Guidance on spinning out local authority archive services

## This Guidance Was Produced For The National Archives By Activist Group.

The authors of the guidance are: 

	
Helen Thomas
	
Eric Bohl
	
Andrew Holden  
	
John Layton
	
Mike Wynn 
Activist Group would like to thank Joanna Bussell of Winckworth Sherwood LLP for her advice and support in relation to the guidance note and specifically the legal and commercial issues. 

2

## Contents Chapter 1 - Introduction

| 1.1           |  Introduction to this guidance   |
|---------------|----------------------------------|
| 9             |                                  |
| 1.2           | What are spin-outs?              |
| 9             |                                  |
| 1.3           | Case studies                     |
| 11            |                                  |
| 1.4           | How to use the guidance          |
| 12            |                                  |
| 1.5           | How the guidance was developed   |
| 12            |                                  |
| Case study 1: | spinning out together            |
| 13            |                                  |

## Chapter 2

| 2.1           |  What's driving this new approach?   |
|---------------|--------------------------------------|
| 15            |                                      |
|               | Overview                             |
| 15            |                                      |
|               | New models of service delivery       |
| 15            |                                      |
|               | Commissioning                        |
| 15            |                                      |
|               | The commissioning cycle              |
| 16            |                                      |
|               | The pressure for savings             |
| 17            |                                      |
| 2.2           | Choosing to spin out                 |
| 19            |                                      |
|               | Overview                             |
| 19            |                                      |
|               | Choices, choices                     |
| 19            |                                      |
|               | The growing interest in spin-outs    |
| 20            |                                      |
|               | Who might initiate a spin-out?       |
| 20            |                                      |
| Case study 2: | analysing, investing and growth      |
| 22            |                                      |
| 2.3           | Different legal forms of spin-out    |
| 23            |                                      |
|               | Overview                             |
| 23            |                                      |
|               | Making the right choice              |
| 25            |                                      |
| 2.4           | The potential benefits               |
| 26            |                                      |
|               | Overview                             |
| 26            |                                      |
|               | Arguments for spinning out           |
| 26            |                                      |
|               | Why go for charitable status?        |
| 27            |                                      |
|               | The implications of independence     |
| 28            |                                      |
| 2.5           |  The risks and the challenges                             |
|---------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|
| 29            |                                                           |
|               | Overview                                                  |
| 29            |                                                           |
|               | The risks associated with spin-outs                       |
| 29            |                                                           |
|               | Taking a measured approach to procurement                 |
| 33            |                                                           |
|               | Other alternatives to a procurement under the regulations |
| 33            |                                                           |
|               | Complying with legal requirements                         |
| 34            |                                                           |
| Case study 3: | taking control of your destiny                            |
| 35            |                                                           |

## Chapter 3 - How To Spin Out

| 3.1   |  Summary of the key phases in the spin-out process   |
|-------|------------------------------------------------------|
| 37    |                                                      |
|       | Overview                                             |
| 37    |                                                      |
|       | Taking an overview of the overall process            |
| 37    |                                                      |
| 3.2   | Analysis: setting the policy framework               |
| 38    |                                                      |
|       | Overview                                             |
| 38    |                                                      |
|       | Key steps in the analyse phase                       |
| 38    |                                                      |
|       | Establishing the policy framework                    |
| 38    |                                                      |
| 3.3   | Planning: designing the future and option appraisal  |
| 41    |                                                      |
|       | Overview                                             |
| 41    |                                                      |
|       | Designing the future                                 |
| 41    |                                                      |
|       | Being clear about the scope of the appraisal         |
| 42    |                                                      |
|       | Defining the appraisal process                       |
| 42    |                                                      |
|       | Setting the evaluation criteria                      |
| 42    |                                                      |
|       | Checklist of areas to test in option appraisal       |
| 43    |                                                      |
| 3.4   | Planning: the business case                          |
| 45    |                                                      |
|       | Overview                                             |
| 45    |                                                      |
|       | What is a business case?                             |
| 45    |                                                      |
|       | A business case is not a business plan               |
| 46    |                                                      |
| 3.5   | Planning: the finances                               |
| 47    |                                                      |
|       | Overview                                             |
| 47    |                                                      |
|       | Working through the financial issues                 |
| 47    |                                                      |
| 	               | Validating the financial assumptions                |
|---------------|-----------------------------------------------------|
| 48            |                                                     |
|               | Taxation and spin-outs - a serious issue            |
| 50            |                                                     |
| 3.6           | Doing: implementation                               |
| 56            |                                                     |
|               | Overview                                            |
| 56            |                                                     |
|               | Detailed implementation planning                    |
| 56            |                                                     |
|               | Making a success of the new spin-out                |
| 59            |                                                     |
|               | Designing the contract and governance               |
| 60            |                                                     |
|               | The right leadership style and management practices |
| 61            |                                                     |
| Case study 4: | creating a trust with critical mass                 |
| 62            |                                                     |

## Chapter 4 - Spinning Out Archive Services - The Essentials

| 4.1           |  Influencing the packaging of the spin-out                   |
|---------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| 64            |                                                              |
|               | Overview                                                     |
| 64            |                                                              |
|               | Positioning the archive service throughout the business case |
| 64            |                                                              |
| 4.2           | Thinking corporately                                         |
| 66            |                                                              |
|               | Overview                                                     |
| 66            |                                                              |
|               | Assessing the Council's appetite for control and flexibility |
| 66            |                                                              |
| 4.3           | Thinking culturally                                          |
| 71            |                                                              |
|               | Overview                                                     |
| 71            |                                                              |
|               | How to design an innovative cultural spin-out                |
| 71            |                                                              |
|               | Access and opening hours                                     |
| 71            |                                                              |
|               | Charging and fees                                            |
| 71            |                                                              |
|               | Income generation                                            |
| 71            |                                                              |
|               | Commissioning                                                |
| 71            |                                                              |
|               | Fundraising and accountability                               |
| 72            |                                                              |
| 4.4           | Thinking about the archive itself                            |
| 74            |                                                              |
|               | Overview                                                     |
| 74            |                                                              |
|               | What's special about archives in a spin-out                  |
| 74            |                                                              |
| Case study 5: | an archive service that's core business                      |
| 77            |                                                              |

## Chapter 5 - Life In A Spin-Out

| 5.1           |  Overview                                                             |
|---------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 79            |                                                                       |
|               | What is life like when you do spin out?                               |
| 79            |                                                                       |
|               | How do you survive and thrive?                                        |
| 79            |                                                                       |
|               | Spinning back in                                                      |
| 79            |                                                                       |
| 5.2           | Running the new organisation                                          |
| 80            |                                                                       |
|               | What should you be doing on day one?                                  |
| 80            |                                                                       |
|               | Establishing your new governance                                      |
| 80            |                                                                       |
|               | Business planning, management and operations                          |
| 81            |                                                                       |
|               | New leadership and management style: the new culture                  |
| 81            |                                                                       |
|               | Managing the money                                                    |
| 83            |                                                                       |
|               | Sorting out your support services                                     |
| 84            |                                                                       |
| 5.3           | Managing your relationships                                           |
| 85            |                                                                       |
|               | Archives: a small fish in a smaller pond?                             |
| 85            |                                                                       |
|               | Integrating with an existing cultural trust, including a larger trust |
| 85            |                                                                       |
|               | Active relationships with the council, other partners and the local   |
| community     |                                                                       |
| 85            |                                                                       |
|               | Contract management                                                   |
| 86            |                                                                       |
| 5.4           | Sustainability and growth                                             |
| 88            |                                                                       |
|               | Keeping your contract                                                 |
| 88            |                                                                       |
|               | Business development, including responding to requests from           |
| others        |                                                                       |
| 88            |                                                                       |
|               | Generating income                                                     |
| 90            |                                                                       |
|               | Managing the risk of growth                                           |
| 90            |                                                                       |
|               | Bidding for new work                                                  |
| 91            |                                                                       |
| 5.5           | Spinning back in                                                      |
| 93            |                                                                       |
|               | When to think again                                                   |
| 93            |                                                                       |
|               | Why consider spinning back in                                         |
| 94            |                                                                       |
| Case study 6: | spinning back in for the better                                       |
| 96            |                                                                       |

## Chapter 6 - Where To Go For Support

| 6.1           |  Support available                            |
|---------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| 98            |                                               |
|               | Overview                                      |
| 98            |                                               |
|               | Role of The National Archives                 |
| 98            |                                               |
|               | Mutuals and the Community Right to Challenge  |
| 99            |                                               |
|               | The Community Right to Challenge              |
| 99            |                                               |
|               | Commissioning and fundraising                 |
| 99            |                                               |
| Case study 7: | archives at the top table                     |
| 101           |                                               |
| Appendix 1:   | Acknowledgements                              |
| 102           |                                               |
|               | Original steering Group membership            |
| 102           |                                               |
|               | Peer group for the third edition              |
| 102           |                                               |
|               | Original interviewees                         |
| 103           |                                               |
|               | Additional interviewees for the third edition |
| 103           |                                               |
| Appendix 2:   | Bibliography                                  |
| 104           |                                               |

## Chapter 1 Introduction 1 . 1 Introduction To This Guidance

It explains the implications of spinning out, but sets it in the context of the other choices available. It is commonly thought that spinning out a service will save money. This might be the case, but only if the spin-out is set up in the right way and if the implications of the choices involved are clearly understood.

The National Archives have produced this guidance to support local authority archive services and their managers and funders to make the best and most sustainable decisions about the future of their archive services and collections. Much of the advice in the guidance could apply to other services (such as libraries) and other sectors (such as higher education), although the specific service, legal and financial details will differ. The guidance outlines different models for service spin-outs and their implications for archive services; highlights key regulatory and good practice issues that need to be addressed; and explores business planning and what is different about operating in a  
spin-out.

This guidance is not cast in stone. It includes case studies of spin-outs, some of which were only launched in 2014, and refers to legislation which has recently been introduced (translating the latest EU directive on procurement into national law). As a result, we will update the guidance from time to time and will draw on the experiences of authorities setting up new spin-outs and of the spin-outs themselves. We welcome your comments on the guidance and suggestions for future editions.

Throughout, we have designed this guidance to be practical and user-friendly. 

## 1 .2 What Are Spin-Outs?

Although people are getting used to talking about alternative service delivery models, spinout is not a term that has yet taken hold in the sector. It is, however, becoming much more commonly used and has the benefit of being a simple and short phrase.

We have used the term spin-out as shorthand for the conversion of an in-house service into a social enterprise, mutual, charitable trust, local authority trading company or a transfer to community management. Spin-outs do not include shared services or outsourcing to an existing private or third sector provider. As part of the planning for this guidance, we carried out a survey of archivists across the country. We asked people to indicate their understanding of the term 'spin-out'. Over half of respondents had never heard of the term and another 20% said that they had heard it used but had no idea what it referred to. 

The purpose of this guidance is to explain the process of spinning out and the different forms that these organisations can take. The range of terms used to describe them can be confusing and are often overlapping. Overleaf are a few brief descriptions of some key terms, all of which will be expanded on later in the guidance.

| Model                                                                | Summary                                                             |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Charitable Trust                                                     | The term charitable trust is a generic term used to describe an     |
| organisation which is registered with the Charity Commission or      |                                                                     |
| otherwise recognised in law as being charitable. The trust can       |                                                                     |
| operate through either grant conditions or contracts. Charitable     |                                                                     |
| trusts have a proven track record in managing leisure, arts and      |                                                                     |
| cultural services.                                                   |                                                                     |
| Community Man-                                                       |                                                                     |
| agement                                                              |                                                                     |
| This term is used to describe the involvement of members of the      |                                                                     |
| community or of community groups in the ownership and control        |                                                                     |
| of an organisation (which could take the form of a charitable trust, |                                                                     |
| mutual or social enterprise) to deliver services spun out from an    |                                                                     |
| authority.                                                           |                                                                     |
| Local Authority                                                      |                                                                     |
| Trading Company                                                      |                                                                     |
| An authority creates an arms-length company which can trade          |                                                                     |
| and/or provide services, allowing a more commercial approach. If     |                                                                     |
| certain principles set out in the Public Procurement Regulations     |                                                                     |
| 2015 are met, there is no need for a procurement process when        |                                                                     |
| providing services to the own-ing authority.                         |                                                                     |
| Mutual                                                               | The word mutual is a generic term for a business which is owned     |
| by its members or otherwise has significant member engagement        |                                                                     |
| in strategic decision making. These members could be employees,      |                                                                     |
| members of the community, service users or a mixture. A mutual       |                                                                     |
| can seek charitable status.                                          |                                                                     |
| Social Enterprise                                                    | A social enterprise is the generic term for any business or service |
| with primarily social objectives whose surpluses are principally     |                                                                     |
| reinvested for that purpose in the community, rather than being      |                                                                     |
| driven by the need to maximise profit for shareholders and           |                                                                     |
| owners.                                                              |                                                                     |

Spinning out a service from a local authority is not straightforward as we will explain later in this guidance. Setting up a new body to run the service is a complex and extended process needing resources, commitment, thoroughness and specialist expertise.

## 1 .3 Case Studies

We have included seven short case studies in the guidance, summarised below. 

## Case Study 5: An Archive Service That'S Core Business

To navigate straight to the case study, click on the headings.

Like all the City of London's services, London Metropolitan Archives (LMA) went through a service review process and was not considered to be a service that should be spun out. LMA has a budget of over £3m and 80 staff (full-time equivalent). With 100km of archives, LMA is the second largest archive organisation after The National Archives.

Case study 1
: spinning out together The South West Heritage Trust was created by Somerset and Devon county councils. The Trust is a not-for-profit company limited by guarantee and has charitable status. The trust took over the management of the services in 2014. 

Case study 6: spinning back in for the better Northumberland Archives spun back into the Council from Woodhorn Charitable Trust in May 2017. The Trust continues to manage Berwick Museum and Art Gallery, Woodhorn Museum, Hexham Old Gaol and Morpeth Chantry Bagpipe Museum. 

Case study 2: analysing, investing and growth Greenwich Leisure Limited is a charitable social enterprise, running over 400 UK sport, leisure, children's centres and library and archive services on behalf of local authorities and partners, with an annual turnover of £312 million. 

Case study 7: a winning combination of track record and critical mass Vision Redbridge Culture and Leisure was originally established as a sport and leisure trust in 2007. In 2010, heritage services including the museum, archive and libraries were transferred to the trust, along with parks and open spaces. The Trust has an annual turnover of £18m and 619 staff.

Case study 3: taking control of your destiny City of York Council became an early member of the 'Cooperative Councils' movement in 2011. Explore York is believed to be the first staff-led mutual library and archive service in the country to be spun out from a local authority. 

Case study 4: creating a trust with critical mass The Coventry Heritage and Arts Trust, established in 2005, merged in 2013 with the Transport Museum Trust. The enlarged trust, Culture Coventry, includes museums, archives and local studies to create a broader heritage offer.

## 1 .4 How To Use The Guidance

	
■
Skimming the overview of each section of the guidance.
	
■
Diving into greater detail on specific issues.
	
■
Reading it in depth.
This guidance provides a general summary of the key issues that need to be addressed when considering the spin-out of an archive service. However, since an archive service is unlikely to be spun out on its own, we provide an overview of the general issues that could apply to a range of different services.

We also provide suggestions for further reading, explaining which parts of those documents are most relevant.

We then examine the specific issues that need to be addressed when considering the implications for an archive service. However, while these are important, the success of a spin-out will be determined primarily by whether it is part of an organisation which has a sound business model and which is well led. The guidance is written to provide an overview of a complex subject and you can use it in three different ways:
This guidance is not designed to provide a comprehensive answer to every question you may have and should not be relied on as the sole basis for decision-making. A number of the issues, such as procurement and taxation, are complex and must be carefully thought through. Specialist legal and financial advice is essential for any plan to spin out an archive service.

## 1 .5 How The Guidance Was Developed

commissioning and sourcing. The Activist team also interviewed representatives from a range of organisations with an interest in spin-out policy.

This guidance was produced with the help of archivists across the country who responded to the survey we conducted and with the particular support of a steering group made up of archive specialists and development managers at The National Archives.

The contributors to the guidance are listed in the Acknowledgements at Appendix 1.

The guidance was designed and drafted by Activist Group who are specialists in 

## Case Study 1 : Spinning Out Together

Organisation South West Heritage Trust span out from Somerset and Devon County Councils in 2014. The not-for-profit company is limited by guarantee and has charitable status. 

Summary SWHT operates Devon's archives and Somerset's museums, archives and historic environment services. The trust had an initial net revenue budget of £2m, 80 staff and grant funding from the councils for five years. It is now negotiating new fiveyear agreements. 

Scope Janet Tall, Head of Archives and Learning says: 'The local authorities are our primary funders, and it is important to keep close relationships, particularly as personnel change. Good partnerships and strong legal advice underpins everything'. SWHT has taken on time-limited contracts on behalf of others, building their resilience. Janet says: 'You can't rest on your laurels. You need to identify the next initiative or opportunity, and then invest in your staff and resources'.

What's unique?

The trust was the first cultural and heritage trust to have been created jointly by two authorities. Janet says: 'We have needed to think differently and evolve - especially around budgets and our relationships'. There have been challenges to manage. The trust is complex, which helps make it resilient, but there is still bureaucracy and reports to complete: 'We have to justify everything we do'. Fundraising and income generation have also become very important: 'There are new places we can approach for funding'.

Results A major success has been keeping the much-valued North Devon Record Office running and SWHT is now looking to undertake the redevelopment of the third of their three museums and to prioritise digital preservation and cataloguing. It has recently become part of ACE's Museums and Schools Programme.

	
■
Think carefully about how you grow: 'Organisations have approached us wanting to work in partnership. Be open to growth, but don't take on liabilities at the cost of your resilience'.
	
■
Think as one: 'We don't just think in terms of archives. We are one organisation that stands or falls together. We would feel vulnerable as a single spin-out'.
	
■
You will need a transition period when you spin out: 'We continued to use existing council ICT systems for some time, until we could set up our own arrangements'.
For further information Janet Tall, Head of Archives and Learning - 
Janet.Tall@swheritage.org.uk

## Why Spin Out? 2. 1 What'S Driving This New Approach?

	
■
Spinning services out into charitable trusts.
Overview Local authorities have long experimented with new approaches to service delivery. This has been driven by:
More recently, there has been growing interest across the public sector in the spinning out of services into staff and community-led mutuals, a policy encouraged by Government and a number of local authorities.

	
■
An interest in how new models of service delivery can deliver better value for money.
	
■
The adoption of the principles of commissioning.
	
■
The need for savings to meet challenging financial targets.
Commissioning Commissioning is the name given to the set of management practices used to work out how to ensure the effective development and delivery of public policy. Commissioning is a process for deciding how to use the total resources available in order to improve outcomes in the most efficient, effective, equitable and sustainable way. Commissioners 'buy' services in-house or from providers in the public, private or third sectors. 

New models of service delivery In their attempts to improve service delivery and achieve better value for money, authorities have introduced performance management, new technology, customer service techniques and efficiency programmes. Sometimes these changes have been driven by local political priorities, and sometimes by central government.

The language of commissioning has taken hold in most authorities but the experience has not always been consistent. Too often the word commissioning is conflated with procurement or the contracting out of services. This has led to it being criticised as a practice that is ideologically driven - importing a market mechanism into the production of public goods.

This process of change has also included the examination of new ways of organising the supply of services. Over recent decades, authorities have experimented with a variety of alternatives to the direct management of services and most have embraced one or more of the following models:

	
■
Outsourcing to the private and third sectors.
	
■
Shared services in collaboration with other authorities and public bodies.
	
■
Creating arms-length companies to run services.
Whatever its limitations, the process of commissioning is helpful in understanding the steps involved in deciding whether to spin out a service. Instead of jumping straight to a solution (for example a spin-out) commissioning offers a mechanism for an organisation to address fundamental questions about what it is seeking to achieve, why and for whom. Only once these questions are thought through can the questions about how be asked and properly answered. Commissioning is therefore a strategic policy-making process rather than just a procurement exercise. And it is not a one-off process. Instead, the commissioning cycle is a continuous process of analysing, planning, doing and reviewing services against the desired outcomes: 
Even if an authority chooses not to use the language of commissioning, it will tend to face the same challenges and take a similar approach to deciding the best solution. Local authorities are having to find creative solutions to the funding issues that face them which might mean a greater focus on preventative services, or more joined-up approaches to service delivery. Whatever the outcomes and objectives they want to achieve, they will need to make a decision about the best mechanism for delivering those goals.

## The Pressure For Savings

The Barnet 'Graph of Doom' originated as a PowerPoint slide in 2010 suggesting that within 15 years the north London council would be unable to provide any services except adult social care and children's services. No libraries, no parks, no leisure centres - not even bin collections. Although the slide was one authority's scenario produced to help them make decisions about future spending, it illustrated the challenges facing public services: how to deal with the pressures of increasing demand (for example as a result of demographic changes) while having to reduce expenditure.

