# JEL sınıflandırma kodları
 alanındaki başlıklar Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) denilen bir makale sınıflandırma sistemiyle sınıflandırılırlar. 
On dokuz ana kategori bulunmaktadır ve her biri alt kategorilerine ayrılmıştır.
Başlıca kodlar şunlardır:
  - - Genel ekonomi and Çalışmalar
  - - İktisadi Düşünce Okulları ve
Metodoloji
  - - Matematiksel ve kantitatif metotlar
  - - Mikroekonomi
  - - Makroekonomi ve Monetarizm
  - - Uluslararası ekonomi
  - - Finansal ekonomi
  - - Kamu ekonomisi
  - - Sağlık, Eğitim, and Refah ekonomisi
  - - Çalışma 
  - - Hukuk ve ekonomi
  - - Endüstriyel organizasyon
  - - İşletme Yönetimi and İşletme Ekonomisi  Pazarlama  Muhasebe
  - - Ekonomi tarihi
  - - İktisadi Kalkınma, Teknolojik Değişim ve Büyüme
  - - Ekonomik sistemler
  - - Tarım Ekonomisi, Doğal Kaynak Ekonomisi, Çevresel Ekonomi ve Ekolojik Ekonomi
  - - Kent, Kırsal ve Bölgesel
  - - Çeşitli kategoriler
  - - Diğer özel başlıklar


## Genel ekonomi ve çalışmalar JEL: A Alt kategoriler.
 - Genel ekonomi
JEL: A10 - Genel
JEL: A11 - Ekonominin rolü, Ekonomistlerin rolü, Economistler için piyasa
 - Ekonominin Diğer Disiplinlerle İlişkisi
 - Sosyal değerlerle ekonominin ilişkisi
JEL: A14 - Sociology of Economics
JEL: A19 - Diğer
 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics
JEL: A20 - Genel
JEL: A21 - Pre-college
JEL: A22 - Undergraduate
JEL: A23 - Graduate
JEL: A29 - Diğer
JEL: A3 - Multisubject Collective Works
JEL: A30 - Genel
JEL: A31 - Multisubject Collected Writings of Individuals
JEL: A32 - Multisubject Volumes
JEL: A39 - Diğer


## Ekonomik düşünce okulları ve metodoloji JEL: B Alt kategoriler.
JEL: B0 - Genel
JEL: B00 - Genel
 - Ekonomik düşünce tarihi through 1925
JEL: B10 - Genel
 - Klasik öncesi
 - Klasik
JEL: B13 - Yeni Klasik düşünce 1925
JEL: B14 - Socialist; Marksist
JEL: B15 - Historical; Institutional
JEL: B16 - History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical 
JEL: B19 - Diğer
 - Ekonomik düşünce tarihi 1925'ten beri
JEL: B20 - Genel
JEL: B21 - Mikroekonomi
JEL: B22 - Makroekonomi
JEL: B23 - Ekonomik düşünce tarihi, Ekonometri, Kantitif & Matematiksel çalışmalar 
JEL: B24 - Sosyalizm; Marxist; Sraffian
JEL: B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian
JEL: B29 - Diğer
JEL: B3 - Düşünce tarihi: Kişiler
JEL: B30 - Genel
JEL: B31 - Kişiler
JEL: B32 - Obituaries
 - Ekonomik Metodloji
JEL: B40 - Genel
JEL: B41 - Ekonomik metodoloji
JEL: B49 - Diğer
 - Mevcut Heterodoks yaklaşımlar
JEL: B50 - Genel
JEL: B51 - Sosyalist, Marksist, Sraffian
JEL: B52 - Kurumsal Ekonomi; Evrimci Ekonomi
JEL: B53 - Avusturya
JEL: B54 - Feminist Ekonomi 
JEL: B59 - Diğer


