BSC-LT/ACAData huggingface dataset:
[en] ■ Parallel to the updating of the legislation regarding health care workers over recent years —particularly with the appearance of the Framework Statute Act 55/2003, of 16 December—, a progressive insufficiency of the health care resources and certain mutations in health care needs has emerged. A detailed analysis of the measures implemented by the Regional Health Services reveals a lack of legal foresight as regards these changes, which are affecting and transforming the organisation of the public sanitary model. This article analyses some of the problems arising from the inadequacy of the staff to the health care demand, which the Spanish public health care system is facing. The need for health care workers is due to a combination of a series of factors: loss of human resources, lack of specialists in certain fields, a steady increase in the number of retirements without new replacements being taken on and, also, as the result of the globalisation and migrations of the professionals. That situation is reflected in the distribution of the working week. Undoubtedly, lack of personnel directly effects the organisation of the work time. The legal regulations that seek to harmonise the interests of our National Health System and those who work for the health service (the health care workers) come up against too many obstacles to be implemented; in particular, the way to combine work and rest time.

[eu] ■ Azken urteetan —eta batez ere 55/2003 Legea, abenduaren 16koa, Estatutu Markoari buruzkoa agertu zenetik— osasun publikoarentzat lan egiten duten pertsonen xedapen arautzaileak eguneratzearekin batera, giza eta osasun baliabi- de nahikoa ez daudela ikusi da eta osasun zerbitzuen beharrek nolabaiteko al- daketa jasan dutela. Osasun zerbitzu autonomikoek egindako analisi zehatz batek aldaketa horiekin zerikusia duten lege-aurreikuspenen hutsunea detektatu du eta aldaketa horiek osasun publikoaren antolaketa eredua eraldatzen dute. Artikulu honek osasun eskariarekiko langileen egokitasun eza dela eta sortzen di- ren hainbat arazo aztertzen ditu; Espainiako osasun publikoak aurrean dauzkan arazoak, hain zuzen. Osasun langileen beharra hainbat faktorek sortzen dute: giza baliabideen galerak, zenbait espezialitatetan espezialista nahikoa ez izateak eta ezinbestekoa den ordezko langilerik izan gabe erretiroa hartzen duten langi- leen etengabeko igoerak, hala nola globalizazioaren ondorioz eta profesionalen migrazioak direla eta. Egoera horren ondorioa lanaldiaren banaketan islatzen da. Dudarik gabe, langileen urritasunak ondorio zuzena du lan denbora antolatzerako garaian. Osasun Sistema Nazionalaren interesak eta osasun publikoan lan egiten dutenen interesak (osasun langileenak) bateratu nahi dituen lege araudia ezartze- rako garaian oztopoak daude, batez ere lanaldiak eta atsedenaldiak nola egokituko diren pentsatzerakoan.
[en] This paper explores the various circumstances that led to social exclusion in Castile in the late Middle Ages. Such circumstances could have affected anybody although women were particularly vulnerable due to their position in society. This was reflected through adultery and violence, to which women were more exposed, both during times of peace as well as war (situations such as rape, together with a number of other forms of aggression which led to the victim social marginalisation). Added to this was the issue of honour and reputation, which may have been lost as a result of any of the above-mentioned circumstances or because of insults or supposed involvement in crimes.

