BSC-LT/ACAData huggingface dataset:
[en] The aim of this work is to study the reinforcement capacity of pulps obtained from Hesperaloe funifera using a simple and low energy consumption process (chemi refiner mechanical pulping) once they are added in different percentages to recycled pulps from newspaper and from old corrugated containers (OCC). Pinus radiata kraft pulp was used as a referent reinforcement material. H. funifera acted as a reinforcement material in newspaper and OCC recycled pulps, improving their optical and mechanical properties. While a 25% of H. funifera was the optimal amount added to reinforce the OCC pulp, only a 10% was needed for newspaper pulp. However, the OCC optimal mixture was better reinforced as it showed higher increase in all properties than the optimal newspaper mixture, apart from tensile index. Finally, all mixtures with P. radiata kraft pulp produce handsheet with lower properties, apart from tear index, suggesting than H. funifera is a better reinforcement material.

[es] El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la capacidad de refuerzo de pastas de Hesperaloe funifera obtenidas mediante un proceso simple de bajo consumo energético (pasteado químico-mecánico de refino) una vez añadidas en diferentes porcentajes a pastas recicladas de periódicos y de cartón ondulado (OCC). Se utilizó como material de refuerzo de referencia pasta kraft de Pinus radiata. H. funifera mejoró las propiedades ópticas y mecánicas de todas las pastas recicladas estudiadas, demostrando su capacidad de refuerzo. Mientras que un 25% de H. funifera fue la cantidad óptima para reforzar la pasta de OCC, sólo un 10% fue necesario para la pasta de periódicos. Sin embargo, la mezcla óptima de OCC mostró un mayor incremento en todas las propiedades que la mezcla óptima de periódicos, a excepción del índice de tracción. Por último, todas las mezclas de pasta kraft de P. radiata proporcionaron hojas con menores propiedades mecánicas, a excepción del índice de desgarro, lo que sugiere que H. funifera es un material de refuerzo más eficaz.
[en] The development of planted forests in Argentina was brought about by a range of State-maintained incentive programmes throughout the 1990s. These initiatives sought to relieve pressure on native forests and reduce dependence on imported wood by subsidising actually attained plantations of fast-growing species. In many regions of the country, the policy generated real and effective responses. There are today over a million hectares of forest under cultivation. The benefits of forest incentives went to waste in the province of Santiago del Estero, however, despite its having a large surface apt for forestry uses in both irrigable and dry areas. There appears to be insufficient information and, therefore, scant producer response to the incentives. Also in evidence is a need to update the value of the subsidy in the light of the realities faced by producers in the province. This paper pursues two aims: (a) to analyse the social and economic consequences of the forest incentive policy at the national level, and (b) to evaluate the response of producers in Santiago del Estero to those incentives.

[es] El fomento de las repoblaciones forestales en Argentina ha sido llevado a cabo por medio de un amplio programa de subvenciones, que a nivel estatal se ha desarrollado a lo largo de los a&ntilde;os 90. Estas iniciativas han pretendido disminuir la explotaci&oacute;n de los montes ya existentes y reducir la dependencia de las importaciones de madera a trav&eacute;s de las subvenciones a las nuevas plantaciones de especies de crecimiento r&aacute;pido. En muchas regiones de Argentina, esta pol&iacute;tica de subvenciones ha generado respuestas concretas y efectivas. Actualmente existen m&aacute;s de un mill&oacute;n de hect&aacute;reas repobladas. Los beneficios de las subvenciones forestales no se han dejado sentir en la provincia de Santiago del Estero, a pesar de disponer de grandes superficies adecuadas para usos forestales, tanto en secano como en regad&iacute;o. Parece que ha habido una insuficiente informaci&oacute;n y, por lo tanto, una escasa respuesta de los productores a las subvenciones. Tambi&eacute;n es evidente la necesidad de actualizar las cuant&iacute;as de las subvenciones a la vista de las vicisitudes a las que tiene que enfrentarse los productores de la provincia. Este trabajo persigue dos objetivos: a) analizar las consecuencias econ&oacute;micas y sociales de una pol&iacute;tica de subvenciones forestales, a nivel nacional, y b) evaluar la respuesta de los productores forestales de Santiago del Estero a estos incentivos.
[en] Stress caused by high and low temperatures has been much less studied in woody plants than in herbaceous ones. The cold response shows specific traits in woody plants. Cold acclimation associated to winter dormancy develops in two sequential steps: the first is triggered by photoperiod shortening while the second requires temperatures to fall. The involvement of ABA in cold acclimation is beyond question, yet the roles played by this hormone are far better understood in herbaceous plants. The induction of protective proteins and changes in both glycan metabolism and circadian clock functioning are noteworthy among the molecular responses of woody species to low temperatures. Both herbaceous and woody plants seem to respond similarly to heat stress, with heat shock proteins (HSPs) dominating protein synthesis profiles. Certain HSPs are also induced in response to low temperatures, and recent data suggest that they are involved in cold acclimation.

