[en] The purpose of this work is to analyse how the health risks linked to extreme heat events are modified by gender and socioeconomical or demographic factors. The risks of Heat Waves (HW) and Cold Spells (CS) were calculated using the Poisson regression at city and district level. The dependant variables were the data for mortality and urgent hospital admissions due to natural (CIE X: A00-R99), circulatory (CIE X: I00-I99), and respiratory causes (CIE X: J00-J99) from INE and Madrid Salud. AEMET provided daily minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) temperature data as well as relative humidity data. HWs and CSs - the independent variables - were calculated as the temperature threshold above which mortality rates increases dramatically. The models were controlled by period, trend, and daily mean levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and ozone. With these models, the Relative Risk (RR) and Attributable Risk (AR) associated with the statistically significant variables (p-value &lt; 0.05) were calculated. The results at the district level were compared with the percentage of vulnerable people – aged 65 and older –, average household income, access to HVAC systems and the green areas in the district. Results: the CS-related AR [13.5 % (7.8 - 19.0)] was higher than the HW-related AR [3.1 (0.1- 5.9)]. The admissions pattern shows than women are more vulnerable than men during the winter and the summer. The analysis at the district level reveals that household income level and owning HVAC systems could be more relevant than the number of people at risk.

[es] El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar cómo los riesgos en la salud asociados a los eventos térmicos extremos se ven modificados por sexo y factores socioeconómicos y demográficos. Empleando la regresión de Poisson se calcularon los riesgos de morbimortalidad asociados a las olas de calor y frío. Se utilizó como variable dependiente la mortalidad diaria e ingresos hospitalarios urgentes, por causas naturales (CIE-X: A00-R99), circulatorias (CIE-X: I00-I99) y respiratorias (CIE-X: J00-J99) procedentes del INE y Madrid Salud. AEMET suministró datos de temperatura mínima (Tmin) y máxima diaria (Tmax) y humedad relativa media diaria del observatorio de Madrid Retiro. Como variable independiente se determinó el número de días con olas de calor y frío, definidas por el umbral de temperatura a partir del cual se dispara la mortalidad. Se controló por periodo, tendencia y contaminación. Con estos modelos, se calcularon los Riesgos Relativos (RR) y Atribuibles (RA) asociados a las variables estadísticamente significativas (p&lt;0,05). Los resultados a nivel inframunicipal fueron cruzados con el porcentaje de población en riesgo –mayores de 65 años–, renta familiar media, acceso a aire acondicionado y calefacción y zonas verdes en el distrito. Como resultados, el RA de la ola de frío (13,5 % (IC 95 %: 7,8 - 19,0) es superior al de la ola de calor (3,1 % (IC 95 %: 0,1 - 5,9)). El patrón de ingresos apunta a que las mujeres son más vulnerables que los hombres en invierno y verano. El análisis a nivel de distrito revela que los factores más determinantes son el nivel de renta del hogar y los sistemas de climatización más que la población en riesgo.