BSC-LT/ACAData huggingface dataset:
[en] Abstract from English Wikipedia: The Himalayas, or Himalaya (), (Sanskrit: himá (हिम, \"snow\") and ā-laya (आलय, \"abode, receptacle, dwelling\")), is a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has many of Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest in (Nepal-China)border. The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7,200 m (23,600 ft) in elevation, including ten of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks. By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia (Aconcagua, in the Andes) is 6,961 m (22,838 ft) tall. Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate, the Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long. Its western anchor, Nanga Parbat, lies just south of the northernmost bend of the Indus river. Its eastern anchor, Namcha Barwa, is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River (upper stream of the Brahmaputra River). The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges. To the north, the chain is separated from the Tibetan Plateau by a 50–60 km (31–37 mi) wide tectonic valley called the Indus-Tsangpo Suture. Towards the south the arc of the Himalaya is ringed by the very low Indo-Gangetic Plain. The range varies in width from 350 km (220 mi) in the west (Pakistan) to 150 km (93 mi) in the east (Arunachal Pradesh). The Himalayas are inhabited by 52.7 million people, and are spread across five countries: Bhutan, China, India, Nepal and Pakistan. The Hindu Kush range in Afghanistan and Hkakabo Razi in Myanmar are normally not included, but they are both (with the addition of Bangladesh) part of the greater Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) river system.

[es] Resumen extraído de Wikipedia en español: El Himalaya es una cordillera situada en el continente asiático, y se extiende por varios países: Bután, Nepal, China, India y Pakistán. Es la cordillera más alta de la Tierra, con más de cien cimas que superan los 7000 metros y nueve cimas de más de 8000 metros de altura, entre las cuales se halla el Monte Everest, de 8848 msnm, la montaña más alta del planeta sobre el nivel del mar. Forma parte de un mayor: el sistema de los Himalayas, un conjunto compuesto por las cordilleras del Himalaya, Karakórum, donde se encuentran los restantes cinco ochomiles, Hindú Kush y diversas otras subcordilleras que se extienden a partir del Nudo del Pamir y sus subcordilleras adyacentes. En el Himalaya nacen algunos de los mayores ríos del mundo: el río Ganges, el río Indo, el río Brahmaputra, río Yamuna y el río Yangtsé, en cuyos cauces viven no menos de 1300 millones de personas. Las montañas del Himalaya han influido profundamente sobre las culturas de Asia del Sur, y muchas de ellas son sagradas para el hinduismo y para el budismo.
[en] Abstract from English Wikipedia: A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow. This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are exactly or very closely aligned (in syzygy), with Earth between the other two. A lunar eclipse can occur only on the night of a full moon. The type and length of a lunar eclipse depend on the Moon's proximity to either node of its orbit. During a total lunar eclipse, Earth completely blocks direct sunlight from reaching the Moon. The only light reflected from the lunar surface has been refracted by Earth's atmosphere. This light appears reddish for the same reason that a sunset or sunrise does: the Rayleigh scattering of bluer light. Due to this reddish color, a totally eclipsed Moon is sometimes called a blood moon. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse can last up to nearly 2 hours, while a total solar eclipse lasts only up to a few minutes at any given place, due to the smaller size of the Moon's shadow. Also unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions, as they are dimmer than the full Moon. For the date of the next eclipse, see the section Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses.

[es] Resumen extraído de Wikipedia en español: Un eclipse lunar (del latín eclipsis y este del griego Î•Î°Î"ÎµÎ¯ÏˆÎµÎ1Ï') es un evento astronómico que sucede cuando la Tierra se interpone entre el Sol y la Luna, generando un cono de sombra que oscurece a la Luna. Para que suceda un eclipse, los tres cuerpos celestes, la Tierra, el Sol y la Luna, deben estar exactamente alineados o muy cerca de estarlo, de tal modo que la Tierra bloquee los rayos solares que llegan al satélite, por eso los eclipses lunares solo pueden ocurrir en la fase de luna llena. Los eclipses lunares se clasifican en parciales (solo una parte de la Luna es ocultada), totales (toda la superficie lunar entra en el cono de sombra terrestre) y penumbrales (la Luna entra en el cono de penumbra de la Tierra). La duración y el tipo de eclipse depende de la localización de la Luna respecto de sus nodos orbitales. A diferencia de los eclipses solares, que pueden ser vistos solo desde una parte relativamente pequeña de la Tierra y duran unos pocos minutos, un eclipse lunar puede ser visto desde cualquier parte de la Tierra en la que sea de noche y se prolonga durante varias horas.
[en] Abstract from English Wikipedia: A university (Latin: universitas, 'a whole') is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education. The word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. The modern university system has roots in the European medieval university, which was created in Italy and evolved from cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages.