[es] El estr&eacute;s que producen las altas y las bajas temperaturas ha sido menos estudiado en las plantas le&ntilde;osas que en las herb&aacute;ceas. La respuesta al fr&iacute;o en las especies le&ntilde;osas presenta caracter&iacute;sticas propias. La aclimataci&oacute;n al fr&iacute;o asociada a la dormancia invernal se desarrolla en dos etapas secuenciales: la primera es inducida por el acortamiento del fotoperiodo, y la segunda requiere una disminuci&oacute;n de las temperaturas. Se ha comprobado una implicaci&oacute;n del ABA en este proceso, sin embargo su papel es menos claro que el que tiene en la aclimataci&oacute;n de las plantas herb&aacute;ceas. Entre las respuestas moleculares de los &aacute;rboles al fr&iacute;o se deben destacar la inducci&oacute;n de prote&iacute;nas protectoras, los cambios en el metabolismo de los gl&uacute;cidos y la alteraci&oacute;n en el funcionamiento del reloj circadiano. El comportamiento de las plantas le&ntilde;osas frente al calor no parece tener peculiaridades espec&iacute;ficas, siendo la s&iacute;ntesis de las prote&iacute;nas de choque t&eacute;rmico (HSPs) la respuesta m&aacute;s significativa a nivel molecular. Algunas HSPs tambi&eacute;n se inducen en respuesta a las bajas temperaturas, y datos recientes sugieren que pueden estar implicadas en la aclimataci&oacute;n al fr&iacute;o.
[en] This work seeks to carry out a comparative study on the organisation of R+D+i systems in other European Union countries such as Germany, Austria and United Kingdom, placing the Spanish model in that context. To do his, it will be taken into consideration the allocation of powers in this field among State and the rest of entities, the governance and the planning of public policies together with the public-private formulas of collaboration and the knowledge transfer as crucial elements for achieving efficiency within this policy field.

[eu] I i+G+b sistemak Europar Batasuneko beste herrialde batzuetan (Alemanian, Austrian eta Erresuma Batuan) zer-nola egituratzen diren konparatu eta aztertzea da lan honen helburua, Espainiako eredua testuinguru horretan kokatuz. Horretarako, honako hauek aztertuko dira, alor horretan eraginkorrak izateko oinarrizko elementu bezala: arlo horren inguruko eskumenen banaketa Estatuaren eta bestelako erakundeen artean, gobernamendua eta politika publikoen plangintza, lankidetza publiko-pribatuko formulak, eta ezagutza eskualdatzea.
[en] The Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229) is a medieval war which enjoys not only a rich chronicle tradition but also an ample and complex historiography, especially from the ninenteenth century until the present day. By reviewing the main contributions of this historiography, which has been the object of recent studies in France, this article aims to demonstrate how the conjoi- ned religious, political, cultural and ideological circumstances of each historical moment have conditioned the conception and understanding of this medieval crusade.

[eu] Albitarren aurkako gurutzada (1209-1229) Erdi Aroko gerra bat da eta oso kronika eta historiografia zabala eta konplexua ditu, batez ere XIX. mendetik gaur egunera arte. Frantzian berriki ikertu duten historiografia horren ekarpen garrantzitsuenen bitartez, artikulu honekin une historiko bakoitzeko abaguneak (erlijioak, politikak, kulturak, ideologiak, etab.) Erdi Aroko gurutzada horren kontzepzioa eta zentzua baldintzatu duela erakutsi nahi dugu.
[en] This essay revolves around the progressive reduction of respect for the fulfilment of constitutional require-ments in the regulation of fundamental rights in recent years. This tendency has been perceived, since long ago, in the regulation of fundamental rights by laws of lower rank than organic law. This problem can be seen in emergency regulations, as it turns out, for example, in the Royal Decree 463/2020, of 14th March, and the Royal Decree 926/2020, of 25th October, where the government has arrogated to itself, not only during the hardest period of the pandemic, very broad func-tions of regulation of fundamental rights. All of which suggests that there has been a parallel weakening of the principle of immediate subjection of public authorities to fundamental rights –respectively, arts. 9.1 and 53.1 of the Spanish Constitution–, and even a certain relativi-zation or trivialization and reduction of the importance of fundamental rights in the State, with unforeseeable and unsettling effects.