## Matematiksel ve Kantitatif metotlar JEL: C Alt kategoriler.
 - Genel
JEL: C00 - Genel
JEL: C01 - Ekonometri 
JEL: C02 - Matematiksel metotlar
 - Ekonometri ve İstatistiksel metotlar: Genel
JEL: C10 - Genel
 - Bayesian analiz
 - Hipotez testleri
 - Tahmin Teorisi
 - Yarı parametrik and Nonparametrik metotlar
JEL: C15 - İstatistiksel Simulasyon metotları
 - İstatistiksel dağılımlar
JEL: C16 - Özel dağılımlar 
JEL: C19 - Diğer
 - Econometric methods: Single equation models;Single variables
JEL: C20 - Genel
 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial models; Treatment effect models
 - Time-Series Models
 - Panel data
JEL: C34 - Truncated and censored models
JEL: C25 - Discrete regression; Qualitative choice models
JEL: C29 - Diğer
 - Econometric Methods: Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models
JEL: C30 - Genel
 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment effect models
 - Time-Series Models
JEL: C33 - Models with Panel data
JEL: C34 - Truncated and censored models
JEL: C35 - Discrete regression and Qualitative choice models
JEL: C39 - Diğer
 - Ekonometrik ve istatistiksel metodlar: Özel başlıklar
JEL: C40 - Genel
JEL: C41 - Duration analysis
JEL: C42 - Survey methods
 - Index numbers Aggregation
JEL: C44 - Statistical decision theory; Operations research
JEL: C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics
JEL: C46 - Specific Distributions
JEL: C49 - Diğer
 - Ekonometrik Modelleme
JEL: C50 - Genel
JEL: C51 - Model belirleme ve tahmin
JEL: C52 - Model evaluation and testing
JEL: C53 - Forecasting and Diğer Model Uygulamaları
JEL: C59 - Diğer
 - Matematiksel Ekonomi ve Programlama
JEL: C60 - Genel
JEL: C61 - Optimizasyon teknikleri; Programlama modelleri; Dinamik analiz 
JEL: C62 - Existence and stability conditions of equilibrium
 - Computational techniques
JEL: C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
JEL: C67 - Input–output models
JEL: C68 - Computable Genel Equilibrium models
JEL: C69 - Diğer
 - Game theory and Bargaining theory
JEL: C70 - Genel
 - Cooperative games
 - Noncooperative games
 - Stochastic and Dynamic games; Evolutionary games; Repeated Games 
 - Bargaining theory; Matching theory
JEL: C79 - Diğer
 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs
JEL: C80 - Genel
JEL: C81 - Methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing microeconomic data
JEL: C82 - Methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing macroeconomic data
 - Econometric software
 - Diğer Computer Software
JEL: C89 - Diğer
 - Deneysel Ekonomi
JEL: C90 - Genel
JEL: C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior
JEL: C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior
JEL: C93 - Field experiments
JEL: C99 - Diğer


## Mikroekonomi JEL: D Alt kategoriler.
JEL: D00 - Genel
 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
 - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations
 - Hanehalkı Davranışları ve Ev Ekonomisi
JEL: D10 - Genel
 - Tüketici Teorisi
JEL: D12 - 
JEL: D13 - Household production and Intrahousehold allocation
JEL: D14 - Personal finance
JEL: D18 - Consumer protection
JEL: D19 - Diğer
 - Üretim ve Organizasyon
JEL: D20 - Genel
 - Firma davranışları
JEL: D23 - Organizational behavior; Transaction Costs; Property rights
 - Production; Capital and Total factor productivity; Capacity
JEL: D29 - Diğer
 - Distribution
JEL: D30 - Genel
JEL: D31 - , Wealth, and Their Distributions
JEL: D33 - 
JEL: D39 - Diğer
 - Piyasa Yapısı ve Fiyatlama
 - Genel
 - Tam Rekabet
 - Monopol
 - Oligopol and Diğer Piyasa Başarısızlıkları
 - Auctions
 - Rationing; Licensing
 - Value Theory
JEL: D49 - Diğer
 - Genel equilibrium and Disequilibrium
JEL: D50 - Genel
JEL: D51 - Exchange and Production Economies
JEL: D52 - Incomplete Markets
JEL: D57 - Input–Output Tables and Analysis
JEL: D58 - Computable and Diğer Applied Genel Equilibrium Models
JEL: D59 - Diğer
 - Refah Ekonomisi
JEL: D60 - Genel
 - Allocative efficiency; Cost-benefit analysis
 - Externalities
JEL: D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Diğer Normative Criteria and Measurement
JEL: D64 - Altruism
JEL: D69 - Diğer
 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
JEL: D70 - Genel
 - Social choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations
 - Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
JEL: D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption
JEL: D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances
JEL: D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation
JEL: D79 - Diğer
 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
JEL: D80 - Genel
 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
 - Asymmetric and Private Information
JEL: D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge
JEL: D84 - Expectations; Speculation
JEL: D85 - Network Formation
JEL: D86 - Economics of contract law
JEL: D89 - Diğer
 - Intertemporal choice and Growth
JEL: D90 - Genel
JEL: D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life cycle models and Saving
JEL: D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing
JEL: D99 - Diğer


