[en] Dating documents is one of the most frequent problems the Forensic Document Examiners deal with. This research faces the problem sensu lato. For this purpose, the topic is contextualized, and an exhaustive study of the conducted research in the field of dating inks and in the resolution of the sequential order of crossings, is done. The second section is dedicated on the subject of aging and dating inks. The second chapter faces the study of ink dating methods by monitoring the evaporation of volatile components: on sampling, optimization of the extraction, using RTL tool in GC-MS to highlight differences between batches of inks, monitoring the evaporation of volatiles when there are several layers of paper, and a proposal for mass independent aging curves based on the loss of volatile compounds. A real court case, in which different techniques and conclusions of this chapter have been applied, is developed to illustrate it. In the third chapter, a study about the binder resins used in ink formulations and its aging processes is performed. Various techniques for studying the effect of the evolution of resins with time are proposed: development of a predictive model with data obtained from UV-Vis-NIR reflectance spectra, study of the strokes with scanning electron microscopy, and monitoring the bands of functional groups in the FTIR spectra of the ink samples. The results for the predictive model are promising to get to the resolution of the raised problem. In the fourth chapter, the field of dating opens understanding this as the establishment of the temporal sequence between different elements of the document. Techniques as confocal and atomic force microscopy, as well as metallographic microscope are applied. At the end of the chapter another real court case in which one of these techniques has been applied for its resolution, is presented.

[eu] Auzitegiko dokumentu-analistak sarritan topatzen duen problemaren bat hauxe da: dokumentuak noizkoak diren esatea. Ikerlan honetan, arazo honi aurre egiten zaio sensu lato. Horretarako, lehenengo atalean, problemari testuingurua eman zaio, eta bai tinten datazioari buruz ari diren lanei eta baita gurutzaketen orden sekuentzialari erabakia ematen dizkioten ikerketei azterketa sakona egin zaie, orain arte argitaratu direnak aipatuz. Bigarren Atala tinten zahartze eta datazioari buruzkoa da. Bigarren kapituluan, tintak noizkoak diren jakitearen arazoari aurre egiten zaio, horretarako dauden metodoen azterketaz, lurrunkorren baporizazioa jarraituz: lagina hartzea, erauztearen optimizazioa, tinta-sorten arteko ezberditasunak argi ikusteko RTL tresna erabilpena, lurrunkorren baporizazioaren jarraipena paperezko geruza batzu izaten direnean, eta masari lotu gabeko zahartze kurbaren proposamena, lurrunkorren galeran oinarrituta. Kapitulu hau epailearen kasu erreal batez argitu da. Kasu horretan, kapituluaren zehar erabilitako teknika ezberdinak eta lortutako ondorioak praktikan jarri dira. Hirugarren kapituluan tinten formulazioan erabilitako erretxinei buruzko azterketa egin da, euren zahartze eta zahartze honen jarraipena. Teknika batzu proposatu dira denborari lotutako erretxinen garapen azterketarako: iragarpen eredu bat garapena UV-vis-NIR islapenaren neurrietatik lortu diren datuekin, trazuen azterketa elektroi-ekorketa mikroskopiaz, eta talde funtzionalen banden jarraipena tintaren laginen FTIR espektroetan. Iragarpen eredurako emaitzak, planteatutako arazoaren erabakirako etorkizun handikoak dira. Hirugarren Atalean datazioaren zelaia zabaldu da, ulertzen hau dokumentua osatzen dituzten elementuen arteko segida zehaztearen prozesu bezala. Mikroskopia konfokala, indar atomikoko mikroskopia eta mikroskopio metalografikoaren teknikak aplikatu dira. Kapituluaren amaieran beste epailearen kasu erreala aurkeztu da, eta kasu honen erabakirako hauen arteko teknika bat erabili da.