BSC-LT/ACAData huggingface dataset:
[en] Through the analysis of Pepetela's Mayombe, Ngugi's Petals of Blood, Achebe's Anthills of the Savannah and A Man of the People, this article interrogates concepts of nationhood and nation in postcolonial Africa within the framework of the postcolonial theory. Postcolonial theory defies grand narratives such as the nation and nationhood, hence deconstructs such narratives as they are problematic. This study shows problems associated with definitions of a nation in which some members are sidelined. Also explored is the idea of nationalism and its importance in forming the nation. It is revealed that nationhood is problematic in post independent Africa even though nationalism served a critical role during decolonisation because variations are noted as differences in gender and ethnicity disturb nation building. Globalisation is also threatening, challenging and undermining the existence of nations.

[eu] Pepetela-ren Mayombe, Ngugi-ren Petals of Blood, Achebe-ren Anthills of the Savannah eta A Man of the People liburuen azterketa bitartez, artikulu honek kolonialismo osteko Afrikan naziotasun eta nazio kontzeptuez egiten du galde, kolonialismo osteko teoriaren barruan. Izan ere, kolonialismo osteko teoriak nazioa eta naziotasuna moduko narratiba bikainei aurre egiten die eta hori dela eta deseraikitzen ditu era horretako narrazioak, arazo sorburu izan ohi direlako. Azterlan honek nazio hitzaren definizioari lotutako arazoak mahairatzen ditu, zeinetan hainbat kidek jarrera hartua duten. Berebat, nazionalismoaren kontzeptua aztertu da eta nazio bat osatzeko horrek duen garrantzia. Naziotasuna problematiko gertatu zela independentzi osteko Afrikan esaten da, nahiz nazionalismoak eginkizun zaila bete zuen dekolonizazioan zehar, izan ere, aldaketak genero-ezberdintasun modura hartzen baitira eta etnizitateak nazio eraikuntza eragozten baitu. Halaber, globalizazioa ere mehatxatzen, aldarazten eta gutxiesten ari da nazioen izatea.
[en] In Assia Djebar's war narratives, it is women's voices and experiences that are at the centre of narration, in contrast to traditional male-centred narratives of war and conflict. In Fantasia, an Algerian Cavalcade, there are multiple female protagonists, survivors of independence war, who, through storytelling, present shifting perspectives and a multiplicity of voices that contest monological historical versions. By reassembling the fragments of individual identities, lost and forgotten by history, the writer forges collective identity, focussing on the communal rather than private aspect of memory.The paper highlights the gender-specific nature of war memories; it examines the role of the narrative as a means of countering deficiencies of memory and combating historic amnesia.Centred on the idea that memory constructs identity, the paper investigates the extent to which a gendered memory of war can contribute in shaping collective identity, bearing in mind the interdependence but also the dissonance of orality and texting.

[eu] Emakumeen ahotsa eta bizipenak dira Assia Djebar-en gerra narratibetako muina, tradizionalki ez bezala, gizonak baitziren gerra narratibetako protagonista. Fantasia, an Algerian Cavalcade liburuan hainbat emakume protagonista daude. Horiek bizirik irten ziren independentzia gerratik eta euren esperientzia kontatuz, ikuspuntu desberdinak adierazi dituzte, baita bertsio historiko monologikoen aurkako hainbat ahots ere. Idazleak norbanakoen identitate galdu eta ahaztuen zatiak batuz talde identitatea osatzen du eta talde memoria azpimarratzen du norbanakoena azpimarratu beharrean.Artikuluak gerra memorien genero izaera nabarmentzen du. Narratibaren rola aztertzen du, memoriaren gabeziak kontatzeko eta amnesia historikoari aurre egiteko tresna bezala.Ideia nagusia memoriak identitatea osatzen duela dela kontuan hartuz, artikuluak aztertzen du genero gerra memoria batek noraino baldintza dezakeen talde identitatearen osaera, kontuan hartuz ahozkotasunaren eta testualitatearen elkarrekiko dependentzia eta desadostasuna.
[en] In the last decade new cultural styles have taken hold in Spain with which to represent the recent past, closely related to the emergence of the debates on the so-called historical memory and to the contemporary development of the cultural industries. Those styles have caused a series of composition procedures and textual effects to become standardized and allow for the public to identify them with the aesthetics of memory. Testimony, as a paraliterary form and civic discourse, has reached an exceptional place in that standardization process of the aesthetics of memory, but its mechanical use has privileged its dramatic profitability over its potential for criticism.