## Makroekonomicroeconomics and monetary economics JEL: E Subcategories.
JEL: E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
JEL: E0 - Genel
JEL: E00 - Genel
 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth
JEL: E02 - Institutions and the Macroeconomy
JEL: E1 - Genel Aggregative Models
JEL: E10 - Genel
JEL: E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary
 - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian
JEL: E13 - Neoclassical
JEL: E17 - and Simulation
JEL: E19 - Diğer
JEL: E2 - Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment
JEL: E20 - Genel
JEL: E21 - Consumption; Saving; Wealth
JEL: E22 - Capital; Investment (including Inventories); Capacity
JEL: E23 - Production
JEL: E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital
JEL: E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
JEL: E26 - Informal economy; Underground Economy
JEL: E27 - Forecasting and Simulation
JEL: E29 - Diğer
JEL: E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
JEL: E30 - Genel
JEL: E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles
JEL: E37 - Forecasting and Simulation
JEL: E39 - Diğer
 - Money and Interest Rates
JEL: E40 - Genel
 - Demand for Money
JEL: E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems
 - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates
JEL: E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
JEL: E47 - Forecasting and Simulation
JEL: E49 - Diğer
 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
JEL: E50 - Genel
JEL: E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money multipliers
JEL: E52 - Monetary Policy
JEL: E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies
JEL: E59 - Diğer
 - Macroeconomic Policy Formation, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy, and Genel Outlook
JEL: E60 - Genel
JEL: E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
 - Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; Taxation
JEL: E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization
JEL: E64 - Incomes policy; Price policy
JEL: E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
JEL: E66 - Genel Outlook and Conditions
JEL: E69 - Diğer


## Uluslararası ekonomi JEL: F Alt kategoriler.
JEL: F - International Economics
JEL: F0 - Genel
JEL: F00 - Genel
JEL: F01 - Global Outlook
JEL: F02 - International Economic Order; Noneconomic International Organizations •Economic Integration and Globalization: Genel
 - Trade
JEL: F10 - Genel
JEL: F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade
JEL: F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies
JEL: F13 - Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations; International Organizations
JEL: F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade
JEL: F15 - Economic Integration
JEL: F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions
JEL: F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation
JEL: F18 - Trade and Environment
JEL: F19 - Diğer
 - International Factor Movements and International Business
JEL: F20 - Genel
JEL: F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements
 - International Migration
 - Multinational Firms; International Business
JEL: F29 - Diğer
 - International Finance
JEL: F30 - Genel
JEL: F31 - Foreign Exchange
JEL: F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements
JEL: F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
JEL: F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems
JEL: F35 - Foreign aid
JEL: F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
JEL: F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation
JEL: F39 - Diğer
 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
JEL: F40 - Genel
 - Open economy macroeconomics
JEL: F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission
JEL: F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies
JEL: F47 - Forecasting and Simulation
JEL: F49 - Diğer


