[en] This paper presents an applied methodology for the graphic documentation, analysis and criteria determination for the protection and conservation of built heritage. One of the main risks when restoring medieval rammed earth architecture is the lacking of an optimal graphic base of its structures. This paper's main objective is the holistic knowledge of the Píñar fortress (Granada), analysis the building sequence from an archaeological perspective, and performing a rigorous 3D survey of its structures as a fundamental procedure. This survey was carried out applying the new technologies in graphic documentation: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based multi-image photogrammetry and Structure-from-Motion (SfM) processing. The new systems of aerial three-dimensional (3D) capture and representation are changing the paradigm in the architectural heritage documentation, being much more efficient and precise. This high-quality documentation is fundamental for the archaeological research of the fortress' building sequence, remarkably easing research as well as results dissemination. The constructive techniques and building sequence study made with archaeological methodology has revealed the complex historical evolution of Píñar fortress, since it was built in the Almohad period, with important transformations in Nasrid and Castilian periods. These alterations in such a narrow span of time shed light on the importance of this fortification in the border organization in the Late Middle Ages. The experimentation with Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools applied to heritage (HBIM) is showing its great potential in processing data linked to conceptual models, integrating graphic documentation with archaeological and historical interpretation. Nevertheless, the complexity of historical buildings and the hard work of manual modelling are making its wider use in archaeology difficult.

[es] Este artículo presenta una metodología aplicada para la documentación gráfica, análisis y determinación de los criterios de intervención en la protección y conservación del patrimonio edificado. Uno de los principales riesgos que presentan las intervenciones sobre el patrimonio fortificado en tierra es la falta de una base gráfica óptima. De ahí que el objetivo del presente trabajo sea el conocimiento integral de la fortaleza de Píñar (Granada), realizando el análisis de la secuencia constructiva a partir del levantamiento fotogramétrico SfM (Structure-from-Motion) utilizando cámaras montadas sobre UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), en conjunto con una lectura estratigráfica de paramentos. Este tipo de captura aérea con UAV está transformando los paradigmas en la documentación del patrimonio construido, haciéndola mucho más eficiente y precisa. Esta documentación de gran calidad es la base fundamental para la investigación arqueológica de la evolución de la fortaleza, facilitando enormemente la difusión de los resultados. La investigación arqueológica de la secuencia constructiva ha puesto de manifiesto la compleja evolución histórica de la fortaleza, desde su construcción en época almohade, con importantes transformaciones en época nazarí y castellana, evidencia de su importancia en la defensa de la frontera.