[eu] Hurbileko iragana irudikatzeko orduan, kultura estilo berriek indarra hartu dute Espainian azken hamarkadan. Estilo horiek oso lotuta daude memoria historikoa izenekoaren inguruko eztabaiden azaleratzearekin, baita kultura industrien egungo garapenarekin ere. Bestalde, estilo horiek estandarizatu egin dituzte zenbait konposizio prozedura eta efektu testual, eta horri esker publikoak memoriaren estetikarekin identifikatzen ditu. Testigantzek (paraliteratura eta hitzaldi zibiko gisa) aparteko lekua lortu dute memoriaren estetikaren estandarizazioari dagokionez, baina haien erabilera mekanizatuak errentagarritasun dramatikoa potentzial kritikoaren gainetik jarri du.
[en] This piece of work analyses the process of memory construction in the work of Jorge Semprún, focusing in his novel Literature or Life. In this article, we explore the connection between the building of a collective identity that could be used as the basis of an European spirituality represented in the political project of the European Union. Our article tries to disclose the literary strategies that Semprún uses to establish this identification while proposes a critical analysis of its political implications.

[eu] Artikulu honetan, Jorge Semprúnen obran igar daitekeen memoria eraikitzeko prozesua aztertzen da, bere La escritura o la vida eleberria oinarri hartuta. Europar Batasunaren forma politiko pean gorpuztutako europartasun sentimendu baten oinarri den talde nortasunaren eraikuntzarekin duen harremana arakatzen da. Gure artikuluaren helburua Semprúnek identifikazio hori gauzatzeko erabiltzen dituen estrategia literarioak argitara ateratzea da, eta, aldi berean, identifikazioaren inplikazio politikoen azterketa kritikoa egitea.
[en] Only by understanding gender as behavior and not as biological characteristic, it can be said that gender is attached to identity, and because of this bond the concept of gender identity is arised to a concept that has language, history and culture features. In the current paper acoustic and voice quality features related to language have been examined in the communication of emotions. For this purpose, surveys were made to 136 informants who were selected from South Basque Country, and all in all a corpus formed by 408 sentences was collected. These informants were told to repeat a semantically neutral sentence in their own language variety by simulating basic emotions. One of the results of this study, among others, shows statistically that the general use of voice quality is significantly different between two genders when emotions are being expressed.

[eu] Generoa portaeratzat ulertuta eta ez hainbeste ezaugarri biologikotzat, identitatearekin lotuta dagoela esan daiteke eta uztardura horretatik genero identitatea kontzeptua sortzen da; azken honek hizkuntza-, historia- eta kultura-ezaugarriak ditu. Lan honetan, hizkuntzari dagozkion ezaugarri akustikoak eta ahots-kalitatearen ezaugarriak aztertu dira emozioen adierazpenean. Horretarako, Hego Euskal Herriko 136 informatzaile hatutatu dira eta 408 esaldiko corpusa batu da, semantikoki neutroa den esaldi bat euren barietateetan oinarrizko emozioak simulatuz adierazteko eskatu zaie. Neurketa horietatik ateratako ondorioetan, besteak beste, ikus daiteke ahos kalitatearen erabilera orokorra esanguratsuki ezberdina dela generoen arabera emozioen adierazpenean.
[en] This article claims that Samuel Beckett's 'The Trilogy: Molloy, Malone Dies and The Unnamable' is paradoxically a successful art of failure, impotence and silence. Beckett's ambivalent writing is a literary style that bears the stamp of paradox: order and disorder, sense and meaninglessness. Beckett does not choose between these antitheses but maintains them in constant motion as part of its dialectical structure. The essential factor is the interplay between two contradictory poles. The core nature of the Beckettian ambivalent writing is its interchangeability and intertextuality.

[eu] Artikulu honen aldarria da Samuel Becketten The Trilogy: Molloy, Malone Dies and The Unnamable paradoxikoki porrotaren, ezinaren eta isiltasunaren arteko arte arrakastatsua dela. Beckettek bere duen idazkera anbibalenteak paradoxaren zigilua du lagun: ordena eta ordenarik eza, zentzua eta zentzurik eza. Beckettek ez du antitesi hauen arteko hauturik egiten, baina etengabe mugimenduan mantentzen ditu egituraketa dialektalaren atal modura. Faktore nagusia kontrajarritako bi muturren arteko jokoa da. Becketten idazkera anbibalentearen ezaugarri nagusia trukakortasuna eta testuen arteko harremanak dira.
[en] The goal of this article is to study the fictional evolution of the subject who thinks himself Basque, from its appearance in the late Middle Ages to the present day. In making an ideological reading of literary production, and a literary reading of political ideology, we wish to highlight the functional nature of national identity. Behind romantic essentialism, modern anti-essentialism, and every attempt to overcome or combine these two formulas, we eventually find a pragmatic player with a reflective capacity who will build or deconstruct a speech, according to the needs of a given time.

