[en] The requirements of the automotive industry for safety and energy efficiency have placed composites on the strategic agendas of all manufacturers. However, the low productivity of manufacturing processes in addition to their high cost has limited their use to high value-added applications. Thus, over the last few years, numerous advances have been made in the search for new processes that allow the manufacture of composites in a profitable manner. n example of this is pultrusion based on ultraviolet (UV) curing outside the die. This new approach consists of curing the profile at the exit of the die with UV radiation, which makes it possible to reduce pulling forces, simplify the dies and manufacture curved profiles with a robotic pulling system. The studies related to this process demonstrated its viability and laid the foundations of the technology, envisioning its potential to be incorporated into the Basque industrial fabric and meet the requirements of the automotive industry. However, this fact requires a greater understanding of the limits of the process and of the technology itself. Therefore, this work has focused on the generation of knowledge in three fundamental blocks: - The first block is aimed at developing new photo-curable formulations. The main objective is to develop formulations that provide an increase in mechanical properties with respect to current profiles. For this purpose, a comparison is made between the formulation used in the studies prior to this work and two new formulations, one of unsaturated polyester and one of vinyl ester. The vinyl ester formulation represents a significant increase in the mechanical properties of the profiles. In addition, in this block is demonstrated the feasibility of curing by UV radiation composites with tri-hydrated alumina, being a step prior to its incorporation into profiles manufactured by UV pultrusion. - The second block focuses on the development and validation of a kinetic model capable of predicting the evolution of the degree of cure through the thickness of the composite during the UV curing process. The main objective of this block is to have an analytical model for the simulation of the UV pultrusion process, which would reduce the set-up times of the machine. To achieve this goal, an optical model, which divides the intensity into discrete values of wavelength, is combined with the autocatalytic model. This approach considers all factors affecting UV curing, such as the UV light source, composite material and thickness, as well as the photoinitiator system. - The third block is oriented to the design of cellular composite structures for energy absorption in impact cases. The main objective of this block is to analyse the feasibility of predicting the behaviour of the component by characterizing the unit cells that compose it. The results demonstrate the viability of this strategy, as long as the design is made based on the results of the dynamic tests. Finally, a business model has been developed in which the automotive industry has been established as a potential customer. This analysis has studied, from a business point of view, the viability of the technology to deal with this industry. The conclusion obtained in this analysis and the results obtained in this PhD thesis have set in motion the necessary mechanisms for the creation of a Startup based on the UV pultrusion process.

[eu] Automozioaren industriak ezarritako segurtasun eta efizientzia energetikoaren inguruko eskakizunek, fabrikatzaile guztien estrategia agendetan konpositeak egotea bideratu dute. Hala eta guztiz ere, fabrikazio-prozesuen produktibitate baxuen eta lehengaien kostu altuen ondorioz, konpositeen erabilera balio handiko aplikazioetara murriztuta dago. Horregatik, azken urteetan zehar, aurrerapen nabarmenak egin dira konpositeak fabrikatzeko prozesu errentagarri berrien bilaketan. Aurrerapen hauen adibideetako bat, moldetik kanpo ultramore (UV) ontze bidezko pultrusioa da. Prozesu honen bitartez, UV argia erabiliz, perfilaren ontze prozesua moldetik kanpo ematen da; eta hortaz, tiratze indarrak murriztea, moldeak erraztea eta tiratze robotiko baten bitartez perfil kurboak fabrikatzea ahalbidetzen da. Prozesu honen inguruan garatutako ikerketa lanek teknologiaren funtsezko ezagutza garatu dute bere bideragarritasuna frogatuz eta euskal industria-sarean integratzeko potentziala erakutsiz. Horrela, automozioaren industrian konpositeei eskatzen diren errekerimenduei aurre egitea posible izango litzateke. Dena den, helburu hau lortzeko, prozesuaren eta teknologia beraren mugak ulertu eta identifikatu behar dira. Ondorioz, ikerketa lan honen helburua pultrusio-prozesu berri honen inguruan oinarrizko ezagutza garatzea da, hiru atal desberdinetan banatuta dagoelarik: - Lehenengo atalak fotopolimerizazio prozesuan oinarriturik formulazio berrien garapena aztertzen du. Hain zuzen ere, atal honen helburu nagusia, orain arte fabrikatutako perfilen propietate mekanikoak handitzen duten formulazioak garatzea da. Horretarako, aurretik landutako formulazioa, lan honetan garatutako bi formulazio berriekin (poliester eta binilester erretxinetan oinarritutakoak) konparatzen da. Binilester formulazioarekin fabrikatutako konpositeen propietate mekanikoek nabarmenki handitu dira. Honetaz gain, atal honetan alumina trihidratatuaren erabilera aztertzen da, pultrusio bidez fabrikatutako perfilen suaren aurkako propietateak hobetzeko asmoz. - Bigarren atalak konpositearen UV ontze prozesuaren modelo zinetikoaren garapena eta balioztatzea ditu helburutzat. Konpositearen ontze maila lodieraren arabera aurreikusteko modelo optiko eta autokatalitikoak bateratzen dira, intentsitatea uhin luzera desberdinen balore diskretuetan banatuz. Horrela, UV ontze bidezko pultrusioaren simulazioa ahalbidetuko da, prozesua martxan jartzeko denbora nabarmenki murriztuz. Ikuspuntu honen bitartez, UV ontze prozesuan eragina duten faktore guztiak hartzen dira kontuan: UV argi iturria, foto-hastarazle sistema, konpositearen materiala eta lodiera. - Hirugarren atala, talka-energiaren xurgapenerako konpositez fabrikatutako egitura zelularren diseinura bideratzen da. Bloke honen helburu nagusia, egitura hauen portaera aurreikusteko unitate zelularraren karakterizaziotik abiatzearen bideragarritasuna aztertzea da. Emaitzek estrategia honen bideragarritasuna erakusten dute, betiere entsegu baldintza dinamikoetan lortutako emaitzetan oinarriturik. Azkenik, negozio-eredu bat garatu da, bezero potentziala automoziorako industriara orientatuta izango duena. Analisi honen bitartez, enpresaren ikuspegitik industria honi aurre egiteko teknologiaren bideragarritasuna aztertzen da. Azterketa honek, tesi doktoralean zehar lortutako emaitzekin batera, UV ontze bidezko pultrusio prozesuan oinarritutako Startup baten sorkutnzarako mekanismoak martxan jarri ditu.