[en] Abstract from English Wikipedia: Mexico (Spanish: México [Ëˆmexiko] (); Nahuan languages: MÄ"xihco), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos; EUM [esËˆtaí°os uËˆnií°oz mexiËˆkanos] ()), is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico covers 1,972,550 square kilometers (761,610 sq mi) and has approximately 128,649,565 inhabitants, making it the world's 13th-largest country by area, 10th-most populous country, and most populous Spanish-speaking nation. It is a federation comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital city and largest metropolis. Other major urban areas include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and León. Pre-Columbian Mexico traces its origins to 8,000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization; it was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, most well-known among them the Maya and the Aztecs. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico City, which then became known as New Spain. The Catholic Church played an important role as millions of indigenous inhabitants converted. These populations were heavily exploited to mine rich deposits of precious material, which became a major source of wealth for the Spanish. Mexico became an independent nation state after the successful Mexican War of Independence against Spain in 1821. The War of Texas Independence in 1836 and the Mexican-American War led to huge territorial losses in Mexico's sparsely populated north, contiguous to the United States. The newly instituted reforms that granted protection to indigenous communities, and curtailed the power of the military and the church, were enshrined in the Constitution of 1857. This triggered the War of the Reform and French intervention. Maximilian Habsburg was installed as emperor by France and Benito Juárez kept an opposing republican government in exile. The following decades were marked by instability and dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, who sought to modernize Mexico and restore order. The Porfiriato ended with the Mexican Revolution in 1910 and the winning Constitutionalist faction drafted a new 1917 Constitution. The revolutionary generals of the winning northern faction dominated the 1920s and served as presidents, but the 1928 assassination of Alvaro Obregón led to the formation of the Institutional Revolutionary Party in 1929, under which Mexico was a one-party state until 2000. Mexico is a developing country, ranking 76th on the Human Development Index, but is considered a newly industrialized state by several analysts. It has the world's 15th-largest economy by nominal GDP and the 11th-largest by PPP, with the United States being its largest economic partner. The large economy, area, population and politics make Mexico a regional power and a middle power, and is often identified as an emerging power. However, Mexico continues to struggle with social inequalities, poverty and extensive crime; the country ranks poorly on the Global Peace Index. Since 2006, the conflict between the government and drug trafficking syndicates lead to over 120,000 deaths. Mexico ranks first in the Americas and 7th in the world for the number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Mexico is an ecologically megadiverse, ranking 5th in the world for its natural biodiversity. Mexico receives a significant number of tourists every year; in 2018, it was the 6th most-visited country in the world, with 39 million international arrivals. Mexico is a member of the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus group of the UN, and the Pacific Alliance trade bloc.

[es] Resumen extraído de Wikipedia en español: México ( ), oficialmente Estados Unidos Mexicanos, es un país soberano ubicado en la parte meridional de América del Norte con capital en la Ciudad de México. Políticamente es una república representativa, democrática, federal y laica, compuesta por 32 entidades federativas (31 estados y la capital federal). El territorio mexicano tiene una superficie de 1 964 375 km2, por lo que es el decimotercer país más extenso del mundo y el tercero más grande de América Latina. Limita al norte con los Estados Unidos de América a lo largo de una frontera de 3 155 km, mientras que al sur tiene una frontera de 958 km con Guatemala y 276 km con Belice. Las costas del país limitan al oeste con el océano Pacífico y al este con el golfo de México y el mar Caribe, sumando 9 330 km, por lo que es el tercer país americano con mayor longitud de litoral. México es el undécimo país más poblado del mundo, con una población estimada en más de 126 millones de personas en 2019. La mayoría de ellas tiene como lengua materna el español, al que el estado reconoce como lengua nacional junto a 67 lenguas indígenas propias de la nación, si bien en el país se hablan alrededor de 287 idiomas. Estas cifras convierten a México en el país con mayor número de hispanohablantes, así como en el séptimo país con mayor diversidad lingí¼ística en el mundo. La presencia humana en México se remonta a 14 000 años antes del presente. Como fruto de miles de años de desarrollo cultural surgieron en el territorio mexicano las culturas mesoamericanas, aridoamericanas y oasisamericanas. El actual territorio central de México fue el principal y mayor escenario del pueblo mexica y, en parte, del pueblo maya, dos de las civilizaciones más importantes de la América precolombina. Durante 300 años, la totalidad del actual territorio formó parte del Virreinato de Nueva España, con capital en la Ciudad de México, siendo una de las entidades más importantes del Imperio Español en América. Tras la dominación española, Nueva España inició la lucha por su independencia política en 1810, que culminó en 1821. Posteriormente, durante cerca de un siglo el país se vio envuelto en una serie de guerras internas e invasiones extranjeras que tuvieron repercusiones en todos los ámbitos de la vida de los mexicanos. Durante buena parte del siglo XX (principalmente el segundo tercio) tuvo lugar un período de gran crecimiento económico en el marco de una política dominada por un solo partido político. Según la Organización Mundial del Turismo, México es el principal destino turístico de América Latina y el sexto más visitado en el mundo. Esto se debe en gran medida a los 34 sitios culturales o naturales que son considerados por la UNESCO como Patrimonio de la Humanidad, y es en este sentido el primero en el continente y sexto en el mundo. En términos macroeconómicos, por producto interno bruto (PIB) es la decimocuarta economía mundial y la undécima por paridad del poder adquisitivo (PPA); en escala regional, es la segunda economía de América Latina y la cuarta del continente. Según el informe de 2018 de desarrollo humano de la ONU, tiene un índice de desarrollo humano alto de 0.774, y ocupa el lugar 74 ° en el mundo, México también es uno de los países con mayor diversidad de climas en el mundo, considerado uno de los 17 países megadiversos del planeta, es hogar del 10-12 % de la biodiversidad mundial y alberga a más de 12 000 especies endémicas.