BSC-LT/ACAData huggingface dataset:
[en] The work of investigation has made an analysis of the interest of the minor in the shared custody, from the interpretation that offers article us 92 of the Civil Code, modified Law 15/2005, of 8 of July.In reference to the used methodology, it prevails the jurisprudencial and doctrinal analysis of the subject, as well as one has resorted to the comparative method for the study of texts, sources and authors.The work begins with the exploration of the content of the exercise of the mother country power in situations of familiar crises and the alternatives that its exercise offers, soon, we studied the legal figure of the guard and custody, and its modalitiesWe dedicated the second Chapter to the analysis of the shared custody, his antecedents and relation with other legal figures as the right of visit, its admission in the Spanish legislation, its regulation in Law 15/2005, of 8 of July, and its contradictions. In the third Chapter, we studied the modalities of the shared custody and the criteries that must be taken care of for their application.The last one Chapter approaches the interest of the minor. In the first part, is its content in the legislation from the protection the minor. Finally, in the second part of this Chapter, the interest of the minor is approached as main critery of attribution of the shared custody.

[es] El trabajo de investigaci?n ha realizado un an?lisis del inter?s del menor en la custodia compartida, a partir de la interpretaci?n que nos brinda el art?culo 92 del C?digo Civil, modificado Ley 15/ 2005, de 8 de julio.Con referencia a la metodolog?a utilizada, prepondera el an?lisis jurisprudencial y doctrinal de la materia, as? como tambi?n se ha recurrido al m?todo comparativo para el estudio de textos, fuentes y autores.El trabajo comienza con la exploraci?n del contenido del ejercicio de la patria potestad en situaciones de crisis familiares y las alternativas que brinda su ejercicio, luego, estudiamos la figura jur?dica de la guarda y custodia, y sus modalidades.Dedicamos el segundo Cap?tulo al an?lisis de la custodia compartida, sus antecedentes y relaci?n con otras figuras jur?dicas como el derecho de visita, su admisi?n en la legislaci?n espa?ola, su regulaci?n en la Ley 15/ 2005, de 8 de julio, y sus contradicciones. En el tercer Cap?tulo, estudiamos las modalidades de la custodia compartida, y los criterios que deben ser atendidos para su aplicaci?n.El ?ltimo Capitulo aborda el inter?s del menor. En la primera parte, se trata su contenido en la legislaci?n a partir de la protecci?n del menor. Por ?ltimo, en la segunda parte de este Cap?tulo, se aborda el inter?s del menor como principal criterio de atribuci?n de la custodia compartida.
[en] The changes introduced in the Austrian monarchy with the establishing of the Council of Spain and the offices of Secretary of State and of Despacho are studied in relation to the liberalisation leading to the reforms established in the middle of the 18th century. Thus an analysis is made of how the new institutional dynamics stimulated the theoretical formulation of new forms of government from the doctrinal position of the Marquis of Rialp and the Count of Amor de Soria. ln their writings, solutions of French origin are accepted for improving government and strengthening the power of the monarch.

[es] Los cambios que se introducen en la monarqu?a austriaca con la constituci?n del Consejo de Espa?a y la Secretar?a de Estado y del Despacho son estudiados en relaci?n con la apertura hacia las reformas verificadas a mediados del siglo XVIII. Se analiza as? c?mo la nueva din?mica institucional estimula la formulaci?n te?rica de nuevas formas de gobierno desde la posici?n doctrinal del Marqu?s de Rialp y el Conde de Amor de Soria. En sus escritos se aceptan soluciones de origen franc?s para mejorar el gobierno y fortalecer el poder del monarca.
[en] The pedagogical press represents a new emerging research scenario in the history of education in the department of Caldas, recognized as an open scenario of welcome and possibility of study that has allowed us to recognize the role of the pedagogical press in the department of Caldas, a documentary and bibliographic study that privileged primary and secondary sources, in a methodological process based on the application of three stages: Heuristics; Doxography; Etiology, that included the processes of collection, analysis and treatment of the information, which allowed to identify the character of the pedagogical press in the department and the thematic relationship that it presents between the years 1991 and 2020.