## Financial economics JEL: G Subcategories.
JEL: G - Financial Economics
 - Genel
JEL: G00 - Genel
JEL: G01 - Financial Crises
 - Genel Financial Markets
JEL: G10 - Genel
JEL: G11 - Portfolio choice; Investment decisions
JEL: G12 - Asset pricing; Trading volume; Bond interest rates
JEL: G13 - Contingent pricing; Futures Pricing
JEL: G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies
JEL: G15 - International financial markets
JEL: G17 - Financial Forecasting
JEL: G18 - Government Policy and Regulation
JEL: G19 - Diğer
 - Financial institutions and Services
JEL: G20 - Genel
 - Banks; Diğer Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
 - Insurance; Insurance companies
JEL: G23 - Pension funds; Diğer Private Financial Institutions
JEL: G24 - Investment banking; Venture capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies
JEL: G28 - Government Policy and Regulation
JEL: G29 - Diğer
 - Corporate finance and Governance
JEL: G30 - Genel
JEL: G31 - Capital budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies
JEL: G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure
JEL: G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation
JEL: G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate governance
JEL: G35 - Payout Policy
JEL: G38 - Government Policy and Regulation
JEL: G39 - Diğer


## Public economics JEL: H Subcategories.
JEL: H - Public Economics
JEL: H0 - Genel
JEL: H00 - Genel
JEL: H1 - Structure and Scope of Government
JEL: H10 - Genel
JEL: H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
JEL: H19 - Diğer
 - Taxation, , and Revenue
JEL: H20 - Genel
JEL: H21 - ; Optimal taxation
JEL: H22 - Incidence
JEL: H23 - Externalities; ; Environmental taxes and Subsidies
 - Personal Income and Diğer Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
JEL: H26 - Tax Evasion
JEL: H27 - Diğer Sources of Revenue
JEL: H29 - Diğer
JEL: H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
JEL: H30 - Genel
JEL: H31 - Household
JEL: H32 - Firm
JEL: H39 - Diğer
JEL: H4 - Publicly provided goods
JEL: H40 - Genel
JEL: H41 - Public goods
JEL: H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods
JEL: H43 - Project evaluation; Social discount rate
JEL: H49 - Diğer
JEL: H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
JEL: H50 - Genel
JEL: H51 - Government Expenditures and Health
JEL: H52 - Government Expenditures and Education
JEL: H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
JEL: H54 - Infrastructures; Diğer Public Investment and Capital Stock
JEL: H55 - Social security and Public Pensions
 - National Security and War
JEL: H57 - Procurement
JEL: H59 - Diğer
JEL: H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
JEL: H60 - Genel
JEL: H61 - Budget; Budget Systems
JEL: H62 - Deficit; Surplus
JEL: H63 - Debt; Debt Management
JEL: H69 - Diğer
JEL: H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations
JEL: H70 - Genel
JEL: H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
JEL: H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures
JEL: H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
JEL: H74 - State and Local Borrowing
JEL: H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism
JEL: H79 - Diğer
JEL: H8 - Miscellaneous Issues
JEL: H80 - Genel
JEL: H81 - Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, and Credits
JEL: H82 - Governmental Property
JEL: H83 - Public administration
JEL: H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods
JEL: H89 - Diğer


## Health, education, and welfare JEL: I Subcategories.
JEL: I - Health, Education, and Welfare
JEL: I0 - Genel
JEL: I00 - Genel
 - Health
JEL: I10 - Genel
 - Analysis of Health Care Markets
JEL: I12 - Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Disability, and Economic Behavior
JEL: I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public health
JEL: I19 - Diğer
 - Education
JEL: I20 - Genel
JEL: I21 - Analysis of Education
JEL: I22 - Educational finance
JEL: I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions
JEL: I28 - Government Policy
JEL: I29 - Diğer
 - Welfare and Poverty
JEL: I30 - Genel
JEL: I31 - Genel Welfare; Basic needs; Living standards; Quality of life; Happiness
 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
JEL: I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs 
JEL: I39 - Diğer