[es] Resumen extraído de Wikipedia en español: Una universidad es una institución académica de enseñanza superior e investigación que otorga títulos académicos en diferentes disciplinas. Se puede ubicar en uno o varios lugares llamados campus.​ La universidad moderna tiene su origen en las universidades de los siglos XII Y XIII, las cuales son un desarrollo de las escuelas catedralicias y escuelas monásticas.​
[en] Abstract from English Wikipedia: \"James Busby (7 February 1802 – 15 July 1871) was appointed in 1833 as the British Resident in New Zealand, and became involved in drafting both the 1835 Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand and the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi. As British Resident, he acted as New Zealand's first jurist and the \"originator of law in Aotearoa\", to whom New Zealand owes almost all of its underlying jurisprudence'. Busby is also regarded as the \"father\" of the Australian wine industry, as he brought the first collection of vine stock from Spain and France to Australia.\"

[es] Resumen biográfico extraído de Wikipedia en español: \"James Busby (Edimburgo, Escocia, 7 de febrero de 1801 – Bromley, Inglaterra, 15 de julio de 1871) fue un residente británico que viajó a Nueva Zelanda, participó en la Declaración de Independencia de Nueva Zelanda y en el Tratado de Waitangi, y es reconocido como el \"padre\" de la industria del vino australiano, ya que llevó la primera colección de cepas de vid a Australia desde España y Francia. Como residente británico, actuó como el primer jurista en Nueva Zelanda, y fue autor de la ley en Aotearoa, de la cual se deriva casi la totalidad de la jurisprudencia de Nueva Zelanda.​\"
[en] Abstract form English Wikipedia: "Ricardo Jaimes Freyre (May 12, 1868 - April 24, 1933) was a Peruvian-born Bolivian poet."<\blockquote>

[es] Resumen biográfico extraído de Wikipedia en español: "Ricardo Jaimes Freyre (Tacna, 12 de mayo de 1868 - Buenos Aires 8 de noviembre de 1933) fue un escritor, poeta, historiador y diplomático boliviano naturalizado argentino. Es considerado uno de los referentes del modernismo latinoamericano."<\blockquote>
[en] Abstract from English Wikipedia: \"Ricardo Jaimes Freyre (May 12, 1868 – April 24, 1933) was a Peruvian-born Bolivian poet.\"

[es] Resumen biográfico extraído de Wikipedia en español: \"Ricardo Jaimes Freyre (Tacna, 12 de mayo de 1866 - Buenos Aires 8 de noviembre de 1933) fue un escritor, poeta, historiador y diplomático boliviano naturalizado argentino. Es considerado uno de los referentes del modernismo latinoamericano.​\"
[en] Abstract from English Wikipedia: \"Konrad Haebler (29 October 1857 – 13 December 1946) was a German (Saxonian) librarian, historian and expert on incunabula. He studied philology in Leipzig and worked in the royal public library in his native Dresden from 1879.He specialized in the history and literature of Habsburg Spain.His research into the economic history of Spain led to an interest in early prints. From 1898, he was in charge of cataloguing the incunabula of Dresden library. For this purpose he began to compile a systematic comparison of types. This led to the publication of his 1905 Typenrepertorium.From 1904 to 1920, he chaired the commission editing the Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke. From 1907, he was at the royal library in Berlin, and from 1914 curator of the manuscript section there.\"

