Biologival evolution is observable

Understanding evolution helps us solve biological problems that impact our lives. There are excellent examples of this in the field of medicine. To stay one step ahead of pathogenic diseases, researchers must understand the evolutionary patterns of disease-causing organisms. To control hereditary diseases in people, researchers study the evolutionary histories of the disease-causing genes. In these ways, a knowledge of evolution can improve the quality of human life. http://evolution.berkeley.edu...... Why do we always look at the animalia kingdom when we talk about biological evolution as a 'Evolutionist Researcher' what i like to call my self. Talk a bit about the plantae Kingdom? Case: In 2004 he and his colleagues collected more field mustard seeds from the same sites that Sim had visited seven years earlier. They thawed out some of the 1997 seeds and then reared both sets of plants under identical conditions. The newer plants grew to smaller sizes, produced fewer flowers, and, most dramatically, produced those flowers eight days earlier in the spring. The changing climate had, in other words, driven the field mustard plants to evolve over just a few years. "It was serendipity that we had the seeds lying around," says Weis. Read the full story here http://e360.yale.edu...... Domestication made major changes to thousands of plants In all the fruit trees, Pomes, Citrus Fruits, Nut Trees, Bananas, Breadfruit, Durian, Ensete, Fig, Jackfruit, Passionfruit, Barley, Oats, Rice, Rye, Sorghum, Wheat, Peseudocerals such as Sunflowers, All Legumes, All Berries, All Vegatables, Herbs and spices, Oil producing plants, Commodities (Plants grown principally for animal food or soil enrichment ), Ornamental Plants, Cotton, Flax, Jute. Pretty much every plant that we eat and use. Our diets and cultures have changed thousands of plants dramtically. SPECIES ADAPTING TO GLOBAL WARMING Polar bears today are thinner and less healthy than those of 20 years ago. Many fish species are moving northward in search of cooler waters. (New adaptions to a new enviroment) Quino checkerspot butterfly learned to lay its eggs on a new host plant. Tawny owls (Strix aluco) can be light gray or brown, depending on the genes they inherit from their parents. As snow cover in Finland has declined since the late 1970s, the light gray owls, best camouflaged during snow, no longer have much of an advantage, and scientists have shown that brown owls are now much more common. MICRO FRACTION OF EVIDENCE SUPPORTING EVOLUTION Changes of evolution is culture, agriculture changing our diet dramtically, humans became physically smaller, teeth became smaller, Lactose tolerance throughout whole life 24 identified genetic adaptions that relate to malaria resistance CCR5 gene originated 4000years ago resistance to HIV/AIDS East Asians mutation in the EDAR gene, thicker hair shafts, more sweat glands, teeth and smaller breasts. Standard EDAR gene which Africans and Europeans have. Framingham Women would be 2cm shorter, 1kg heavier Hair Keratin gene KRTHAP1 was lost out of 10 functional type 1 Keratin gene, this can cause thinning of human body hair. Loss of sarcomeric myosin gene MYH16 lead to smaller masticatory muscles Loss of CASPASE12 a crysteinyl aspartate proteinase. Segmental duplication had a role in creating new primate genes and shaping human genetic variation Modern Humans and Neanderthals share the FOXP2 gene variant associated with brain development and speech. (Chimps have two amino acid differences in FOXP2 compared to Sapiens) 86 genes were lost in the homo lineage after separating with the common ancestor with the chimpanzees. Evolved only in the Homo lineage, HAR1F related to brain development Evolved only in the Homo lineage, HAR2 development of the opposable thumb CpG dinucleotides mutate roughly 10 times more often than the average nucleotide in the genome Common Ancestor of mtDNA types existed 140,000 " 290 000 years ago, mtMRCA is the direct matrilineal ancestor of all living humans. Other women would have lived at the same time and passed nuclear genes down but their mitochondrial lineages were lost over time. Modern Human mtDNA has an African Origan Y chromosome 70,000 years ago originated in Africa Neolithic farming revolution provided enough mutations to accelerate genetic change. Infectious diseases were another consequence of the early urban populations and a new source of selection