The concept of the graph of doom has been replaced by the analogy of a financial 'cliff edge' in which an authority cannot even fund its basic statutory responsibilities. There have been examples of authorities struggling to balance their books and it has been suggested that others may face similar problems. With decreasing resources and increasing demands, local authorities are finding that they have exhausted the potential for incremental efficiency savings. The challenge now is no longer to do 'more with less', but to innovate and do things differently with less. Archive services are not alone in facing this challenge; services across the board are being remodelled to reflect the new circumstances. Archive services have recognised that they are not being picked on - councils have to save money by finding new ways of meeting their responsibilities.

	
■
Compact Voice (2013) Understanding Commissioning and Procurement - a summary of the commissioning cycle can be found on pps 6-7.
	
■
Hywel E. Roberts (2014) Independent Trust and Community Libraries in Wales - research into community and independent Trust libraries in Wales. The Executive Summary can be found from p3 onwards.

## 2.2 Choosing To Spin Out

Overview There is growing interest in the potential benefits of spin-outs, but spinning out is just one of a number of options. In this section, we examine:

	
■
The different sourcing choices open to authorities.
	
■
Why interest in spin-outs is growing.
	
■
Who might initiate a spin-out.
Choices, choices There is a bewildering range of options for authorities to consider when examining alternatives to direct service delivery. The perception that there is only a binary choice between private and public provision is no longer true. Increasingly, the responsibility for providing services is shared: the third sector is playing an increasing role in delivering services; and more services are being transferred to community management. The sourcing options are becoming more varied and with more permutations. Put simply, there are four broad sourcing options open to local authorities: make, buy, share or divest: 

| Make                   |
|------------------------|
| In-house delivery      |
| Shared services        |
| Outsourcing to private |
| sector                 |
| Transfer to            |
| community              |
| Arms-length company    |
| Shared management      |
| Outsourcing to third   |
| sector                 |
| Conversion to mutual   |
| or charitable trust    |
| Public sector joint    |
| ventures               |
| Private sector joint   |
| ventures               |
| Devolve to district or |
| parish                 |
| Closure                |

Source: Bohl, E. (2012)
and has been encouraged by the perceived success of the 'John Lewis model'. Spin-outs have been argued to have a number of particular advantages, such as better productivity and staff motivation; a stronger community focus; and the retention of profits for the benefit of the locality. This belief is reflected in the 2010 Coalition Government's Open Public Services White Paper which included a commitment to offer public service staff:
While these sourcing options are presented as distinct choices, the alternatives to inhouse delivery (and closure) will all involve a contract or legal agreement and some form of specification or service level agreement. The Public Procurement Regulations will also need to be considered and a procurement process may also have to be undertaken. A number of authorities have chosen to spin out a service with a grant funding agreement in place rather than a contract. 

	
'New opportunities to innovate, improve and inspire; and encourage public sector staff to start their own enterprise.'
	
Source: Cabinet Office (2011)
A funding agreement, particularly with a charitable spin-out, will tend to be less prescriptive and detailed than a contract. Throughout this guidance we have generally referred to a contract rather than a grant funding agreement. The same issues raised will need to be considered, but their treatment in a grant funding agreement will tend to be less detailed. Legal advice must be taken on the procurement rules and the choice of approach to the legal framework for the spin-out.

Local authorities have for many years spun out leisure services in particular, persuaded by the benefits of converting to charitable trusts and mutuals. The growth of Greenwich Leisure Limited (GLL), the first spun-out leisure mutual in 1993, inspired others to follow. For councils looking to maintain services with reduced costs, there was (at that time) an immediate financial benefit from savings in National Non-domestic Rates, whilst maintaining some degree of influence through nominations to the board of trustees.

The choice of option is unlikely to be based on financial considerations alone. Instead, a variety of complex judgements will be required until the right option emerges that is most likely to achieve the outcomes sought by the council. We examine how to conduct an option appraisal in section 3.3.

Who might initiate a spin-out?

Spinning out can be triggered by either choice or necessity. The pressure to save money is helping to create an environment in which councils are having to look afresh at the way in which they organise the delivery of services. Every council is continually reviewing all its services, whether through more narrowly focused service reviews or broader commissioning reviews.

The growing interest in spin-outs None of the sourcing options available offers a straightforward guarantee of success and each model has been seen to be subject to failures as well as successes. The growing interest in spin-outs has been driven by a perception that they can overcome the problems associated with other options The reported advantages of spin-outs have contributed to a number of authorities adopting policies which positively encourage mutualisation. In some authorities every service has been reviewed to assess whether it might lend itself to a spin-out, with staff encouraged to come forward with proposals.

Staff themselves or the community might also decide to try to initiate a spin-out. The Community Right to Challenge was introduced in 2012 and allows interested groups to submit an expression of interest to bid to run a service (see section 6.1 on how to access support for the Right to Challenge). However a spin-out has been initiated, it will not succeed without encouragement and support, and the local authority will need to ensure that the spin-out is set up to succeed. The process for setting up a spin-out is explored in more detail in Chapter 4.

Such spin-outs may be initiated by managers and staff, sometimes in collaboration with service users. The reasons for managers and staff pursuing a spin-out will vary. Some will be driven by a desire to take a more direct role in running their own organisation; others may feel a spin-out will help to protect or shelter a vulnerable service.

	
■
Bohl, E. (2012) When the Salami's Gone - 
explains the main sourcing options from 
pps 44-62.
a helpful insight into risk allocation and ensuring they sit with the party best able to manage them.

	
■
Cabinet Office (2011) Open Public  
Services White Paper - Chapter 5 on page 39 outlines the commitment to diversity of provision and encouraging public sector mutuals, policies that are largely still in place.
	
■
Historic England (2014) Pillars of the community: the transfer of local authority heritage assets - useful advice on when and how to transfer heritage assets from public to community ownership with section on "Asset transfer: the local authority perspective" from p5 onwards.
	
■
Department For Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (2018) Public service mutuals - contact details and background information about the Mutuals Team's support offer.
	
■
Government Commercial Function (2019) The Outsourcing Playbook - see p38 for 
	
■
Mutuo and Lambeth Council (2011) Mutual Business Detector - designed to help identify services which could be converted into mutuals. Although the document is now a little dated, the questionnaire starting on page 9 offers a helpful diagnostic.

## Case Study 2: Analysing, Investing And Growth

Organisation Greenwich Leisure Limited (GLL) is a charitable social enterprise, running over 400 UK sport, leisure, children's centres and libraries facilities on behalf of local authorities and partners, with an annual turnover of £312 million. 

Summary GLL initially started working within the leisure sector, before diversifying into libraries in 2012. An early contract with Wandsworth included heritage and archives, and GLL now manages archives on behalf of a number of other Councils, including Bromley and, most recently, Dudley. Diana Edmonds MBE, National Libraries Director, says: "We are passionate about running great quality services - and we want our staff to be too".

Scope When they take on a new contract, GLL undertakes an initial programme of improvements as well as planning for longterm development. "Archives Services are specialist services and need to be respected as such". For GLL, gaining accreditation status is the first, and most important, task. "There are publicly recognised standards and we aim to meet them". 

What's unique?

GLL focus on improving the business mind-set of a service: "We are not here to go bankrupt". GLL is a large organisation: "We have access to specialists within the organisation for advice on areas such as energy saving and facilities management 
- resources which a small mutual would not have". "We bid for grants constantly: because we operate a number of partnerships covering libraries and archives services, we can target the application".

Results Two archives services have been accredited this year, with another on track towards accreditation. For libraries, too, performance is important: Lincolnshire has improved its issues by 14% and Greenwich is the most-visited library service in the country. Diana says: "The statistics speak for themselves. We work to analyse and to improve a service".

	
■
Have the right staff on board: "We can often be seen as "not from here" and we have to work to overcome staff concerns and make it clear that we all want to provide better services".
	
■
Generating income is hard work: "It can be extraordinarily difficult to generate income - plan budgets properly without over predicting the amount of money you will generate".
	
■
Know where you are and what you are: "When bidding for grant income, have a clear understanding of local demographics - and which project best suits your organisation". 
For further information Diana Edmonds MBE, National Libraries Director - Diana.Edmonds@GLL.ORG

## 2.3 Different Legal Forms Of Spin-Out

The council's choices will be determined by the answer to a number of key questions of policy, including its attitude to control, employee and community ownership and its appetite for savings and risk. These issues are explored further in Chapter 3.

Overview The terms mutual, social enterprise and charitable trust are generic terms used to describe a range of different organisational types, each with their own particular legal status. In this section we examine:

	
■
The main legal forms of organisation and their principal distinctions.
	
■
The importance of making the right choice when spinning out.
The council will enter into an agreement with the newly spun-out organisation. Throughout this guidance we refer principally to a contract but much of our guidance also applies to a grant agreement. The distinction is examined further in section 2.5 on the EU procurement rules.

## The Different Legal Forms Of Spin-Out

The five main types of organisation that are likely to be considered and their key features are shown below, along with what they might be used for, using the generic terms described in section 1.2.

An organisation that has been spun out of a local authority can take various different legal forms, but the final choice should be informed by what the authority is trying to achieve.  

| Type of organisation                      | Key features                    |
|-------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|
| Local authority trading                   |                                 |
| company ("LATC")                          |                                 |
| Regulated by Companies House.             |                                 |
| Local Authority Trading                   |                                 |
| Company                                   |                                 |
| Social Enterprise                         |                                 |
| Contract can be awarded without           |                                 |
| advertising in OJEU in accordance with EU |                                 |
| procurement regulations if the company:   |                                 |
| -                                         | Is wholly owned and controlled  |
| by the authority (or with other           |                                 |
| public bodies).                           |                                 |
| -                                         | Provides the majority (over     |
| 80%) of its services to its owning        |                                 |
| authority or bodies.                      |                                 |
| -                                         | (This is often described as the |
| Teckal exemption.)                        |                                 |
| Cannot gain charitable status.            |                                 |
Charitable Trust
Registered and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. If charitable, also registered with HMRC for tax benefits.
Community Management
Registered Society (used to be known as 'Industrial and Provident Society')
Mutual 
Shares can be held by staff and/or community.
Social Enterprise
Can be charitable or non-charitable. Contract will be subject to EU procurement regulations.
Charitable Trust
Company limited by guarantee
Regulated by Companies House. Membership can be held by staff and/or community.
Community Management Mutual Social Enterprise
Can be charitable or non-charitable (if charitable, it will also be registered with and regulated by the Charity Commission). Contract will be subject to EU procurement regulations.
Community interest company
Regulated by Companies House.
Community Management Mutual Social Enterprise
Can be established as limited by shares or limited by guarantee. If limited by shares, there is the opportunity to raise finance through equity. Shares or membership can be held by staff and/or community. Cannot be charitable but could act as the trading arm of a parent charity or have a charity as a subsidiary to maximise both commercial and charitable benefits. Contract will be subject to EU procurement regulations.
Charitable Trust
Charitable incorporated organisation
Regulated by Charity Commission. Charitable.
Community Management
Contract will be subject to EU procurement regulations.

term 'Registered Society' has replaced the term 'Industrial and Provident Society' for any new societies formed after August 2014. It is worth bearing in mind that, as Community Interest Companies (CICs) cannot have charitable status, they may have difficulty securing funding from trusts and foundations. There are a number of prominent trusts and foundations that have stated that they will not fund CICs. 

Making the right choice The most significant choice of organisation is determined by the council's attitude to control, and the council's assessment of the benefits of charitable status. If the council wants to retain ownership of the organisation and charitable status is not a priority, then a local authority trading company would be the best route. Local authorities have been increasingly using LATCs to "commercialise" services including for leisure, arts and culture projects.

The choice of model will depend upon the objectives of the authority. These objectives need to be clarified before any choice is made and the issues to consider are set out in Chapter 3: How to spin out. The choice of model is not an issue that needs to be finalised before the implementation phase.

The final choice of organisational model 
will have less impact on the ultimate 
success of the spin-out than the way that 
the spin-out is established; the soundness 
of its business model; and its leadership 
and management. Of course, the lure of 
possible financial savings derived from 
charitable benefits is often a significant 
incentive for elected Members faced with 
unprecedented financial pressures. 

If the council wants to maximise wider charitable benefits then it can choose one of the legal models which can be established as a charity. This would include a Registered Society, a Company Limited by Guarantee or a Charitable Incorporated Organisation. Although there are differences between these legal models, the precise choice is largely a matter of detail that will require specialist legal advice, as described in the advice on the spinout process in Chapter 3. The most common of the charitable models is the Company Limited by Guarantee (for example Vision Redbridge), although there are a number of Registered Societies, for example Explore York (see case study). As a result of the Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014, the 

	
■
Bohl, E. (2012) When the Salami's Gone - a case study on Norse, the largest local authority trading company is provided on page 95.
	
■
Co-operatives UK (2014) Community benefit societies - a helpful overview of community benefit societies and what, why and how to start or convert to one.
	
■
Winckworth Sherwood (2010) Trusts for Big Society - a very readable summary of the options for creating charitable trusts, describing each option in greater detail on pps 12-13 although some of the legal provisions are now out-of-date.

## 2.4 The Potential Benefits

respond faster to opportunities.

Overview In deciding whether to pursue a spin-out, authorities need to assess the potential advantages and understand the implications. In this section we briefly review:

	
■
Community focus: it is suggested that the more concentrated focus of a spinout will improve its engagement with customers and the wider community.
	
■
The arguments advanced for encouraging spin-outs.
	
■
The benefits of charitable status.
	
■
Ability to innovate: a large organisation's bureaucracy is also argued to provide a brake on creative and innovative thinking.
	
■
The implications of independence.
	
■
Accessing new skills: the recruitment of trustees and non-executive directors to spin-out boards is often treated as an opportunity to draw on a wider reservoir of talent, experience and insights.
Arguments for spinning out There are a number of arguments advanced for spinning services out:

	
■
Motivation: organisations which are owned by their employees, the community and/or users are claimed to benefit from higher levels of commitment and productivity.
	
■
Freedom to compete: while local 
	
■
Speed of response: it is often argued that local authorities, like any larger organisations, develop layers of bureaucracy that slow down decisionmaking. It is claimed that smaller, independent spin-outs are able to 
new sources of funding from individuals and corporates as well as other charities and through legacies.

authorities have many new freedoms to 
trade for work, there are still restrictions 
that do not apply to some types of spin-
out.

	
■
Public support: it is often argued that the community is more likely to become involved in, or volunteer for, a charity and that the public is more likely to support a charity than, say, an outsourcing company.
	
■
Freedom to employ: while transferred staff will retain their local government terms and conditions under TUPE, including access to the local government pension scheme, an independent organisation may choose to employ new starters on different terms and conditions and pension arrangements.
However, these issues are not entirely straightforward and need to be examined carefully and critically. Charities are eligible for mandatory rate relief of 80% and the authority can award discretionary rate relief of a further 20%. In the past, this saving was a significant advantage to a local authority as the vast majority of the cost of giving this relief was borne nationally (not locally). However, since the localisation of business rates, the cost is now shared between local authorities and central government and so the immediate overall benefit to the council is now lower.

Spinning out will not, on its own, guarantee that these advantages will be realised and the evidence for these claims is often thin. For example, it is all too easy for a new organisation to bring with it old bureaucratic constraints and inflexibilities - or even to create new ones! An authority will need to ensure that the way it spins out a service maximises the chance of these benefits being achieved. For example, speed of decisionmaking and innovation are less likely to emerge if the contract ties down every aspect of the service's operations.

Why go for charitable status?

There are a number of motivations for setting up an organisation that has charitable status:
The treatment of VAT is more complex and, while there are some beneficial exemptions for voluntary bodies (which might include charities), there are also some disadvantages that need to be planned for. For example, responsibility for building works might best be retained by the local authority because of the VAT implications. This is a complex area and specialist advice should be taken.

	
■
Fiscal advantages: charities benefit from business rate relief and, if the properties occupied have high rateable values, this offers a significant benefit. Charities do not pay corporation tax on their profits (unlike a local authority trading company).
	
■
Fundraising potential: charities are "tax attractive" and, therefore, can attract 
Philanthropic donations are more likely to be made to registered charities, although some individual donors and corporate sponsors have been willing to donate to local authorities, whether directly or through development trusts, often for specific capital projects, and may be wary of giving funds to a new spin-out without a track record. But the fundraising market varies widely across the country and must be researched and analysed as part of the spin-out process. Some funding bodies can be inflexible about the type of body they are prepared to give grants to.

Authorities are often concerned that independence will result in a loss of control. A spin-out is, however, still subject to a number of controls and regulation. It will enter into a contract or legal agreement to deliver the services required by the council and that contract will impose a number of constraints. In addition, companies are regulated by Companies House and charities are regulated by the Charities Commission or HMRC. Indeed, some aspects of that regulatory framework can be testing. 

Charities often depend on volunteers to deliver their services and their volunteers are often committed and knowledgeable. However, some local authority services (including archive services) have invested in supporting and encouraging volunteers with the result that a significant proportion of working hours are covered by volunteers.

	
■
Department For Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (2018) Public Service Mutuals: State of the Sector 2018 - the results and headline findings of research commissioned by DCMS into the current state of the public service mutuals sector and the challenges mutuals face. 
	
■
Matrix Evidence (2010) The employee ownership effect: a review of the evidence - provides a summary of the reported benefits starting on page 4.
The implications of independence Most types of spin-out will be independent organisations and their directors (and, as applicable, their trustees) must owe their first duty to their organisation, not to the council. If charitable status is being sought, the Charity Commission will be particularly keen to satisfy itself that the spin-out is genuinely independent and is not being controlled by the council. Indeed, the Charity Commission has rejected some applications for charitable status because it was not satisfied on this point.

	
■
Lampel, Bhalla and Jha (2010) Model Growth - offers findings on the performance of employee-owned businesses on page 9 onwards.
	
■
Winckworth Sherwood (2010) Trusts for Big Society - sets out the pros and cons of choosing the trust route on page 8 onwards.
The one slight exception to the need for independence is a local authority trading company which, to satisfy the requirements of the Teckal exemption, must be managed as if it were an internal department of the council. However, even then, the directors of the trading company will be bound to act in the interests of the company. It is unlikely that a Teckal company will be accepted by the Charity Commission as charitable.

## 2.5 The Risks And The Challenges

degree of protection through the TUPE 
regulations, many spin-outs make savings 
in staff costs by employing new starters 
on lower rates and offering less generous 
pensions.

Overview
While there are a number of claims for the 
benefits of spinning services out, there are 
also uncertainties and risks that need to be 
addressed. In this section, we review:

	
■
The risks and arguments made against spin-outs.
	
■
The need to understand the European Union's (EU) procurement rules.
	
■
No protection from cuts: independence and a contract provide only limited protections from the demands for savings as contracts do make allowances for variation and the spin-out might find it hard to achieve existing savings targets, let alone take on new ones.
	
■
The need to take other legislation into account - and take legal advice throughout the process.
	
■
Few opportunities for growth: while some spin-outs have grown considerably, these are the exceptions and many smaller spin-outs can struggle to develop the commercial skills and capacity to win new work, particularly if there are more and more spin-outs to compete with.
The risks associated with spin-outs The evidence for the advantages and disadvantages of spinning out is of variable quality, partly due to difficulties in measuring the effects and pinpointing the determinants. This is an area in which more research is emerging.

	
■
Fundraising can prove difficult: donors and the public may be loath to give money to a service they still identify as a council service and believe they are already funding through taxation.
While a number of arguments have been made for the benefits of spinning out, there are also reasons advanced against spinning out - or, at least, for exercising caution:

	
■
Loss of democratic control: while under direct management, elected members are able to hold service management directly to account and to ensure that policy changes are adopted and implemented rapidly.
Some of these issues are matters of policy on which a spin-out will need to form its own judgement, for example the terms and conditions of new starters. Others are issues that authorities have found ways to address. For example, elected members are often involved in contract governance and most councils ensure that providers are contractually bound to participate in scrutiny committee meetings.

	
■
Potential for failure: a small, new organisation may struggle to be viable or to develop the disciplines needed to be sustainable.
	