[eu] Artikulu honetan Erdi Aroaren amaierako Gaztelan, gizarte-bazterketara bultzatzen duten hainbat inguruabar aztertzen dira. Inguruabar horiek edonor uki dezakete, baina, haien posizio bereziagatik, emakumeak kaltetzen dituzte bereziki. Hori gertatzen da adulterio kasuetan, baina bai eta indarkeriarekin ere, emakumeak errazago pairatzen duelako bai gerra garaian bai bake garaian (emakumea gizartetik baztertzen duten bortxaketak eta hainbat eraso). Horri gehitu behar zaio ohorearen eta ospearen arazoa; izan ere, aipatutako edozein arrazoirengatik galdu dezakete bai bat bai bestea, bai eta irainengatik edo delituetan parte hartu izanagatik ere.
[en] This work will present a discourse analysis of oral narrative productions, of fairy tales told in Basque and French by students attending bilingual immersive primary schools in the Basque Country of France, where Basque and French are in a diglossic relationship : Basque is the minority language, less spoken, less transmitted, occupying fewer social functions than French, the hegemonic language.The analysis focuses on narrative autonomy, textual planning and the use of temporal textual organisers, distinguishing the narratives of students whose home language (or L1, language learned first, used at home) is Basque from those of students whose L1 is French.The results are in line with those of other studies in the same field throughout the world, suggesting that in a territory in which a diglossic relationship exists between the languages present, learning in a minority language, be it the pupil's L1 or L2, can lead to the development of good linguistic skills in both languages, the minority language and the hegemonic language, by the end of primary school.

[eu] Ipar Euskal Herrian euskara eta frantsesa hizkuntzek harreman diglosikoa dute : euskara hizkuntza guttitua da, gutiago hitz egina, gutiago transmititua, frantsesak baino funtzio sozial gutiago okupatzen dituena, eta frantsesa hizkuntza hegemonikoa. Lan honek, Ipar Euskal Herrian lehen hezkuntza eskola elebidun murgilketazko batzuetan segitzen duten haur batzuek ahoz kontatu ipuin miresgarrien azterketa diskurtsiboa aurkeztuko du.Azterketak neurtu ditu ikasleek kontaketan erakutsi duten autonomia narratibo, testu planifikazio eta denborazko testu antolatzaileen erabilpen maila, alderatuz euskara familia hizkuntza duten ikasleen kontaketak (hauek euskara H1, lehenik ikasi duten hizkuntza, etxean erabili hizkuntza dute) eta frantsesa H1 duten ikasleen ekoizpenak.Emaitzak, munduan zehar arlo berean eraman izan diren beste ikerketa batzuen emaitzekin lerrokatzen dira, erakutsiz, hizkuntza batzuk diglosia egoeran diren lurralde batean, hizkuntza gutituan segitu irakaskuntza batek, hau ikaslearen H1 zein H2 izan, hizkuntza gaitasun maila ona garatzeko ahala ematen ahal duela lehen hezkuntza bukaeran, bai hizkuntza gutituan eta bai hizkuntza hegemonikoan.
[en] In this paper we propose an application of the MEDITE software to a narration included inside The Accordionist's Son (Bernardo Atxaga, 2003). The principal character presented in this narration, " the first American from Obaba ", is based on reality and has two different versions in the text itself. One of these two versions has an avant-texte (a tapuscript)that we have analyzed thanks to MEDITE, comparing both versions and thus facilitating their genetic interpretation.

[eu] Artikulu honetan, MEDITE programa informatikoaren aplikazio bat proposatzen dugu, Atxagaren Soinujolearen semean den testu baten bitartez : Obabako lehen amerikanoa. Errealitatean oinarri duen pertsonaia horrek, testuan berean bi aldaki erakusten ditu, eta beste bat bi horietarik baten aitzin-testuan. Azken hau tapuskritoa edo ordenagailuz idatzitako izkribu bat da, MEDITE-k bere aldakiarekin konparatuko duena, ondotik honen genesia azter dezagun.
[en] In this paper, we analyze dative agreement drop, a phenomenon attested in North-Eastern varieties of Basque. More precisely, we distinguish three main settings of this syntactic variable with respect to agreement obligatoriness. In the first setting, dative agreement is optional. This setting is found with (i.) quirky dative objects in absolutive/dative alternating verbs, (ii) dative-postpositions in postposition/dative alternating verbs, and (iii) aspectual datives. In the second setting, dative agreement is obligatory rather than optional, and here we distinguish (iv.) dative-experiencers, (v.) dative-possessors in inalienable possession and ethical datives, and (vi.) causees. The third and last setting corresponds to datives which may never agree, that is, adjunct type datives. We'll obtain the main data from the historical dictionary Mitxelena and Sarasola´s (1989-2005) Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia (OEH) and the modern literature corpus Ereduzko Prosa Gaur (EPG). We'll also present a corpus search tool which retrieves syntactic information from this corpus : Corsintax.