## Labor and demographic economics JEL: J Subcategories.
JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics
JEL: J0 - Genel
JEL: J00 - Genel
 - Demographic Economics
JEL: J10 - Genel
JEL: J11 - Demographic Trends and Forecasts
JEL: J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure
JEL: J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
JEL: J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped
JEL: J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination
JEL: J16 - Economics of gender; Non-labor Discrimination
JEL: J17 - Value of life; Foregone Income
JEL: J18 - Public Policy
JEL: J19 - Diğer
 - Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination and Creation; Human capital
JEL: J20 - Genel
JEL: J21 - Labor force and Employment, Size, and Structure
JEL: J22 - Time allocation and Labor supply
JEL: J23 - Employment Determination; Job creation; Demand for labor; Self-employment
JEL: J24 - Human capital; Skills; Occupational choice; Labor productivity
JEL: J26 - Retirement; Retirement policies
JEL: J28 - Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy
JEL: J29 - Diğer
 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
JEL: J30 - Genel
JEL: J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc.
JEL: J32 - Nonwage labor costs and Benefits; Private pensions
JEL: J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
JEL: J38 - Public Policy
JEL: J39 - Diğer
 - Particular Labor Markets
JEL: J40 - Genel
JEL: J41 - Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching models, Efficiency wage Models, and Internal labor markets
JEL: J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets
JEL: J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets
JEL: J44 - Professional Labor Markets and Occupations
JEL: J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets
JEL: J48 - Public Policy
JEL: J49 - Diğer
 - Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
JEL: J50 - Genel
JEL: J51 - Trade unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
JEL: J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective bargaining
JEL: J53 - Labor–management relations; Industrial Jurisprudence
JEL: J54 - Producer cooperatives; Labor managed firms
JEL: J58 - Public Policy
JEL: J59 - Diğer
 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies
JEL: J60 - Genel
JEL: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
JEL: J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational mobility
JEL: J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs
JEL: J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
JEL: J65 - Unemployment insurance; Severance pay; Plant closings
JEL: J68 - Public Policy
JEL: J69 - Diğer
 - Labor Discrimination
JEL: J70 - Genel
JEL: J71 - Discrimination
JEL: J78 - Public Policy
JEL: J79 - Diğer
 - Labor Standards: National and International
JEL: J80 - Genel
JEL: J81 - Working conditions
JEL: J82 - Labor Force Composition
JEL: J83 - Workers' Rights
JEL: J88 - Public Policy
JEL: J89 - Diğer


## Law and economics JEL: K Subcategories.
JEL: K - Law and Economics
JEL: K0 - Genel
JEL: K00 - Genel
JEL: K1 - Basic Areas of Law
JEL: K10 - Genel
JEL: K11 - Property Law
JEL: K12 - Contract Law
JEL: K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability
JEL: K14 - Criminal Law
JEL: K19 - Diğer
 - Regulation and Business Law
JEL: K20 - Genel
JEL: K21 - Antitrust Law
JEL: K22 - Corporation and Securities Law
JEL: K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
JEL: K29 - Diğer
JEL: K3 - Diğer Substantive Areas of Law
JEL: K30 - Genel
JEL: K31 - Labor Law
JEL: K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
JEL: K33 - International Law
JEL: K34 - Tax Law
JEL: K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law
JEL: K39 - Diğer
JEL: K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
JEL: K40 - Genel
JEL: K41 - Litigation Process
JEL: K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
JEL: K49 - Diğer