■
Savings are often at the expense of staff: while transferred staff will have a 
A number of the other cautionary notes are risks that need to be mitigated. When setting up a spin-out, an authority needs to make sure that the business case, business plans and financial plans are thorough, realistic and designed to ensure that the spin-out is able to thrive and not set up to fail. We examine how this can be addressed in Chapter 3.

government may introduce some flexibility in relation to spinning out certain leisure, arts and cultural services which up until 2015 were exempt from advertising in OJEU and hence inviting competition. Post Brexit (subject to the terms of the future relationship with the EU), there may not be a requirement to advertise in OJEU but there will be an obligation to advertise on a UK national portal which might, therefore, result in competition. A new EU procurement directive came into force in 2014 and was transposed into law by the UK Government through The Public Contracts Regulations 2015 which came into effect in February 2015 1. These new regulations introduce some significant changes that impact on, and help to clarify, the spin-out process. There are three regulations that are particularly relevant:
Understanding the EU procurement rules - overview The EU's procurement rules apply to the procurement of all local authority services above a certain value and councils must understand these rules when making decisions on creating a spin-out. However, there are choices to be made and so it is important that the main options are understood. For the avoidance of doubt, the EU procurement rules form part of UK legislation. Therefore, they will continue to apply post Brexit unless and until changed by primary legislation. Whilst it is anticipated there will be no immediate changes to the legislation, a future 

| Regulations                                   | Heading                |
|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------|
| This would apply to the creation of a spin-   |                        |
| out local authority trading company.          |                        |
| 12                                            | Public contracts       |
| between entities within                       |                        |
| the public sector                             |                        |
| 74-76                                         | Award of contracts     |
| for social and other                          |                        |
| specific services                             |                        |
| The 'new simplified procedure' which          |                        |
| covers cultural services, including archives, |                        |
| libraries and museums.                        |                        |
| 77                                            | Reserved contracts for |
| certain services                              |                        |
| The ability of an authority to decide         |                        |
| to award a three-year contract to a           |                        |
| 'qualifying organisation' such as a mutual    |                        |
| or social enterprise.                         |                        |

We will look at each of these regulations in turn before examining some other alternatives that authorities may want to consider.

trading company. It should be remembered, however, that employees and the community could not participate in the ownership of such a body without it losing its procurement exemption and such a body would not be eligible for charitable status. Regulations 74-76 have been described as a 'light-touch regime' and could be used as one route to spin out an archive service to a new mutual, charitable trust or social enterprise.

The standard procurement regulations that would apply Regulation 12 has introduced rather minor changes, but ones which clarify the rules governing local authority trading companies. As summarised in section 2.3, councils are able to award contracts to a trading company to provide services without a procurement exercise if that company is wholly owned by the authority (or with or by other public bodies); and controlled in the same way as an internal department; and if most of its work is provided to its owning authority (or owning authorities, if jointly owned). 

In the past, the EU procurement rules contained a distinction between Part A services (such as IT) and part B services (such as culture). Part B services could follow a less complex procurement process. That distinction has now been ended, although Part B has, in effect, been replaced by a new 'new simplified regime'.

## The Key Features Of The Light-Touch Regime Are:

	
■
It applies to cultural services such as 
archives, libraries and museums 2. 
	
■
It requires an advertisement for the contract in the Official Journal of the European Union (OJEU). 
Regulation 12 clarifies that for this exemption to apply, 80% or more of its work must be provided to its owning authority or authorities. Previously, no precise figure was included in the directive and so case law was relied on to decide the level of the threshold for the exemption. This clarification provides much greater certainty and will make this a more attractive option, particularly if one or more authorities want to share in the creation of a new local authority company that they would like to see grow, either to expand to include new owning authorities; or to engage in trading and competing for new work; or both. 

	
■
It allows authorities a very flexible approach to the procurement process and to the award criteria.
	
■
It must still comply with the Treaty principles of transparency and equal treatment.
This new regulation does provide a great deal of flexibility - if an authority wants to take advantage of that flexibility to create a The prime advantage of a local authority trading company is that it can be established without advertising and hence inviting competition. It can also expand and diversify by tendering to provide services for other public, private and/or voluntary sector bodies (subject to a maximum of 20%). This will help with the sustainability of the local authority 

ownership of the organisation are (or will be, if and when it performs the contract) 
	
(i) based on employee ownership or participatory principles, or
simpler process, but the requirement for an advertisement does involve alerting other potential bidders. As a result, a fledgling spinout could face a competitive challenge from other, more seasoned bidders.

	
(ii) require the active participation of employees, users or stakeholders; and
Regulation 77 reflects a new feature within the EU directive which the UK Government negotiated to help encourage the development of public sector mutuals. The regulation provides a temporary shelter from full competition and allows a local authority to:

	
(d) the organisation has not been awarded, pursuant to this regulation, a contract for the services concerned by the contracting authority concerned within the past three years.'
	
■
Reserve a contract for services such as cultural services to 'qualifying organisations'. 

## Source: The Public Contracts Regulations 2015

	
■
Award that contract without full and open competition for a period of three years.
This new provision does offer a temporary shelter for organisations such as mutuals or charitable trusts, but it also means that a new spin-out may still have to compete with existing mutuals or charitable trusts to win its initial contract. This is because regulation 77:
The cultural services covered by the regulation include 'library, archives, museums and other cultural services' (the list also includes 'sporting services').

	
■
Requires an OJEU advertisement in line with regulation 75.
	
■
Allows the restriction of the contract to a particular type of organisation, not to a particular, favoured organisation.
However, this will not allow an authority to simply award a contract to its preferred spinout. Instead, it will allow the authority to limit the award of a contract to any 'qualifying organisation', i.e. one that fulfils all of the following conditions:

	
'(a) its objective is the pursuit of a public service mission linked to the delivery of services referred to [...];
	
(b) profits are reinvested with a view to achieving the organisation's objective, and any distribution of profits is based on participatory considerations;
	
(c) the structures of management or 
Assuming the new spin-out did win the contract through this process, it would also then need to compete to win the contract again within three years. In effect, because of tendering lead-in times, this means the spinout would need to be ready to compete to win the contract again within just two years from the date of winning the initial contract. This will be particularly challenging for any new organisation which is likely to require a year or more to establish itself successfully.

## Taking A Measured Approach To Procurement

benefits from the lighter rules regime, 
such as reduced process burdens 
on procurers and suppliers. The key 
things are to be clear about what your 
process will involve, making sure the 
process ensures transparency and equal 
treatment of suppliers, and sticking to the 
process that you decide to run.'

	
Source: Crown Commercial Service 2015 
In the past and under the old procurement regime for 'Part B' services, a number of authorities chose to spin out services without a competitive procurement process for various reasons, such as the absence of a market for viable potential providers. In any event, the new regulations make it clear that, in most cases 3, an open advertisement of a contract opportunity will be necessary which may require a competitive process.

Other alternatives to a procurement under the regulations Numerous spin-outs of local authority services have taken an approach that is different from the standard procurement process under the public procurement regulations. There are opportunities to enter into arrangements with a spin-out that do not trigger a procurement exercise. This would include:
An authority that is keen to spin out an archive service (probably with other services) to a newly formed mutual or charitable trust will need to consider whether it is serious about supporting the spin-out to be given a fair chance to win the contract in any procurement process. If the spin-out does not have dedicated support in this process, it may be being set up to fail. If the procurement process is over-engineered or unrealistic, it could be expensive for the authority and place unnecessary burdens on both the authority and the spin-out team.

	
■
Granting a lease. A lease is a property transaction and outside EU procurement. Whilst potentially not as prescriptive as a contract, a lease can contain key restrictions to protect a Council's assets and services including, for example, restrictions on use, minimum open hours, repair and maintenance, assignment and subcontracting. It can also include monitoring and review arrangements.
Rather than use the authority's full-blown standard procurement process, the authority should agree to adopt a more tailored and flexible approach to advertising the contract opportunity and conducting any competitive process that results. The Crown Commercial Service advises authorities to:

	
'take advantage of the various flexibilities where possible, to maximise the possible 
	
■
Entering into a Grant Agreement. A grant is not a contract for services and is outside the EU procurement regime. Again, whilst potentially not as prescriptive as a contract, a grant will nevertheless include detailed provisions 
3 There are some exceptions in the regulations to the requirement for an open advertisement and the potential competition that might result. For example, Regulation 32 allows for the 'use of the negotiated procedure without prior publication' in certain restricted circumstances.

relating to the use of the grant, required 
outcomes, monitoring and review and 
termination in certain circumstances. A 
potential disadvantage of a grant is that 
services operated under a grant cannot 
recover VAT in the same way and this 
could, in some instances, offset many of 
the other possible financial benefits, such 
as savings in business rates. 

and legal advice must be taken throughout 
the process of considering the potential 
for a spin-out. This does not mean that 
the spin-out process will be dominated by 
legal considerations. While the law must be 
understood and legal support will be needed 
at various stages of the project, the key 
decisions are matters of public policy and 
business management.

	
■
Crown Commercial Service (2015) Guidance on the New Light Touch Regime for Health, Social, Education and Certain Other Service Contracts - this provides and advice on Regulations 74 to 77 of the Public Contracts Regulations 2015.
Great care needs to be taken in selecting the preferred approach to spinning out the service and specialist legal advice should be taken to ensure that the risks are properly understood and addressed. The risks include a private or third sector organisation lodging a challenge to the process being followed; even if unsuccessful, such a challenge could introduce delays and additional costs.

Complying with legal requirements Of course, the EU procurement directive is not the only legal framework that influences a spin-out process. Other legislation that will need to be considered includes:

	
■
Department for Communities and Local Government (2015) Revised Best Value Statutory Guidance - sets out expectations for councils to consult and if they intend to consider changing funding to local voluntary and community groups and small businesses.
	
■
The Public Services (Social Value) Act 2012 which places a duty on authorities to consider social value in certain contracts.
	
■
Local Authorities (Goods and Services) Act 1970 and the Local Government Act 2003 which cover local authorities' trading powers.
	
■
Pinsent Masons (2015) Which contracts do the 2015 Public Contracts Regulations for contracting authorities apply to? - a short overview of the new Public Contracts Regulations 2015, including Teckal.
	
■
Revised Best Value Statutory Guidance 2015 which sets out how authorities should comply with their Best Value Duty and includes requirements to consult locally throughout the commissioning cycle.
	
■
Social Enterprise UK, sponsored by GLL (2012) The Social Value Guide - provides a summary of the Public Services (Social Value) Act 2012 and other legislation that needs to be taken into account on pps 5 to 17.
These represent just part of the legislative framework that will need to be considered 

## Case Study 3: Taking Control Of Your Destiny

Organisation Explore York spun out as an Industrial and Provident Society in May 2014. Within the mutual, one third of votes are held by staff and two-thirds by the community. 

Summary City of York Council was a member of Cooperative Councils and spinning out was favoured, due to the joint ownership model it offered. The service have recently secured a new 15-year contract through a competitive tender process. Barbara Swinn, York Explore Library and Archive Manager says: 'For us, this is a great success. When you spin out, that's not 'it'. You need to nurture your relationships long-term. We work hard to engage with the Council; our strong partnership is key'. 

Scope Explore York includes libraries, archives and local studies and has 71.3 FTE staff. The Council recognised the value of the archive and wanted it housed in a high-profile location. HLF investment was sought to develop a pod on top of a central location to house the archive: 'Members value our role within the community'. Trust status has opened up new income generation opportunities. Wellcome Trust have provided funding and Barbara recognises: 'There are lots more we can apply for'. 

What's unique?

Explore York was the first staff-led mutual library and archive service in the country to be spun out from a local authority. 

Explore's model benefits from lightertouch governance and community and staff ownership: 'There is more of a vested interest in our success'. 

Results Explore's flagship building receives in the region of 1,200 visitors a day. Archive encounters have increased 124% during this time, with a 118% increase in archives researchers. Connecting with the community has been one of Explore's strengths: 'Within our governance, the community are involved and it opens doors for us '. 

	
■
Financial expertise: 'Finance within a local authority is very different to what you need to run a business. Right from word go, you need to quickly have access to these skills'.
	
■
Maintain your relationship with the local authority: 'If officers or members change, make the effort to connect with the new ones and show them what you're doing.'
	
■
Make the most of opportunities and visibility when you first spin out: 'All of a sudden, people notice you. Forge those new partnerships and new ways of doing things'.
For further information Barbara Swinn, York Explore Library and Archive Manager -  
barbara.swinn@exploreyork.org.uk  / https://www.exploreyork.org.uk 

## How To Spin Out 3. 1 Summary Of The Key Phases In The Spin-Out Process

	
■
Phase 1: analysis - setting a clear policy framework; and clarifying the drivers, needs and outcomes required.
	
■
Phase 2: planning - confirming the service design; conducting an option appraisal; and establishing the business case.
	
■
Phase 3: doing - planning and implementing the preferred model; and ensuring that the spin-out has been set up to succeed.
Overview Deciding to set up a spin-out and then implementing it demand careful assessment. Borrowing from the language of commissioning, this involves analysis, planning, 'doing' (i.e. implementing) and reviewing. We have used this shorthand to summarise each phase. This short section provides an overview of the spin-out process. Subsequent sections look in greater detail at each phase.

	
■
Phase 4: reviewing - monitoring the performance of the new arrangements. 

## It Should Be Stressed That This Process Is A Generic One That Would Apply To Any Services Being Spun Out. The Specific Issues For An Archive Service Are Set Out In Chapter 4, But Can Only Be Understood In The Context Of This Wider Commissioning Process.

This process is complex and there are many strands that need to be managed effectively. Any council that is considering whether to spin out a service must treat the exercise as a project; it needs to be properly planned and adequately resourced. Most councils will struggle to resource the specialist legal and financial skills required and will need to buy them in. Once implemented, the performance of the services delivered by the spin-out will need to be kept under regular review and opportunities for improvement and further efficiencies explored together. Key issues to address in the review phase are summarised in chapter 5 on life in a spin-out.

Taking an overview of the overall process Too often, organisations rush towards a solution without being entirely clear what it is that they are trying to achieve. The process of making a sound decision on whether a spinout is the best option depends on research, assessment and planning. This process is reflected in the four stages of a standard commissioning process (see section 2.1 for a description of the commissioning cycle and further reading):

## 3.2 Analysis: Setting The Policy Framework

need for savings).

	
■
Organisational objectives, both the council's policies and objectives and those of the council's partner organisations.
	
■
Needs and assets, i.e. legal duties, community, local or regional needs that have to be met, along with the existing local facilities or capacity that can help to meet those needs.
Overview The analysis phase of the project will involve an assessment of duties, needs, assets, resources and the current performance of the service. It will also require an understanding of the ideas and expectations of users, staff and other stakeholders. Research will be undertaken into what other similar organisations are doing and what the market offers. This work will enable the definition of the long-term outcomes that will drive the project.

	
■
Assessment of the current services, including their strengths and weaknesses and baselining data on services and budgets.
	
■
Assessment of the market, understanding what other options or providers are available.
Commissioning is not just a sourcing or procurement process (see section 2.1); it begins by establishing clear policies that will govern the design of the service blueprint for the future and the choice of whether a spin-out is the best management model for delivering that blueprint.

	
■
Outcomes, the overall end results that need to be achieved.
If the archive service is within the scope of a project considering a wider range of services, care will be needed to ensure that the specific implications for the archive services are built into the policy-making process.

Key steps in the analyse phase The process of deciding whether and how to pursue a spin-out model will need to be informed by a clear purpose. Clarity about the objectives of the exercise will help in the process of deciding on the right option and, if that option is a spin-out, the choice of spin-out model.

Establishing the policy framework There are a number of general policy questions that will need to be considered for any range of services that might be in scope. 

Clarifying the policy framework for the project could include researching and identifying:
Some of these may be matters of political policy; others may be matters of judgement; and others will require careful analysis and validation.

	
■
Policy drivers, i.e. the reasons why change is needed (for example the desire for greater community involvement or the 

## Checklist Of General Policy Issues To Be Considered

| Policy issue                                                    | Key questions   |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|
| Control                                                         |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Does the council feel that it must exercise direct control?     |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Will a contract with the new body provide sufficient control?   |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Would it want involvement in the management of the new          |                 |
| organisation?                                                   |                 |
| Autonomy                                                        |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Does the council believe that independence will allow a new     |                 |
| organisation to be more effective than an in-house service?     |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Is the council content that procurement might result in a       |                 |
| different type of organisation winning the contract?            |                 |
| Community involvement                                           |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Does the council believe there are benefits in giving the       |                 |
| community some form of ownership in a new organisation?         |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Are the community showing interest in taking over a new         |                 |
| organisation?                                                   |                 |
| Employee involvement                                            |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Does the council believe there are benefits in giving staff     |                 |
| some form of ownership in a new organisation?                   |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Are staff showing interest in taking over a new organisation?   |                 |
| Financial savings                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Does the council see a benefit in the new organisation being    |                 |
| able to sell its services?                                      |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Does the council see significant potential for external income  |                 |
| generation?                                                     |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Does the council believe the new organisation will explore      |                 |
| changing terms and conditions for new staff?                    |                 |
| Charitable status                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Are tax savings or other charitable reliefs being sought, even  |                 |
| if small?                                                       |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Is it believed that a charity will find it easier to fundraise? |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Does the council believe the objectives of a charitable body    |                 |
| are better aligned with public service values?                  |                 |
| Strategic withdrawal                                            |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Is this service a statutory duty and what does that duty        |                 |
| require as a minimum?                                           |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Does the council believe that it no longer has a role in        |                 |
| delivering aspects of this service?                             |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Does the council want to cease or run down its spending on      |                 |
| this service?                                                   |                 |

It is the answers to these questions that will help to decide whether an authority will decide to spin out a service. Some are straightforward. If a council is firmly committed to retaining direct control of all services, a spin-out is unlikely (however, the community right to challenge may force a council to consider this option). Others are more complex - if the council would like both to retain control and secure savings from charitable status, this will not be possible as the Charity Commission requires charities to be independent. The issues set out in the checklist above are generic issues. For an archive service, there are also a number of specific policy issues that will need to be taken into account. These are considered further in Chapter 4 and include:

	
■
The extent of synergies with other services.
	
■
How to make the most of the archive service's assets.
	
■
The ownership of collections and assets.
	
■
The interests of funders and depositors - and the council's obligations to them.
	
■
The statutory duties relating to elements of the archive service.
	
■
Bohl, E. (2012) When the Salami's Gonesee p7 onwards for an understanding of how commissioning, sourcing and procurement policy should all fit together. 
	
■
Compact Voice (2013) Understanding Commissioning and Procurement - exploring the commissioning cycle on page 6.
	
■
Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2010) Involving users in commissioning local services - includes suggestions about developing a user involvement framework from page 48 onwards.
	
■
Nesta (2010) The Open Book of Social Innovation - offers innovative ways of looking at service design from pps 30- 49.
	
■
The Information Commissioner's Office (2015) Transparency in outsourcing - overview of why transparency in outsourcing matters, containing suggestions of practical steps for readers to follow. Includes a bite-size executive summary on p3.
	
■
The Information Commissioner's Office (2015) Outsourcing and FOI - userfriendly guidance that could be useful for archives services to reinforce the points they need to make about local authorities retaining FOI, DPA and other information responsibilities.

## 3.3 Planning: Designing The Future And Option Appraisal

	
■
Service design: before deciding how or who could deliver a service, just how could the archive service (and its partner services) be organised differently? Is the archive service operating in the most effective way? For example, are the opening hours, location, publicity and income generation likely to meet the outcomes required?
Overview Once the project is clear about the nature of the service needed in future, it is able to form a view of which service delivery model (whether make, buy, share or divest; see section 2.2) is best able to deliver it. The option appraisal process enables the council to make a considered judgement on the right approach for the future, allowing a review of all the many choices on offer; an assessment of the evidence for and against each of the choices; and a choice to be made based on a transparent comparison.

	
■
Stakeholder engagement: what do users think about the service and what would they like in future; what would encourage non-users to take advantage of the service; and what are the ideas of staff?
However, the process of conducting an option appraisal will need to be carefully designed. In this section we examine three key steps:

	
■
Deciding on the scope of the appraisal.
	
■
Defining the appraisal process.
	
■
Setting the evaluation criteria. 
We also provide a checklist of issues to test in the option appraisal.

This process enables the development of an initial blueprint (sometimes called a target operating model or a detailed vision) of the way the service will be delivered in the future. This is the stage that is most likely to result in innovations in the council's ideas about what the service could and should be, given the resources available. Engaging stakeholders at an early stage (indeed, this should start during the 'analysis' phase) gives the opportunity to design the service around the needs of users and to generate new ideas and insights.

Designing the future In the second phase of the commissioning cycle, the planning phase, there are further questions an organisation will need to address before making a decision on whether to proceed with a spin-out. These include:
The analysis phase enables the project to be clear about the 'why' (the drivers, needs and assets) and the 'what' (the outcomes). The planning phase enables the project to define the 'how' (the service blueprint). It is at this stage that the project is able to consider the 'who', i.e. which type of organisation is best able to deliver the service blueprint in order to achieve the outcomes required. In this guidance, we have focused particularly on conducting an option appraisal (see this section); developing a business case that will 

	
■
Conducting a gap analysis: given the outcomes that are being sought, how effective is the existing service make-up at meeting them? Are there other assets in the locality (whether people or other public or voluntary sector services) that are helping - or could help - to meet those outcomes?
inform the final decision by the council on how to proceed (see section 3.4); and then identifying the financial issues (see section 3.5).

just be an appraisal of the management model. If a change to the service design is envisaged; both appraisals may be required. In that case, it would be ideal, for the sake of simplicity, if they were undertaken in sequence. In reality, the two appraisals may need to be iterative or integrated. For example, there could be service design issues over whether the service is best integrated with those of another organisation. There could also be an argument for evaluating the archive service separately or as a package with other services.

Being clear about the scope of the appraisal First, the council will need to decide on the scope of the appraisal. Most option appraisals that will involve a decision on whether to spin out a service or not will also evaluate other potential 'alternative service delivery models'. This phrase has tended to be used to describe the alternatives to in-house delivery, for example shared services, outsourcing and spin-outs. However, this can lead to confusion as these are management models, not service delivery models.