[eu] Lan honetan, datibo komunztaduraren galera aztertuko dugu, euskararen ipar-ekialdeko hizkeretako fenomenoa. Hala, aldagai sintaktiko honen hiru burutzapen bereiziko ditugu. Hautazko datibo komunztadura erakusten duten datiboak aztertuko ditugu lehenik : (i.) datibo-osagarri bitxiak absolutibo/datibo alternantziadun aditzetan, (ii.) datibo-postposizioak datibo/postposizio alternantziadun aditzetan, eta (iii.) aspektu datiboak. Bigarrenik, ezinbesteko komunztadura duten datiboak, alegia, (iv.) datibo esperimentatzaileak (v.) jabetza besterenezineko datiboak, datibo etiko eta interes datiboak, eta (vi.) egitura arazleetako araziak. Hirugarren eta azkenik, ezinezko komunztadura duten datiboak deskribatuko ditugu, hau da, (vii.) datibo-adjunktuak. Deskribapenerako batetik, Mitxelena eta Sarasolaren (1989-2005) Orotariko Euskal Hiztegiaz (OEH) baliatuko gara, eta bestetik, Ereduzko Prosa Gaur (EPG) corpusaz. Corpus honetatik informazio sintaktikoa erauzteko, Corsintax arakatzaile sintaktikoa ere plazaratuko dugu.
[en] The situation of a language is always changing, either at the statistical level (number of speakers, transmission rate, etc.) or at the symbolic level (opinion in favour of the language, perceptions, etc.). Sociolinguistic surveys are usefull and necessary in order to know what the situation of a language is in a given society. In the case of Basque we have two main types of survey. One with structured questionnaires and a lot of questions, based on answers of the interviewees : data have their origins in perceptions, self-appraisal, opinions, among others. The second one is based on direct observation and in that way it gathers the real use of the people observed. Nevertheless, it is limited to language use, street use of Basque at the present time. In this paper we examine the methodology of these surveys, their limits and defects, taking some examples concerning Northern Basque Country.

[eu] Hizkuntza baten egoera aldatzen da beti, estatistika arloan izan dadin (hiztun kopurua, transmisio-tasa, etab.), edo arlo sinbolikoan izan dadin (hiztunen jarrera, irudikapenak, etab. ). Inkesta soziolinguistikoak baliagarri eta beharrezkoak dira hizkuntzaren egoera haren gizarte-testuinguruan ezagutzeko. Euskararen kasuan, bi inkesta mota nagusi ditugu. Galdera askorekiko inkesta handiak non datuak, heinbatean, inkestatuen erantzunetan oinarritzen diren : irudikapenak, autoebaluazioak, iritziak dira datuen iturriak, besteak beste. Bestetik bigarren inkesta motak behaketa zuzenaren bidez emaitzak biltzen ditu eta, horrela, egiazko ahozko erabilera neurtzen du. Baina erabilerari mugatzen da, gaur egun kale erabilerari. Artikulu honetan inkesten metodologiak, beren mugak eta akatsak aztertu nahi ditugu adibide batzuen bidez, Ipar Euskal Herriko kasua hartuz.
[en] The etymological value of / h / in Basque, especially when occurring in initial position, has been widely debated. Here we try to show that there are many instances of h- (not only in borrowings but also in patrimonial vocabulary) that have not been arbitrarily added in that position but they have moved there from intervocalic -n- (sometimes on the onset of the second syllable, other times on that of the third one) and, therefore, they have an etymological value. Our analysis is based on the canonical form of roots and morphemes, and moves away from atomistic approaches which are limited to borrowings.The analysis of movement to initial position from its original location and of its interrelation and combinations with other sounds in different positions previous to that one reached in the end by those instances of h- can help us shed some light on the structure of old Basque words (especially of their left part). We also believe that our understanding of the extension of the canonical form of the roots (from monosyllabic to bisyllabic) and other transformations undergone by root patterns can largely benefit from the analysis proposed here. Thus, we propose some etymologies for a number of old words, some of which are completely novel whereas others constitute modifications of older proposals. We also point out old borrowings that were not detected before, and we stress the value of such etymologies in the elaboration of a chronology of the phonetic changes that affect / h / and other related sounds.