## Industrial organization JEL: L Subcategories.
JEL: L - Industrial Organization
JEL: L0 - Genel
JEL: L00 - Genel
 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
JEL: L10 - Genel
JEL: L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms
 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies
JEL: L13 - Oligopoly and Diğer Imperfect Markets
JEL: L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks
JEL: L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility
JEL: L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure; Industrial Price Indices
JEL: L19 - Diğer
JEL: L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
JEL: L20 - Genel
JEL: L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm
JEL: L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical integration; Conglomerates
JEL: L23 - Organization of Production
JEL: L24 - Contracting out; Joint ventures
JEL: L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Age, Profit, and Sales
JEL: L29 - Diğer
JEL: L3 - and 
JEL: L30 - Genel
JEL: L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs
JEL: L32 - Public enterprises
JEL: L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting out
JEL: L39 - Diğer
JEL: L4 - Issues and Policies
JEL: L40 - Genel
JEL: L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
JEL: L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts
JEL: L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
JEL: L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
JEL: L49 - Diğer
JEL: L5 - Regulation and 
JEL: L50 - Genel
JEL: L51 - Economics of Regulation
JEL: L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods
JEL: L53 - Government Promotion of Firms
JEL: L59 - Diğer
 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing
JEL: L60 - Genel
JEL: L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics
JEL: L62 - Automobiles; Diğer Transportation Equipment
JEL: L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment
JEL: L64 - Diğer Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments
JEL: L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology
JEL: L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco
JEL: L67 - Diğer Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
JEL: L68 - Appliances; Diğer Consumer Durables
JEL: L69 - Diğer
JEL: L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
JEL: L70 - Genel
JEL: L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
JEL: L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Diğer Nonrenewable Resources
JEL: L73 - Forest Products: Lumber and Paper
JEL: L74 - Construction
JEL: L78 - Government Policy
JEL: L79 - Diğer
 - Industry Studies: Services
JEL: L80 - Genel
JEL: L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; Warehousing; e-Commerce
JEL: L82 - Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.)
JEL: L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism
JEL: L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services
JEL: L85 - Real Estate Services
JEL: L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software
JEL: L87 - Postal and Delivery Services
JEL: L88 - Government Policy
JEL: L89 - Diğer
 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
JEL: L90 - Genel
JEL: L91 - Transportation: Genel
JEL: L92 - Railroads and Diğer Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers; Ports
JEL: L93 - Air Transportation
JEL: L94 - Electric Utilities
JEL: L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities
JEL: L96 - Telecommunications
JEL: L97 - Utilities: Genel
JEL: L98 - Government Policy
JEL: L99 - Diğer


## Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting JEL: M Subcategories.
JEL: M - Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting
JEL: M0 - Genel
JEL: M00 - Genel
 - Business Administration
JEL: M10 - Genel
JEL: M11 - Production Management
JEL: M12 - Personnel Management
JEL: M13 - Entrepreneurship
JEL: M14 - Corporate culture; Social Responsibility
JEL: M19 - Diğer
JEL: M2 - Business Economics
JEL: M20 - Genel
JEL: M21 - Business economics
JEL: M29 - Diğer
 - Marketing and Advertising
JEL: M30 - Genel
JEL: M31 - Marketing
JEL: M37 - Advertising
JEL: M39 - Diğer
 - Accounting and Auditing
JEL: M40 - Genel
JEL: M41 - Accounting scholarship
JEL: M42 - Auditing
JEL: M49 - Diğer
JEL: M5 - Personnel economics
JEL: M50 - Genel
JEL: M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions (hiring, firing, turnover, part-time, temporary workers, seniority issues)
JEL: M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects (stock options, fringe benefits, incentives, family support programs, seniority issues)
JEL: M53 - Training
JEL: M54 - Labor Management (team formation, worker empowerment, job design, tasks and authority, job satisfaction)
JEL: M55 - Labor Contracting Devices: Outsourcing; Franchising; Diğer
JEL: M59 - Diğer


## Economic history JEL: N Subcategories.
JEL: N - Economic History
JEL: N0 - Genel
JEL: N00 - Genel
JEL: N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods
JEL: N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations
JEL: N10 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N13 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N14 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N15 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N16 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N17 - Africa; Oceania
JEL: N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions
JEL: N20 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N21 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N23 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N24 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N25 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N26 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N27 - Africa; Oceania
JEL: N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income, and Wealth
JEL: N30 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N31 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N33 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N34 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N35 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N36 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N37 - Africa; Oceania
JEL: N4 - Government, War, Law, and Regulation
JEL: N40 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N43 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N44 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N45 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N46 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N47 - Africa; Oceania
JEL: N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
JEL: N50 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N53 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N54 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N55 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N56 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N57 - Africa; Oceania
JEL: N6 - Manufacturing and Construction
JEL: N60 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N62 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N63 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N64 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N65 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N66 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N67 - Africa; Oceania
JEL: N7 - Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Diğer Services
JEL: N70 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N73 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N74 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N75 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N76 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N77 - Africa; Oceania
JEL: N8 - Micro-Business History
JEL: N80 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N81 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N84 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N85 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N86 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N87 - Africa; Oceania
JEL: N9 - Regional and Urban History
JEL: N90 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N93 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N94 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N95 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N96 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N97 - Africa; Oceania