[es] La prensa pedag?gica representa una propuesta de investigaci?n emergente en la historia de la educaci?n, reconocida como un escenario abierto de acogida y posibilidad de estudio que ha permitido indagar acerca del papel de la prensa pedag?gica en el departamento de Caldas, a trav?s de un estudio documental y bibliogr?fico que privilegi? fuentes primarias y secundarias, en un proceso metodol?gico basado en la aplicaci?n de tres etapas: Heur?stica; Doxograf?a; Etiolog?a, que comprendieron los procesos de recolecci?n, an?lisis y tratamiento de la informaci?n, las cuales permitieron identificar el car?cter de la prensa pedag?gica en el departamento y la relaci?n tem?tica que presenta esta entre los a?os 1991 y 2020.
[en] After more than a decade of political stability, in 2019 Bolivia suffered a major political crisis that ended with the resignation of a long-standing President, amidst popular unrest after a questioned election. While the crisis was the immediate result of a questionable attempt by the President to skip constitutional term limits, its roots can be found in the declining rates of support and satisfaction with democracy among citizens and in the polarization reaching democratic support. Using survey data from LAPOPs AmericasBarometer, this article finds that national averages for different measures for democratic support show declining trends, and, perhaps more importantly, they also show high levels of polarization, with supporters of the president showing radically different attitudes that those who are critics of the government, particularly during critical times. Cluster analyses performed on the same data indicate that the proportion of individuals who share attitudes that can be considered as "institutionalists" has been declining, while the proportion of those who support extra-powers for the executive and authoritarian alternatives, has increased. The article concludes discussing some risks for Bolivian democracy within its citizens' attitudes towards democratic institutions.

[es] Despu?s de m?s de una d?cada de estabilidad pol?tica, en 2019 Bolivia sufri? una importante crisis pol?tica que termin? con la renuncia de un presidente de larga data, en medio de disturbios populares despu?s de unas elecciones cuestionadas. Si bien la crisis fue el resultado inmediato de un intento cuestionable del Presidente de saltarse los l?mites constitucionales de mandato, sus ra?ces pueden encontrarse en las tasas decrecientes de apoyo y satisfacci?n con la democracia entre los ciudadanos y en la polarizaci?n que llega hasta el apoyo democr?tico. Utilizando datos de encuestas del Bar?metro de las Am?ricas de LAPOP, este art?culo encuentra que los promedios nacionales para diferentes medidas de apoyo democr?tico muestran tendencias decrecientes y, quiz?s m?s importante, tambi?n muestran altos niveles de polarizaci?n, con partidarios del presidente mostrando actitudes radicalmente diferentes a las de aquellos que son cr?ticos del Gobierno. Los an?lisis de conglomerados realizados con los mismos datos indican que la proporci?n de personas que comparten actitudes que pueden considerarse "institucionalistas" ha ido disminuyendo, mientras que la proporci?n de quienes apoyan poderes adicionales para el ejecutivo y las alternativas autoritarias ha aumentado. El art?culo concluye discutiendo algunos riesgos para la democracia boliviana dentro de las actitudes de sus ciudadanos hacia las instituciones democr?ticas.
[en] Zoonoses are diseases that are transmitted naturally between animals and man. Their interest is enormous and growing, especially in recent years in which they have emerged as serious and widespread problems, such as emerging zoonoses. Zoonoses represent at least 60% of human infectious diseases and up to 75% of emerging diseases, so their relative importance is more than justified. From the health point of view they are the cause of death, disease, suffering and sequelae, and from the economic point of view, they cause damage in nations or throughout the world, when the spread of the disease is global. The article discusses issues related to the prediction, prevention and control of zoonoses and is particularly set, due to its timeliness, in COVID-19, a pandemic that has the status of zoonosis by admitting its origin in bats. The union of forces between animal health, human health and environmental health, in the context of One Health, is important to achieve success in the control and eradication of these diseases.

