BSC-LT/ACAData huggingface dataset:
[en] Gold nanoparticles have been used since ancient times for ornamental and healing purposes. In the last decades, its study has been promoted by the scientific community due to its unique physical, chemical and optical properties, dependent on size. Recently, this has constituted one of the biggest advances in applied nanotechnology in health. In pharmaceutical science, nanoparticles can be innovative tools for analysis, diagnosis and therapeutic procedures. Nowadays, nanoparticles are used as drug delivery devices in order to reduce either doses or adverse effects since they improve the biodistribution of drugs by making a modified and adapted release to treat diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. This pathology of unknown origin is treated with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, such as methotrexate and tocilizumab, whose purpose is to slow down the process, which can even stop the evolution of the disease and prevent further damage to the disease affected areas. However, these drugs have high toxicity when they are used for long periods of time. As an alternative to current therapy, this work aims to study the potential improvement in treatment by encapsulating methotrexate in gold nanoparticles, as well as vectorizing them with tocilizumab.

[es] Las nanopart?culas de oro han sido utilizadas desde la antig?edad con fines ornamentales y curativos. En las ?ltimas d?cadas se ha fomentado su estudio en la comunidad cient?fica por sus propiedades f?sicas, qu?micas y ?pticas ?nicas, dependientes de tama?o, constituyendo uno de los mayores avances de los ?ltimos a?os en nanotecnolog?a aplicada en la salud. En la ciencia farmac?utica, las nanopart?culas pueden ser herramientas innovadoras para an?lisis, diagn?stico y procedimientos terap?uticos. En la actualidad, se estudian para emplearse como sistemas de liberaci?n de f?rmacos para disminuir dosis y con ello efectos adversos, mejorando la biodistribuci?n del f?rmaco mediante una liberaci?n controlada para tratar patolog?as, como la artritis reumatoide. Esta patolog?a, de origen desconocido, es tratada con f?rmacos antirreum?ticos modificadores de la enfermedad, como son metotrexato y tocilizumab, cuya finalidad es hacer m?s lento el proceso, pudiendo llegar hasta detener la evoluci?n de la enfermedad y prevenir un mayor da?o de las zonas afectadas. Sin embargo, estos f?rmacos presentan elevada toxicidad al emplearse durante largos per?odos de tiempo. Como alternativa a la terapia actual, este trabajo pretende estudiar la potencial mejora en el tratamiento al encapsular el metotrexato en nanopart?culas de oro, as? como vectorizar estas con tocilizumab.
[en] This research has the aim of analyzing the way of which the subject of Choral Singing was configured on the curriculum of the Portuguese school, during the First Republic. It is a bibliographic research endorsed on the theoretical premise of Scholar Culture. It was through the Decree No. 4650, of 14 July 1918, that the subject of Choral Singing started to be a part of the Lyceum. The goal was to contribute to the education of the voice, the aesthetic feeling and, mainly, the development of nationalism. The same Decree that originated the subject of Choral Singing also established the creation of an Orfe?o in the educational institutes. The Orfe?es became ways of diffusion of republican ideas. Its purpose was not to attribute an educative role to the subject of Choral Singing on the shaping of the mentees, but to spread the ideology of the current government.

[es] Se trata de una investigaci?n bibliogr?fica, respaldada en los presupuestos te?ricos de la Cultura Escolar. Fue a trav?s del Decreto n.? 4650, de 14 de julio de 1918, que la disciplina Canto Coral pas? a formar parte del curr?culo de los Liceos. El objetivo era contribuir a la educaci?n de la voz, del sentimiento est?tico y, especialmente, al desarrollo del nacionalismo. El mismo decreto que cre? la disciplina Canto Coral establec?a, tambi?n, la creaci?n de un orfe?n en los establecimientos de ense?anza. Los orfeones se convirtieron en veh?culos de difusi?n de las ideas republicanas. Su funci?n primera no era atribuir un papel educativo a la disciplina Canto Coral, en la formaci?n de los escolares, sino propagar la ideolog?a del Gobierno vigente.
[en] Nowadays, when talking about the vaccei, discussions focus on the debate of geographic and cultural boundaries and on the definition of their identity, but bearing in mind that the life of this people was sold for thousands of years by the Roman assimilation. A further reflection makes us wonder if this identity has survived to some extension up to the present: concepts such as the controversial "vaccean collectivism" were used to support various ideological discourses, furthermore it shouldn't be missed the popular uptake of this ancient people today through Rugby's team (vacceos cavaliers), partnerships, trademarks and wines with the name of vaccei, among many others. The aim of this paper is to study how the various factors that determine or define that culture have been used over recent history.

