[en] Abstract from English Wikipedia: \"Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, 1st Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca (; Spanish: [eÉ¾ËˆnaÅ" koÉ¾Ëˆtes í°e monËˆroj i piËˆÎ¸aro]; 1485 - December 2, 1547) was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish explorers and conquistadors who began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Born in Medellí­n, Spain, to a family of lesser nobility, Cortés chose to pursue adventure and riches in the New World. He went to Hispaniola and later to Cuba, where he received an encomienda (the right to the labor of certain subjects). For a short time, he served as alcalde (magistrate) of the second Spanish town founded on the island. In 1519, he was elected captain of the third expedition to the mainland, which he partly funded. His enmity with the Governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, resulted in the recall of the expedition at the last moment, an order which Cortés ignored. Arriving on the continent, Cortés executed a successful strategy of allying with some indigenous people against others. He also used a native woman, Doña Marina, as an interpreter. She later bore his first son. When the Governor of Cuba sent emissaries to arrest Cortés, he fought them and won, using the extra troops as reinforcements. Cortés wrote letters directly to the king asking to be acknowledged for his successes instead of being punished for mutiny. After he overthrew the Aztec Empire, Cortés was awarded the title of Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca, while the more prestigious title of Viceroy was given to a high-ranking nobleman, Antonio de Mendoza. In 1541 Cortés returned to Spain, where he died six years later of natural causes but embittered. Because of the controversial undertakings of Cortés and the scarcity of reliable sources of information about him, it is difficult to describe his personality or motivations. Early lionizing of the conquistadores did not encourage deep examination of Cortés. Modern reconsideration has done little to enlarge understanding regarding him. As a result of these historical trends, descriptions of Cortés tend to be simplistic, and either damning or idealizing.\"

[es] Resumen biográfico extraído de Wikipedia en español: \"Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, I marqués del Valle de Oaxaca (Medellí­n, Corona de Castilla, 1485 - Castilleja de la Cuesta, Corona de Castilla, 2 de diciembre de 1547) fue un conquistador español que, a principios del siglo XVI, lideró la expedición que inició la conquista de México y el final del imperio mexica, poniéndolo bajo dominio de la Corona de Castilla, creándose a partir de ello la denominada Nueva España. Nació en la ciudad extremeña de Medellí­n, en el seno de una familia de menor hidalguí­a. Decidió buscar fortuna en el Nuevo Mundo viajando a La Española y Cuba, donde por un corto perí­odo de tiempo fue alcalde de la segunda ciudad fundada por los españoles durante la tercera expedición a tierra firme, la cual financió parcialmente. Su enemistad con el gobernador de Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, provocó la cancelación del viaje a última hora, una orden que Cortés ignoró. Llegando al continente, Cortés realizó una exitosa estrategia de aliarse con determinados grupos indí­genas para derrotar a otros. También utilizó una mujer nativa, doña Marina (la Malinche), que le sirvió de intérprete y con quien tuvo un hijo. Cuando el gobernador de Cuba mandó emisarios para apresar a Cortés, este los enfrentó y derrotó, al tiempo que enroló a la tropa que iba a arrestarlo como refuerzos para su expedición. Cortés mandó varias cartas al rey Carlos I a fin de que fuese reconocido su éxito de conquista en lugar de ser penalizado por su amotinamiento. Finalmente le fue concedido el tí­tulo de marqués del Valle de Oaxaca, si bien el más prestigioso tí­tulo de virrey le fue dado a un aristócrata de alto rango, Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco. En 1541, Cortés retornó a España, donde falleció seis años después.\"