[es] Las zoonosis son enfermedades que se transmiten de forma natural entre los animales y el hombre. Su inter?s es enorme y creciente, especialmente en los ?ltimos a?os en los que han emergido como problemas de gravedad y gran difusi?n, como zoonosis emergentes. Las zoonosis representan, al menos, el 60% de las enfermedades infecciosas humanas y hasta el 75% de las enfermedades emergentes, por lo que su importancia relativa esta sobradamente justificada. Desde el punto de vista sanitario son causa de muerte, enfermedad, sufrimiento y secuelas y, desde el punto de vista econ?mico, causan quebranto en las naciones o, en todo el mundo, cuando la extensi?n de la enfermedad es global. El art?culo discute cuestiones relativas a la predicci?n, prevenci?n y control de zoonosis y se fija de modo particular, por su actualidad, en la COVID-19, una pandemia que tiene la condici?n de zoonosis al admitirse su origen en murci?lagos con la intervenci?n probable de un hospedador intermediario. Es importante la uni?n de fuerzas entre la sanidad animal, la salud humana y la sanidad ambiental, en el contexto de Una sola Salud, para lograr el ?xito en el control y erradicaci?n de estas enfermedades.
[en] At the Federal University of Piau? (Brazil) within its Department of Structures, created in 1975, the Boletim informativo do Departamento, from the Technology Center is published, since 1985 as an instrument of scientific and professional legitimization. In the article the structure and contents of its beginnings are studied.

[es] En la Universidad Federal de Piau? (Brasil), dentro de su Departamento de Estructuras, creado en 1975, se publica el Boletim informativo do Departamento, del Centro de Tecnolog?a, desde 1985 como un instrumento de legitimaci?n cient?fica y profesional. En el art?culo se estudian la estructura y los contenidos de sus inicios.
[en] The article is a former study on an unpublished work by Unamuno "El progreso social?. In this article his former intellectual studies based os positivist themes are underlined with particular attention to the relation ship between city and countryside, natural attitudes and thought, socialism and development, social being and person. The entire analisys is brought about and developed through a dialogic way.

[es] El art?culo es un primer acercamiento al estudio del in?dito de Unamuno "El progreso social?. En ?l se ,ponen de relieve los temas positivistas que caracterizan su primera etapa intelectual; en particular, la relaci?n ciudad/campo, naturaleza/pensamiento, socialismo/progreso, individuo/persona. Todo ello por medio de una raz?n dial?gica.
[en] In Spain, throughout the 19th century, at the same time that the foundations of the national system of education were being laid, the new social order of separate spheres for men and women that would characterize contemporary patriarchy was being defined. Both were essential for the accomplishment of the liberal bourgeois political project. Girls? schools were charged with promoting and legitimizing the model of woman useful to the new State and economic development from the position of ?home government?. The subject ?Notions of domestic hygiene? established by the Moyano Law in 1857 together with the reorientation towards family utility given to ?work proper to women?, are considered in this work as key instruments for distancing women from the labour market and devaluating the work they do.

[es] En Espa?a, a lo largo del siglo XIX, al tiempo que se sentaban las bases del sistema nacional de educaci?n se defin?a el nuevo orden social de esferas separadas entre hombres y mujeres que caracterizar? al patriarcado contempor?neo, cuestiones ambas imprescindibles para la realizaci?n del proyecto pol?tico liberal burgu?s. La escuela de ni?as fue la encargada de promover y legitimar el modelo de mujer ?til al nuevo Estado y al desarrollo econ?mico desde el ?gobierno del hogar?. La asignatura de ?Ligeras nociones de higiene dom?stica? que estableci? la Ley Moyano en 1857 junto con la reorientaci?n que se dio a las ?labores propias del sexo? hacia la utilidad familiar, se consideran en este trabajo como los instrumentos clave para el alejamiento de las mujeres del mercado laboral y la devaluaci?n de los trabajos que ?stas desempe?an.
[en] Unamuno scholars have advanced a host of different and oft incompatible constructions of his novel La t?a Tula. In particular, critics have held opposite views regarding its hypothetical feminism. The feminist camp has based its claims in a small number of feminist elements they have identified in some passages of the novel. This article seeks to settle the question by reading La t?a Tula against a comprehensive theory of feminism, considering all the central elements of feminism rather than a small number of circumstantial features likely to be interpreted as feminist. To that effect, I have deployed Deborah Cameron's theory of feminism published in 2018. My conclusions confirm that neither La t?a Tula nor its main character reflect any of the defining characteristics of feminism. This article also advances a new reading of La t?a Tula ? like in other novels, such as Amor y pedagog?a, Niebla and San Manuel, in La t?a Tula Unamuno delves into and undertakes an examination of the subject of love and particularly of spiritual love. Further to the previous interpretations of Tula as a religious figure, this article discusses her psychological duality: (1) Tula as a model of chastity inspired by the Virgin Mary ? the protagonist is a mother and a virgin. (2) Tula as a woman who feels spiritual love, a form of love that is eternal and averts ?the empire of [sexual] desire?.