[eu] Ezagun denez, eztabaidak izan dira euskarazko / h /-aren balio etimologikoaz, batez ere hitz hasierakoarenaz. Hemen saiatuko gara erakusten hainbat h- (bai maileguetan baina baita jatorriko lexikoan ere) ez hitz hasieran baizik eta bokalartean / n / batetik —noiz 2. silabaren hasieran, noiz 3.ekoan— sortuak direla, eta horrenbestez etimologikoak eta ez "erantsiak". Hitzen forma kanonikoaren azterketan oinarrituaz gure azterketa eta ahalik eta gehiena urrunduaz ikuspegi atomista eta maileguetara mugatutik, h- horiek barneko kokagune horretatik ezker muturrerako bidean izan duten mugidaren azterketak, gehi kokagune ezberdinetan beste hots batzuekin izan konbinaketa eta eraginarenak, etorkizunean euskal hitzen egitura zaharra (bereziki haien ezkerreko partearena), erro-ereduen hedadura (monosilabotik bisilabora) eta bilakabidea argitzen lagun lezakeela aldarrikatzen dugu. Lan honetan ia bi dozena hitz zaharren etimologia berriak proposatzen dira, inoiz bibliografian diren lehenak, inoiz lehen zirenak zuzenduaz, artean mailegu zahar berri zenbait ere antzemanaz ; orobat, / h /-ri lotu aldaketa batzuren hurrenkera ez eze beste hainbat hots aldaketaren kronologia eraikitzeko ere lagungarri gerta bide lekiguke.
[en] Genetic Criticism considers the act of writing as an endless process, and analyzes all the material that critics have traditionally left aside when interpreting literary pieces. In this way, texts like drafts, editorial proofs, etc. have become the focus of genetic critics. This article reflects on the contribution that Genetic Criticism has made to the analysis of contemporary Basque literary texts. A Genetic approach sees the text in perpetual movement, and the writer in a continuous process of reading and rereading his literary work. We finish the article with some remarks on Bernardo Atxaga, a writer who has converted his literary works in " recipients of time ", and who has published many versions of the same texts.

[eu] Prozesu amaigabe gisara ulertzen du Kritika Genetikoak idazkuntza, eta horren berri ematen kritikariek bazter uzten zituzten zirriborro, aldaketa, zuzenketa, edo proba zuzenketak kontuan hartuz. Kritika Genetikoari buruzko ohar batzuen ondoren, euskal literatur sisteman norabide kritiko honek eman dituen emaitza apurrak aipatzen dira artikuluan. Testuaren etengabeko mugimendua, idazlea egiten eta berregitzen doan irakurketa, hori guztia iradokitzen du ikuspuntu genetikoz egindako azterketak. Artikulu honetan testu beraren aldaerek euskal literaturan izan duten ugaltzeaz hitz egiten da, eta guztiaren osagarri, bere testuak " denbora untzi " bihurtu dituen Bernardo Atxagaren hainbat lan aipatzen dira eta laburki iruzkintzen.
[en] In this essay, I examine the causes and consequences of the different views and practices of Basque writers regarding loanwords and language mixture in different historical contexts, from the unconcerned attitude of some early writers, to the radical exclusion of loanwords in the age of purism, to later antipuristic reactions, to more recent concerns about word mixing. I end the paper with some reflections regarding the very possibility of having a Basque lexicon that is truly separate from the Spanish or French lexicon of its speakers, in the current situation of general bilingualism on the part of Basque speakers.