Defining the appraisal process Second, the appraisal process will need to be established. Who will be involved in the option appraisal: will Members be asked to endorse the evaluation criteria; will the public be involved or other stakeholders; what level of evidence will be acceptable; and who will conduct the appraisal?

Indeed, when preparing to undertake an option appraisal, it is important that this distinction is understood: is a new approach to the nature of the service being considered; a change in its management control; or both? As a result, two forms of option appraisal may be required:
Setting the evaluation criteria Third, a set of evaluation criteria will need to be established with which to assess each of the options. The evaluation criteria could be formed from the following ingredients: 

	
■
The outcomes set during the research and analysis phase of the project.
	
■
Appraisal of the service design: assessing different ways in which a service could be designed. This could involve testing whether an archive service might be better integrated with a library service or a museum; or whether a more extensive digital service should be offered.
	
■
The policy framework (see section 3.2).
	
■
The financial objectives (these are already likely to be built into the outcomes and policy framework).
	
■
The potential impacts and risks associated with each option.
	
■
Appraisal of the management control: assessing which type of organisation is best placed to manage the service. Would outsourcing to the private sector be an option; sharing the service; or creating a spin-out?
The criteria will then need to be weighted, reflecting the council's priorities.

If no significant changes to the service design are being planned, the option appraisal might Once all three steps are in place, the option appraisal can be undertaken. This will require:
options or permutations may need to be considered and researched further before a final choice is made.

	
■
Long-listing and short-listing the options. In the work of the project on market analysis and service design, the principal options will have emerged. 
	
■
Clarifying the assumptions used to support the evaluation of each option.
Key to an effective decision-making process is making sure that the assumptions in the costbenefit analysis are realistic. The assumptions for and against each option need to be tested and validated. Any one assumption that is overly optimistic or pessimistic could skew the appraisal unfairly, with lasting consequences. A checklist of issues to consider in the option appraisal is set out below.

	
■
Confirming the preferred option. It is possible that one option emerges as the preferred solution, although other 
needed, and if not, have external costs, including consultancy and legal support, been included?

Checklist of areas to test in option appraisal
1.	 Opportunities for innovation: have other 
options for the design and integration of the services been properly explored? Or has the service simply been packaged with other services because that's the current structure of the organisation? 
2.	 Critical mass: do the new services have 
the right level of scale to be contracted for and managed by a new spin-out?
6.	 The potential for staff savings: has 
the possibility of a new organisation employing staff on different terms and conditions taken into account TUPE, staff turnover and labour market conditions (and how they may change in the medium to long term)?
3.	 The potential for income generation: 
how realistic are the estimates; have similar levels been achieved elsewhere; what investment is needed to make it possible; and what resources and skills are needed?
7.	 Savings in overheads: has the financial 
impact on the council's support service costs been properly assessed, including both the potential for savings and the loss of economies of scale for the council?
4.	 The cost of procurement and contracting: 
have the costs been included of preparing for any procurement process and seeing it through to conclusion and finalising the contracts?
8.	 Set-up costs: for the spin-out option, have 
the ongoing revenue costs of new overheads been considered and the support needed by the spin-out to help establish itself and represent its own interests?
5.	 Overall project costs: does the council 
have the in-house skills and resources 
9.	 Governance costs: has the cost of 
managing a contract been taken into 
about the political acceptability of different options been properly tested with politicians? 

account; is the client side proportionate; 
and has the opportunity been examined 
for integrating it into other roles or 
sharing it?

10.	Efficiency assumptions: have efficiencies 
factored into the in-house option been examined to see if other models could achieve them (and vice versa)?
13.	Costs of optimism: have the costs and 
benefits of each option been properly challenged? Has enthusiasm for one of the models led to bias influencing the assumptions behind the others?
11.	Opportunity costs: have the projections 
for future savings been costed to take a realistic account of the time required to set up new management models?
14.	Assessing impact: are any of the options 
likely to have a particularly adverse impact on members of the community and can these be mitigated?
12.	Policy constraints: have the assumptions 
The temptation is to try to achieve a level of detail in the option appraisals that is definitive, anticipating every eventuality and predicting future costs and benefits with complete certainty. This is, of course, an unrealistic expectation. Instead, an option appraisal requires balanced judgements based on reasonable assumptions. However, this does not mean that a project is ready to proceed following the option appraisal - all the assumptions need to be refined and tested further and captured in a realistic business case.

	
■
York Explore Centre and City of York Council (2013) Cabinet Paper - A Community Benefit Society for Libraries and Archives - see the Option Appraisal section under Section 21 on page 6.
	
■
Boston Borough Council (2008) Boston leisure trust options report 2008 - a case study legal report demonstrating a leisure trust's options appraisal, including the list of options available to the trust (pps 5-9) and the recommended management approach (page 9). A good example of the evaluation process, although there have been changes to the law since 2008.
	
■
Bohl, E. (2012) When the Salami's Gone - includes a checklist of questions on page 94 that can help in deciding the potential scope for trading and winning new work.

## 3.4 Planning: The Business Case

	
That the intervention represents best public value - the 'economic case';
Overview Once the option appraisal has been undertaken, the business case can begin to be prepared. The business case is a formal document that is used to confirm whether a project is worth pursuing. 

	
That the proposed deal is attractive to the market place, can be procured and is commercially viable - the 'commercial case';
In this section, we summarise:

	
That the proposed spend is affordable - the 'financial case';
	
■
The main components of a business case.
	
That what is required from all parties is achievable - 'the management case'.'
	
■
The difference between a business case and a business plan.
	
Source: HM Treasury (2013) 1.

If the project has been delivered effectively so far, much of the evidence and material needed to develop the business case will already have been created or will be in the process of being developed (even if they have been called different things). The strategic case will have been developed through the research and analysis phase and through the development of the service blueprint. 

What is a business case?

Generally, an outline business case will be developed following the option appraisal, setting out the costs and benefits of the preferred option and the assumptions behind them. These will then be researched and tested further until a full business case can be developed which will enable the council to make its final decision on whether to proceed. The level of detail involved will vary depending on the council's resources and on the complexity and potential financial impact of the project. Many councils have their own preferred approach and templates for business cases, but it is helpful to bear in mind the Treasury's 'five case model':
The economic and financial cases will have been started as part of the cost-benefit analysis in the option appraisal. The choice of management model will inform the commercial case. Although an outline timetable would have been developed as part of the option appraisal process, a more detailed implementation plan will be needed to form the management case.

'The business case in support of a new policy, new strategy, new programme or new project must evidence:
If the council has chosen a spin-out as its preferred management model, there will be a number of particular issues that will need to be addressed in developing the business case and the implementation plan. Some of these 

	
That the intervention is supported by a compelling case for change that provides a holistic fit with other parts of the organisation and public sector– the 'strategic case';
1	
Some minor grammatical inconsistences in the original text have been corrected.
are generic issues (see sections 3.5 and 3.6) and some are specific to an archive service (see Chapter 4).

The new spin-out will need to develop its own business plan and financial plan. These may draw on the work done to create the business case, but the new spin-out and its board and directors will need to satisfy themselves that they are realistic and viable. The business plan and its supporting financial plan will require further detailed planning and careful validation before they are ready for adoption (see chapter 5 for pointers on business planning).

A business case is not a business plan The business case will help the council to decide whether or not to proceed to create a spin-out. It will include a set of financial assumptions. The business case is an evaluation tool. It is not the same as the business plan for the new spin-out.

	
■
HM Treasury (2018) The Green Book: appraisal and evaluation in central government 
- for an overview of the Treasury's 'five case' business case, read Section 3.5 onwards, starting on page 10.
	
■
Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport (2017) Libraries: alternative delivery models toolkit - a practical toolkit and set of case studies to support those looking at 
alternative delivery models for their services. 

## 3.5 Planning: The Finances

	
■
The need to carefully validate the financial assumptions.
Working through the financial issues In many instances, authorities will have undertaken similar projects and will be able to draw on that experience. In other cases, there may be little experience or capacity to support such financial planning and external help may be required.

Overview In section 3.4, we reviewed what makes up the business case that will enable an authority to decide whether to proceed with a spin-out. In this section we review some key financial issues that will need to be considered carefully as, unless it is set up correctly, a spin-out might not deliver the savings hoped for. Some of these are broader issues that relate to the economic case, i.e. the overall cost/benefit analysis. Some are more basic issues that inform the financial case: can the authority fund the project and do the expected savings match the authority's financial plans? In this section we review:
For most of aspects of financial planning, there will be both savings and additional costs to take into account and the key issues are set out in the table below.

	
■
A checklist of financial planning issues to consider.

## Checklist: Key Issues To Address In Financial Planning

| Policy issue                                                    | Key questions   |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|
| Cost of change                                                  |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Project and resource costs on the client side.                  |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Project and resource costs on the spin-out side.                |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Costs incurred by third parties.                                |                 |
| Fundraising                                                     |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Assumptions of charitable giving.                               |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Cost of capacity to fundraise.                                  |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Maturity of local market for charitable giving.                 |                 |
| Commercial                                                      |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Increased income from greater commercialism.                    |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Costs of investment and ongoing resources needed to support     |                 |
| commercial income.                                              |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Costs of establishing any trading subsidiary.                   |                 |
| Efficiency                                                      |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Savings from tighter direct control of procurement.             |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Potential disbenefits of loss of economies of scale.            |                 |
| Taxation                                                        |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Business rates savings if charitable status secured.            |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| VAT implications, depending on approach taken.                  |                 |
| Overheads                                                       |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Savings in council's corporate costs.                           |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Costs of new overheads for new organisation.                    |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Cost of providing some initial funding or loan to aid cashflow. |                 |
| Staffing                                                        |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Implications of terms and conditions offered to new starters in |                 |
| spin-out.                                                       |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Assumptions about productivity improvements.                    |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Accounting treatment for council of pensions transfer.          |                 |
| Financial prognosis                                             |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| The authority's medium-term financial strategy.                 |                 |
|                                                                 |                 |
| ❑                                                               |                 |
| Scenarios for long-term funding landscape.                      |                 |

Validating the financial assumptions Spin-out projects require considerable planning and technical, legal and financial advice. The client side will need advice for the procurement process and for drawing up contracts and other legal agreements. The spin-out will need to form a new corporate entity and make its own preparations for its side of the contracts and agreements. Overall project management and project support will be needed. Some authorities also account for all the staffing resources associated with a project, including costing the time of managers and staff involved in the process.

incentive to local authorities, since at least 80% of the cost of business rate relief for charities was borne by the Treasury. Since the localisation of business rates, the cost of business rate relief is shared more equally between the council and the Treasury and so the local saving in the short to medium term is reduced, although often still valuable. However, business rates reforms proposed for 2020 may move the medium-term cost back to Government. Specialist advice will be required on the treatment of VAT which can bring both benefits and disbenefits, depending on the service involved and the way in which the service is funded.

Most financial plans make assumptions about the financial benefits that would be expected to flow from an improved ability to fundraise (including charitable giving) and to act in a more commercial, entrepreneurial way. However, these assumptions must be grounded in realistic plans, also taking account of the need for staff capacity (and other resources, for example spending on marketing) to be able to generate such income.

A substantial proportion of the total revenue budget of a service is likely to be made up of corporate costs and recharges (which might amount to a third of the service's costs). It is often assumed that the spin-out will be able to reduce these costs, resulting in a significant saving. This is too simplistic. 

Financial plans will often incorporate assumptions of savings that would flow from a greater focus on cost control of supplies and services and the ability to control directly their purchasing. However, this should be tested as the spin-out will also need to resource the purchasing process and may suffer from the loss of the benefits of buying in bulk. One example of the additional costs that can arise is the cost of insurances. The cost to the spinout of taking out its own insurance will tend to be higher than the saving made by the council as a result of the removal of the spin-out's services from its own insurance policies.

Some of these costs will not change as a result of a spin-out (for example the accounting treatment of depreciating the value of assets). Others should be capable of being reduced, such as the cost of HR, finance and IT, if the spin-out decides to make its own arrangements. In the medium to long term, a spin-out is likely to make its own arrangements for support services which may be cheaper as the support service needs of a small organisation will be much simpler compared with those of a unitary or county council. 

Savings in business rates (also called National Non-domestic Rates, or NNDR) will generally make a significant contribution to savings, providing that charitable status is secured. Until recently, this provided a more significant However, the reduction in demand for support services resulting from a small service being spun out may be too small (on its own) for a corporate support service to generate savings. If it is likely that the council will make other over that historic liability. Therefore, the existing deficit will remain with the local authority.

changes that will reduce the demand for support services, then it is reasonable to try to build some savings in council support services into the business case.

Careful consideration needs to be given to future pension risks, i.e. change to the employer contribution rate and accrued deficit at exit.

While there may be savings in the council's corporate costs, the spin-out will have its own new overheads that will need to be factored in. The organisation's board of directors and/ or trustees will have their own support needs and there will be a reporting overhead for company returns and accountability to the Charity Commission.

For all of these issues, the assumptions behind the costs and savings will need to be documented and recorded and in each case, consideration given to whether a 'sensitivity analysis' (i.e. the analysis how movements in one or more of the assumptions that will affect the overall financial model) will be required to test the effect of alternative scenarios. Will current patterns of demand be maintained; are there new developments (for example technological) that may influence demand? In the end, it will need to be clear whether the council can afford the short-term cost of converting to a spin-out and whether the resulting costs are affordable - to avoid the new spin-out being set up to fail.

A significant factor for any business case is the approach that will be taken to employment issues. Existing staff will generally transfer to a new spin-out in line with TUPE regulations, i.e. with their existing terms and conditions and pension rights. Going forwards, a spin-out will have some flexibility over the terms and conditions of new starters. If this is anticipated in a business case and business plan, realistic assumptions will be needed on terms and conditions that will be sustainable and the levels of staff turnover (and on whether such differences will present equal pay problems in the long term).

Taxation and spin-outs - a serious issue When a local authority provides the archive service it does not have to pay a great deal of attention to taxation as it has a marginal impact on its affairs. Even the large amounts incurred on business rates are not a major concern as the costs are unavoidable. 

There are some reports suggesting that there are significant productivity benefits for some types of spin-out (particularly if employee controlled). A judgement will be needed on whether the council and spin-out considers that there is sufficient relevant evidence to build this into a financial plan.

In a spin-out, all this changes: once outside the protective boundary of the public sector all aspects of taxation become features of potential importance to the embryonic new service and have to be actively considered and addressed.

Finally, an actuarial assessment will be needed of the impact on the pension scheme of the transfer of staff to the spin-out organisation. In general, pension schemes have a deficit and the new spin-out is unlikely to be willing to take What has not been an issue in the past may be for the future spin-out. For example, a local authority archive service does not pay A charity can trade provided it is permitted trading. This would include charging for the charity's activities that are its primary purpose. 

corporation tax or capital gains tax because it is not a business and does not trade. But can that be said for the new spin-out organisation and what it plans to do? 

'Primary purpose trading' is tax exempt. However, any non-primary purpose trading (subject to de minimis thresholds) would need to be carried out by a trading subsidiary of the charity. In this case, that part of its trading activities would be subject to corporation tax on any trading profits (about 19% of its trading surplus) whereas the same activity if carried out directly by a council would not be - in this instance the corporation tax would represent an additional cost to build into the business case for that type of spin-out. 

The question that arises in an archive service spin-out is whether the move to a new organisation changes the financial impact of taxation. This can be to the advantage or disadvantage of the proposed new organisation and can have a major influence on the selected route. These impacts will need to be addressed in the business case for the service in a spin-out and in the business plan. These impacts do not just affect the spin-out; consideration will also need to be given to the effect on the authority's finances, particularly if the spin-out will secure business rate relief. 

The trading subsidiary would, however, mitigate its liability to corporation tax by gifting all or part of its profits to the parent charity. The taxation affairs of the subsidiary needs to be reflected in the business case for the spin-out.  
This guidance provides high-level comments on corporation tax, capital gains and stamp duty land tax, together with more details considering business rates and value added tax which are typically matters of importance in spin-outs. However, you should not rely on this guidance alone. Specialist advice should be taken on the treatment of taxes, including VAT, business rates, stamp duty land tax and corporation tax. 

Second, spin-outs often intend to encourage charitable giving. If the spin-out is a charitable body, it will be able to secure gift aid tax recovery on the donations. If, say, a Friends Group were successful in raising £20,000 in donations, the spin-out might able to recover income tax on the donations, increasing income received by 25% through gift aid, i.e. an additional £5,000. 

Corporation tax, capital gains tax, stamp duty land tax and gift aid The impact of taxation on the business case for spinning out will depend on what the authority is trying to achieve through the spin-out. Two examples of the implications are provided here.

Similarly, if properties were transferred into the trading business they could be subject to corporation tax arising on any capital gains arising on any disposal of those assets. Typically, in order to avoid taxable capital gains in a spin-out, properties are transferred by way of short-term leases with peppercorn rents - this avoids corporation tax and capital gains tax. However, exemptions may be needed to First, spin-outs often are set up with the intention of taking an entrepreneurial approach and bidding to run services for other authorities in order to generate income. 

avoid stamp duty land tax on transfers. Again, specialist legal and taxation advice is essential.

occupy. The same applies if the buildings are owned or rented. This includes the council's offices, schools, and depots as well as the buildings used by the archive service. 

Business rates Typically, in an archive service linked with a library or museum spin-out or for that matter the spin-out of any leisure or cultural service which has a significant property portfolio, savings in business rates (also called National Non-Domestic Rates, or NNDR) are going to be a significant element of the identified savings. Whilst it may appear to be an anomaly, local authorities have to charge themselves for business rates on all the properties they Rates bills are raised in respect of local authority property including archives, libraries and museums based on their rateable values in the same way as for non-local authority property. However, when property is transferred outside local government it may become eligible for rate reliefs. It is the eligibility and the securing of the benefit of those reliefs that gives rise to the savings that feature in most business cases for spin-outs.

## The Following Reliefs Might Be Relevant To A Spin-Out:

| Type of relief                                                         | Details of relief                                                      |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1                                                                      |                                                                        |
|                                                                        |                                                                        |
| Charitable Relief                                                      | Available mandatorily to ratepayers that are charities or trustees for |
| a charity and responsible for property that is wholly or mainly used   |                                                                        |
| for charitable purposes (by the charity itself or other charities).    |                                                                        |
| Relief is granted at a rate of 80%.                                    |                                                                        |
| Discretionary Relief                                                   |                                                                        |
| 2                                                                      |                                                                        |
|                                                                        | Can be given by authorities to charities or trustees of a charity for  |
| the 20% of their bill that is not covered by the mandatory 80% relief. |                                                                        |
| Discretionary relief up to 100% can also be awarded to properties      |                                                                        |
| occupied by various types of organisations that are not established    |                                                                        |
| or conducted for profit.                                               |                                                                        |

Before 1 April 2013, charitable relief had no impact on local authorities, who collected business rates wholly on behalf of central government. However, from that date, a system of 'local retention' has operated for rates income whereby the effects of increases and decreases in the rates income are shared proportionately between central government and local authorities. Consequently, where rates relief is given, part of the lost income is 

subsequent change.
2 Billing authorities usually post their policies for discretionary relief on their website, setting out the criteria against which they will assess applications and the level of relief that might be granted. Even though the authority might be supporting the creation of the spin-out, it might find it difficult to award discretionary relief to the spin-out it has helped to create if that breaches its usual policies on discretionary relief.
Government in January 2019 had two relevant proposals:
borne by the local authority and that needs to be taken account of in the business case for the spin-out.

	
■
increasing the share of gains and losses in rates income that would fall to local government from 50% to 75%
	
■
introducing an annual process for resetting expected rates income
Shares of rates income were based on baseline assessments for each authority that included allowances for charitable reliefs given in the past. However, baselines would only reflect new charitable reliefs when they were periodically reset (which has not happened to date). In the meantime, any decreases in rates income measured against the baseline will be borne partly by local authorities. After a reset, the burden of lost income would shift wholly back to central government.

It is therefore possible that from 2020/21, the income lost to an authority as a result of new charitable relief will increase, but that this loss will only be incurred in the year that the relief is first given and might be removed in the next annual reset. Anyone planning a spin-out should ensure that they talk to the authority's rating experts and consider taking advice on the potential financial impact for the spin-out organisation and the authority.

This means that any authority spinning out a service must take into account the reduction in its share of rates income when the new organisation is given charitable relief. However, it will be difficult to predict the amount of lost income that will be borne by an authority over the period covered by the business case for the spin-out as major changes are planned to the rates retention arrangements for 2020/21 onwards, some of which are already being piloted by volunteer authorities.