[es] La t?a Tula de Unamuno ha dado pie a interpretaciones diversas, am?n de incompatibles. Si bien una parte de sus ex?getas la ha presentado como obra de evidente feminismo, otros han arg?ido justo lo contrario. Las proclamaciones de su supuesto feminismo se han basado en la apreciaci?n de elementos feministas puntuales hallados en pasajes desperdigados por todo lo largo de la novela. Este art?culo procura zanjar la disputa sometiendo La t?a Tula a una teor?a del feminismo en toda su extensi?n. A tal fin hemos recurrido a la definici?n del feminismo elaborada por Deborah Cameron y publicada en 2018. Nuestro an?lisis deja demostrada la improcedencia de calificar de feministas La t?a Tula y a su personaje principal. A ello a?adimos una nueva lectura de esta novela: al igual que otras obras de su autor ?como Amor y pedagog?a, Niebla y San Manuel?, en La t?a Tula se trata la naturaleza del amor y en especial del amor espiritual. La protagonista encarna dos modelos humanos: 1) El modelo de castidad mariano que la convierte en una virgen madre a semejanza de Santa Mar?a. 2) El modelo de amor espiritual y eterno ajeno al ?imperio del deseo [carnal]?.
[en] This article analyses the educative and pedagogical renovation proposals situated in their social and economic context. Thus, it intends to obtain a wider vision of the problems or helps these proposals may have when it comes to their application in schools. It will be of major consideration to differentiate within these proposals the aspects related with classroom management from other approaches related with the goals to transform the society through a reformed education, that sometimes appear inside them, to understand better their social reception. This article is centred on the research of proposals based on the ideas Paulo Freire tried to introduce in the ikastola or Basque schools in the seventies of the last Century in the Basque Country and the problems they found when their application was intended.

[es] En este art?culo se analizan las propuestas de renovaci?n educativa y pedag?gica situadas en su correspondiente contexto sociopol?tico. De este modo se pretende lograr una visi?n m?s completa sobre los problemas o facilidades que ?stas pueden encontrar cuando se busca su aplicaci?n en los centros educativos. Se considera importante diferenciar en estos proyectos los aspectos relacionados con la gesti?n del aula de aquellos m?s generales relacionados con la transformaci?n de la sociedad a trav?s de una educaci?n reformada, que a veces aparecen unidas a este tipo de propuestas, para comprender su recepci?n social. En este art?culo se analizan las propuestas pedag?gicas siguiendo los planteamientos de Paulo Freire realizadas en el seno del movimiento de las ikastolas del Pa?s Vasco en la d?cada de los setenta del siglo pasado y los problemas que encontraron en su aplicaci?n.
[en] Digital competence is an important ability in professional development in social education. This research seeks to gather information on students? self-assessment of digital competence in the bachelor?s degree in social education at the School of Education of the University of Salamanca (Spain). The methodology followed was quantitative, non-experimental and descriptive, and electronic surveys were used to collect data. One noteworthy result is the fact that students assess their own attitude toward Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in a very positive light, their ICT use more moderately, and their knowledge of ICT as poor. The study shows that students do not have a level of digital competence commensurate with their status as ?digital residents? (generations born after the 1980s), or adequate capabilities to use ICT in their academic and future professional lives.