[eu] Lan honen gaia da pixkanaka-pixkanaka gutxitzen ari dela Konstituzioko baldintzak betetzearekiko erres-petua, oinarrizko eskubideak arautzeari dagokionez, azken urteetan gertatu den bezala. Joera hori aspalditik ikusten da lege organikoa baino beheragoko maila-ko legeek oinarrizko eskubideen arloan egiten duten arauketan. Arazo hori presako arauetan ere ikusten da; horren adibide dira, besteak beste, martxoaren 14ko 463/2020 Errege Dekretua eta urriaren 25eko 926/2020 Errege Dekretua, non Gobernuak oinarrizko eskubi-deen arauketaren funtzio oso zabalak hartu baititu bere gain, eta ez bakarrik pandemiaren garairik gogo-rrenean. Horretatik guztitik ondoriozta daiteke aldi berean ahuldu egin dela botere publikoak oinarrizko eskubideei lotzearen printzipioa –Espainiako Konstitu-zioaren 9.1 eta 53.1 artikuluak–, eta, nolabait, erlatibi-zatu edo banalizatu eta murriztu egin dela oinarrizko eskubideek Estatuan duten garrantzia. Horrek ondorio kezkagarriak ditu, aurreikusi ezinekoak
[en] The World Social Forum (WSF) held in Belem de Pará (Brazil) during December 2009 was both an international political and media phenomenon within an increasingly transnationalized public sphere. However, the way in which this event was covered by the media varies accordingly to the ideological orientation of the different national newspapers studied in this research. These newspapers arrange the Forum's visibility and frame its speeches according to the editorial principles and economic strategies that characterize media companies. This research aims to explain these informative dynamics of a unconventional political actor as FSM in the process of public visibility, by analyzing the print and on-line editions of 12 di- fferent newspapers in four countries (Spain, France, Ecuador and Argentina).

[eu] 2009ko abenduan, Belém de Parán (Brasil) ospatutako Munduko Foro Soziala (MFS) nazioarteko fenomeno politiko eta mediatikoa bilakatu zen, gero eta transnazionalizatuagoa den eremu publikoan. Hala ere, nazio desberdinetako egunkariek daukaten jarrera ideologikoaren arabera emaniko tratamendu informatiboa berezitua da eta ondorioz Foroari eskaintzen dioten ikusgarritasuna eta erakusten duten testuinguruak enpresa informatiboaren ildo editorialaren eta estrategia ekonomikoaren arabera eraikitzen dute. Ikerketa honek dinamika informatibo hauek azaldu nahi ditu beti ere eragile politiko ezkonbentzionala den MFSaren bisibilitate publikoaren prozesuan, lau herrialdeetako (Espainia, Frantzia, Ekuador eta Argentina) on-line eta paperezko 12 egunkarien edizioak aztertuz.
[en] How should Basque language subjects be approached in universities outside Basque Country? As a result of the lecture that I gave as a guest speaker in the Etxepare Basque Institute during the Summer Courses of the University of the Basque Country in 2014, and of the paper based on that lecture that I published in 2016, in the last few years I have revised the answer to the initial question, replacing a stricter viewpoint with a more flexible one. For many years, there was only one "menu", which seemed rigid; by contrast, in the last few years the number of "menus" has increased to three, which has resulted in more flexibility and an adaptation to the wishes and needs of "customers" (students). The first one is philological, but also offers a space for the practical teaching of Basque. The second one is practical, but also offers a space for philological aspects of interest. The third one is aimed at Basque-speaking students preparing for the B1, B2 and C1 level certification exams. The three "menus" can be sweet if the right ingredients are used, or else they may turn sour if choosing the wrong ingredients. In any case, care has been taken for two ingredients to be included: attractiveness and added value compared to other language courses.