Gains and losses in respect of rate reliefs are rather complicated, but the way they are currently shared is set out in the table below. (These shares do not apply to authorities that are piloting arrangements for the 2020/21 changes, who will need to refer to their pilot agreement.)
The consultation documents issued by the Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local 

| Government layer   | Authority types            | Share of the cost of rate reliefs   |
|--------------------|----------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Central government | 50%                        |                                     |
| Two tier areas     | County councils            | 10%                                 |
| 3                  |                            |                                     |
|                    |                            |                                     |
| District councils  | 40%                        |                                     |
| Unitary            | Authorities outside London |                                     |
| 4                  |                            |                                     |
|                    | 50%                        |                                     |

	
      Source: the Non-Domestic Rating (Rates Retention) Regulations 2013 (SI 2013 No 452 
                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                       (as amended)).

effectively be met by other public bodies in that area and by central government. 

For instance, if a spin-out in a county area that was not part of a pilot were granted charitable relief of £1,000, the lost income (the charitable relief) would be borne by central government (£500), the county council (£90), the district council (£400) and the fire authority (£10). For the authority currently responsible for the rates bill, these costs will be more than compensated for by the savings arising from no longer having to pay the bill. However, the costs will be an absolute loss for the other authorities in the area.

VAT 
Local authorities have a more advantageous position than most public sector and private sector organisations as they normally recover all the VAT input 5 tax that they incur, unlike central government bodies that do not normally recover VAT. Businesses offset the input VAT they pay against the output VAT they charge and pay the excess over to HMRC (or recover any deficiency from HMRC).

It is important that this is clearly recognised as your authority's spin-out could cause problems for your local partners. To understand this better, we have illustrated this with some examples.

As a local authority service, the archive service will incur more VAT than it can recover from the sales it makes. However, in a local authority this additional sum is recovered from the HMRC and is not a charge on its revenue account. In a spin-out, the arrangements need to be designed to achieve a similar VAT position. However, this can only be achieved with good planning.  
If the libraries and archive services currently owned by a county council and with a rates bill of £100,000 were transferred to a charitable trust, the new trust will be asked to pay a rates bill of £20,000 (ignoring any discretionary relief granted) (£100,000 less the 80% mandatory relief (£80,000)).

The position for the spin-out will never be identical to the situation that existed before as the VAT advantages available to local authorities are imposed by statute and are not capable of being given to other entities. In addition, the VAT position for an entity that has been spun out could potentially be exacerbated because it might have additional input tax. For example, it may bear recharges for support costs from the authority which would be subject to VAT once the entity is separated. 

Assuming this was a two-tier county area, the billing authorities (the district councils) will collect the reduced rates and now have £80,000 less proceeds to share with central government (50% of the £80,000 i.e. £40,000), district councils (40% of the £80,000 i.e. £32,000), the fire and rescue authority (1% of £80,000 i.e. £800) and the county council (9% of the £80,000 i.e. £7,200). 

The new spin-out entity will continue to incur some of those local authority costs unless it chooses to isolate itself from the local Effectively, if the county council were meeting the rates bill both before and after the transfer it will have saved £72,800 but that gain will Alternatively, the spin-out may commission that support from somewhere other than the authority and if it does these expenses are likely to be subject to VAT.

authority. The local authority will charge VAT on the recharges it makes which on current rates of VAT will add 20% to these costs, thus exacerbating the need of the new spinout to secure the recovery of the VAT costs. 

	
■
Charity Commission For England and Wales (2018) The essential trustee: what you need to know, what you need to do - guidance explaining the key duties of all trustees of charities in England and Wales, and what trustees need to do to carry out these duties competently.
	
■
York Explore Centre and City of York Council (2013) Cabinet Paper - A Community Benefit Society for Libraries and Archives - an overview of financial assumptions is included in Section 46 from p49 onwards.
	
■
Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (2019) - Business rates relief - overview of discounts on business rates and business rates relief. 

## 3.6 Doing: Implementation

Detailed implementation planning Following the analysis and planning phase, the detailed implementation plan will need to be finalised. This will include any procurement exercise that is needed. Any authority that has outsourced or shared a service will have experience of managing a transition process, but there are a number of key differences.

Overview Once the planning phase is complete, the council can move on to the doing phase and begin the implementation process. If a council chooses a spin-out as its preferred model and the business case is positive, the plan for implementation will need to ensure that all the key steps in transition are planned for. Many of these will be client-side activities. However, there will also be project activities that are specific to the spin-out. These will need to be managed by the spin-out team who will need to act in the interests of the spin-out and the new spin-out board or trustees will need to satisfy themselves that they are ready to take on the delivery of services.

## In This Section We:

However, the setting up of the new organisation that is spun out of the council needs to be organised carefully. It will need to be structured effectively and will need a sound business plan and the right leadership and management practices. The spin-out will need to make its own decisions (as a separate organisation) about whether to take on the new contract or legal agreement and would benefit from having its own, independent help to manage the negotiations over the details.

	
■
Provide a checklist of key activities needed to implement the spin-out.
	
■
Examine the steps needed to make a success of the spin-out.
	
■
Stress the importance of effective leadership and management.
In Chapter 3 of this guidance, we have focused on describing the generic issues that need to be addressed during planning for a spinout. Archive specific issues are highlighted in Chapter 4.

Good project management is essential if all the workstreams, risks and issues are to be co-ordinated effectively. This should not be managed on top of the day job by one of the service's managers. The workload is too great and the issues too complex to be managed with confidence by an inexperienced team. However, the bulk of the work on the project can be managed by a competent project management team. The key elements that need to be managed are set out in the checklist below. Each of them represents a substantial piece of work in its own right.

## Checklist For Transition To Spin-Out Organisation

| Policy issue                                                  | Key questions   |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|
| Project management                                            |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Designing a comprehensive project plan.                       |                 |
|                                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Managing the project to time and budget.                      |                 |
|                                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Supporting project board and sponsor to provide assurance.    |                 |
|                                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Supporting key decision-making processes.                     |                 |
|                                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Supporting Members' oversight and decision points.            |                 |
|                                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Preparation and review of the risk register.                  |                 |
|                                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Launching preliminary market enquiries.                       | Procurement (if |
| required)                                                     |                 |
|                                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Considering procurement route.                                |                 |
|                                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Identifying key priorities and weighting for the procurement  |                 |
| exercise.                                                     |                 |
|                                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Identifying key principles for the project documents.         |                 |
|                                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Drafting the project documents including the contract and, as |                 |
| applicable, draft form of lease.                              |                 |
|                                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Confirming the length of the contract and any option to       |                 |
| extend.                                                       |                 |
|                                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Identifying any contract review points and break clauses.     |                 |
| Change management                                             |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Undertaking an equalities impact assessment and assessing     |                 |
| other impacts.                                                |                 |
|                                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Creating and managing a stakeholder engagement plan.          |                 |
|                                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Managing public and user communications.                      |                 |
|                                                               |                 |
| ❑                                                             |                 |
| Staff engagement and communication.                           |                 |
| Staff transfer                                                 | 	   |
|----------------------------------------------------------------|---|
| ❑                                                              |   |
| Confirming staff in scope for transfer.                        |   |
|                                                                |   |
| ❑                                                              |   |
| Formal staff and trade union consultation.                     |   |
|                                                                |   |
| ❑                                                              |   |
| Establishing admission agreement to council pension scheme     |   |
| for spin-out.                                                  |   |
|                                                                |   |
| ❑                                                              |   |
| Creating and filling senior management structure for spin-out. |   |
|                                                                |   |
| ❑                                                              |   |
| Welcoming staff to new organisation and creating new           |   |
| identity.                                                      |   |
|                                                                |   |
| ❑                                                              |   |
| Effecting transfer of staff to spin-out.                       |   |
|                                                                |   |
| ❑                                                              |   |
| Confirming policy on terms and conditions for future new       |   |
| starters.                                                      |   |
| Spin-out set-up                                                |   |
| ❑                                                              |   |
| Establishing the new organisational entity and registering the |   |
| organisation with the agreed objects.                          |   |
|                                                                |   |
| ❑                                                              |   |
| Establishing any trading subsidiaries required.                |   |
|                                                                |   |
| ❑                                                              |   |
| Creating new governance and accountability framework.          |   |
|                                                                |   |
| ❑                                                              |   |
| Recruiting and inducting trustees and/or executive board.      |   |
|                                                                |   |
| ❑                                                              |   |
| Supporting shadow and new board to oversee development of      |   |
| new vision, mission and business plan.                         |   |
|                                                                |   |
| ❑                                                              |   |
| Putting in place support services (which may initially be      |   |
| provided by council).                                          |   |
|                                                                |   |
| ❑                                                              |   |
| Implementing new operating model.                              |   |
|                                                                |   |
| ❑                                                              |   |
| Establishing new financial entity and financial management     |   |
| disciplines (for example cash flow management).                |   |
| Contracting                                                      | 	   |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|---|
| ❑                                                                |   |
| Responding to any service specification with proposal of         |   |
| service offer.                                                   |   |
|                                                                  |   |
| ❑                                                                |   |
| Developing financial plan to support pricing proposal.           |   |
|                                                                  |   |
| ❑                                                                |   |
| Negotiating and finalising draft contract and leases tailored to |   |
| spin-out's offer.                                                |   |
|                                                                  |   |
| ❑                                                                |   |
| Finalising draft contract and leases and arranging for signing.  |   |
|                                                                  |   |
| ❑                                                                |   |
| Establishing and initiating contract governance arrangements.    |   |
|                                                                  |   |
| ❑                                                                |   |
| Identifying exit arrangements in the event of the contract       |   |
| requiring termination in the future.                             |   |
| Assets                                                           |   |
| ❑                                                                |   |
| Identifying the general assets (for example premises) and their  |   |
| condition.                                                       |   |
|                                                                  |   |
| ❑                                                                |   |
| Identifying the collections and their condition.                 |   |
|                                                                  |   |
| ❑                                                                |   |
| Identifying other associated assets including equipment,         |   |
| contracts, databases. For each asset, agree ownership and        |   |
| terms of loans, transfer or licence.                             |   |
| Legal issues                                                     |   |
| ❑                                                                |   |
| Drafting, negotiating and finalising project agreements          |   |
| (including leases).                                              |   |
|                                                                  |   |
| ❑                                                                |   |
| Negotiating transfer of other agreements (for example            |   |
| Funding and Management Agreements and depositors'                |   |
| agreements) to spin-out organisation.                            |   |
|                                                                  |   |
| ❑                                                                |   |
| Arranging for transfer of licences (for example software).       |   |
|                                                                  |   |
| ❑                                                                |   |
| Notifying or negotiating with funders (particularly where grant  |   |
| conditions in place).                                            |   |
| Making a success of the new spin-out                             |   |
| The process of preparing for a spin-out                          |   |
| will necessarily involve managers and staff                      |   |
| employed by the council who will subsequently                    |   |
| transfer to the spin-out organisation. This will                 |   |
| introduce the potential for conflicts of interest                |   |
| to emerge and these will need to be managed                      |   |
| carefully. For example, there will need to be                    |   |
| a clear separation of client and shadow spin-                    |   |

Most of the activities that need to be undertaken are generic and would apply to all the services being transferred to the spin-out. However, there are a number (for example the specification of the collections management policies and depositor agreements) where the detail relating to archives will need to be worked out. These are examined further in Chapter 4.

out teams if procurement is underway and appropriate ethical walls put in place. Also, during the process of finalising the contract and commercial terms, the spin-out will require its own legal and financial advice that is acting independently of the council. However, the change from a directly managed council service to a spin-out does involve some significant changes in the way the council engages with the service and in the way the spin-out is managed. In particular there are a number of conditions for success: 
implementation process and the overall approach will have formed part of the contract. Depending on the experience and confidence of the client, different approaches can be taken: a highly controlling input/ output specification with few freedoms or, at the other end of the spectrum, an outcomefocused approach with greater flexibility for the spin-out. A spin-out organisation is likely to welcome a more flexible contract so that they can innovate and react more quickly to change and opportunity. What the council can no longer do is 'manage' directly the service that has been spun out.

	
■
Getting the scope of the contract and objectives of the spin-out right.
Whichever approach is taken, there are likely to be layers of joint contract governance involving both the client and spin-out:

	
■
Developing a productive relationship with the client.
	
■
Effective leadership of the new organisation.
	
■
Sound business and financial disciplines.
	
■
Strategic: at a senior political and managerial level, periodically reviewing overall performance and developing longer-term joint plans.
	
■
Developing the ability to bid for and win work.
	
■
Developing new skills and a new culture.
	
■
Operational: the senior client lead and spin-out lead will regularly review performance, risks and issues and monitor the delivery of joint plans.
We examine each of these in turn.

	
■
Tactical: the client manager and spinout contract manager will liaise over day-to-day issues that arise and track performance.
Designing the contract and governance The council may have decided that it is interested in the new organisation being able to take on more of the council's services if the spin-out proves to be a success. In this case, the procurement process and contract will need to allow for that possibility and the spinout's charitable objects or company objectives should also be drafted with sufficient flexibility to allow such expansion.

While the tactical level can be less formal, it is important that the governance framework is maintained and does not slip into abeyance - or strays in the other direction towards an overly bureaucratic, fault-finding approach to client monitoring. The longer-term success of the spin-out and the contract will depend on there being a close but business-like relationship and a shared understanding of The approach taken to contract management will have been developed during the both partners' priorities and objectives. Care will also need to be taken to ensure that the contract monitoring process supports the council's scrutiny processes.

	
■
New financial management disciplines and reporting will be needed. In particular, managers will need to learn to manage a profit and loss account and learn about the critical importance of cash flow management.
The right leadership style and management practices Spin-outs, like any organisation, depend on good leadership and management. Some research suggests that for employeeowned spin-outs, it is employees' sense of influence and control that has a more positive effect than the fact of ownership. A more collaborative, rather than top-down, leadership style may be more effective, encouraging staff to help shape the direction of the spin-out. The right type of leadership will help, but sound management disciplines are still required, for example:
Managers will need a new depth of understanding of their unit costs and the profitability of their activities. This is particularly important when the spin-out decides to bid for new work. It is even more important if the spin-out has secured an initial three-year contract and must be ready to compete with other providers to retain that contract. Its competitors are likely to have welldeveloped bid engines and the new spin-out will need to develop those skills rapidly. If the spin-out does want to pursue opportunities to expand, it will need to develop a disciplined approach to business development so that it can decide where to invest the resources needed to secure new work. 

	
■
New reporting and decision-making rules will need to be created that enable decisions to be taken at the right level.
	
■
New schemes of delegation and operational procedures will be required that are proportionate to the size of the organisation but that still embed good practice and accountability.
Finally, the spin-out will need to ensure that its vision and mission shapes the type of culture it wants to encourage and the skills of its managers and staff. Its employees will need to be equipped with a range of new skills and the right attitudes will be needed to ensure that those skills are able to be deployed effectively.

## Case Study 4: Creating A Trust With Critical Mass

Organisation Culture Coventry is an independent charitable trust managed by a Board of Trustees. It was created in 2013 from the merger of Coventry Heritage and Arts Trust and the Museum of British Road Transport Trust. Coventry City Council remains its key funder under a Service Level Agreement. 

Summary Like many services in the country, Culture Coventry experienced a reduction to its core budgets, which meant having to become more entrepreneurial in its thinking. This rethink has lead to partnership working to create more stable solutions to operating and as such the trust is exploring connectivity to CVLife and the potential for shared servicing.

Scope Coventry Archives service regularly raises awareness of resources within both Herbert Art Gallery and Museum and Coventry Transport museum. This is through a number of avenues including research information, images for marketing, exhibitions and outreach. 

What's unique?

The integrated service has grown organically during the redevelopment of the three sites. Recent efforts have endeavoured to place Coventry Archives at the centre of the trust's offer. Overcoming the initial 'feeling of two organisations' was a challenge but, following recent restructuring positive progress has been made. The service is happy as a spin-out: 'We are proactively beginning to network with key officers and departments in the Trust, historical organisations and societies and the Council'.

Results The Coventry service's income generation target of £11k per year was arrived at by reviewing last year's KPIs. Victoria says: 'We recognise that Coventry Archives holds unique resources. It is about us increasing access and awareness through a variety of means'. 16 new volunteers have been recruited to enable greater focus on new cataloguing, improvement of existing catalogue records and digitisation.

	
■
Increase your income generation: 'We are proud that we have continued to increase our income over and above our target. We have a number of areas that will continue to increase income slowly and we are open to new ideas'.
	
■
Charge, with a slight profit: 'Strike a balance and don't make it untenable for the man on the street. Survey other archives within your region and test what they charge'. 
	
■
Network with your local community: 'We work hard to realise our availability and spaces for displays and events. We have connected with local Caribbean, African and Sikh community groups'.
For further information Victoria Northridge, Archive Manager - victoria.northridge@culturecoventry.com / http://culturecoventry.com/
Spinning out archive services - the essentials

## 4. 1 Influencing The Packaging Of The Spin-Out

consideration; and what the implications of different decisions might be, depending on the level of ambition and potential of the service. You should be able to demonstrate the following before finalising a business case:
Vision The service's mission and vision for the service need to be clearly articulated in the context of the strategic case for the spin-out. Importantly, their understanding needs to be shared across the council and its stakeholders. If your archive hasn't had the opportunity to engage stakeholders in planning its strategy, this is your chance to position the service for the future in a spin-out.

Overview In Chapter 3 ('How to spin out') we addressed the generic concepts to be understood in each stage of developing a business case. Chapter 4 sets out the approach you need to take to influencing the design and operation of the spin-out to enable you to deliver your vision for the future of the archive; the needs of your users; and the specific requirements of your collections. It proceeds through addressing the contractual and corporate issues you need to address, then looks at the challenges from the perspective of broader cultural services, before focusing finally on the specific issues for archive collections and services in the spinout. It bears in mind that:

	
■
Archive services are often low profile within an authority with less influence among senior officers and elected members than most other services.
Objectives and outcomes The service should identify SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound) objectives and measurable outcomes, based on a local needs assessment.

	
■
The spin-out process therefore provides the opportunity to highlight the contribution of the archive service to corporate objectives and shape the vision for the spin-out.
Contribution to local priorities These need to align with the outcomes framework for the spin-out (see Section 3.2) and contribute to council and commissioner priorities, in the context of the authority's Medium Term Financial Strategy (MTFS) and the policy frameworks of other agencies. 

In this section we give an overview of the implications for archive services which need to be addressed at each stage of the business case to ensure the specific needs of the archive are built into the design of the spin-out.

Service design and integration Archives are configured alongside other services in different ways, whether with local studies, records management, public libraries and heritage, or other customer-facing services. The options for their service design and integration in the spin-out need to be assessed.

Positioning the archive service throughout the business case Influencing the packaging of the spin-out will require the archive service to have a clear understanding of its own contribution to the business case for the options under 

## Financial Affordability Your Archive Service Needs To Be Able To

demonstrate that it has a sustainable financial future in the spin-out. You should be able to weather scenarios including adverse changes in the spin-out's funding model and reductions in core income or be confident that generating other income from commercial activity or fundraising has an acceptable probability of success. 

## Checklist Of Questions For Archive Services At Each Stage Of A Business Case

| Business case stage                                              | Checklist of questions for archive services   |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Vision                                                           |                                               |
| ❑                                                                |                                               |
| Is the vision for the archive one of expansion or maintaining    |                                               |
| the council's statutory duties for information and data, and to  |                                               |
| maintain its Archive Service Accreditation status and/or as a    |                                               |
| place of deposit for public records?                             |                                               |
| Objectives and                                                   |                                               |
| outcomes                                                         |                                               |
|                                                                  |                                               |
| ❑                                                                |                                               |
| Can the service demonstrate a clear understanding of the         |                                               |
| market in which it operates?                                     |                                               |
|                                                                  |                                               |
| ❑                                                                |                                               |
| Does the archive have credible performance measures which        |                                               |
| will evidence its impact?                                        |                                               |
|                                                                  |                                               |
| ❑                                                                |                                               |
| Is the current contribution of the service properly recognised?  | Contribution to local                         |
| priorities                                                       |                                               |
|                                                                  |                                               |
| ❑                                                                |                                               |
| Are there significant market opportunities with other Council    |                                               |
| services and public agencies to support expansion?               |                                               |
| Service design and                                               |                                               |
| integration                                                      |                                               |
|                                                                  |                                               |
| ❑                                                                |                                               |
| What is the best combination of services that is most likely to  |                                               |
| meet the outcomes required?                                      |                                               |
|                                                                  |                                               |
| ❑                                                                |                                               |
| Does the archive service (or its constituent parts) have greater |                                               |
| synergy with the library or museums or other services,           |                                               |
| including those of other organisations in the locality?          |                                               |
| Financial affordability                                          |                                               |
| ❑                                                                |                                               |
| Can the service cope if the funding model changes or core        |                                               |
| income for the service is reduced?                               |                                               |
|                                                                  |                                               |
| ❑                                                                |                                               |
| Are future targets for income generating activities realistic?   |                                               |

Armed with answers to these questions you will be in a position to consider how the service might deliver the benefits envisaged in the business case across the different elements of governance and the service 

specification within the contract. These range from generic areas of local authority corporate and contract governance, through activities common across the cultural sector, to those elements specific to the archive service.