[es] La competencia digital debe constituir una capacidad importante en el desarrollo profesional de la Educaci?n Social. Este art?culo presenta una investigaci?n cuya finalidad es conocer la autoevaluaci?n que los estudiantes de la Titulaci?n de Grado en Educaci?n Social de la Facultad de Educaci?n de la Universidad de Salamanca (Espa?a) realizan sobre su competencia digital. La metodolog?a seguida fue cuantitativa, no experimental y descriptiva, y se ha utilizado la encuesta electr?nica como medio de recolecci?n de datos. Entre los resultados cabe destacar que los alumnos autoeval?an su actitud hacia las Tecnolog?as de la Informaci?n y la Comunicaci?n (TIC) de manera muy positiva, su manejo de una forma m?s moderada y su conocimiento como escaso. Queda demostrado que no tienen un nivel de competencia digital adecuado a su condici?n de ?residentes digitales? (generaciones posteriores a los a?os 80) y que no tienen las suficientes capacidades como para utilizar las TIC en su vida acad?mica y futuro profesional.
[en] The transfer of the Casa de la Contrataci?n from Seville to Cadiz in 1717 was justified by the navigability problems of the Guadalquivir river, which hindered the continuity of the Sevillian monopoly. Faced with this, the Bay of Cadiz seemed to be much better suited to the demands of the Carrera de Indias, by offering a more suitable and functional port for the fleets. In fact, the head of American colonial traffic had already been officially transferred to Cadiz in 1680. The transfer of the governing institutions of the Carrera ?the Casa de la Contrataci?n and the Consulado de Cargadores? appeared as the logical consequence in this process of tilting of the capital of the American monopoly. The question that addresses this paper is what were the real conditions of navigability that presented the Bay of Cadiz in those moments and how they were modified by the new role that had to assume to him. At the same time, this paper examines how the Cadiz port system evolved face of the new Atlantic situation, bearing in mind that the Bay of Cadiz not only assumed the capital of the American monopoly, but was also designated as one of the three maritime departments that resulted from the Bourbon reorganization of the Navy. The resulting intense naval traffic, both merchant ships and war ships, introduced changes and raised logistical needs that demanded effective responses. The purpose of this paper is to explore these interesting issues, especially in regard to the running of the Carrera de Indias.

[es] El traslado de la Casa de la Contrataci?n de Indias de Sevilla a C?diz en 1717 se justific? por los problemas de navegabilidad del r?o Guadalquivir, que dificultaban la continuidad del monopolio sevillano. Frente a ello, la Bah?a de C?diz parec?a adaptarse mucho mejor a las exigencias de la Carrera de Indias, al ofrecer un puerto m?s adecuado y funcional para las flotas. De hecho, la cabecera del tr?fico colonial americano se hab?a trasladado ya oficialmente a C?diz en 1680. El traslado de las instituciones rectoras de la Carrera ?la Casa de la Contrataci?n y el Consulado de Cargadores? aparec?a como la consecuencia l?gica de este proceso de basculaci?n de la capitalidad del monopolio americano. La pregunta que se plantea el presente trabajo es cu?les fueron las condiciones reales de navegabilidad que presentaba la Bah?a en aquellos momentos y c?mo se vieron modificadas por el nuevo rol que le toc? asumir. Al mismo tiempo, este trabajo se cuestiona c?mo evolucion? el sistema portuario gaditano ante la nueva coyuntura atl?ntica, teniendo presente adem?s que la Bah?a de C?diz no solo asumi? la capital del monopolio americano, sino que tambi?n fue designada como uno de los tres departamentos mar?timos que resultaron de la reorganizaci?n borb?nica de la Armada. El intenso tr?fico naval resultante, tanto de nav?os mercantes como de guerra, introdujo cambios y plante? necesidades log?sticas que demandaron eficaces respuestas. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar estas interesantes cuestiones, sobre todo en lo que respecta al funcionamiento de la Carrera de Indias.
[en] Even though Wixarika people are often characterized as ?pagan?, Christianity is an important aspect of their religious practice. In this paper indigenous stories about Christ and the saints, as well as certain Catholic ceremonies, like Holy Week, are explained as related to how Wixarika people engage with non-Indigenous populations, modern technology and capitalist economy. In no way there is a rejection of any of those. However, for the communities it is a priority to maintain autonomy, so the control of the uncanny powers of otherness is a crucial, but impossible aspect of Wixarika Christianity.

[es] El pueblo wixarika muchas veces es caracterizado como ?pagano?. Sin embrago, el cristianismo s? es un aspecto importante de sus pr?cticas religiosas. En este art?culo se analizan mitos wixarika sobre Cristo y los santos, as? como ciertas ceremonias enfocadas en las iglesias que existen en las comunidades. El catolicismo wixarika se explica en el marco de las relaciones entre las comunidades ind?genas y poblaciones no-ind?genas, la tecnolog?a moderna y el capitalismo. Es importante tomar en cuenta que estos ?mbitos no se rechazan, pero s? es una prioridad mantener la autonom?a. De esta manera, los ritos se enfocan en la tarea imposible de controlar los poderes, muchas veces, problem?ticos de la alteridad.