[es] Actualmente, cuando se habla de vacceos, los debates se centran en la discusi?n de sus l?mites geogr?fico-culturales y la definici?n de su identidad, aunque teniendo presente que la vida de este pueblo se agot? con la asimilaci?n romana. Una reflexi?n m?s profunda nos hace preguntarnos si esta identidad ha sobrevivido de alguna forma hasta nuestros d?as: conceptos como el debatido "colectivismo vacceo" fueron utilizados para apoyar diversos discursos ideol?gicos, adem?s no debemos olvidar la asimilaci?n popular de este pueblo en la actualidad a trav?s de grupos de rugby ("vacceos cavaliers"), asociaciones, marcas comerciales, etc. El objetivo de esta intervenci?n es estudiar de qu? forma los diversos elementos que definen o defin?an dicha cultura han sido utilizados a lo largo de la historia reciente.
[en] This work wants to offer a short view of the literature and culture developed in the Canary Isles during the reign period of Charles IV, from a general point of view. Therefore, I cannot offer a detailed perspective of each of the aspects dealt with. This way, what is tackled in this work is a revision of the socio-cultural activities connected to the gatherings or to the economic societies, the educative circumstances, the activity developed by the bishops with the carrying out of facilities or with a reforming teaching at the reading level, such as Tavira, the production of books with an allusion to the printing activity, the most developed literary genres and their authors, the topic preference in poetry ?majority genre?, in prose and in theatre, and an allusion to some of the private libraries.

[es] Este trabajo quiere ofrecer un panorama sint?tico de la literatura y la cultura desarrollada en Canarias durante el reinado de Carlos IV, atendiendo a sus trazos generales. No puede ofrecer, por tanto, una atenci?n detenida de cada uno de los aspectos abordados. As? se hace una revisi?n de las actividades socioculturales ligadas a las tertulias o a las sociedades econ?micas, las circunstancias educativas, la actividad desplegada por los obispos con la realizaci?n de infraestructuras o con un magisterio reformista en el plano de las lecturas, como Tavira, la producci?n de libros con alusi?n a la actividad impresora, los g?neros literarios m?s cultivados y sus autores, las preferencias tem?ticas en poes?a ?g?nero mayoritario?, en prosa y en teatro, y alusi?n a algunas de las bibliotecas particulares.
[en] On July 1885, the Pall Mall Gazette published ?The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon? which graphically exposed the fact that young white girls were being kidnapped for sexual exploitation. The articles not only threw Victorian society into a state of moral panic, but also accomplished the overdue implementation of some legislative measures, not only in England, but in other European countries. Apprehensively ?and echoing the political discourse of the time?. George B. Shaw and Felipe Trigo, through his work, denounced the moral, sexual and economic exploitation of women as well as the lack of coherence between their training, their passive role in society and lack of opportunities. Defying the moral values that enslaved women, these authors propose a model of a new educated, independent, and emancipated woman taking a transcendental role in the transformation of society.?

[es] En julio de 1885, el Pall Mall Gazette public? ?The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon?, que gr?ficamente expon?a la comercializaci?n de j?venes blancas raptadas con fines de explotaci?n sexual. Los art?culos no solo sumergieron a la sociedad victoriana en un estado de p?nico moral, sino que impulsaron la implementaci?n de medidas legislativas, tanto en Inglaterra como en otros pa?ses europeos. T?midamente ?y haci?ndose eco del discurso pol?tico del momento? George B. Shaw y Felipe Trigo denunciaron en su obra la explotaci?n moral, sexual y econ?mica de la mujer, as? como la falta de sinton?a entre su formaci?n, su papel inactivo en la sociedad y la ausencia de oportunidades. Rebel?ndose contra la moral que las esclavizaba estos autores proponen un modelo de nueva mujer educada, independiente y emancipada que tendr? un papel transcendental en la transformaci?n de la sociedad.
[en] The demand for specialized profiles, typical of the knowledge society, has permeated Latin American educational systems, which is why evaluation systems have been established that seek to guarantee specific qualities in professors and scholar principals. The directive function has been recognized in educational research as a relevant activity for school functioning and indirectly for educational results; nevertheless, in the case of some educational systems, for example, the Mexican one, there are few formal offers for preparation in this function. In this framework, the objective of this paper is to identify the training mechanisms that directors use, as well as the knowledge they acquire through these ones. Through qualitative research conducted through interviews with directors and authorities of the Mexican educational system, it was found: 1) through assisted learning processes and learning in practice, in which the directors rely on nearby figures to acquire knowledge about their work; and 2) in self-adhered processes such as the observation and re-elaboration of management models, strategies of inquiry, trial and error and consultation of materials, principals apprehend to identify and solve problems, relate to others, adapt to contexts and manage school documentation. It is concluded that the essential knowledge of the directive function is acquired in the field of work, so it is recommended to redesign the training schemes that are focused on the action.