pressures. The origins of many recently adapted genes have now been traced to this period, creating effects such as regional difference in skin colour and skeletal gracility. Adaptions cause less muscle strength and more intelligence. Less aggressive human behaviours by 5000 years ago. Asaptive alleles were coming into existence at a rate about 100 times faster during the Pleistocene period. Experts can easily determine race from skeletal evidence alone Alongside fossil and archaeological finds, genetic studies show that the different groups of people in the world today all originated in Africa. Our species, Homo sapiens, began to evolve there about 400,000 years ago. By 150,000 years ago some African fossils show clear modern human features. Around 60,000 years ago, the first small groups of modern humans left Africa and began to disperse through Asia all the way to Australia, and also into Europe. Mitochondrial DNA is found in tiny structures (mitochondria) in our cells that convert energy from food into a form cells can use. Passed from mother to child. Reveals information about your maternal lineage and where your mother's female ancestors may have lived. Y chromosome DNA is contained in a sex-determining chromosome only found in the cells of men. (men only) Passed from father to son. Reveals information about your paternal lineage and where your father's male ancestors may have lived. Nuclear DNA is packaged in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of each human cell. One of each pair is inherited from the mother, the other from the father. Inherited from both parents. Reveals information about your ethnic ancestry and the percentage of any DNA inherited from Neanderthals or other extinct human species. Genetic markers are specific DNA sequences whose location on the chromosome is known Researchers compare thousands of genetic markers within a person's DNA with those of other people across the world. The similarities and differences allow scientists to reconstruct population histories and estimate where our ancestors lived at certain times in the past. As well as providing information about ethnic ancestry, Nuclear DNA reveals episodes of interbreeding between modern humans and other human species. DNA research reveals the genetic legacy some of us have inherited from our extinct cousins, the Neanderthals. When modern humans left Africa, they interbred with Neanderthal populations. This probably occurred in western Asia, and perhaps also elsewhere. These events mean that non-African people today share around two per cent of their DNA with Neanderthals. The studies compared the genome of a Neanderthal with those of hundreds of modern humans, both from Eurasia, where our ancestors met Neanderthals, and from sub-Saharan Africa, where there would have been no interbreeding. However, Neanderthal DNA was also found in parts of the human genome associated with diseases such as diabetes, lupus, biliary cirrhosis and Crohn"s disease, which causes inflammation of the gut. Domestication of animals evolved differ species Gray wolf (Canis lupus) to Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) Mouflon (Ovis orientalis) to a Sheep (Ovis aries) http://en.wikipedia.org...... Look up every single species and find out how they evolved, I hope you will learn from this debate Experiments such as Lenski's E. Coli Joel L. Sachs's Evolutionary-Ecological genomics of beneficial bacteria Christina Burch Experiment http://bio.unc.edu... Lin Chao Experiment http://biology.ucsd.edu... Chippindale, Adam,Colgreave, Nick, Dean, Antony de Jong, Gerdien de Visser, J. Arjan G. M.Dykhuizen,DanielEbert,Dieter Elena Emlen, DougFolk, Donna G.Garland, Theodore Publications on Experimental EvolutionGibbs, Allen Gilchrist, George W. Gordo, Isabel Hayes, Jack Harrison, Jon Huey, Ray Joshi, Amitabh Jyv"skyl", University of Kassen, Rees Kawecki, Tad Konarzewski, Marek Koteja, Pawel Lenski, Rich Lynch, Michael Matos, Margarida Mery, Frederic Mueller, Larry Network for Experimental Research on Evolution (NERE) Nunney, Len Oakley, Todd Orr, Allen Pepperell, Caitlin Rainey, Paul [bad link] Reznick, David Rose, Michael Rosenzweig, Frank Rundle, Howard D. Sachs, Joel L. Sanjuan, Rafael Schluter, Dolph Schulenburg, Hinrich Sniegowski, Paul D. Stearns, Stephen C. Tenaillon, Olivier Teot"nio, Henrique Top, Eva Travisano, Mike UCIRPEE University of California Velicer, Gregory J. Wahl, Lindi M. Wichman, Holly Zeyl, Cliff