[es] Resumen biográfico extraído de Wikipedia en español: \"Konrad Haebler, (29 de octubre de 1857 - 13 de diciembre de 1946) Conrado Haebler en publicaciones españolas de comienzos del XX fue un bibliotecario, biliólogo, historiador y experto en incunables alemán. Estudió filologí­a en Leipzig y trabajó en la biblioteca pública real en Dresde desde 1879. Se especializó en la historia y literatura de laEspaña de los Austrias. El estudio de la historia económica de España le condujo a un interés en los inicios de la imprenta. Desde 1898, estuvo al cargo de la catalogación de los incunables de la Biblioteca de Dresde. Para este propósito comenzó a compilar una comparación sistemática de tipos. Esto llevó a la publicación de Typenrepetorium en 1905.De 1904 a 1920, presidió la comisión que edita el Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke. De 1907, trabajó en la Biblioteca Real de Berlí­n y desde 1914 fue conservador de la sección de manuscritos.\"
[en] Abstract from Wikipedia: "Antonio de Morga Sánchez Garay (1559 - July 21, 1636) was a Spanish lawyer and a high-ranking colonial official for 43 years, in the Philippines (1594 to 1604), New Spain and Peru, where he was president of the Audencia for 20 years. He was also a historian. After being reassigned to Mexico, he published the book Sucesos de las islas Filipinas in 1609, considered one of the most important works on the early history of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. As Deputy Governor in the Philippines, he restored the audencia. He took over the function of judge or oidor. He also took command of Spanish ships in a 1600 naval battle against Dutch corsairs, but suffered defeat and barely survived. His history was first published in English in 1868; numerous editions have been published in English, including a 1907 edition that is online at the Gutenberg Project. It has also been reprinted in Spanish and other languages."

[es] Resumen biográfico extraído de Wikipedia en español: "Antonio de Morga Sánchez Garay (Sevilla, 29 de noviembre de 1559 - Quito, 21 de julio de 1636) fue un abogado y funcionario colonial de alta graduación en Filipinas, Virreinato de Nueva España y Perú. Conocido también por su faceta como historiador, publicó el libro Sucesos de las islas filipinas en 1609, uno de los trabajos más importantes sobre la primera época de la historia de la colonización española de las Filipinas. Antonio de Morga además comandó una flota española en una batalla naval contra piratas holandeses en las Filipinas, en 1600."
[en] Abstract from English Wikipedia: Reading is the complex cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning. It is a form of language processing. Success in this process is measured as reading comprehension. Reading is a means for language acquisition, communication, and sharing information and ideas. The symbols are typically visual (written or printed) but may be tactile (Braille). Like all languages, it is a complex interaction between text and reader, shaped by prior knowledge, experiences, attitude, and the language community\"which is culturally and socially situated. Readers use a variety of reading strategies to decode (to translate symbols into sounds or visual representations of speech) and comprehend. Readers may use context clues to identify the meaning of unknown words. Readers integrate the words they have read into their existing framework of knowledge or schema. Other types of reading are not speech based writing systems, such as music notation or pictograms. The common link is the interpretation of symbols to extract the meaning from the visual notations or tactile signals (as in the case of Braille).

[es] Resumen extraído de Wikipedia en español: La lectura es el proceso de comprensión de algún tipo de información o ideas almacenadas en un soporte y transmitidas mediante algún tipo de código, usualmente un lenguaje, que puede ser visual o táctil (por ejemplo, el sistema braille). Otros tipos de lectura pueden no estar basados en el lenguaje tales como la notación o los pictogramas.También se le puede dar el significado como una de las habilidades humanas para descifrar letras o cualquier otro idioma que esté o no inventado por el ser humano. La lectura es una lectura.​ Weber ha planteado tres definiciones para la lectura: \n* Saber pronunciar las palabras escritas. \n* Saber identificar las palabras y el significado de cada una de ellas. \n* Saber extraer y comprender el significado de un texto.​
[en] Abstract from English Wikipedia: Thomism is the philosophical school that arose as a legacy of the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church. In philosophy, Aquinas' disputed questions and commentaries on Aristotle are perhaps his best-known works. In theology, his Summa Theologica is amongst the most influential documents in medieval theology and continues to be the central point of reference for the philosophy and theology of the Catholic Church. In the 1914 encyclical Doctoris Angelici Pope Pius X cautioned that the teachings of the Church cannot be understood without the basic philosophical underpinnings of Aquinas' major theses: The capital theses in the philosophy of St. Thomas are not to be placed in the category of opinions capable of being debated one way or another, but are to be considered as the foundations upon which the whole science of natural and divine things is based; if such principles are once removed or in any way impaired, it must necessarily follow that students of the sacred sciences will ultimately fail to perceive so much as the meaning of the words in which the dogmas of divine revelation are proposed by the magistracy of the Church. The Second Vatican Council described Aquinas' system as the Perennial Philosophy.