[es] La demanda de perfiles especializados, propia de la sociedad del conocimiento, ha permeado en los sistemas educativos latinoamericanos, por lo que se han establecido sistemas evaluativos que buscan garantizar cualidades espec?ficas en los profesores y directores. La funci?n directiva ha sido reconocida en la investigaci?n educativa como una actividad relevante para el funcionamiento escolar y de forma indirecta para los resultados educativos; no obstante, en el caso de algunos sistemas educativos, por ejemplo, el mexicano, existen pocas ofertas formales para la preparaci?n en esta funci?n. En este marco, el objetivo del presente trabajo es identificar los mecanismos de formaci?n a las que recurren los directores, as? como los conocimientos que adquieren por medio de ellos. Por medio de una investigaci?n cualitativa realizada mediante entrevistas a directores y autoridades del sistema educativo mexicano, se encontr? que: 1) por medio de procesos de aprendizaje asistido y aprendizaje en la pr?ctica, los directores se apoyan en figuras cercanas para adquirir conocimientos sobre la tarea; y 2) mediante procesos auto-administrados? como la observaci?n y reelaboraci?n de modelos de direcci?n, estrategias de indagaci?n, ensayo y error y consulta de materiales?los directores aprenden a identificar y solucionar problemas, relacionarse con otros, adaptarse a los contextos y administrar la documentaci?n escolar. Se concluye que los saberes esenciales de la funci?n directiva se adquieren en el campo de trabajo, por lo que se recomienda el redise?o de los esquemas formativos que est?n centrados en la acci?n.
[en] Against the usual confrontation between a first-person point of view and a thirdperson point of view of mental attribution, as exclusive and exhaustive possibilities, this paper contends that a different, genuine, alternative standpoint exists: a secondperson perspective. The specific domain of this perspective is spontaneous and reciprocal attributions made in situations of face-to-face-interaction, which entails an expressive understanding of the states attributed. Giving its ontological priority, this perspective offers a way-out of the complementary difficulties that affect the usual theoretical (third-person) and empatie (first-person) approaches.

[es] En este trabajo invito a considerar la existencia de la perspectiva de segunda persona de la atribuci?n mental, como una perspectiva diferenciada de las de primera y tercera persona. Su ?mbito espec?fico ser?a el de las atribuciones espont?neas y rec?procas en situaciones de interacci?n cara a cara, por lo que supondr?a su naturaleza expresiva. Al tratarse de la perspectiva ontogen?ticamente primaria, ofrece una v?a para superar las dificultades complementarias de los enfoques te?ricos (tercera persona) y emp?ticos (primera persona) dominantes.
[en] The purpose of the current study is to investigate architecture students? understanding of the concept of citations. International (28 different countries from the Middle East and Africa) and Turkish university students aged between 17 and 40 and in grades one to four participated in the present study. All the students were found to have at least one misconception about citations. Students were found to lack plagiarism knowledge. Turkish students were more successful in certain areas, while international students were not found to be more successful than Turkish students in any areas. This paper discusses the educational implications of using citations.?