## Ekonomik kalkınma, teknolojik değişim ve büyüme JEL: O Alt kategoriler.
JEL: O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth
 - Economic development
JEL: O10 - Genel
JEL: O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
JEL: O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
JEL: O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Diğer Primary Products
JEL: O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
JEL: O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
JEL: O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment
 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements: Legal, Social, Economic, and Political
JEL: O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses
JEL: O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations
JEL: O2 - Development Planning and Policy
JEL: O20 - Genel
JEL: O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy
JEL: O22 - Project Analysis
JEL: O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
JEL: O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy
JEL: O29 - Diğer
 - Technological Change; Research and Development
JEL: O30 - Genel
JEL: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
JEL: O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
JEL: O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
 - Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Issues
JEL: O38 - Government Policy
JEL: O39 - Diğer
 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
JEL: O40 - Genel
JEL: O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
JEL: O42 - Monetary Growth Models
JEL: O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity
JEL: O49 - Diğer
 - Economywide Country Studies
JEL: O50 - Genel
JEL: O51 - U.S.; Canada
JEL: O52 - Europe
JEL: O53 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: O54 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: O55 - Africa
JEL: O56 - Oceania
JEL: O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries


## Ekonomik sistemler JEL: P Alt kategoriler.
JEL: P - Economic Systems
JEL: P0 - Genel
JEL: P00 - Genel
 - Capitalist Systems
JEL: P10 - Genel
 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
JEL: P12 - Capitalist Enterprises
JEL: P13 - Cooperative Enterprises
JEL: P14 - Property Rights
JEL: P16 - Political Economy
JEL: P17 - Performance and Prospects
JEL: P19 - Diğer
 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies
JEL: P20 - Genel
JEL: P21 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
JEL: P22 - Prices
JEL: P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population
JEL: P24 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
JEL: P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics; Housing; Transportation
JEL: P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights
JEL: P27 - Performance and Prospects
JEL: P28 - Natural Resources; Energy; Environment
JEL: P29 - Diğer
 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
JEL: P30 - Genel
JEL: P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
JEL: P32 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture
JEL: P33 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
JEL: P34 - Financial Economics
JEL: P35 - Public Economics
JEL: P36 - Consumer Economics; Health, Education, Welfare, and Poverty
JEL: P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior
JEL: P39 - Diğer
JEL: P4 - Diğer Economic Systems
JEL: P40 - Genel
JEL: P41 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
JEL: P42 - Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population
JEL: P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics
JEL: P44 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
JEL: P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
JEL: P46 - Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty
JEL: P47 - Performance and Prospects
JEL: P48 - Political Economy •Legal Institutions; Property Rights
JEL: P49 - Diğer
JEL: P5 - Comparative Economic Systems
JEL: P50 - Genel
JEL: P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
JEL: P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
JEL: P59 - Diğer


## Tarım ve Doğal Kaynak Ekonomisi, Çevresel ve EkoloAgricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and Ekolojik Ekonomi JEL: Q Alt kategoriler.
JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics
JEL: Q0 - Genel
JEL: Q00 - Genel
JEL: Q01 - Sustainable development
 - Agriculture
JEL: Q10 - Genel
JEL: Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices
JEL: Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
JEL: Q13 - Agricultural markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness
JEL: Q14 - Agricultural finance
JEL: Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land reform; Land use; Irrigation
JEL: Q16 - R&D; Agricultural technology; Agricultural Extension Services
JEL: Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade
JEL: Q18 - Agricultural policy; Food policy
JEL: Q19 - Diğer
 - Renewable Resources and Conservation
JEL: Q20 - Genel
JEL: Q21 - Demand and Supply
JEL: Q22 - Fishery; Aquaculture
JEL: Q23 - Forestry
JEL: Q24 - Land
JEL: Q25 - Water
JEL: Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
JEL: Q28 - Government Policy
JEL: Q29 - Diğer
 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
JEL: Q30 - Genel
JEL: Q31 - Demand and Supply
JEL: Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
JEL: Q34 - Doğal kaynaklar ve yurtiçiNatural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
JEL: Q33 - Doğal kaynak patlamasıResource Booms
JEL: Q38 - Kamu politikaları
JEL: Q39 - Diğer
 - Enerji Ekonomisi
JEL: Q40 - Genel
JEL: Q41 - Enerji Talebi ve Enerji Arzı
JEL: Q42 - Alternatif enerji kaynakları
JEL: Q43 - Enerji ve Makroekonomi
JEL: Q48 - Kamu Politikaları
JEL: Q49 - Diğer
 - Çevresel Ekonomi
JEL: Q50 - Genel
JEL: Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
JEL: Q52 - Pollution Control Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects
JEL: Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste • Recycling
JEL: Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters
JEL: Q55 - Technological Innovation
JEL: Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental accounting
JEL: Q57 - Ecological economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics
JEL: Q58 - Government Policy
JEL: Q59 - Diğer