[es] Resumen extraído de Wikipedia en español: Tomismo es la escuela filosófica y teológica que surgió como un legado del conocimiento y el pensamiento de Santo Tomás de Aquino, filósofo, teólogo, santo y Doctor de la Iglesia. La palabra viene del nombre de su autor, cuya Summa Theologiae fue uno de los documentos más influyentes en la teología y en la filosofía medieval y sigue siendo estudiada hoy en día en las clases de filosofía y de teología, especialmente en las universidades católicas. En la encíclica , del papa Pío X, advirtió que las enseñanzas de la Iglesia no pueden ser entendidas en su sentido preciso sin los fundamentos filosóficos y teológicos básicos de las tesis principales de Tomás: La tesis capital en la filosofía de Santo Tomás no se va a colocar en la categoría de opiniones que puedan ser objeto de debate de una manera u otra, sino que deben ser consideradas como los cimientos sobre los que se basa toda la ciencia de las cosas naturales y divinas, si estas opiniones son una vez suprimidas o alteradas en modo alguno, que necesariamente deban seguir los estudiantes de las ciencias sagradas en última instancia, no se percibirán tanto como el significado de las palabras en el que los dogmas de la revelación divina son propuestos por la magistratura de la Iglesia. El Concilio Vaticano II describe el sistema de Tomás como la \"filosofía perenne\".
[en] Abstract from English Wikipedia: \"Joan Bastardas i Parera (Barcelona, 1919-2009) was a Catalan Latinist and Romance philologist, the son of the lawyer and politician Albert Bastardas i Sampere. He studied at the University of Barcelona, with Marií Bassols de Climent, and wrote a PhD dissertation on Medieval Latin syntax, for which he received the Antonio de Nebrija Prize (1951). He was also indirectly a student of the Swedish Latinist Dag Norberg. He was first appointed lecturer, then assistant (1967), and finally obtained a chair in Latin Philology (1976) at the University of Barcelona. His research was devoted to Medieval Latin (particularly Hispanic Medieval Latin) and to preliterary Catalan. He was director (1960-1985) of the Glossarium Mediae Latinitatis Cataloniae, a dictionary of the Medieval Latin of Catalonia, a research project which is part of the global project Novum Glossarium Mediae Latinitatis of the Union Académique Internationale. He was a member of the Fundació Bernat Metge committee, which publishes a series of Greek and Latin authors with a Catalan translation. He also collaborated to the Enciclopedia Lingí¼í­stica Hispánica. In 1972 he was elected a member of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans, where he was also vice-president (1983-1986) and director of the \"Lexicographic Office\". He was also appointed as a member of the Acadí¨mia de Bones Lletres de Barcelona in 1977; his entering speech dealt with the Usatges de Barcelona (customary laws of Barcelona; 12th century). He was awarded the cross \"Creu de Sant Jordi\" by the Generalitat de Catalunya (1991), the prize Manuel Sanchis Guarner (1996), the essay prize by the Institució de les Lletres Catalanes (1997) and the medal of the Institut dâ€™Estudis Catalans (1997).\"

[es] Resumen biográfico extraído de Wikipedia en español: \"Joan Bastardas i Parera (Barcelona, 1919-Barcelona, 31 de enero de 2009) fue un latinista y romanista español. Hijo de Albert Bastardas, fue catedrático de la Universidad de Barcelona y centró sus trabajos en el estudio del latí­n medieval hispánico. Era jefe de redacción del Glossarium Mediae Latinitatis Cataloniae, proyecto de glosario del latí­n medieval de fuentes catalanas llevado a cabo por la Institución Milà i Fontanals del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientí­ficas, con la colaboración de la Universidad de Barcelona y del IEC (Instituto de Estudios Catalanes). También fue colaborador de la Enciclopedia Lingí¼í­stica Hispánica. Miembro del Instituto de Estudios Catalanes desde 1972 siendo su vicepresidente durante el periodo de 1983 a 1986, y de la Real Academia de las Buenas Letras de Barcelona desde 1977, fue reconocido con el premio \"Manuel Sanchis Guarner\" en 1996, el premio de ensayo de la Institució de les Lletres Catalanes en 1997, la Cruz de Sant Jordi en 1991 y la medalla del IEC en 1997. Murió el 31 de enero de 2009.\"
[en] Abstract from English Wikipedia: \"Emilio Castelar y Ripoll (7 September 1832 – 25 May 1899) was a Spanish republican politician, and a president of the First Spanish Republic. Castelar was born in Cádiz. He was an eloquent orator and a writer. Appointed as Head of State in 1873 in the midst of the Third Carlist War and having been given full powers by the Parliament, he ruled by decree. He left office after Pavia's coup d'état the following year. He wrote a history of the Republican Movement in Europe among other works of political interest.\"