[eu] Lan honetan, euskal idazleek, historian zehar, maileguenganako izan dituzten iritziak eta jarrerak azterten ditut, hala nola jarrera horien arrazoiak eta ondorioak. Iritziak asko eta oso desberdinak izan dira : zenbait idazle goiztiarren jarrera irekitik, garbizaletasunaren garaiko maileguen bazterketa orokorrera, geroko garbizalekeriaren aurkako erantzunera, eta azkenean, orain entzuten diren kezka berrietara. Hausnarketa batzuekin bukatzen dut artikulua ; hots : zein neurritan euskal hiztegia benetan bereiz daiteke bere hiztunen hiztegi espainol edo frantsesetik euskaldunen elebitasuna orokorra den gaurko egoera honetan ?
[en] In this work, first, we seek to get aware of " the fast updating process " in which our literature is involved in these global times. Then, we would like to point out the importance of certain aspects which go beyond the written text itself. In other words, the requirements any writer should satisfy so as to become a " media writer " : the importance of talks and audiovisual presentations, writing performances, publication frequency, changing relationships with publishers, how to manage self-criticism, product goodness, kind of literary works typically requested by the international market…

[eu] Lan honetan, gure letrak globalizazio garaiotan jasaten ari diren eguneratze-prozesu bizkorraz jabetu ondoren, testuaz haratago doazen elementu zenbaitek euskal literatura garaikidearenean duten garrantziaz arituko gara, edo, gauza bera dena, mediatiko bihurtzeko idazleak bildu behar dituen osagarriez : hitzaldiak eta ikus-entzunezko emanaldien garrantziaz, gertakari gisa kontzebitutako idazketaz, argitarapen maiztasunaz, argitaletxeekiko harreman aldakorrez, auto-kritikaren erabilgarritasunaz, onberatasunaz, nazioarteko merkatuak eskatzen omen duen nolabaiteko tipismoaz, eta abar.
[en] Basque weak quantifiers optionally agree with the inflected verb in number. This papers' main aim is to study the dialectal variation shown by this phenomenon. The study will show that it is necessary to differentiate at least three systems : the western-central system, the transition system, and the oriental system. The differences are twofold : (i) some concern the syntactic contexts in which the optional agreement is allowed. The western-central system allows it with every argument position ; the transition system does not allow it with ergative case arguments, and the oriental system allows it only with absolutive case arguments ; (ii) the rest concern the set of quantifiers that permit optional agreement : in the oriental system, weak cardinal quantifiers need not agree with the inflected verb ; in the rest of the systems, agreement is obligatory in these cases. This difference appears to be related to the ability to use bare nouns within the oriental system : bare nouns show the same syntactic distribution as non-agreeing weak cardinal quantifiers.