## Kentsel, Kırsal ve Bölgesel Ekonomi JEL: R Alt kategoriler.
JEL: R - Kent Ekonomisi, Kırsal Ekonomi ve Bölgesel Ekonomi
JEL: R0 - Genel
JEL: R00 - Genel
 - Genel Bölgesel ekonomi
JEL: R10 - Genel
JEL: R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
JEL: R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade
JEL: R13 - Genel Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
JEL: R14 - Land Use Patterns
JEL: R15 - Econometric and Input–Output Models; Diğer Models
JEL: R19 - Diğer
JEL: R2 - Hanehalı analizler
JEL: R20 - Genel
JEL: R21 - Hanehalkı talebiHousing Demand
JEL: R22 - Diğer Talep
JEL: R23 - Bölgesel göç, bölgesel iş gücü piyasaları, nüfus
JEL: R29 - Diğer
JEL: R3 - Üretim analizleri ve Firma yeri
JEL: R30 - Genel
JEL: R31 - Housing Supply and Markets
JEL: R32 - Diğer üretim ve fiyatlama analizleri
JEL: R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
JEL: R34 - Input Demand Analysis
JEL: R38 - Government Policies; Regulatory Policies
JEL: R39 - Diğer
 - Ulaştırma Ekonomisi
JEL: R40 - Genel
JEL: R41 - Ulaştırma: Talep, arz, yığılma, güvenlik ve kazalar
JEL: R42 - Kamu ve özel yatırım analizleri
JEL: R48 - Kamu fiyatlaması, düzenleme politikaları
JEL: R49 - Diğer
JEL: R5 - Bölgesel yönetim analizi
JEL: R50 - Genel
JEL: R51 - Kentsel ve kırsal ekonomilerde finans
JEL: R52 - Arazi kullanımı ve diğer düzenlemeler
JEL: R53 - Kamu hizmet yeri analizi, Kamu yatırım ve sermaye stoku
JEL: R58 - Bölgesel gelişim yasaları
JEL: R59 - Diğer


## Çeşitli kategoriler (ekonomi) JEL: Y Alt kategoriler.
JEL: Y1 - Data: Tables and Charts
JEL: Y10 - Data: Tables and Charts
JEL: Y2 - Introductory Material
JEL: Y20 - Introductory Material
JEL: Y3 - Book Reviews (unclassified)
JEL: Y30 - Book Reviews (unclassified)
JEL: Y4 - Dissertations (unclassified)
JEL: Y40 - Dissertations (unclassified)
JEL: Y5 - Further Reading (unclassified)
JEL: Y50 - Further Reading (unclassified)
JEL: Y6 - Excerpts
JEL: Y60 - Excerpts
JEL: Y8 - JEL: Related Disciplines
JEL: Y80 - Related Disciplines
JEL: Y9 - Diğer
JEL: Y90 - Diğer


## Diğer özel başlıklar JEL: Z Alt kategoriler.
JEL: Z - Diğer özel başlıklar
JEL: Z0 - Genel
JEL: Z00 - Genel
 - Kültürel ekonomi; Ekonomik sosyoloji; Ekonomik antropoloji
JEL: Z10 - Genel
JEL: Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature
JEL: Z12 - Bölgesel
JEL: Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology 
JEL: Z19 - Diğer