[es] Resumen biográfico extraído de Wikipedia en español: \"Emilio Castelar y Ripoll (Cádiz, 7 de septiembre de 1832-San Pedro del Pinatar, 25 de mayo de 1899) fue un polí­tico, historiador, periodista y escritor español, presidente del Poder Ejecutivo de la Primera República entre 1873 y 1874. Durante el reinado de Isabel II militó en la oposición a la monarquí­a desde diversos periódicos, al mismo tiempo que impartí­a clases de Historia en la Universidad de Madrid. Uno de sus artí­culos le costó la cátedra, siendo condenado a muerte en 1865. Consiguió escapar al exilio en Parí­s pero regresó a España con la Revolución de 1868, que destronó a Isabel II. Ya en suelo español se opuso al Gobierno provisional de Prim y a la monarquí­a de Amadeo I como uno de los principales lí­deres de los republicanos. Con el advenimiento de la Primera República en 1873 fue nombrado ministro de Estado, después presidente del Congreso de los Diputados y por último jefe del Estado el 7 de septiembre del mismo año. Partidario de un republicanismo unitario y conservador, no tuvo objeciones en aplazar las reformas sociales y en utilizar la fuerza para establecer el orden, provocando una moción de censura en su contra de la mayorí­a federal, lo que precipitó el golpe de Estado del general Paví­a el 3 de enero de 1874. Durante la Restauración borbónica volvió al escaño en Cortes desde posiciones próximas al dinástico Partido Liberal. Es recordado como uno de los oradores más importantes de la historia de España.\"
[en] Abstract from English Wikipedia: \"Juan de Villanueva (September 15, 1739 in Madrid – August 22, 1811) was a Spanish architect. Alongside Ventura Rodríguez, Villanueva is the best known architect of Spanish Neoclassicism.\"

[es] Resumen biográfico extraído de Wikipedia en español: \"Juan Antonio de Villanueva y de Montes (Madrid, 15 de septiembre de 1739-id., 22 de agosto de 1811) fue un arquitecto español, máximo exponente de la arquitectura neoclásica en España.\"
[en] Abstract from English Wikipedia: \"Juan Gualberto Gómez Ferrer (July 12, 1854 - March 5, 1933) was an Afro-Cuban revolutionary leader in the Cuban War of Independence against Spain. He was a \"close collaborator of [José] Martí­'s,\" and alongside him helped plan the uprising and unite the island's black population behind the rebellion. He was an activist for independence and a journalist who worked on and later founded several pivotal anti-royalist and pro-racial equality newspapers. He authored numerous works on liberty and racial justice in Latin America as well. In his later years, he was a \"journalist-politician.\" He defended the revolution against racism and U.S. imperialism and upheld Martí­'s legacy in print (often under the pseudonym \"G\") as he served the Cuban state; he was a part of the Committee of Consultations that drafted and amended the Constitution of 1901, and was a representative and senator in the Cuban legislature. He is best remembered as \"the most conspicuous\" Afro-Cuban activist leader of the 1890s independence struggle and \"one of the revolution's great ideologues.\"\"

[es] Resumen biográfico extraído de Wikipedia en español: \"Juan Gualberto Gómez Ferrer (12 de julio de 1854, (hoy Municipio Juan Gualberto Gómez), Matanzas, Cuba - La Habana, 5 de marzo de 1933) fue un político (patriota), periodista y líder de los afroamericanos cubanos, que se destacó en la lucha por la Independencia de Cuba y durante la etapa republicana comprendida entre 1901 y 1933.\"
[en] Abstract from English Wikipedia: \"Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (born Gaspar Melchor de Jove y Llanos, 5 January 1744 – 27 November 1811) was a Spanish neoclassical statesman, author, philosopher and a major figure of the Age of Enlightenment in Spain.\"

[es] Resumen biográfico extraído de Wikipedia en español: \"Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (Gijón, 5 de enero de 1744-Puerto de Vega, Navia, 27 de noviembre de 1811) fue un escritor, jurista y político ilustrado español.\"