[eu] Nola planteatu behar dira euskara irakasgaiak Euskal Herritik kanpoko unibertsitateetan? Abiapuntutzat hartuta UPV/EHUko 2014ko Uda Ikastaroetan Etxepare Euskal Institutuak gonbidaturik egin nuen hitzaldia eta hitzaldi hartan oinarrituta 2016an argitaratu nuen artikulua, azken urteotan eguneratu egin dut galdera horrentzako erantzuna, ikuspuntu murritz samarraren ordez irizpide malguagoak erabiliz. Urte luzez, "menu" bakarra eskaini nuen; azken urteotatik honantz, ordea, hiru, "bezeroen" (hots, ikasleen) nahi eta beharrei egokituak: lehenengoagehien bat filologikoa da, baina euskararen irakaskuntza praktikoari ere tarte bat utziz; bigarrena, ordea, gehien bat praktikoa da, baina alderdi filologiko interesgarriei ere tarte bat eskainiz; hirugarrena, ordea, ikasle euskaldunei zuzendua, B1, B2 edo C1eko azterketa presta dezaten. Hirurak izandaitezke gozoak, osagai egokiak gero. Eta hirurak izan daitezke garratzak, osagai desegokiak erabilita. Nolanahi ere, bi osagai erabili behar dira ezinbestean: erakargarritasuna eta gainerako hizkuntzen irakaskuntzarekiko balio erantsia.
[en] In this article we will analyze the variables that have influenced the change of trend experienced by conventional television and we will study the impact of social networks on the media, making a theoretical approach and assessing the possibility of implementing a new model of news consumption through the IGTV platform as a new selective television format oriented to the current consumer. Also we will propose new styles of content associated with the different Instagram tools so that spanish newspapers, such as El Mundo or El País, can introduce them as a practical model of connection with their audience through their Instagram TV channels, understanding journalism as a service and not just as a product.

[eu] Artikulu honetan, telebista konbentzionalak izandako joera aldaketan eragina izan duten aldagaiak aztertuko ditugu, baita sare sozialek hedabideetan duten eragina ere. Horretarako, ikuspegi teoriko bat hartu dugu eta IGTV plataformaren bidez albisteak kontsumitzeko eredu berri bat ezartzeko aukera balioetsi dugu, egungo kontsumitzaileari zuzendutako aukerako telebista formatu berri gisa. Gainera, Instagramen berezko tresnei lotutako eduki estilo berriak proposatuko ditugu, inpaktuko egunkari espainiarrek, hala nola El Mundo edo El País egunkariek, Instagram TVko kanalen bidez publikoarekin konektatzeko eredu praktiko gisa sartu ahal izan ditzaten, kazetaritza zerbitzu gisa ulertuta, eta ez produktu gisa bakarrik.
[en] This paper aims to show how the people of a small rural hamlet in East Timor conceptualise their relations with some objects. Through five case studies, we will show how a normativity of use and agency is attributed to these objects, which can have negative effects on people's physical or moral integrity whenever transgressed. This transgression of the normativity of use, known locally as lulik, helps to construct and negotiate the boundaries of the domestic domain through the discursive and practical enrolment of everyday objects. Finally, we will show how it becomes necessary to pay attention to some elements of local Timorese material cultures in order to understand the construction processes of collective identity.

[eu] Ekialde Timorreko landa-herrixka txiki bateko biztanleek objektu batzuekin erlazionatzeko duten modua kontzeptualizatzen dute; artikulu honen helburua kontzeptualizazio hori erakustea da. Egindako bost ikerketa praktikoek frogatuko duten moduan, erabileraarau batzuk eta agentzia bat esleitzen dizkiete objektuei, eta baldintza horiek urratzeak eragin txarra izan dezake jendearen osotasun fisikoan edota moralean. Bertakoek lulik izena eman diote baldintza-urratze horri. Antza, lagungarria da etxe-mugak eraikitzeko eta eztabaidatzeko unean, eguneroko objektuak modu diskurtsibo eta praktikoan sartuz. Azkenik, frogatuko dugu beharrezkoa dela bertako elementu kultural eta material batzuei erreparatzea, talde-nortasunak eraikitzeko prozesuak ulertu nahi baditugu.
[en] The use of the Internet by Professors inside and out of the classroom, as a tool for education and research involves many risks. One of such risks is infringement current Copyright and Author's Moral Rights that protect authors in Europe. This is not due to voluntary infringement by the Professors but as a result of the current Legislation not being accurate, clear or realistic regarding the fair use of copyrighted works. A case of special interest is that of the Video On Demand Channels (VOD) or Internet TV inside Spanish Universities. These are tools that offer broad possibilities, which are becoming more and more available for Professors whether they are Spanish or any other country in the world. Such channels show particularities regarding the use of copyrighted works and also regarding User Generated Content (UGC) in terms of the limits and exceptions to Intellectual Property Rights established in the current Legislation both in Spain and the European Union. Specifically, the e-Television and TV-Doc channels of the platform Videoma of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid are studied.

