[ca] Les contínues reformes legislatives imposades han tingut l'objectiu d'adaptar l'ensenyament a un context social i cultural postmodern. Tanmateix, aquests canvis aparentment no han reeixit i la comunitat educativa té una impressió general negativa. Aquesta tesi doctoral ha reflexionat globalment entorn de la situació a l'àmbit educatiu, també m'he centrat en els diversos elements imbricats i especialment en la figura del docent. Als mitjans de comunicació apareixen constantment informacions explicant situacions conflictives i difícils que el docent ha de tractar dia a dia dins les aules. Públicament, s'interroga si el professor ha perdut l'autoritat que tenia anteriorment davant la societat, les famílies i els alumnes. Molts responen d'una forma contundent i radical afirmativament. Aquesta recerca doctoral pretén investigar el concepte d'autoritat en el professorat durant el Franquisme a Catalunya i contraposar-lo al context postmodern actual; també s'han fet aportacions d'altres contrades per tal d'ampliar la perspectiva. Per abordar la complexitat d'aquest objecte d'estudi s'han utilitzat eines de diverses disciplines, principalment la sociologia, també l'antropologia, la pedagogia, la filosofia i la psicologia. La metodologia utilitzada ha estat principalment qualitativa, mitjançant entrevistes en profunditat, grups triangulars..., i també s'han introduït dades quantitatives. L'anàlisi del concepte autoritat exigeix tenir en compte el marc social i cultural. Aquest determina els tipus de relacions socials en un espai concret entre els diversos actors socials. A més a més, s'ha de tenir en compte la definició del terme auctoritas i diferenciar-lo d'un altre que històricament ha portat equívocs, la potestas. Aquesta investigació ha situat la figura del docent en dos contextos socials i culturals específics. Primer el marc franquista, el qual tenia una estructura on dominaven unes interaccions socials caracteritzades per l'obediència, la disciplina, la jerarquia, les relacions unidireccionals i verticals. Aquestes poden definir-se a partir de la potestas. Aquest tipus de relacions socials no estaven reduïdes a l'espai educatiu, sinó que tota l'estructura social tenia aquestes característiques. Tanmateix, en un context social i cultural postmodern, hi ha més equilibri i equitat entre els diversos actors socials, també a l'àmbit educatiu. No existeix una estructura social sòlida que consolidi a priori unes determinades formes de fer i d'actuar, sinó que el docent, amb la seva habilitat, intel·ligència, esforç, empatia i implicació ha de guanyar-se l'auctoritas dia a dia. Aquest tipus d'interaccions socials no s'han de situar únicament a l'espai educatiu, sinó que van més enllà, són qüestions socials i culturals d'aquest període. Les conclusions d'aquesta recerca són les següents: s'ha relacionat el context social i cultural franquista amb l'escola d'aquell període. Aquest marc comportava unes determinades metodologies a l'interior dels centres i unes interaccions socials específiques entre docents i alumnes. Les relacions entre els agents socials a l'aula eren fonamentalment verticals, rígides, disciplinàries i sense dret a rèplica. Això comportava interaccions dominades fonamentalment per la potestas. A l'actualitat, s'ha relacionat el context social i cultural postmodern a l'escola. Aquest marc comporta unes determinades metodologies als centres i unes interaccions socials específiques entre docents i alumnes. Les relacions entre els actors socials a l'aula són més igualitàries, horitzontals, dialogants i democràtiques. Per tal que pugui aparèixer l'auctoritas hi ha d'haver lliure acceptació de l'educat. Això comporta que en aquest model pugui aparèixer l'autoritat del docent, per la seva vàlua i carisma, i que aquest sigui considerat especial.

[en] Ongoing legal reforms that have been introduced have sought to adapt the educational system to a postmodern social and cultural context. However, it appears that these changes have not been particularly successful and have generally been regarded as rather negative by the educational community. This doctoral thesis offers a global reflection on the present situation in the world of education and also focuses on several of the key elements involved in it and, in particular, on the figure of the teacher. The mass media constantly present reports on the difficult and conflictive situations that teaching staff must confront in the classroom on a day-to-day basis. It is publically asked whether the teacher has lost the authority that he/she used to have before society, families and students. Many people respond both forcefully and radically that this is indeed the case. This doctoral research seeks to investigate the concept of the teacher's authority in Catalonia during the Francoist and to compare this with the current post-modern context; contributions relating to other areas have also been included in order to offer a rather wider perspective. Tools from various different disciplines have been used in order to address the complexity of the subject studied. These have mainly been borrowed from sociology, but also from anthropology, pedagogy, philosophy and psychology. The methodology used has mainly been qualitative and derived from in-depth interviews and triangular groups, though some quantitative data have also been included. An analysis of the concept of authority requires us to consider both the social and cultural context. This determines the types of social relations that take place within a specific area between the different social actors. It is also important to consider the definition of the term auctoritas and to distinguish it from another concept that has historically been responsible for numerous misunderstandings, potestas. This research has placed the figure of the teacher in two specific social and cultural contexts. First, within the Francoist framework, which had a structure dominated by social interactions which were characterized by obedience, discipline, hierarchy, and vertical, unidirectional relationships. These can be defined on the basis of potestas. This type of social relationships were not just limited to the educational area; the whole social structure had these characteristics. However, in a postmodern social and cultural context, there is also more balance and equity between the different social agents in the world of education. There is no solid social structure to consolidate a priori certain ways of being and acting; instead, the teacher, through his/her ability, intelligence, effort, empathy and involvement, must earn auctoritas on a day-to-day basis. This type of social interaction should not only be located in the world of educational, but goes much further, and involves the social and cultural issues of this period. The conclusions drawn from this research are the following: the Francoist social and cultural context has been associated with the school of the same period. This framework entailed the use of certain specific approaches within the educational centres and some of the specific social interactions between teachers and students. The relationships between social agents in the classroom were essentially vertical, rigid and disciplinary, with no right of reply. This resulted in interactions that were essentially dominated by the potestas. Nowadays, the postmodern cultural and social context is associated with the school. This framework entails certain specific methodologies in schools and a certain specific social interactions between teachers and students. The relationships between social actors in the classroom are more egalitarian, horizontal, dialogue-orientated and democratic. For the auctoritas to appear, it is necessary for the educated to be freely accepted. This means that in this model the authority of the teacher can appear based on his/her value, charisma and consideration as a special type of person.