[eu] Bere burua euskaldun gisa pentsatzen duen subjektuaren bilakaera erromaneskoa da artikulu honek esploratu gogo duena, bere agerpen testualetik, Erdi Aro berantiarrean, egundaino. Ekoizpen literarioa ideologikoki irakurriz, eta ideologia politikoaren irakurketa literarioa burutuz, nortasun nazionalaren funtzionaltasuna ezarri nahi da agerian. Esentzialismo erromantikoaren, anti-esentzialismo modernoaren nahiz bi formula horien arteko konbinaketa ala gainditze ahalegin guztien atzean, finean, gaitasun erreflexiboa duen aktore pragmatikoa dago, unean uneko beharren arabera diskurtso bat ala beste eraiki ala deseraikiko duena.
[en] The analysis of violence in Guimarães Rosa's novel Grande Sertão: veredas reveals references to the Brazilian historical conflicts of that time, situated between town and country, the government and people of the country, the Winners and the Forgotten people of history. Furthermore, the theme of violence comes at a tension between a memory not forgotten, related to the repression, and the poverty of experience that's not worth remembering.

[eu] Guimarães Rosaren Grande Sertão: veredas eleberriko indarkeriaren azterketak azaleratzen ditu garai hartako Brasilgo gatazka historikoak, herria eta hiriaren artean kokatuta, gobernua eta herrialdeko barnealdeko bizi-lagunen artean, Garaileek eta Historiak ahaztu dituzten pertsonen artean. Horrez gain, indarkeriaren gaia honako tentsioan sortzen da, igarotzen ez den oroimenaren, errepresioarekin erlazionatua, eta gogoratzea merezi ez duen pobreziaren esperientziaren artean.
[en] In this article, for the first time, two Spanish influent dramatic theories are critically related: Lope de Vega and Leandro Fernández de Moratín. Two centuries separate their creations, but both tried to renew the scene with their poetic, both sought a "new comedy" to break with immediately preceding theatre traditions. The dramatic works of either author, in fact, are very different in extension: Lope wrote more than four hundred titles, while Moratín only five. They are respectively the most prolific and international Spanish dramatic poet and one of the most moderate among the recognized Spanish authors, but they have in common a peculiar aspiration: they want their works to reflect the reality of the world. Paraphrasing Lope, comoedia speculum humanae vitae could be used as the headword of both. Taking Arte nuevo de hacer comedias (1609) and La comedia nueva o el café (1792) as a starting point, the article analyzes both authors' theatre, contextualized in their respective historical moments.

[eu] Artikulu honetan, lehen aldiz, eskola sortu zuten bi antzerkigile espainiarren antzerkigintzaren inguruko teoriak alderatzen dira: Lope de Vegaren teoriak eta Leandro Fernández de Moratínenak. Bi mendek banatzen dute haien jarduna, baina bai batek eta bai besteak helburu bera izan zuten: haien poetiken bitartez antzerkigintza eraberritzea eta ordura arteko antzerkigintza-tradizioekin haustura eragingo zuen "komedia berri" bat sortzea. Egia esan, autore baten eta bestearen lanen arteko desberdintasuna muturrekoa da kopuruari dagokionez; Lopek laurehun obra baino gehiago idatzi zituen bitartean, Moratínek hamar pieza inguru baino ez zituen utzi. Hala Espainiako poeta dramatiko oparo eta nazioartekoena nola aitortza handiko antzerkigileen artetik neurritsuena xede beraren atzetik zebiltzan: haien lanen bitartez munduaren errealitatea islatzea. Loperen beraren hitzak erabiliz, comoedia speculum humanae vitae erabil liteke bi literaturgileen goiburu gisa. Arte nuevo de hacer comedias (1609) eta La comedia nueva o el café (1792) oinarri hartuta, bi autoreen errealitate dramatikoa sakon aztertuko dugu, bakoitzari egokitu zitzaion garai historikoaren testuinguruaren barruan.
[en] This article starts from the belief that a war, even more in the case of a civil war, is an event that leaves a profound mark on the consciousness of the society which endures it, configuring and having an effect on its development. From this starting point, the article establishes a comparison between post-war poetry in Korea and Spain. These two countries, regardless of their very distant languages and culture, sadly share the fact of having suffered, first-hand, a cruel civil war during the twentieth century. Both wars lasted three years and were, in their own way, framed by the global context of the Second World War.