## 4.2 Thinking Corporately

Assessing the Council
's appetite for control and flexibility Different aspects of the services may require a different approach to the level of control which the council wishes to exercise over the spin-out. For example, the monitoring of performance to maintain statutory obligations for public records will require a tighter and more output-focused performance monitoring regime than developing community engagement programmes, for example.

Overview This section focuses on the overall corporate challenges in the design of the spin-out which the archive service needs to influence, in particular how the contract should reflect the partners' vision for the new organisation and its relationship to the Council in the future. The level of detail required within the contract will be determined by the degree of control the local authority wishes to continue to exercise, and whether the authority has decided to procure the services of a spin-out via a contract or to enter into a grant-funding agreement. Key points to consider include:
Key public-facing aspects of the service, like opening hours and charging will be politically sensitive but have a major influence on the contract price and the financial strategy of the spin-out.

	
■
Many aspects of the management of the archive service and collections may not have been discussed at this level before. This is an opportunity to raise the profile of the archive while managing the risk of micro-managing aspects of the service more than is warranted.
The council and spin-out team should identify across the elements of the spin-out contract and service the degree of control or flexibility which is appropriate and consider the implications for the archive service under the different options being assessed.

	
■
Public accountability and responsibility for statutory duties need to be balanced against the freedom and flexibility which will drive innovation. If the spin-out aims for charitable status it will need to demonstrate its independence from the local authority.
We have identified five key elements of the contract and specification for which the council's attitude to control and risk needs to be defined in order to guide the development of the spin-out. The following table suggests a spectrum of 1 to 5 between 'loose' and 'tight' which can help you discuss with colleagues and the Council what the parameters need to be.

## A Scale For Assessing Levels Of Control Within The Contract

|                  | Element           | Loose                 |   Preferred position |   Tight |
|------------------|-------------------|-----------------------|----------------------|---------|
| 1                | 2                 | 3                     |                    4 |       5 |
| Fees and charges | No control        | All prices controlled |                      |         |
| Services         | Broad outcomes    | Detail defined        |                      |         |
| Performance      | Little monitoring | Full monitoring       |                      |         |
| Governance       | Overview only     | Detailed scrutiny     |                      |         |
| Contract Price   | General price     | Complex pricing       |                      |         |

board members will, between them, need the ability to monitor risk for the collections and data, as well as the specific strategic skills around legal, finance and income generation.

The council's preferred position on this spectrum may change over time as the relationship between the partners develops and the spin-out demonstrates its effectiveness. The archive service will need to address a number of factors and potential risks relating to corporate-wide aspects of the spin-out.

Staffing The spin-out will require a different mix of capacities and capabilities of staff to deliver and develop the archive service, including professional skills, commercial and entrepreneurial skills, and community involvement. Assessing what implications these will have for the archive service's team of staff, and its volunteers, will be an important contribution to planning the organisational structure and any changes implied. Given the likely size of an archive staff team it will be important to be realistic about what can be achieved alone across this range of activities.

Governance The governance of the spin-out will engage a number of key issues including data and information, ownership and its board of directors or trustees. For example, a local authority risks penalties for breaching FOI or data protection laws if duties are not upheld by the spin-out. Responsibilities for public records and material from Acceptance in Lieu Scheme will continue. We therefore strongly recommend that ownership of local authority archive collections is retained by the council. 

Buildings and maintenance The service's buildings will be one of the spinout's main assets, but their maintenance will be governed and planned in a new way after spinning out. Taking account of storage and access standards will be vital for maintaining or gaining Archive Service Accreditation. 

Getting the right skills mix among trustees and directors of a high calibre will determine whether the spin-out is able to operate effectively and ensure that these governance issues are handled correctly. For example, Furthermore, the ownership of existing materials for conservation, preservation and access will need to be clarified or there will be a cost to the spin-out.

Communications Elected members will need to be confident that lines of accountability to the public are clear for the archive service after spinning out. This will include appropriate avenues and recognition for stakeholders and communication protocols with the media and funders, as well as how the service markets and promotes its work through print, online and social media. 

Support services If the spin-out continues using some, or all, of the Council's current support services, it could help ensure the spin-out can begin operations seamlessly, but this may have an impact on its ability to achieve savings in the short-term. 

Partnership and contract governance The council's preferred level of control for service standards of performance monitoring of the spin-out may be different from current practice within the council. There is a risk that the council micro-manages performance rather than ensuring maintenance of quality standards like Archive Service Accreditation.

Client-side requirements Depending on the level of control which the council wishes to hold, and the scope of the services, the council will need to retain sufficient skills to manage the spin-out contract. Through a period of transformation, the council risks losing corporate memory valuable to the contract governance and future spin-outs. Plans need to be made for the clienting of the contract (even if lighttouch) and ensuring they have enough skills, knowledge and clout in the organisation. The following check-list summarises the questions you should ask about the design of the spin-out across all these areas.

Equally, the service needs to develop an outcome framework and logic model appropriate for a commissioning relationship with the council and other potential funders. A logic model, or similar tool, will help you plan and articulate how you will achieve and evaluate your objectives and can demonstrate your impact on outcomes.

## Checklist Of Corporate-Wide Issues

| Area                                                            | Checklist of key questions for archive service   |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Governance                                                      |                                                  |
| ❑                                                               |                                                  |
| Does the council fully understand the statutory duties for      |                                                  |
| information and data that it will continue to bear after spin-  |                                                  |
| out?                                                            |                                                  |
|                                                                 |                                                  |
| ❑                                                               |                                                  |
| Is there a clear understanding of the different approaches      |                                                  |
| needed for civic records, public records and private archives?  |                                                  |
|                                                                 |                                                  |
| ❑                                                               |                                                  |
| Have the contract and governance protocols ensured that         |                                                  |
| ownership of the collections and the oversight of the council's |                                                  |
| statutory duties are upheld and monitored?                      |                                                  |
|                                                                 |                                                  |
| ❑                                                               |                                                  |
| What are the skills which will help the archive service manage  |                                                  |
| its finances and deliver its vision and objectives, beyond      |                                                  |
| archive expertise?                                              |                                                  |
| Staffing                                                        |                                                  |
| ❑                                                               |                                                  |
| Does the spin-out retain sufficient professional archival       |                                                  |
| skills to ensure Archive Service Accreditation standards are    |                                                  |
| maintained?                                                     |                                                  |
|                                                                 |                                                  |
| ❑                                                               |                                                  |
| Does the archive service have access to fundraising             |                                                  |
| experience, and a strategy for community involvement?           |                                                  |
| Buildings and assets                                            |                                                  |
| ❑                                                               |                                                  |
| Are the capital investment and maintenance needs of             |                                                  |
| buildings clearly recognised and agreed in the contract?        |                                                  |
|                                                                 |                                                  |
| ❑                                                               |                                                  |
| Are the respective responsibilities of the Council and spin-out |                                                  |
| for maintenance and protection of archival materials clearly    |                                                  |
| identified in the lease and contract?                           |                                                  |
|                                                                 |                                                  |
| ❑                                                               |                                                  |
| Have the value and cost of existing conservation materials      |                                                  |
| (including archive boxes) been accounted for?                   |                                                  |
| Support services                                                |                                                  |
| ❑                                                               |                                                  |
| Has the business case addressed the support service needs of    |                                                  |
| the archive service?                                            |                                                  |
|                                                                 |                                                  |
| ❑                                                               |                                                  |
| Does the contract allow for future review of support services   |                                                  |
| and procurement to enable the spin-out to innovate and          |                                                  |
| achieve value for money?                                        |                                                  |
Partnership and contract governance 
	
❑
Do you have a clear understanding of how collections management and service standards are to be addressed within the contract and separate protocols reviewed regularly, depending on the council's attitude to control?
	
❑
Have targets and the monitoring framework for the service been underpinned by a logic model, and do they take account of the current quality of data?
	
❑
Are the duties of the client clearly identified for ensuring that agreed records are transferred to the archive spin-out by council directorates?
Communications
	
❑
Do contract governance protocols cover proactive and reactive liaison with the council's communications department?
	
❑
Does the spin-out have a communication and marketing strategy for stakeholders, the media and the public?
Client-side requirements
	
❑
Has the client-side resourcing taken account of its statutory duties towards the archive service?
	
❑
Has the process of spinning out been properly documented to assist the future partnership?
Cashflow and finances
	
❑
Have provisions been made for some front-loading of funding to ease the spin-out's initial cash-flow?
	
❑
Do the funding assumptions allow for the spin-out to develop a prudent level of surplus and reserves?
	
❑
Has the impact of VAT been modelled fully, including for grants?

	
■
Charity Commission (2009) The Independence of Charities from the State - provides 
guidance on how the Charity Commission's criteria for assessing whether any charity is properly constituted as an independent organisation. 

## 4.3 Thinking Culturally

the local authority wishes to grant the new organisation.

Overview The importance of critical mass will usually determine that an archive spins out as part of a package of wider cultural and community services. Due to their relative size and synergies in their operating model and market, archive services are usually considered for spinning out as part of a wider portfolio of cultural services including library and museum collections and other cultural and heritage assets. This can present opportunities as well as challenges for an archive service: 
Access and opening hours Beyond the standards required to uphold its statutory duties and maintain Archive Service Accreditation, the contract parameters will determine how the spin-out can vary access times and opening hours of facilities and respond to changing patterns of usage or anticipate future needs. A spin-out may be able to gain new audiences by targeting its opening hours, but this may impact on existing users.

	
■
Community services and assets like archives have a strong relationship with their existing customer base. This is both a strength and a potential challenge when seeking to innovate, change and grow the business.
Charging and fees Aside from restrictions to charging necessary to uphold statutory duties and Archive Service Accreditation, the contract will prescribe what scope the spin-out has to vary charges and fees. These will be an element of income generation which the service can easily control, but any negative effect on important groups may be unacceptable to the council. 

	
■
The question of control and flexibility within the contract will again determine whether politically sensitive issues within the community can be managed by the partnership in a strategic and responsive way.
Income generation If a significant proportion of the service's future revenue is reliant on business development and generating new income, it will be vital to ensure that all rights to that income have been agreed in the contract. Conflicts may arise if it is not clear whether the spin-out can exploit the income-generating potential of its collections, for example from licensing of digital images. If the council is hoping to reduce the cost of the contract, it would make sense to incentivise the spin-out to increase its income.

How to design an innovative cultural spin-out The degree of flexibility which the local authority wishes to grant the spin-out will have a strong influence on its ability to innovate but comes with greater uncertainty and risks. This section poses a series of questions to be considered for all cultural spin-outs in different scenarios where critical factors within their business models will be governed by the degree of flexibility or control which 

## Commissioning The Contract Price Should Enable The Spin-

out to plan delivery of a quality service which contributes to broader council priorities and withstand future reductions in funding. The spin-out will need to develop skills to compete openly for the renewal of its own contract. When other council services are considered for externalisation, the spin-out will want to be in a good position to compete to take on more services.

attract future funding. An in-house service may still be able to exploit fundraising potential not available to the local authority through a development trust or Friends' charity. The spin-out may be in a highly competitive market or an undeveloped culture of individual giving. The external perception of the spinout as an investment for funders is crucial to determining the benefits of spinning out in this scenario. Issues such as the length of the contract will influence donors' willingness to invest in the spin-out as will its charitable status (see section 2.3).

Fundraising and accountability If fundraising opportunities are a significant driver within the business case, the spin-out must be seen as a credible organisation which can generate confidence and a track record to 

## Checklist Of Issues For A Culture Spin-Out

| Area                                                           | Checklist of questions    |
|----------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|
| Access and opening                                             |                           |
| hours                                                          |                           |
|                                                                |                           |
| ❑                                                              |                           |
| Has the service developed a strategy which takes account of    |                           |
| the effect on performance and of future changes to funding     |                           |
| from the local authority?                                      |                           |
|                                                                |                           |
| ❑                                                              |                           |
| Is there a needs analysis and customer research and            |                           |
| consultation which will support a strategy to manage these     |                           |
| risks and develop the business?                                |                           |
| Charging and fees                                              |                           |
| ❑                                                              |                           |
| Does the service have a good understanding of its cost base to |                           |
| understand the real cost of its services?                      |                           |
|                                                                |                           |
| ❑                                                              |                           |
| Has the service carried out a market analysis to understand    |                           |
| the potential for earned income from its services?             |                           |
| Income generation                                              |                           |
| ❑                                                              |                           |
| Have the aspirations for income generation been supported      |                           |
| by a market appraisal and robust sensitivity analysis?         |                           |
|                                                                |                           |
| ❑                                                              |                           |
| Have commercial skills and experience been included in the     |                           |
| capabilities of the operating model?                           |                           |
| Commissioning                                                  |
|----------------------------------------------------------------|
| ❑                                                              |
| The service should have a strong understanding of corporate    |
| objectives and an outcomes-based framework for planning,       |
| delivery and evaluation of its service.                        |
|                                                                |
| ❑                                                              |
| Has it evaluated this against other local commissioning bodies |
| to enable it to take advantage of other opportunities to       |
| provide services to deliver community outcomes?                |
| Fundraising and                                                |
| accountability                                                 |
|                                                                |
| ❑                                                              |
| Has the service developed a case for support for the spun-out  |
| organisation to take to funders?                               |
|                                                                |
| ❑                                                              |
| Is the business model underpinned by a fundraising strategy    |
| which takes account of local market conditions for cultural    |
| philanthropy and the potential of the spin-out?                |
|                                                                |
| ❑                                                              |
| Have all existing funders been consulted at an appropriate     |
| stage during the spin-out process?                             |
|                                                                |
| ❑                                                              |
| Has the council considered any impact on existing local        |
| charities of an additional player in the market?               |
|                                                                |
| ❑                                                              |
| Does the governance model and contract take account of         |
| existing grant agreements and contracts and concerns of        |
| funders?                                                       |

	
■
Collections Trust (2009) Code of Practice for Cultural Collections - details of PAS 197 
standard which applies to all cultural collections including museums, libraries and archives.

## 4.4 Thinking About The Archive Itself

subject of such high-profile scrutiny within the authority before. The spinning-out process is an opportunity for the archive service and the local authority to clarify the statutory framework and processes around collections management and develop a flexible relationship which will allow the spin-out to innovate while protecting the local authority from legal risks or reputational damage.

Overview Local authorities have statutory duties towards records they hold and towards information and data. The archive sector is changing rapidly and the challenges of digital transformation and wider societal trends have huge implications for the way in which traditional council archive services are rethinking their future:

	
■
Local authorities need to understand their statutory duties towards different types of public record; for information and data; and the implications of spinning out the archive service.
The local authority needs to understand its statutory responsibility towards freedom of information, data protection, Environmental Information and the re-use of Public Sector Information. It also needs to understand that it will continue to retain these duties itself following an archive spin-out. This also applies to archives' status as a place of deposit for public records. The authority should understand its responsibility for different classes of 'controlled' records.

	
■
Some of these issues may not have been discussed in detail before at this level. It will be important to consult key bodies including The National Archives, and any current funders of your service like the National Lottery Heritage Fund, at each stage of the spin-out process.
Archive services' ambition for meeting challenges like 'born-digital' records and digitisation need to be taken account of in the spin-out contract.

Exploitation of the intellectual property of archive collections, where owned by or assigned to the local authority or spin-out, will have much in common with other cultural collections, for example in rights to digitised images. Other matters, like the benefits of future collaborations and procurement need prior agreement and, in future, checking that commercial licensing and any exclusive arrangements are permitted by the cultural sector flexibilities in the UK transposition of the Public Sector Information Directive.

What's special about archives in a spin-out Most of the biggest challenges which will face an archive service seeking to spin out are generic to wider packages of services as described above and as illuminated in the case studies. However, a number of technical and legal issues relating to archive collections are crucial to address. Processes of accessioning and records management may not have been the Ownership of collections should continue to rest with the local authority, and in the case of material granted through the Acquisition in Lieu (AIL) scheme, cannot be transferred. Depositors' interests and concerns should be addressed. The management of collections itself may best be handled through a protocol separate from the contract, which can be reviewed and revised regularly without the need to revise the basic contract between the spin-out and the council.

standard provides a structure for formulating questions to ensure the spin-out addresses all the fundamental aspects of the archive service.

The national Archive Service Accreditation 

## Checklist Of Archive-Specific Issues

|  Area                                                           | Issue   |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Organisational health                                           |         |
| Governance                                                      |         |
| ❑                                                               |         |
| Does the local authority have a good understanding of its       |         |
| statutory duties to different forms of records, information     |         |
| and data?                                                       |         |
|                                                                 |         |
| ❑                                                               |         |
| Do the spin-out's constitution and contract recognise these     |         |
| continuing statutory duties?                                    |         |
|                                                                 |         |
| ❑                                                               |         |
| Do the governance protocols allow the spin-out sufficient       |         |
| flexibility to operate efficiently and be innovative?           |         |
| Staffing and skills                                             |         |
| ❑                                                               |         |
| The spin-out must have adequate capacity and up-to-date         |         |
| skills to carry out statutory responsibilities on behalf of the |         |
| local authority.                                                |         |
|                                                                 |         |
| ❑                                                               |         |
| The client-side needs to retain knowledge of the regulatory     |         |
| framework for performance monitoring and managing risk.         |         |
| Buildings and assets                                            |         |
| ❑                                                               |         |
| There needs to be clarity within the contract about             |         |
| maintenance and repair of buildings to ensure required          |         |
| standards of storage, preservation and access to collections.   |         |
|                                                                 |         |
| ❑                                                               |         |
| The ownership of materials and other assets for storage,        |         |
| preservation, conservation, access and handling must be         |         |
| accounted for in the contract.                                  |         |

## Collections

Ownership and development
	
❑
We recommend that new acquisitions become part of local authority-owned collections. Do the contract and governance protocols include a process for making decisions about accessions, as these will create future liabilities as well as assets for the owner?
Collections care
	
❑
Have the management and costs associated with storing and care of closed records been agreed in the contract?
Intellectual property and commercialisation
	
❑
Has the handling of IP rights issues been taken into account in the contract or detailed in the governance protocols?
Born-digital records
	
❑
Does the spin-out have the capabilities and resources to meet any requirements for born-digital records?

## Access And Stakeholders

| Access policies                                               | 	   |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|---|
| ❑                                                             |   |
| Does the proposed spin-out meet the service's required        |   |
| standards for access and its ambitions for the future?        |   |
| Market research                                               |   |
| ❑                                                             |   |
| Has the business case for the spin-out included research data |   |
| on the archive and records management market?                 |   |
| User data                                                     |   |
| ❑                                                             |   |
| How will existing user monitoring and evaluation need to      |   |
| change in the spin-out to support its business development    |   |
| strategy and performance management by the council?           |   |
| Learning and outreach                                         |   |
| ❑                                                             |   |
| Has the archive service based its learning and outreach       |   |
| services on evidence from the local authority's needs         |   |
| assessment and consultation with its own users and            |   |
| stakeholders?                                                 |   |

	
■
The National Archives (2019) Working in a trust - a short case study exploring governance lessons learnt, the benefits and challenges of working in a trust.
	
■
The National Archives (2012) Alternative Governance Regimes for Archives - details local authorities' statutory responsibility for each type of controlled record and recommendations on ownership and collections management in spin-outs.
	
■
The National Archives (2012)  Archive Service Accreditation - provides detailed guidance on applying for, meeting and maintaining the national standard for archive services. 

## Case Study 5: An Archive Service That' S Core Business

Organisation London Metropolitan Archives (LMA) is an in-house service at the City of London Corporation and is the UK's largest local authority record office, with a net budget of £3m, 71 FTE staff, and 100km of archives covering almost 1,000 years of London's history.

Summary Like all the City of London's services, in 2015 LMA went through a review process and was not considered to be a service that should spin out. This has been reviewed regularly since.

Scope Following senior retirements in 2017, LMA moved into the Town Clerk's department, where it is viewed as a corporate service. Geoff Pick, LMA Director, says: 'We can easily feed into the centre as we are so closely located to the Chief Executive. It is hugely beneficial'.

What's unique?

LMA delivers on its mission to serve not just the Square Mile, but London and the nation as a whole. LMA's unique scope, and inheritance of records for authorities that no longer exist, has seen it play a crucial role in recent high-profile cases, such as Windrush and the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse: 'We have a unique scope holding the records for authorities with no successors. Fixed-term funding from the City helps us handle the increased level of such inquiries'. 

## Results

LMA's scale and the quality of its records means that it has been well placed to secure external investment, in particular for its extensive digitisation programme. LMA concentrates on community-led work, working with partners to successfully deliver projects, such as 'Speak Out' (winner of the 2017 Volunteering Award for Archives) and 'Save our Sounds' (working with British Library as London's regional hub to capture and digitise the UK's sound heritage). 

	
■
It's never a case of spinning out being 'good' or 'bad': 'Base your choice on the evidence in front of you and keep your service as close to the centre of your organisation as possible'.
	
■
Avoid looming dangers influencing a snap-decision to spin out or stay put: 'Consider your options and make future sustainability decisions before you are faced with the alternative of hollowing out your service'.
	