[eu] Euskarazko zenbatzaile ahulek pluraleko komunztadurarik gabe agertzeko aukera dute. Artikulu honek fenomeno horren baitan gertatzen den bariazio dialektala aztertu nahi du. Azterketa honek gutxienez hiru sistema bereizi behar ditugula erakusten du : mendebalde-erdialdekoa deituko duguna, trantsiziokoa (Lapurdiko hiztun zenbaitetan aurkitu duguna) eta ekialdekoa deitu duguna, Coyos-en (1999) Arbailetako (Zuberoa) hizkeraren azterketan oinarritua. Diferentziak bi mailatakoak direla erakutsiko dugu : (i) komunztadura eza zein kontestu sintaktikotan gertatzen den. Erdialdeko-mendebaldeko hizkerek argumentu guzietan agertzen dute ; trantsiziokoak ez du ergatiboarekin agertzen, eta ekialdeko hizkerek absolutiboekin bakarrik onartzen du ; (ii) fenomenoa erakusten duten zenbatzaileen multzoa bera : zubereraz, zenbatzaile kardinalek ez dute zertan pluraleko komunztadura egin ; beste sistemetan komunztadura ezinbestekoa da. Diferentzia hau iduriz ekialdeko hizkerek (gainontzeko hizkerek ez bezala) izen biluziak erabiltzeko duten gaitasunarekin lotzen da : izen biluziek zenbatzaile kardinal komunztaduragabeen distribuzio ia berdina erakusten dute.
[en] The aim of this communication is to present the state of the research related to Basque prosody. On the one hand, after having defined the boundary of our reference field, the state of current researches will be presented. On the other hand, the focus will be put on some methodological issues that have been raised by experience grounded researches. This last question is directly related to change and evolution. These research works will be a part of an integrative project incorporating the whole Basque Country. The following aspects will be considered : prosody's fields, prosody's linguistic aspects (stress and intonation), paralinguistic aspects (attitudes), non-linguistic aspects (age, sex, physical state, emotions) and the characteristics of the fields of investigation that must be taken into consideration with today's Basque people (geographical, social, stylistic).

[eu] Komunikazio honen helburua euskararen prosodiaren azterketen egoera aurkeztea da. Alde batetik, ikerketa esparru honen arloen mugapena egin ondoren euskararen azterketen egoera zertan den ikusiko da. Bestetik egin diren ikerketa batzuetako esperientzian oinarrituta aurkitu diren arazo metodologikoez jardungo dugu. Azken honetan aldaketa eta aldaeren arazoa bete-betean kokatzen da. Horrekin batera lan eremu hauek lantzeko Euskal Herri osoan abian daukagun proiektu baten berri emango dugu. Aztertuko diren arloetarik batzuk honako hauek izango dira : Prosodiaren arloak, prosodiaren arlo linguistikoa (azentua eta intonazioa), arlo paralinguistikoa (jarrerak), arlo ez linguistikoa (adina, sexua, egoera fisikoa, emozioak), egungo euskaldunekin gogotan erabili behar diren ezaugarriak azterketa eremuan (geografikoak, sozialak, estilistikoak).
[en] Up till now, only four main manuscripts of the pastoral Clovis are known to exist. Two of them seem to be variants of the same version ; one is in the Bourdeaux Town Library, and the other one is in a private collection in Maule. The other two, on the other hand, seem to be samples of two different versions ; one is in the Julio Urkixo's collection in San Sebastian, and the other one is in the Basque Museum of Bayonne. In addition to these, there are two more copies of the former ones ; one of them in the National Library in Paris, and the other one in the Basque Museum of Bayonne. Therefore, there are six manuscripts in all. Our aim in this essay is to work on the differences and similarities of the two different manuscripts of the same version. They seem to have been copied and adapted from an original text that is unknown for us nowadays.

[eu] Lau dira gaur egun ezagutzen ditugun Clovis pastoralaren eskuizkribu nagusiak. Horietarik bi (Bordeleko Udal Liburutegikoa eta Mauleko bilduma pribatu batean gordetzen dena) bertsio beraren aldaera dira eta beste biak (Donostian Julio Urkixo bilduman dagoena eta Baionako Euskal Erakustokiko liburutegiko bat) bertsio ezberdin banaren erakusle dira. Lehenengo aipatutako eskuizkribu biek, gainera, kopia bana dute Pariseko Liburutegi Nazionalean eta Baionako Euskal Erakustokiaren liburutegian hurrenez hurren ; sei eskuizkribu, beraz, guztira. Lan honetan, gehienbat, bertsio berean oinarritzen diren eskuizkribu bien arteko aldaerak aztertuko ditugu. Itxura guztien arabera gaur ezagutzen ez dugun jatorrizko testu baten kopia eta moldaketa diren aldaera biak zertan berdintzen diren eta zertan ezberdintzen azaltzen saiatuko gara.