[eu] Artikulu honen abiapuntua da gerra bat, bereziki gerra zibil bat, berau pairatzen duen gizartearen kontzientzian sakon sartzen den gertaera dela; nolabait itxuratzen du, baita bilakabidean eragin ere. Uste horretatik abiatuta, erkaketa planteatzen da Hego Korea eta Espainiako gerraosteko poesiaren artean, nahiz eta hain hizkuntza eta kultura ezberdinak dituzten; ustez urrun badaude ere, biek jasan dute, zoritxarrez, gerra zibil krudela XX. mendean. Orobat, bietan hiru urte iraun zuen, eta zein bere modura, biak daude Bigarren Mundu Gerraren testuinguru globalaren esparruan.
[en] This paper focuses on Horacianes, a poetry book by Valencian poet, Vicent Andrés Estellés, and explores how it becomes an exercise of rewriting the Satires, and Odes and Epodes, by the Latin poet Horace. In this case, however, intertextuality and identifications have a critical component because they allow Estellés to bypass censorship and talk, from the point of view of the quotidian, about topics like sex and eroticism, but also about the hardships of war and issues of political corruption.

[eu] Lan hau Vicent Andres Estelles poetaren Horacianes poema-bildumari buruzkoa da, eta Horazio poeta latinoaren Sàtires etaOdes i Epodes berridazteko modua aztertzen du. Baina kasu honetan intertestualitateak eta identifikazio-jokoek osagarri kritiko bat dute, eta Estellesi garai hartako zentsurari aurre egiteko eta normaltasunez hitz egiteko aukera ematen diote; sexuaz eta erotismoaz ez ezik, gerrako saminaz eta politika-ustelkeriaz ere hitz egiten du.
[en] The role of the translator can in many cases be determinant to and have consequences in the literary fame of a certain work. Literary theory and comparative literature try to analyse and systematise these, emphasizing the importance of the study of the relevance of translation for a literary system. This article deals with the balances and imbalances that take place in a cultural and literary context, caused by decisions that justify the need for a certain translation, by analysing the relations between the Scandinavian and Catalan fields.

[eu] Itzultzaileak egiten duen lana, sarri, erabakigarria da eta obra jakin baten zori literarioan eragina izan dezake. Teoria literarioak eta literatura konparatua eragin horiek ikertzen eta sistematizatzen saiatzen dira. Artikulu honen autorearen helburua sistema literarioan itzulpenak duen garrantziari buruzko ikerketan sakontzea da. Artikulu honek balizko itzulpen bat justifikatuko luketen arrazoiek testuinguru kultural eta literarioan eragiten duten oreka eta desorekak aztertuko ditu. Horretarako eremu eskandinaviar eta katalanaren arteko erlazioak analizatuko ditu.
[en] This essay deals with the aesthetic ideology, the style, the theory of knowledge, the conception of the subject and language of the Romanian writer E. M. Cioran. Leaving aside his widely publicised nihilism and scepticism, this essay focuses on the poetic nature of his aphorisms which is intended to create a place outside of the language contradicting the language itself. A place where concepts become something physical, like flesh-and-blood words where the poet poured everything he knows about the body intending to create a defamiliarization effect.

[eu] Artikulu honek E. M. Cioran idazle errumaniarraren ideia estetikoak, estiloa, ezagutzaren teoria eta subjektuaren zein hizkuntzaren ikuskera ditu hizpide. Albo batera utzita horrenbestetan aipatu zaizkion nihilismoa eta eszeptizismoa, saiakera honek bere aforismoen poetikotasuna aztertuko du, alegia, hizkuntzarekiko kontraesana eraginez, hizkuntzatik kanpo esparru bat sortzea helburu izango duen poetikotasun hori. Hain zuzen, kontzeptuak zerbait fisiko bilakatzen diren eremuan kokatzen da, poetak, urruneratze efektua sortzeko asmoarekin, bere gorputzaren jakituria isurtzen duen hezur-haragizko hitzetan.
[en] Nicaragua's oldest known theatre play, El Güegüense, is one of the most recognizable and symbolic cultural references in this country. Through its social and cultural narratives, located inside and outside the theatre/drama, the play has become an important site for Nicaraguan identity negotiations. Some Nicaraguans take the play's performance as the means for evoking and communicating memories, knowledge, personhood, and religiosity through embodied performed public acts. This article traces local contemporary practices of the play, in the form of its annual performance in the town of Diriamba, and compares these with elite Nicaraguan literary and intellectual understandings of the El Güegüense script. It is argued that the embodied experiences of the play's performers disrupt the homogenized, nationalist narrative of a Nicaraguan "Mestizo" identity.