■
Being non-political: 'As a non-political corporation, we can speak with anyone we want. Our badge opens up valued opportunities, where political colours could close them'.
For further information Geoff Pick, LMA Director - Geoff.Pick@cityoflondon.gov.uk /  
https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-todo/london-metropolitan-archives/Pages/ default.aspx Life in a spin-out

## 5. 1 Overview

first step; keeping it 'spinning' is the next. We investigate what leaders and managers of successful spin-outs are doing to keep things going and ensure their services thrive in their new worlds.

What is life like when you do spin out?

The anticipation of spinning out can be exciting, but when it happens, it can be a major shock to the system, requiring shifts in leadership styles and the development of new skills. Preparing for life in a new spin-out can be daunting at first - how do you know where to begin and what to expect on your team's first day? We spoke with colleagues at a number of thriving spin-outs for their perspectives on the challenges they have faced, which we outline in this section - in their own words.

Spinning back in Sometimes, things don't work out or go quite to plan or things just change. But how do you know what to watch out for, or when to bite the bullet and accept it may be best to seek a new arrangement? We discuss the experiences that 'spun-in' services have had, following decisions to move back in-house after initially spinning out.

## How Do You Survive And Thrive? Getting Your Spin-Out Up And Running Is The 5.2 Running The New Organisation

What should you be doing on day one?

The success of a spin-out can - at least, in part - rely heavily on its leadership rising to new challenges they face and being aware of the fresh options they have available. 

decisions, armed with sufficient information. It is crucial to have access to your own trusted independent legal advice when establishing your new governance arrangements and to not rely solely on the local authority's legal team - as one interviewee told us, 'we didn't know the type of questions we should be asking of legal'. 

There are a number of key considerations for a spin-out manager to keep in mind when beginning to bring their new service to life:

	
■
Be clear on, and return to, the reasons why you are spinning out: it is not a silver bullet for financial issues. As one interviewee told us, 'spinning out hasn't made us immune to cuts from the Council.'
If you have not yet finished recruiting to your new management board, new trustees or directors will need to be appointed. It is essential that all board members are trained in their new responsibilities (and personal liabilities), whether as charitable trustees or company directors (or both). You will also need to establish reporting and decision-making protocols and make sure your managers and staff are briefed on how these new arrangements work. 

	
■
Be considerate of where your team's 'heads are at'. Avoid jumping in too quickly with too many changes - as one interviewee told us, you must 'judge the pace accordingly'.
	
■
Seek out and analyse the opportunities for improving your service. You are now likely to have greater flexibility and autonomy in terms of the pace with which you can make decisions now you are operating outside of a council's, or a previous organisation's, bureaucracy. As one interviewee said, 'we have more freedom to do more than in a local authority - my job is making the space between politics, funding and the service'.
It is also important to ensure that your service has fair representation as part of any new arrangements. Sometimes, when joining an existing spin-out or operating as part of a bigger organisation, archives can be swamped by voices representing larger services. It is important to insist that archives receive strong and equal representation at the top table, and that services of greater size, budget or user footfall do not solely drive the decisionmaking of the whole organisation, leaving your archives service a passenger.

Establishing your new governance Some spin-outs express relief at moving to new 'light touch' governance regimes, freeing them from what they see as time-consuming, restrictive or antiquated processes. However, decisions still have to be made and justified and reports prepared. The new board has to be in a position to make reasonable Community and staff-owned spin-outs can benefit from their owners having more of a vested interest in their success. However, in terms of governance, there can be challenges lurking beneath the surface. Managers should allow time and space to work with community members who want to shape the direction of the spin-out with their own agendas (for better support resources needed.

or worse). They will need to tactfully focus the spin-out's, and its enthusiastic supporters', limited resources on 'bigger picture' activities instead of time-devouring micro-issues.

A business plan for a stand-alone organisation is even more critical than when operating within a local authority as the business decisions made and the way the spin-out is organised and managed can have a much more immediate impact on its success - or even its failure! 

Business planning, management and operations A spin-out must avoid being set up to fail. By this, we mean thinking short, medium and long term about your new business plan and ambitions, using SMART objectives and breaking down your objectives into simple, tangible tasks. It is important for a spin-out to have access to such skills from an early stage - as one interviewee told us 'we didn't initially have business-minded acumen'.

It is also important to develop a programme of operational improvements for day one of the new spin-out. Achieving accreditation, and maintaining it, is one element of such a programme - as one interviewee told us, 'publicly recognised targets are important. We have a formula we follow: 'this' plus 'this' equals a good service'.

New leadership and management style: the new culture The success of your new spin-out will rely upon the development of new leadership and management styles and the nurturing of a staff culture that is fit for new challenges:
During the planning stage before spinning out, you probably contributed to an initial business plan for the new organisation. Now that your organisation has launched, this will need to be revisited and refined further. It is particularly important to ensure that the archive service's contribution and efforts are addressed in the plan, so that the service has a prominent profile and so that it secures any 

## The New Leadership And Management Competencies Required In A Spin-Out

| Competency                                                               | Explanation                                                          |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Business acumen and                                                      |                                                                      |
| entrepreneurship                                                         |                                                                      |
| Commercial nous, the ability to 'sniff out' an opportunity to develop    |                                                                      |
| new offers, generate sustainable income streams or improve the           |                                                                      |
| service's profile - as one interviewee told us, 'we create our own       |                                                                      |
| opportunities'.                                                          |                                                                      |
| Focus on bottom line                                                     | An understanding of the financial fundamentals, including cashflow,  |
| profit and loss and how to ensure that services are priced in a way      |                                                                      |
| to deliver solid financial returns.                                      |                                                                      |
| Community involvement                                                    |                                                                      |
| and engagement                                                           |                                                                      |
| Imagination and ability to involve, engage and inspire the local         |                                                                      |
| community in the work that your archive service does. The local          |                                                                      |
| community can be your biggest advocates and capture the ear of           |                                                                      |
| your local politicians (and funding bodies).                             |                                                                      |
| Generating trust                                                         | Display honesty, transparency and good judgement to build trust      |
| and bonds with your service's stakeholders - both internally and         |                                                                      |
| externally. As one interviewee told us, 'do people trust you? This has   |                                                                      |
| to be earned'.                                                           |                                                                      |
| Leadership that values                                                   |                                                                      |
| archives                                                                 |                                                                      |
| Professional expertise of archives services, their strengths and the     |                                                                      |
| challenges they face - as one interviewee argued, 'archivists are        |                                                                      |
| often managed by librarians; this is not always good. You are looking    |                                                                      |
| to the archivists to say what is needed'.                                |                                                                      |
| Partnership building                                                     | Curiosity and intuition to seek out new opportunities for forging    |
| mutually-beneficial partnerships with (not necessarily obvious)          |                                                                      |
| partners, whether public or private sector, health, community-led,       |                                                                      |
| voluntary, local or regional.                                            |                                                                      |
| Political awareness                                                      | Astuteness to understand and anticipate the local political ecology, |
| and then make decisions for your service informed by this insight.       |                                                                      |
| Your local politicians manage the levers that will (very likely) control |                                                                      |
| your funding streams from public sources - so it's probably wise to      |                                                                      |
| make them your friends.                                                  |                                                                      |
| Staff involvement and                                                    |                                                                      |
| engagement                                                               |                                                                      |
| Involving your staff as much as possible in the future journey for the   |                                                                      |
| service. Can they co-create the vision for the service or help shape     |                                                                      |
| the route you collectively take? This can inspire shared ownership       |                                                                      |
| and pride in the successes you achieve together.                         |                                                                      |
| Value adding                                                           |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| new skills or improve the profile of your service - as one interviewee |
| reported, 'we value add by upskilling staff when they work with us as  |
| part of any project'.                                                  |

longer under the regime of a local authority. Be wary of underestimating this - as one interviewee told us, 'we didn't put enough experience in Finance originally. It needs a different type of person than finance people within the Council'.

Managing the money One of the most intimidating challenges facing a new spin-out can be the need to more carefully plan and manage your own financial destiny - something that may previously have been seen as something that would 'take care of itself' in a relatively predictable service.

You need a competent and experienced qualified accountant in one person or access to a team of people who give you the service you need. A checklist of the financial essentials and key skills you are likely to require are shown in the table overleaf:
Your spin-out will need a good financial management system and your own finance professional(s), possessing commercial expertise, a detailed understanding of profit and loss and the various complex VAT issues that will affect your service now you are no 

## Checklist Of Financial Essentials, Experience And Key Skills For A Spin-Out

	
❑
Budgeting: commercial budgeting and monthly reporting. 
	
❑
Statutory arrangements: for accounting records and financial reporting (which differ depending on the corporate structure used).
	
❑
Cashflow: the disciplines and practices involved in cashflow management.
	
❑
Reserves: the key areas in which provisions should be maintained.
	
❑
Taxation: accounting practices for PAYE, corporation tax and VAT.
	
❑
Controls: internal controls and internal checks including management of bank accounts 
	
❑
Charity: the specific treatment of restricted and unrestricted funds (which differ 
depending on the corporate structure used).
	
❑
Profit and loss: managing a profit and loss account ('Statement of Financial Activities' in the case of charities).
	
❑
Audit: audit and independent examination arrangements.
	
❑
Trustees/company directors: providing appropriate information and support for decision-making.
	
❑
Company structures: setting up and operating effective subsidiary companies.
	
❑
Business planning: for new ventures and income generation exploration.
Sorting out your support services A new spin-out will also face a number of choices of where to source its support services from - i.e. HR, finance, legal and ICT services, plus occasionally others. Often trusts will rely on the council's support services, putting in place an arrangement to cover a transitional period and the foreseeable future. This can certainly be a help in the short-term, with your service benefiting from familiar faces and points of contact during a potentially bumpy start. However, the type of support actually required by a spin-out is likely to be rather different. 

Depending on your service's new ambitions, it can make sense to seek out simpler or cheaper arrangements - e.g. using 'pay as you go' specialist legal services or a new piece of financial software. Spinning out can offer you a great opportunity to review your support requirements, identifying what you really need in discussion with your teams (and hopefully help you to make some new operational efficiencies in the process). Taking the time early in your spin-out's journey to build up this new support team, with a fresh focus on colleagues with small organisation and commercial expertise, is very much in your interest and will be worth the resource investment you make long-term.

## 5.3 Managing Your Relationships

Archives: a small fish in a smaller pond?

Despite our best efforts, archives can sometimes be treated as an after-thought by a larger organisation, unclear on the work you do and the value you add for your users and the wider organisation. When an archive service spins out, the need to develop and maintain relationships to help share your stories is ever more important for cementing your place in people's minds (and funding bodies' budget plans) - as one interviewee told us, 'when you spin out, that's not 'it' - you need to nurture your relationships long-term'.

Active relationships with the council, other partners and the local community Maintaining a strong partnership between a spin-out and the local authority, its officers and Members is essential. As (very likely) your key funder, working hard to engage with them and share the value of your service will stand you in good stead long-term - as one interviewee told us, 'we maintained our relationship with the local authority; our partnership with the council put us in a good position for negotiating our new agreement'. This can take the form of simply letting colleagues know about your work and successes, involving them where possible and reaching out to services where opportunities to partner on projects arise.

Integrating with an existing cultural trust, including a larger trust Whilst an archive service may be small in terms of staff numbers, it possesses a unique personality with a clear set of legal responsibilities. These responsibilities must be recognised and supported as part of your integration with an existing, or larger, body.

Whilst it is important for you to be clear on, and return to, the reasons why you are spinning out, it is equally important for your local authority (or original organisation) to remember. Engaging them in the support requirements you have for successfully spinning out, developing your sustainability and preserving their corporate memory about the rationale for spinning out is important, not least for mitigating against future disputes or confusions following senior staff turnover.

Joining a new organisation can be a significant challenge - the 'new kid at school' syndrome. Creating opportunities for your teams to meet and engage with future colleagues are a good idea to help kickstart the growth of close working relations - as two interviewees told us, 'we are originally seen as 'alien'… there was a feeling of two organisations to try and break down'. There needs to be a proper induction and welcome to the new organisation and both managers and staff will need to be involved in managing the transition to any new ways of working, such as procedures and processes. 

A well-connected spin-out tends to be a successful spin-out. Seeking out new partners, as well as maintaining positive working relationships with those you already have, is wise. Looking to other museum, library and academic colleagues or institutions can bear fruit, so it's a good idea to regularly horizon scan for opportunities to broker new conversations and partnerships, as well as share your successes, challenges and insights into what is happening within your respective sectors.

agreement) are essential documents for a new spin-out to have in place for managing its work with a client, or funding, organisation. They can help you to resolve any disputes over scope or expectations, as well as the red lines regarding separation and control. Always draw on your team's access to trusted, independent legal advice when drawing these up - don't always trust your client's legal team to be (completely) impartial! It is also important to have strong structures and processes in place for capturing and monitoring your service's performance, as these are likely to be analysed during any contract management and/or renewal meetings, especially ones linked to funding settlements. As one interviewee told us, 'we understand our statistics'.

Lastly, it is important to be proactive about involving and networking with your local community. These people are likely to make up most of your users and will be the fiercest, most passionate advocates (or otherwise) of your spin-out. As one interviewee told us, 'it can be difficult to explain to the public what "spinning out" means', so be fearlessly innovative in seeking out fresh opportunities to share stories that promote the benefits and great work of your service (in its new spin-out guise). Networking with the local community can be beneficial to your service; it will raise awareness of your team's existence and can lead to new business inquiries or project opportunities - as one interviewee told us, 'we are locally driven; we reflect the local flavours in the personalities of our services'.

The key elements of contract management and a good practice contract management framework are shown in the figure below:

## Contract Management Contracts And/Or An Sla (Service Level Key Elements Of Contract Management Governance And Resources

Developmental elements:
Strategic elements:
Core elements:

- 
Contract development
- 
Supplier relationship  
- 
Administration
- 
Supplier development
 
 management
- 
Managing relationships
- 
Market management
- 
Managing performance
- 
Payment and incentives
- 
Risk management
Increasing risk and value opportunity of the contract

## Key Elements Of Contract Management (National Audit Office, 2008)

are focused on understanding and helping to resolve any initial teething troubles. This can help to build the trust and confidence needed for when the contract is changed or developed.

In section 3.6, we outlined the three layers of contract governance that would normally be put in place. Whatever was agreed with the client, this contract governance should be started as soon as possible so that both sides (at all levels of contract governance) 

## 5.4 Sustainability And Growth

interviewee reported, 'we've renegotiated for 20 years - a 15-year contract, with a possibility for a further 5. For us, this has been a really great success'.

Maintaining your sustainability, and then growing your business, is one of the main challenges facing any fledgling spin-out. It is important to be realistic about the ambitions for developing your service offers - thinking short, medium and long term - whilst also delivering your day-to-day operations and, very likely, efficiencies. As two interviewees told us, it's about having a 'real commercial focus on the bits that can be commercial', whilst simultaneously 'increasing access through all means'.

Business development, including responding to requests from others It is important to recognise the increased flurry of interest that your service will receive when it first spins out - as two interviewees told us, 'make the most of the opportunity when you first spin out and the visibility that brings… make sure you benefit from this'. As you find your footing, you can then consider whether - and how - to grow your business further to help improve your future sustainability. Unless you have very tough income targets, it's wise not to rush - as one interviewee told us, this can be 'slow and steady… word of mouth'. Branding is often treated as a priority, but this can be a distraction and lead to mistakes if developed too soon. Thought needs to be given to whether to have a prominent brand at all and to whether that brand should be linked to one locality, particularly if the spin-out may want to expand into new areas in the future. 

Keeping your contract As touched on in the previous section, building and sustaining your relationships are absolutely key and tie in closely with contract management. During the recent period of austerity, public services have continued to be asked to make cuts, which can lead to shorter contracts, driven by less certainty about everyone's future budgets. Rather than seeing this as the harbinger of financial doom, some spin-outs are treating this as a challenge to be overcome and an opportunity to develop further - as one interviewee told us, 'We have been asked to make cuts, so we try to look at 'how can we make this work?'. We put forward an offer that may improve the service'. 

Business development involves more than just branding and marketing. It requires sustained effort and resourcing. There are some initial tasks we recommend completing to help kickstart your business development efforts:
The benefits of securing your contract - for as long a term as possible - are obvious. Clarity on your funding envelope, guiding your strategic objectives and alignment of resources, provides reassurance and certainty. As one 

## Business Development: List Of Initial Tasks

| Task                                                             | Explanation   |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|
| Develop your offer                                               |               |
| ❑                                                                |               |
| Be clear about what you are selling.                             |               |
|                                                                  |               |
| ❑                                                                |               |
| Decide on your strengths and what you can commercialise.         |               |
|                                                                  |               |
| ❑                                                                |               |
| What are 'you' - your spin-out - as a brand trying to portray?   |               |
|                                                                  |               |
| ❑                                                                |               |
| Agree with your team what you are and what you aren't.           |               |
|                                                                  |               |
| ❑                                                                |               |
| What's your introductory angle to potential leads?               |               |
| Pipeline management                                              |               |
| ❑                                                                |               |
| Create, or develop, a process for identifying and following up   |               |
| on potential new business leads.                                 |               |
|                                                                  |               |
| ❑                                                                |               |
| Pinpoint and categorise who your business leads are - for        |               |
| example suspects, prospects or networking contacts; short,       |               |
| medium or long term; hot, warm or cold.                          |               |
|                                                                  |               |
| ❑                                                                |               |
| Prioritise your leads and agree your next steps - with           |               |
| timescales.                                                      |               |
|                                                                  |               |
| ❑                                                                |               |
| Are there any easy or quick wins you can follow up on?           |               |
|                                                                  |               |
| ❑                                                                |               |
| Are there any areas you haven't explored previously or new       |               |
| commercial markets you would like to explore? Come up with       |               |
| a 'cunning plan' for doing this.                                 |               |
| Scan for opportunities                                           |               |
| ❑                                                                |               |
| Research the markets that your commercial offers operate in.     |               |
|                                                                  |               |
| ❑                                                                |               |
| What can you see - what patterns are there, who is your          |               |
| competition, who is the current market leader, what is your      |               |
| niche?                                                           |               |
|                                                                  |               |
| ❑                                                                |               |
| Identify opportunities as they arise - then act on them swiftly. |               |
| Network and be                                                   |               |
| inquisitive                                                      |               |
|                                                                  |               |
| ❑                                                                |               |
| Be visible - proactively network, engage and interact with       |               |
| others.                                                          |               |
|                                                                  |               |
| ❑                                                                |               |
| Be receptive to requests and queries from others. There          |               |
| may be a chance to increase your service's profile, if not a     |               |
| commercial or business opportunity.                              |               |

Be realistic - and, most importantly, shrewd
	
❑
Focus your available resources on the most attractive business development opportunities.
	
❑
Be realistic about how much time it takes to do this. Consider what you need against what would you like, and when it is needed by. Does it make business (i.e. financial) sense to proceed?
The proposal was overturned, but it was very much on us to make up those costs that would have been saved. We have worked really hard and have now almost met our income target'. However, it's important that you understand whether your income is actually going to generate a return after you take into account the cost of providing the service (including a share of your overheads). It's all too easy to increase your income, while making a loss! For more information and advice on generating income, please refer to The National Archives 'Income Generation Guide', available for free download on our website.

Generating income As one interviewee told us, 'be under no illusion - it can be extraordinarily difficult to generate income', so it is important to be clear and understand your income generation options, whether they lie in commercial or fundraising activities. Some spin-outs have refocused their Friends Groups' efforts on fundraising as one aspect of income generation. Commercial activity - i.e. charging for services - is another challenge - as two interviewees told us, it's about 'balance - making a slight profit, but not being too untenable' whilst recognising that you operate in 'a niche market, that does generate income'. However, be prepared to be a victim of your own success - as one interviewee told us the 'target goes up and up - the expectation shifts are ongoing'. With this in mind, agree an appropriate and balanced income target for your service with its senior stakeholders.

Managing the risk of growth Being part of a wider organisation - i.e. having critical mass - is seen by some spin-outs as essential, more so than it has ever been previously. This can help to mitigate risk and support your growth and future sustainability. As two interviewees told us, 'we would really struggle if we were to spin out on our own - without the critical mass (around us)' and 'if just a single spin-out, it is pretty tough financially - especially planning'. 

'Having a go' and being imaginative are important, as one interviewee told us. Reintroducing outreach events, exploring crowdfunding and sponsorship opportunities are areas that have all been explored by spinouts as part of new income generation efforts. 

With this in mind, it is crucial not to allow the wider organisation to stagnate in silos around you - you must be joined up and share your resources - as one interviewee told us, 'surpluses can't be preciously protected by Increased income generation efforts can also save your team from the impact of cuts - as one interviewee told us, 'a general reduction of hours was being proposed for our team. 

teams and directorates'.

the reluctance of some donors to fund certain legal forms of spin-out (as described in section 2.3).

A spin-out's growth will rely on investment into business development and fundraising areas - as one interviewee put it, it's about providing 'access vs. generating income - finding a balance'. Choices need to be made about where to prioritise your efforts, for example into buildings and facilities, or project costs, such as the digitisation of your online catalogue.

