[en] This thesis proposes a sociometabolic reading of Mondragon Cooperatives. The ecological challenge that humanity is facing in the 21st century requires a profound review of the economy and cooperativism. In our view, cooperatives of Mondragon have contributed decisively to the creation of a social economy with a high redistribution of wealth. For this reason, we think that research work on cooperatives from the ecosocial perspective becomes necessary. Our initial objective is to develop critical thinking for various transitions through the analysis of the Mondragon Cooperative Experience. In the theoretical section, we have developed the bases of the ecosocial perspective that is present throughout the thesis. We collected different theoretical approaches from ecological economics or from the field of social sustainability, trying to rethink cooperativism. Likewise, as we conduct a sociometabolic research we examine the reasons and foundations of that epistemological perspective. Next, with the aim of analyzing and understanding today's cooperative behavior and its evolution, we have taken several approaches from sociology of work. The way in which current cooperatives are configured is closely linked to the transformation of capitalism and the world of work. Therefore, we explore the concept of biopolitics, the expansion of market societies and their social consequences, as well as contemporary processes of subjectivation. After completing this path, we have developed the concept of a new ecosocial subjectivity that can create a new type of cooperativism, in accordance with the planet's boundaries and the context of resource scarcity. In order to accomplish that task, we discuss certain psychosocial theories. Regarding the empirical section, we have divided the analysis into three main parts. Firstly, we have conducted a metabolic analysis of the Mondragón cooperatives to measure the impact of their economic activity. Secondly, we have studied the socioeconomic aspects of cooperatives, analyzing their structural challenges and the knots that exist in relation to the ecosocial transition. In the third part, we analyze the discourses and social opinions that exist within cooperatives about sustainability, in order to observe where the issue is located and what its social bases are. Finally, the forms of subjectivity that emerge in cooperatives have been analyzed in relation to the ecosocial challenge and structural difficulties that exist between them. To conclude, we assert that the Mondragón cooperatives are confronted with significant social and economic limitations when it comes to dealing with the ecological crisis. Among others, we believe is necessary a profound review of the cooperative identity. In addition, a new understanding of cooperativism is necessary. An interpretation that incorporates the elements required for the ecological crisis. We conclude with the requirement to move to a new space that transcends the cumulative tendency, making possible a cooperativism that moves beyond the fossil economy and takes steps towards socio-ecological sustainability.

[eu] Doktorego tesi lan honetan Arrasateko Kooperatibak aztertu ditugu begirada metabolikosozialetik. Gizakiak XXI. mendean bizi duen krisi ekologikoaren erronka erraldoiak eskatzen du ekonomiari eta kooperatibismoari buruzko begirada batzuk gainditu eta eguneratzea. Gure irudiko, Arrasateko Kooperatibek ekonomia sozialean eta aberastasunaren birbanaketan eredu arrakastatsua sortu eta denboran iraun dutelako, merezi dute begirada ekosozialetik hurbilduko den ikerketa lan bat egitea. Hala, gure susmoa da krisi ekologikoak dakarren agertokian trantsizio ezberdinak pentsatzen eta praktikan jartzen lagundu dezakeen esperientzia dela. Atal teorikoan tesiaren begirada gurutzatuko duen ikuspegi ekosozialaren oinarriak jartzen saiatu gara. Ekonomia ekologikotik eta jasangarritasun sozialaren ikuspegitik egin diren ekarpenak bildu eta kooperatibismoa oinarri horietatik birpentsatzeko ariketa egin dugu. Era berean, ikerketa metaboliko-sozial bat egin asmo dugun neurrian, begirada epistemologiko horren arrazoietan arakatu eta berau Arrasateko Kooperatibetara aplikatzearen garrantzia aztertu dugu. Jarraian, gaurko kooperatibismoa zertan den ulertu eta bere bilakaera aztertu asmotan, lanaren soziologiatik jasotako ekarpenak bildu ditugu. Lanaren munduak eta nazioarteko kapitalismoak izan duen bilakaerak lotura zuzena baitu gaur kooperatibak zein modutan konfiguratzen diren azaltzeko. Horrela, bipolitikaren kontzeptuan, merkatu gizarteen hedapenean eta haren ondorio sozialetan eta subjektibotasun garaikidearen gaiaren gainean sakondu dugu. Ibilbide hori eginda, subjektibotasun ekosozial baten eraikuntzaren erronkari erreparatu diogu, kooperatibismo berritu bat josi dezakeena, planetaren mugekin eta baliabideen agortze aroarekin armonian. Ariketa hori egiteko, zenbait teoria psikosozial bildu eta eztabaidatu ditugu. Atal enpirikoari dagokionez, analisia hiru zatitan banatu dugu. Lehenbizi Arrasateko Kooperatiben diagnostiko metabolikoa egin dugu, haien jardunaren inpaktua neurtu asmotan. Bigarrenik, eremu sozioekonomikoari heldu diogu, kooperatibek dituzten egiturazko erronkak aztertuz eta erronka ekosozialarekin lotzen diren korapilo nagusietan arreta jarrita. Hirugarrenik, kooperatiben senean iraunkortasunari buruz dauden uste sozialak eta diskurtsoak aztertu ditugu, gaia zertan den eta zein oinarri sozial duen arakatzeko. Azkenik, kooperatibetan nagusitzen den subjektibotasun mota aztertu dugu, erronka ekosozialarekin lotuz, eta biak lotzeko dauden zailtasun estrukturaletan arreta jarriz. Azkenik, ondorioztatu dugu, AKE-k krisi ekologikoaren testuinguruan kokatzeko muga sozial eta ekonomiko handiak dituela. Besteak beste, identitate kooperatibistaren berrikuspen sakona eta krisi ekologikoaren garaira egokituko den kooperatibisimoaren ulekera osotuagoa beharrezkoa da. Esango dugunez, joera hazkor eta akumulatibotik ateratzea eta bestelako lurralde ekonomiko eta sozialak arakatuko dituen kooperatibagintza premiazkoa da, ekonomia fosiletik atera eta iraunkortasun sozioekologikorantz aurrera urratsak emateko.