[eu] Nikaraguan ezagutzen den antzezlan zaharrena, El Güegüense, herrialdeko erreferentzia kultural sinboliko esanguratxuenetariko bat da. Antzezlan eta dramaren barruan zein kanpoan kokatzen diren narratiba sozial eta kulturalen bitartez, nikaraguako identitate negoziazioentzat gune garrantzitxu bat izatera heldu da antzezlan hau. Nikaraguatar askok lan honen antzezpena, ekitaldi publikoen bitartez jakintza, nortasuna eta jarrera erlojiosoak gogora ekarri eta komunikatzen dituen garraiobidetzat daukate. Artikulu honek, Diriamba hiriko urteroko emanaldietan kokatuta, antzezlaren jarduera garaikideak azaltzen ditu eta hauek, nikaraguako elite intelektual eta literarioak El Güeüenseri buruz daukan interpretazionaz konparatzen ditu. Emanaldietako antzezleen esperientziek, Nikaraguako "mestizo" identitate nazionalista bermatzen duten narratiba homogeneoak asaldatzen dituztela eztabaidatzen da.
[en] This paper analyzes The Simpsons' use of the witch to uncover how her constructionin this animated series reflects not only the current theoretical work on the witch but also the ambivalence about the role of women in modern American society. This paper posits that the original construction of the witch, as seen in current interpretation of Early Modern pamphletsand cultural artifacts,steemed from the time period's expetations of gender. Further, The Simpsons' incorporation of the witch into its episodes revels that many of these same gender constraints exist in modern culture.

[eu] Lan honetan The Simpsons telesailean sorginaren irudia nola erabiltzen den aztertzen da. Izan ere, marrazki bizidunen telesail horretan, sorginaren irudiak sorginari buruzko egungo lan teorikoa islatzeaz gain, emakumeak AEBko gizarte modernoan duen anbibalentzia ere adierazten du. Txosten honek proposatzen du sorginaren benetako eraketa generoaren itxaropena zegoen garaitik datorrela, Aro Moderno goiztiarreko panfletoen eta kultura-elementuen egungo interpretazioek dioten bezala. Gainera, The Simpsons telesailak sorginaren irudia atal horietan sartzeak adierazten du genero berdin horietako asko kultura modernoan daudela.
[en] Arabic medieval literature possesses the singularity of having elaborated an impressive theory on intertextuality and the limits of poetic imitation and appropriation. In this context, Arabic theoreticians considered simultaneously and paradoxically plagiarism (sariqa) as a violation of literary rules and one among other legitimate rhetorical resources for poets. At present, it has not been accounted for their possible ascendant in the construction of medieval poetics of Christianity, though, in the light of certain evidences, a tangential or implicit influence may not be rejected. For this reason, the study of the authors from al-Andalus, and from other border territories, acquires a great interest, as privileged sceneries of these textual intercourses.

[eu] Erdi Aroko literatura arabiarraren berezitasun nagusia intertestualitateari buruzko eta poesiaren jabetzeari eta imitazioari buruzko teoria garrantzitsua egin izana da. Testuinguru horretan, tratatu-idazle arabiarrek plagioak (sariga) arau literarioak hausten zituela uste zuten aldi berean eta paradoxikoki; gainera, plagioa poetaren zilegizko baliabide literariotzat jotzen zuten. Oraindik ez dakigu Mendebaldeko kristauen Erdi Aroko poesiak eragina izan ote zuen, baina, ebidentzia jakin batzuen arabera, ez da nabarmenatzen eragin ukitzaile edo inpliziturik. Horregatik, bai al –Andaluseko autoreen, bai mugako lurraldeen azterketak interes handia pizten du, testuen trukeen toki aproposa baitzen.