Dictatorial regimes can exhibit economic miracles and disasters [[Temple,The New Growth Evidence, 1999 http://www.econ.ox.ac.uk/members/christopher.bowdler/temple99.pdf%5D%5D. This put the significance of dictatorship to the economic miracles questionable. For example; Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe happened under a dictatorship era [[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23829883/]]. The miracles that happened seems fail to serve the ends of the development, including the freedom of the citizens. When a system can serve the MEANS of the development, but unable to serve the ENDS of the development, the system is a failure. As quoted in many parts of this debate, Taiwan and South Korea, the Asian Tigers, demanded democracy to their country. During the process, South Korea even doubled the GNP per capita [[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=yHLVt8d4SvMC&pg=PA75&dq=Korea+democratization]], which shows, there were no significance of a dictatorship to the economic growth, since the same, and even better growth, happened in another system - Democracy.