[ca] A l'edat moderna, les relacions dels estats europeus amb l'Imperi otomà i el món mediterrani es caracteritzaven per una complexa xarxa de consolats que gaudien de privilegis atorgats mitjançant capitulacions pel sultà o els deys i beys nord-africans. La qüestió de la "seguretat" era sobretot entesa com a tranquil·litat en la pràctica lliure dels negocis i del comerç. La transformació d'aquesta situació entre finals del segle XVIII i fins aproximadament 1840 es caracteritza per una complexa superposició de continuïtat i ruptura entre les realitats de l'època moderna i les de la contemporània: la infraestructura del sistema consular va persistir durant molt de temps, mentre que la invasió d'Egipte (1797), les guerres napoleòniques, la guerra d'independència grega (iniciada el 1822) i la invasió d'Algèria (1830) van canviar profundament la regió. "Seguretat", de la manera que la van concebre polítics liberals com Chateaubriand, Benjamin Constant i Jeremy Bentham, es va convertir en un terme central per ordenar les noves realitats emergents en termes de política nacional i internacional. Al mateix temps, mentre la invasió de Grècia pels aliats europeus podria ser concebuda com la primera intervenció humanitària moderna, un tipus d'intervenció militar semblant a Algèria es concep com el primer acte modern de colonització amb ús de forces militars per part de França. Aquesta dialèctica entre les dues cares de l'intervencionisme sota diferents etiquetes com a excepció en les regles del sistema de relacions internacionals posteriors al Congrés de Viena produïa noves concepcions sobre la seguretat dins i fora del Mediterrani.

[en] In early modern times, European international relationships with the Ottoman Empire and in the Mediterranean were characterized by a complex system of consular networks privileged by the sultan or the North-African deys and beys by way of capitulations. Security was mostly addressed in terms of safety for the free practice of trade and commerce. The transformation of this situation between the late eighteenth century until around 1840 is characterized by complex entanglements of continuity and rupture between early modern and modern realities: the infrastructure of the consular system persisted for a long time, while the invasion of Egypt (1797), the continental Napoleonic Wars, the Greek War of Independence (starting 1822) and the invasion of Algeria (1830) were profoundly changing the region. "Security", as conceived by liberal men of politics like Chateaubriand, Benjamin Constant and Jeremy Bentham, became a central term to order the emerging new realities in terms of state and international politics. At the same time, while one conceives of the European allies' invasion of Greece as perhaps the first modern humanitarian intervention, more or less the same type of military intervention in Algeria is conceived of as France's first modern act of colonization by military forces. This dialectic of the two-sided face of interventionism under different labels as an exception from the rules of the post-Vienna system of international relations was producing new conceptions of security in and of the Mediterranean.