[eu] Irakaskuntzan edo ikerkuntzan irakasleek Internet sarea erabiltzen dutenean, ikasgelan edo ikasgelatik kanpo, Europan jabetza intelektuala eta egile eskubideak arautzen dituzten legeak ez betetzeko arriskua izan dezakete. Hau ez da irakasleen borondate arau-hauslearengatik gertatzen, baizik eta egungo legeria zein obretan baimentzen den edo ez definitzerakoan ez delako ez egokia, ez argia ezta errealista ere. Ikerketarako kasu berezia dira estatuko unibertsitateen hezkuntzarako eta ikerkuntzarako eskatu ahalako bideoko kanalak edo Internet telebista. Tresna hauek aukera zabalak eskaintzen dituzte eta geroz eta irisgarriagoak dira estatuko eta mundu osoko irakasleentzat. Berezitasunak dituzte bitartekoek sortu dituzten erabilerari dagokionean –User Generated Contents direlakoak– edo jabetza intelektuala edukiak erabili nahi dituen pertsonaren esku ez dagoenean, edota estatuko eta europako legeriak finkatzen dituzten mugaen eta salbuespenen kasuan. Ikerketaren aztergai zehatza Madrilgo Universidad Complutenseren Videoma plataformako e-Televisión eta TV-Doc kanalak dira.
[en] In this article are analyzed the integration into the job market and society of a group that faces a serious risk of social exclusion – those persons dependent on drugs who, following their period in prison, are about to integrate into the job market and society, To this end, a survey has been carried out which is representative on a nationwide level of this group in order to analyze their socio-professional profile and also their participation in activities attached to programmes involving integration into the job market and society. The main techniques of statistical analysis applied have been those involving contrasting media, a variance analysis, a contingency table, correlation, an analysis of conglomerates and a factorial analysis. A methodological triangulation process has also been carried out that introduces qualitative techniques. The qualitative data has been obtained, recorded and analyzed via ten in-depth interviews with those responsible for programmes and technicians working on the latter that develop courses of action to encourage the integration of this social group.

[eu] Artikulu honek, hain zuzen, gizartean baztertua izateko arrisku larrian dagoen talde bat gizartean eta lan-munduan txertatzeko prozesuak aztertzen ditu; alegia, espetxean egonaldia egin ondoren lan-munduan eta gizartean txertatzeko asmoa duten pertsona drograzaleak gizarteratzeko prozesuak. Horretarako, talde horretako kideei galdetegia egin zaie estatu osoan, euren gizarte- eta lanbide-profila ezagutze aldera, eta baita gizartean eta lan-munduan txertatzeko programetako jardueretan duten parte-hartzearen berri jasotzeko ere. Erabilitako estatistika-analisirako teknika nagusiak, bestalde, batez bestekoak alderatzea, bariantza-analisia, arrisku-taula, korrelazioa, konglomeratuen analisia eta faktore-analisia izan dira. Eta horiez guztiez gainera, teknika kualitatiboak barneratzen dituen triangelaketa metodologikoaren prozesua ere erabili da. Datu kualitatiboak eskuratzeko, hain zuzen, talde hori lan-munduan txertatzen laguntzeko ekintzak gauzatzen dituzten Programetako arduradunei eta teknikariei hamar elkarrizketa sakon egin, grabatu eta aztertu dira.
[en] The research is centred on the multiple communications that arise between people and the transmedia museum. To examine this communication with audiences in greater depth, the interactions and interactivities that comprise it must be analysed. That is why the primary objective of the research is to create an analytical and productive model of the interactions and interactivities that come about or should come about in the transmedia museum. This narrative taxonomy classifies in order to arrange, categorize and reveal the museum's communicative achievements and deficiencies for the purpose of attaining full and accessible communication for all visitors.

[eu] Ikerketa honek transmedia museoan pertsonen eta narrazioen artean sortzen diren komunikazio anitzak aztertzen ditu. Entzulegoarekin sortzen den komunikazio horretan sakondu ahal izateko, beharrezkoa da hura eratzen duten elkarreragitea eta interakzioa aztertzea. Hori dela eta, ikerketa honen helburu nagusia analisi- eta ekoizpen-eredu bat sortzea da, transmedia museoan gertatzen diren, edo gerta beharko luketen, elkarreragiteak eta interakzioak aztertzeko. Taxonomia narratibo honek museoaren komunikazio lorpen eta gabeziak, haien aldaera guztietan, antolatu, kategorizatu eta aurkitzen ditu, komunikazio integral eta ulergarri bat lortzeko helburuarekin