[es] El prop?sito de este estudio es investigar la comprensi?n del concepto de citaci?n por parte de los estudiantes de arquitectura. Participaron en ?l estudiantes universitarios internacionales (28 pa?ses de Oriente Medio y ?frica) y turcos de edades comprendidas entre los 17 y los 40 a?os, matriculados en los cuatro primeros a?os de grado universitario. Se encontr? que todos los estudiantes ten?an al menos un concepto err?neo sobre las citaciones. Se descubri? que los estudiantes carec?an de conocimientos sobre lo qu? es y significa plagio. Los estudiantes turcos tuvieron m?s ?xito en ciertas ?reas, mientras que los estudiantes internacionales no tuvieron m?s ?xito que los estudiantes turcos en ninguna de las ?reas estudiadas. Este art?culo discute las implicaciones educativas del uso de las citas.?
[en] The aim of this article is to identify the masculine figure on the obverse of an Argolic coin dedicated to Antinous (RPC 3, 390) as the emperor Hadrian represented with the iconography of Ares/Mars. To this end, a comparison between another Argive coin dedicated to the emperor Hadrian and three statues of the god Mars (possibly) belonging to the Hadrianean period will be carried out. Additionally, the article will underline the importance of Hadrian?s adventus for the city of Argos in relation to the choice of Ares/Mars for its numismatic iconography.

[es] La finalidad de este art?culo es la identificaci?n de la figura masculina del anverso de una moneda acu?ada en Argos dedicada a Antinoo (RPC 3, 390) con Adriano representado con la iconograf?a de Ares/Marte. A tal efecto, se realizar? un an?lisis comparativo con otra pieza monetal emitida por Argos dedicada al emperador Adriano y con tres esculturas de Marte de periodo (posiblemente) adrianeo. En segundo lugar, se indagar? en la importancia que pudo tener el posible adventus de Adriano en la ciudad de Argos con motivo de la elecci?n de Ares/Marte en su iconograf?a numism?tica.
[en] Introduction and objective: The pharyngocutaneous fistula is a troublesome complication after total laryngectomy, increasing morbidity and mortality. We aimed to determine the incidence of pharyngocutaneus fistula after total laryngectomy and to define the possible predictors for pharyngocutaneus fistula formation. Method: We conducted a review of 31 articles with a total of 1100 patients, to evaluate the incidence of fistula in patients with total laryngectomy and risks factors involved. Results: The overall incidence of pharyngocutaneus fistula is 22,3%, and ranges from 3 to 65%. The review revealed that prior radiation treatment was the most common antecedent, following this associated comorbidity, hypoalbuminemia, anemia, and history of tracheotomy prior to laryngectomy. Discussion: Among the series studied, there is significant heterogeneity in the results, because although irradiated patients have a greater number of pharyngostomas, in some studies no relationship was found, which could explain the association with other risk factors. Conclusions: The incidence of pharyngocutaneus fistula is very variable and there are a large number of risk factors involved, the most frequent is radiotherapy associated or not with chemotherapy.

[es] Introducci?n y objetivo: La f?stula faringocut?nea tras la laringectom?a total es una complicaci?n que conlleva un incremento de la morbilidad y mortalidad. Realizamos una revisi?n con el objetivo de identificar los factores que implican un aumento de su incidencia. M?todo: Se realiz? una revisi?n de 31 art?culos con un total 1100 pacientes con esta complicaci?n, recogi?ndose su incidencia del total de laringectom?as totales realizadas, as? como los factores de riesgo asociados a su aparici?n. Resultados: La incidencia de esta complicaci?n se estima en un 22,3% con un rango que oscila de un 3 al 65% entre todas las series incluidas en la revisi?n. De la totalidad de factores de riesgo implicados, el que aparece con mayor frecuencia es la radioterapia preoperatoria, seguida de la comorbilidad asociada, hipoalbuminemia, anemia y antecedentes de traqueotom?a previa a la laringectom?a. Discusi?n: Los pacientes irradiados tienen mayor n?mero de faringostomas. Aun as?, seg?n las series estudiadas, hay una heterogeneidad en los resultados pues en algunas no se encuentra relaci?n, lo que podr?a explicarse por la asociaci?n con otros factores de riesgo. Conclusiones: La incidencia en la formaci?n de f?stulas faringocut?neas es muy variable y existe un gran n?mero de factores de riesgo implicados siendo el m?s frecuente la radioterapia asociada o no a quimioterapia.
[en] During the colonial times, the Northeastern Venezuela region was featured by the contrast between different ethnic and cultural groups. The reconstruction of these contrasts has required the projection of the theoretical bases of the ethnographic method towards scopes which imply both othernesses in time and in space. This paper illustrates how this method, more than a technique of data collection, is itself a theoretical look that allows the relativization of the analyst's own culture and the approach towards world views that diverge with the observer's point of view. In the first section, the relevance of the ethnographic looks for critiquing the analyst's culture of reference, inside the historical study of the multicultural frontiers, is argued. In the second section, the application of this perspective on the Noreastern Venezuela's frontiers, during the colonial times, is illustrated. In this main section, the focus is on the importance of this look as a resource of cultural self-critique; the approach of other ways of cultural irreflexivities; and the recognition of different ways of social complexity. Finally, this papers opens the reflection around the analytic limits of the separation between History and Anthropology, doubt their potential ethnocentric biases in the study of the past's cultural differences.

