[de] Der Beitrag untersucht Wohnungsbaugenossenschaften in der Litauischen Sozialistischen Sowjetrepublik als Experimentierfeld für das Planen, Gestalten und Umsetzen von Architektur im Massenwohnungsbau der späten Sowjetzeit (1960er-1980er Jahre). In der UdSSR wurden Wohnungsbaugenossenschaften 1962 als Ersatz für die in den großen Städten abgeschafften privaten Einfamilienhäuser wieder eingeführt. Politisch und wirtschaftlich sah man Wohnungsbaugenossenschaften als Lösung für die schwierige Lage an, die aus der berüchtigten sowjetischen Wohnungsknappheit entstanden war: Genossenschaftlicher Wohnungsbau bedeutete, dass die Bewohner den Bau ihrer Wohnung aus eigenen Rücklagen bestritten, um so zu vermeiden, auf die Warteliste gesetzt zu werden. Die entscheidende Neuerung der Genossenschaften bestand darin, dass bessergestellte Bürger sich nun luxuriöse Wohnungsausstattungen leisten konnten, die bis dahin der privilegierten Partei-Nomenklatura vorbehalten gewesen waren. Aus stadtplanerischer Sicht sollte die Konzentration des Wohnraums – von Ein- auf Mehrfamilienhäuser – die zum Wohnen verwendete Stadtfläche verringern und die Kosten für die Bereitstellung von Infrastruktur senken. Zugleich bildete sich durch die Einführung des genossenschaftlichem Wohnungsbaus eine größere architektonische Gestaltungsvielfalt aus (wozu auch großzügiger bemessene Grundrisse und hochwertigeres Material zählten). Zudem wurden dabei die Abteilungen für experimentelle Gestaltung der staatlichen Planungsinstitute in den Prozess miteinbezogen. Der Beitrag stellt die Hypothese auf, dass die Entwicklung genossenschaftlichen Wohnungsbaus sowohl auf die privilegierten Bewohner als auch auf die Architekten anregend wirkte, da zum einen der genossenschaftlich organisierte Wohnungsbau die Konzentration wohlhabender Stadtbewohner beschleunigte und zum anderen nun abwechslungsreichere Planungsideen verwirklicht werden konnten.

[en] The paper is a study of house-building cooperatives in the Lithuanian SSR as a field of architectural experimentation in planning, design and construction of mass housing during the late Soviet period (1960s–1980s). The house-building co-operatives were re-introduced in the USSR in 1962 as a substitute for the cessation of private single-family houses in large cities. Politically and economically, house-building co-operatives were seen as a solution to the difficult situation posed by the well-known Soviet apartment shortage because co-operative apartment arrangements meant that residents contributed their own funds to the process of building their homes, thereby avoiding the waiting list. The important change that housing co-operatives offered was the possibility for better-to-do citizens to obtain housing luxuries that were previously available only to the privileged party nomenclatura. From an urban planning perspective such a concentration of previously single houses into multi-apartment buildings was meant to minimise the municipal land taken up for housing and reduce the cost of engineering infrastructure. At the same time the introduction of co-operative housing resulted in more varied residential building designs (including more comfortable apartment layouts and better selection of materials), engaging in the process departments of experimental design at the State Design Institutes. In this paper a hypothesis is proposed that the development of co-operative housing stimulated architectural experimentation for groups concerning both privileged residents (because the process of co-operative housing accelerated the concentration of more affluent urban dwellers) and architects, who wished to express more varied residential planning ideas.The paper is a study of house-building cooperatives in the Lithuanian SSR as a field of architectural experimentation in the planning, design, and construction of mass housing during the late Soviet period (1960s–80s). House-building co-operatives were re-introduced in the USSR in 1962 as a substitute for the stoppage of private single-family dwellings in large cities. Politically and economically, house-building co-operatives were seen as a solution to the difficult situation posed by the apartment shortage. The co-operative apartment arrangements meant that residents contributed their own funds to the process of building their homes, thereby avoiding the waiting list. The important change that housing co-operatives offered was the possibility for better-off citizens to obtain housing luxuries that were previously available only to privileged communist party elite. From an urban planning perspective, concentrating zones previously allotted to single-family dwellings into multi-apartment buildings was a means of minimizing the municipal land taken up by housing and reducing the cost of engineering infrastructure. At the same time, the introduction of co-operative housing resulted in more varied residential building designs (including more comfortable apartment layouts and better selection of materials). The departments of experimental design at the State Design Institutes were engaged in the process. In this paper, we suggest the hypothesis that the development of co-operative housing stimulated architectural experimentation for two groups of people: privileged residents (because the process of co-operative housing accelerated the concentration of more affluent urban dwellers), and architects, eager to implement more varied residential planning ideas.