[es] La regi?n del Nororiente de Venezuela, durante la ?poca colonial, estuvo caracterizada por el contraste entre diferentes grupos ?tnicos y culturales. La reconstrucci?n de estas divergencias ha requerido de la proyecci?n de las bases te?ricas del m?todo etnogr?fico hacia ?mbitos que implican no solo la alteridad en el tiempo, sino alteridad en el espacio. En este trabajo se ilustra c?mo este m?todo, m?s que ser una t?cnica de recolecci?n de datos es en s? una mirada que permite la relativizaci?n de la cultura de referencia y la aproximaci?n hacia visiones de mundo divergentes con el punto de vista del observador. En la primera parte, se argumenta la relevancia de la mirada etnogr?fica para la cr?tica a la cultura de referencia del analista y de su proyecci?n hacia el estudio hist?rico de fronteras multiculturales. En la segunda parte, se ilustra la aplicaci?n de esta perspectiva en las fronteras ?tnicas del Nororiente de Venezuela durante la ?poca colonial. En esta secci?n, el ?nfasis se establece sobre su importancia como recurso de auto-cr?tica cultural, la configuraci?n de la mirada desde la alteridad, la aprehensi?n de otras formas de irreflexividad cultural y el reconocimiento de las diversas formas de complejidad social. Finalmente, se abre la reflexi?n en torno a los l?mites anal?ticos derivados de la separaci?n entre la mirada hist?rica y la antropol?gica, debido a sus potenciales sesgos etnoc?ntricos al abordar el estudio de las diferencias culturales en el tiempo.
[en] By taking as its axis the representation of people who embodied visible congenital conditions, we examine the particular interests that these images have raised since the sixteenth century, from Medicine and Art History. By studying different types of visual mediums ?medical treatises, painting and cinema?, we characterize the values that they reveal according to the contexts in which they were created and published. As a methodological approach, we offer a transdisciplinary analysis, focusing on people to whom contemporary medicine would have assigned diagnoses of genetic-chromosomal origin. Who and in which contexts were these representations commissioned? What function were they intended for? What are their creators interested in? What roles are played by the subjects? Engravings in medical treaties during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries depict representations for scientific understanding of showcased bodies, typifying subjects without personal relevance. In contrast, painting and cinema, despite their notable differences, underscore personal identity that is expressed in a particular social context, with psychological depth and sensibility. It is the gaze between art and medicine that allows for better understanding of how the intelligible boundaries of the body are expanded.

[es] Tomando como eje la representaci?n de personas que encarnaban enfermedades cong?nitas visibles, examinamos los intereses particulares que estas im?genes han suscitado desde el siglo XVI, desde la Medicina y la Historia del Arte. Mediante diferentes tipos de medios visuales ?tratados m?dicos, pintura y cine?, estudiamos los valores que revelan seg?n los contextos en los que se crearon y publicaron. Como enfoque metodol?gico, planteamos un an?lisis transdisciplinar, centr?ndonos en personas a las que la medicina contempor?nea habr?a asignado diagn?sticos de origen gen?tico-cromos?mico. ?Qui?nes y en qu? contextos se encargaron estas representaciones? ?A qu? funci?n estaban destinadas? ?Qu? intereses tienen quienes las crean? ?Qu? papel tienen las personas representadas? Los grabados en tratados m?dicos en los siglos XVI y XVII muestran representaciones para la comprensi?n cient?fica del cuerpo expuesto, tipifican el sujeto y no se otorga relevancia personal. En la pintura y el cine, a pesar de sus notables diferencias, se subraya la identidad personal en un contexto social particular, expresada con profundidad psicol?gica y sensibilidad. Es el cruce de miradas entre el arte y la medicina donde se puede apreciar c?mo se van expandiendo las fronteras inteligibles del cuerpo.