As well as taking advantage of these sources, it is important to be opportunistic and on the constant look-out - as two interviewees told us, 'we bid for grants constantly' and 'with any funding pitch, we'll include archives in it somehow - even if it's a library project'. Many spin-outs develop a 'sixth sense' about knowing where to look and the types of project to propose that will secure funding. 

As touched on in the earlier section on business development, you may also come across opportunities to join other trusts or spin-outs. It is sensible to explore the opportunity and how joining up may facilitate your mutual growth, but always return to your initial rationale and drivers for spinning out.

This intuition all comes from networking, building connections and insights into the strategic objectives of a funder - as one interviewee told us, 'know where you are and what you are. We know exactly where money will be allocated for grants. We know grantgiving bodies will offer funding to struggling areas, so some more affluent areas won't attract the funding'. Whilst it is important to bid for work, it is also important to recognise that every effort will have an opportunity cost. To assess whether developing a proposal is worthwhile, we suggest developing your own bid qualification process:
Bidding for new work As one interviewee told us, spinning out means 'we've found the freedom and access to funding and charitable status really beneficial'. Untapped opportunities to access local community funds, private sector corporate social responsibility pots and trust funds are opened for spin-outs that do not necessarily exist for local authority archive services. However, it's worth remembering 

## Bid Qualification Process - A Suggested Framework

How important is this to you (and are you to them)?
Prioritisation of your efforts is prudent. Open tenders will be open to everyone and anyone, big or small. It is generally more beneficial to prioritise invite-only tenders or follow up direct contacts and invitations to bid for work.
Retain your existing clients
It may sound obvious, but it is generally more efficient to prioritise retaining your existing clients (with whom you have an existing relationship) than speculatively seeking out new clients (who will require up-front efforts to build new relationships with).
Is it within your comfort zone?
Have you done this sort of project before; can you make it work? At times, it may be best to stick to the familiar, rather than attempt the unknown.
How busy are you?
Despite the above, if your workload feels relatively quiet, is a speculative pitch occasionally worth a punt? There's no harm in considering lucrative new opportunities (as long as you review and prioritise them accordingly) against your workload and your service's ambitions to develop.
What's the value?
Every bid requires preparation, time and effort. Work out your ball-park resource cost for putting a bid together and assess where the bar should be set in terms of the project values you'll consider bidding for.
What's the competition?
It's worth having an idea of who you're up against. Do you stand a chance - especially if it's an open tender? Can you convince the client to invite a shortlist of prospective bidders to pitch for a piece of work - saving wasted time and effort for everyone involved?
How much time have you got?
What's the deadline? Rushing a bid can lead to missed opportunities and shoddy content. We recommend spending at least a week on putting a proposal together and reviewing it collectively as a team.
Where's the work based?
Geography is important, especially if you have to consider travel and practical things like expenses as part of the work. It can be best to limit your focus on a particular region, rather than spreading yourself too thinly.
Prepare the bid as a team
Developing a bid can be hard work. Always aim to work as a small team for sense checking, quality assurance (and your own sanity as the clock ticks down towards a deadline!).

## 5.5 Spinning Back In

client may have different perspectives on what is or isn't working. As always, good two-way communication is important to help unpick these underlying issues. Examples of typical warning signs that may indicate your relationship with the council is struggling are outlined in the table below:
When to think again Sometimes, things don't work out; go quite to plan; or new policies emerge. When the warning signs on the dashboard start lighting up, it's often best to be honest with yourself, your staff and your client, before reviewing your position, possible options and recommended next steps for your service. It's important to recognise that both you and your 

## Examples Of The Warning Signs For Relationship Problems

| Warning sign                                                             | What it may indicate                                           |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------|
| Feasibility studies, VFM                                                 |                                                                |
| assessments and option                                                   |                                                                |
| appraisals                                                               |                                                                |
| Constant, or unexpected, studies and option exploration suggest          |                                                                |
| uncertainty on behalf of the funding organisation - as one interviewee   |                                                                |
| told us, 'we are having ongoing conversations about support services'.   |                                                                |
| It's a good idea to understand what is driving this curiosity - is the   |                                                                |
| client running out of money, or is service performance not quite what    |                                                                |
| they are expecting? What can you do about this?                          |                                                                |
| Funding uncertainty,                                                     |                                                                |
| stalling on contract                                                     |                                                                |
| extension discussions                                                    |                                                                |
| Funding uncertainty is a constant for the 21st century UK public         |                                                                |
| sector. Unfortunate implications of this can include muted hand-         |                                                                |
| wringing and unanswered emails, whilst future options are weighed        |                                                                |
| up and a best way forward determined. This can lead to uncertainty       |                                                                |
| for your service - as one interviewee told us, 'best value was tested    |                                                                |
| again'. On the flip side, once your contract is finalised it offers you  |                                                                |
| reassurance and 'real certainty for coming years'.                       |                                                                |
| Lack of communication                                                    | Radio silence, or a lack of regular two-way dialogue, can mean |
| someone doesn't want to speak with your service any more. Why is         |                                                                |
| this, and can you unpick the reasons? Contract governance can often      |                                                                |
| fall into abeyance (in some cases never meeting at all). While it can be |                                                                |
| tempting to go along with this, the spin-out should not allow contract   |                                                                |
| governance to slip; absence is unlikely to make the heart grow fonder.   |                                                                |
| Non-archive specialists                                                  |                                                                |
| heading up a client-side                                                 |                                                                |
| team                                                                     |                                                                |
| Archives services can often find themselves at the mercy of senior       |                                                                |
| leaders without professional archive experience. Making the effort       |                                                                |
| to showcase your service's and your spin-out's great work is crucial     |                                                                |
| when you are working within such an environment for fear of the          |                                                                |
| consequences of not being seen as part of the bigger picture.            |                                                                |
References to 'client' and 'provider' in correspondence

It's important to work in close partnership with your funding organisations and to undertake contract management meetings to unpick any challenges or issues, plan for the future and reflect on your shared successes. Use of the terms 'client' and 'provider' can be loaded in certain situations and imply a distinction not consistent with a close working relationship or 'partnership'. You may wish to review this phraseology in discussion with colleagues to be clear about the relationship your funding body seeks with you and how to influence that for the better.

there's a change in policy on the part of the funding body and there are new service synergies that they want to explore. However, bringing a spun-out service back in-house is not a simple exercise and there may be numerous legal issues to address, particularly if there is a disagreement between the client and the spin-out organisation. 

Why consider spinning back in If any of these warning signs are cropping up, it may be time to consider the options for your spin-out. An initial stock-take of your current position - a simple SWOT analysis conducted with your team - can provide you with a solid baseline to move forward from and explore in finer detail, as well as air the concerns you all have. 

It is important to be clear about the contractual basis for any changes, including how notice, exit, compensation and liability clauses are being triggered and addressed. If only part of the service is being brought back in-house, then the variations to the contract, service specification and pricing need to be carefully itemised.

Funding uncertainty, the breakdown of relationships ('them and us') and perceived drops in performance are themes that may be cited on both sides of the client/provider relationship inside a spin-out. It's important to be clear what you stand to benefit from, or lose, when you explore spinning back in, in much the same way that spinning out was initially analysed. It will not necessarily be the silver bullet that saves you from future cuts or makes you immediately financially sustainable.

To help structure an approach to your service's transition back in-house, please refer to the checklist in section 3.6. The process of spinning back in can be equally as complex and detailed as that of spinning out.

It is important not to see spinning back in as a failure: sometimes circumstances (such as funding expectations) change. Sometimes 

	
■
Bohl, E. (2012) When the Salami's Gone - outlines a set of initial tasks to complete 
when entering into new arrangements from p99 onwards.
	
■
Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (2017) Stage 7 - Business Plan (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/libraries-alternative-delivery-modelstoolkit/stage-7-business-plan) - DCMS have developed a downloadable business plan template (including guidance notes) that can help you to develop your business plan. This particular template is designed to help prepare you for spinning out, however the 'transition plan' section is not relevant once you have spun out.

## Case Study 6: Spinning Back In For The Better

Organisation Northumberland Archives span back into the Council from Woodhorn Charitable Trust in May 2017. The Trust continues to manage Berwick Museum and Art Gallery, Woodhorn Museum, Hexham Old Gaol and Morpeth Chantry Bagpipe Museum. 

Summary In 2016, Members decided they wanted to see more recognition of the archives and to reinvest in it. Archives had become a poor relation to museums and the only investment they had was where they had managed to generate their own sources. Staff had seen their wages fall behind Council colleagues, leading to demotivation and a declining sense of value. 

Scope The spinning-in journey began in August 2016, with all staff transferred back in May 2017. 'Carving up' the assets and responsibilities took time and needed careful working through by the Council, Trust and service. Neil Arnold, Chief Information Officer says: 'Our archives staff are seen as ambassadors for the Council and play a significant role in our front-ofhouse offer to local residents'.

What's unique?

The decision to move back in-house was very much politically driven. There was a realisation by Members of the archives' value and that it was a tremendous asset showcasing the heritage of Northumberland. Staff have been extremely positive about spinning back into the Council, especially on to traditional public sector terms and conditions.

Results Spinning back in has been a positive experience, helped by the Leader and portfolio holder being strong supporters of the move. Staff have seen the new investment, making the atmosphere more optimistic after a period of financial pressure.  The service is investing in digital records and redeveloping its website to help it improve its income generation and sustainability. As Neil puts it: 'It's now about visibility and opening up the service'.

	
■
Spinning in is a challenge: 'The trust and service were so entwined when originally created that taking it apart took longer than we thought it would, for example who pays for what, who owns which deposits - the Trust or the Council?'.
	
■
Happiness is key: 'The outcome has been positive. Our staff and members are happy'.
	
■
Ensure your politicians recognise the value of your service: 'Without the strong new political steer, it is unlikely that the move would have happened'.
For further information Neil Arnold, Chief Information Officer - neil.arnold@northumberland.gov.uk 

## Chapter 6 Where To Go For Support 6. 1 Support Available

Collections Accepted in Lieu of Tax), as changes to the service may affect their status as a Place of Deposit or an Accredited archive service.

Overview A number of government departments and agencies are providing support and funding to help authorities, staff and community groups understand whether spinning out is for them. This section provides links to the most significant:

	
■
Advice, training and funding sources. 
For advice and further information, contact your regional Sector Development Manager within the Archives Sector Development department at The National Archives: http:// www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/ our-archives-sector-role/contact-the-team/ 

	
■
Detailed guidance about statutory duties and key regulatory bodies.
	
■
How to get support from us at The National Archives.
You can find a whole range of useful guidance, case studies, and information about running an effective archive service here: http://www. nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/
Existing spin-outs A number of archive services have already spun out and are at different stages of their journey. You may find it useful to read more about these services.

Role of The National Archives The National Archives must be consulted by organisations that are responsible for the care of controlled classes of records (Public Records, Manorial and Tithe Documents, 

## Who Website

Nottinghamshire Inspire
https://www.inspireculture.org.uk/
South West Heritage Trust
https://swheritage.org.uk/
Explore York
https://www.exploreyork.org.uk/
Culture Coventry
http://culturecoventry.com/
Vision Redbridge
http://vision-rcl.org.uk/

localism#appendix-3-community-right-tochallenge

## Mutuals And The Community Right To Challenge

The Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government has put in place a support and advice service run by Locality and the Social Investment Business. This includes examples of how local authorities are implementing the right and supporting community groups to deliver services. Further information providing you with a basic understanding of the right to challenge can be found at:
DCMS Mutuals Team The DCMS Mutuals Team has designed a package of support measures which will help organisations considering creating mutuals, and for existing mutuals to grow. Support programmes are open for applications until March 2020, and you will find the latest updates by checking Support Available.

https://mycommunity.org.uk/resources/ understanding-the-community-right-tochallenge/

## Commissioning And Fundraising

These programmes are underpinned by a programme of research, including an annual 'State of the Sector' report, and longitudinal qualitative research which will seek to understand, in depth, the journey that mutuals go through as they grow and develop after leaving the public sector. For the latest reports, check Research & Evidence. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/introduction-topublic-service-mutuals Cultural Commissioning Programme From 2013 to 2017 the Cultural Commissioning Programme (CCP) supported arts and cultural organisations to come together with public service commissioners. It helped them explore ways of working to deliver better outcomes for people and communities. The programme was funded by Arts Council England and delivered in partnership with New Philanthropy Capital (NPC) and the New Economics Foundation (NEF). The programme's learning has been synthesised into guidance, reports, case studies and other resources.

The Community Right to Challenge Under the Localism Act 2011, community organisations, including groups of local authority staff, can submit an Expression of Interest in running local authority services. The Community Right to Challenge allows voluntary and community groups, charities, social enterprises, parish councils, local and fire and rescue authority staff to bid to run local authority services where they believe they can do so differently and better. This may be the whole service or part of a service.

Fundraising for Archives project The National Archives, Archives and Records Association (ARA), the Scottish Council on Archives (SCA), the Museums, Archives and Libraries Division of the Welsh government https://www.gov.uk/government/ publications/2010-to-2015-government-policylocalism/2010-to-2015-government-policyabout what's happening at MHCLG Digital. It sets out the vision for driving internal digital transformation and capacity-building and support for councils in unlocking the benefits of internet-enabled technologies: https://
mhclgdigital.blog.gov.uk/2018/06/11/the-localdigital-collaboration-mission-at-mhclg/
National Lottery Grants For Heritage Organisations may apply to the National Lottery Heritage Fund for a grant of between £3,000 and £5,000,000 to fund projects that connect people and communities to the national, regional and local heritage of the UK: https://www.heritagefund.org.uk/funding/ check-what-we-fund
(MALD) and the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI), were awarded Heritage Lottery Fund funding for this threeyear capacity-building and training programme for the UK archive sector. The training covered a wide range of fundraising topics, including advocacy and building a case for support, financial planning, developing a fundraising strategy, bid writing, crowdfunding, and measuring outcomes and evaluation. The various resources produced during the project, including eLearning modules and toolkits, are available for free on our website: http://
nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/ projects-and-programmes/fundraising-forarchives/
Regulators Charity Commission - Guidance on independence of charities and charitable purposes. (RR7) http://www. charitycommission.gov.uk/media/95209/ rr7text.pdf CIC Regulator - Guidance on the legal structure and process of setting up a Community Interest Company and links to case studies.

Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government Opportunities for project funding are occasionally announced on the The Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) website, but nothing significant is currently in place that replaces the Transformation Challenge Award that ran from 2014-2016 to help councils transform the way they run local services. It is worth periodically checking the MHCLG news site: 
https://www.gov.uk/government/ organisations/office-of-the-regulator-ofcommunity-interest-companies https://www.gov.uk/government/ organisations/ministry-of-housingcommunities-and-local-government The MHCLG Digital blog is the place to find out 

## Case Study 7: Archives At The Top Table

Organisation Vision Redbridge is a company limited by guarantee and registered charity. It was originally established as a sport and leisure trust in 2007.

Summary In 2011, heritage services including the museum, archive and libraries were transferred to the trust, along with parks and open spaces. The Trust has an annual turnover of £20m+ and 619 staff.

Scope In 2010, the Council was looking at options to protect its cultural services and reduce costs. Gareth Morley, Head of Culture and Libraries says: 'When we looked at possible spin-outs, sustainability was the main challenge'. However, in 2019, it is clear that the funding regime is in a much different place: 'You really have to question and understand the motives for spinning out. When we originally did it, it was about financial savings, which are no longer as easy to achieve as they were in 2010'.

What's unique?

The breadth of services within the trust gave critical mass to support initial business development across the portfolio. Archives are treated as an equal player in the wider Vision organisation, despite their smaller audience numbers compared to Leisure: 'It's not about size, budget or footfall - all our services have an equal say at the top table'.

Results Gareth says: 'We have greater flexibility and autonomy within a spin-out. We can move at a far greater pace than inside a local authority'. Vision Redbridge moves from strength to strength - investment into Redbridge Museum and Heritage Centre has seen its profile improve locally, resulting in visitor number increases. A contract extension has been approved by Cabinet until 2026, demonstrating political commitment to the trust that offers reassurance and financial certainty for the coming years.

	
■
Critical mass: 'It would not make sense to spin out the archives on its own, without a significant subsidy from the Council or unless you've really got a collection that draws people'.
	
■
Be clear on your reasons for spinning out: 'It is not a silver bullet for financial issues. If you're looking for this, then you need to think again'.
	
■
Be realistic about how to make the spin-out sustainable: 'Consider who may still be around (in terms of management and inherited contracts). Plan for the short, medium and longer term'.
For further information Gareth Morley, Head of Culture and Libraries - gareth.morley@visionrcl.org.uk / http://www.visionrcl.org.uk/

## Appendix 1 : Acknowledgements

We are grateful for the active support and involvement of archivists who responded to the survey we conducted to help us design the guidance. We are particularly grateful to the members of the original steering group who provided numerous ideas and valuable feedback and the reference group who provided extensive help with the third edition. We are also grateful to the interviewees who gave their time to help with the case studies and pass on their experience and insights. The job titles shown are those held at the time by our contributors.

## Original Steering Group Membership

| Caroline Edwards             | County Archivist                   | Hampshire County Council   |
|------------------------------|------------------------------------|----------------------------|
| Stephanie Gilully            | Collections Access and Inclusion   |                            |
| Manager and County Archivist |                                    |                            |
| Lincolnshire County Council  |                                    |                            |
| Gerard Greene                | Museum Manager (line manages       |                            |
| archives)                    |                                    |                            |
| Vision Redbridge Culture and |                                    |                            |
| Leisure                      |                                    |                            |
| Richard Hunt                 | Archives Manager                   | Vivacity Peterborough      |
| Janet Tall                   | Head of archives and local studies | Somerset                   |
| Richard Taylor               | Former City Archivist (job share)  | York City Archives         |
| Victoria Hoyle               | City Archivist                     | York City Archives         |
| Isobel Hunter                | Head of Engagement                 | The National Archives      |
| Mairead O'Rourke             | Strategic Engagement Manager       | The National Archives      |
| Tina Morton                  | Engagement Manager London          | The National Archives      |
| Keith Sweetmore              | Engagement Manager North           | The National Archives      |
| Andrew Holden                | Principal                          | Activist                   |
| Helen Thomas                 | Director                           | Activist                   |
| Eric Bohl                    | Director                           | Activist                   |

## Peer Group For The Third Edition

| Chris Dobb                | Library Specialist - Adult and    |
|---------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| Heritage                  |                                   |
| Greenwich Leisure Limited |                                   |
| (GLL)                     |                                   |
| Caroline Edwards          | Head of Archives & Records        |
| Richard Hunt              | Director Of Culture               |
| Ruth Imeson               | Manager and County Archivist      |
| Barbara Swinn             | Library and Archive Manager       |
| Janet Tall                | Head of Archives and Learning     |
| Sue Wood                  | Head of Collections               |
| Tina Morton               | Head of Regional and Networks     |
| Team                      |                                   |
| The National Archives     |                                   |
| Owen Munday               | Sector Development Manager        |
| London and Business       |                                   |
| The National Archives     |                                   |
| Andrew Holden   | Principal       | Activist   |
|-----------------|-----------------|------------|
| Eric Bohl       | Director        | Activist   |
| Mike Wynn       | Project Manager | Activist   |

## Original Interviewees

| Carol Tullo                     | Director, Information Policy and    |
|---------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Services                        |                                     |
| The National Archives           |                                     |
| Fiona Talbot                    | Head of Museums, Libraries and      |
| Archives                        |                                     |
| Heritage Lottery Fund           |                                     |
| Laura Caton                     | Senior Advisor                      |
| John Chambers                   | Chief Executive                     |
| Association                     |                                     |
| Paul Bristow                    | Director of Strategic Partnerships  |
| Brian Ashley                    | Director of Libraries               |
| Padma Juggapah, Anthony         |                                     |
| Karabinas                       |                                     |
| Accountability and Transparency |                                     |
| Division                        |                                     |
| DCLG                            |                                     |
| Tim Decamp                      | Head of Mutuals Programme           |
| David Bancroft                  | General Manager                     |
| Geoff Pick                      | Director                            |

## Additional Interviewees For The Third Edition

| Rachel Corcoran           | Head of Mutuals                   | DCMS                     |
|---------------------------|-----------------------------------|--------------------------|
| Doreen Pinfold            | Associate Director of Student and |                          |
| Academic Skills (Library) |                                   |                          |
| FX Plus                   |                                   |                          |
| Caroline Edwards          | Head of Archives and Records      | Hampshire County Council |

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European Commission (2016) Factsheet No. 5: Public-Public Cooperation. Online resource. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/15499/attachments/1/translations/ en/renditions/pdf Financial Conduct Authority (2015) Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014. Online resource. Available from: https://www.fca.org.uk/firms/registered-societiesintroduction/co-operative-community-benefit-societies-act-2014 Government Commercial Function (2019) The Outsourcing Playbook. Online resource. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-outsourcing-playbook Historic England (2014) Pillars of the community: the transfer of local authority heritage assets. Online resource. Available from: https://www.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/
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London Borough of Barnet (2010) Graph of Doom. Online resource. Available from:  
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nesta.org.uk/publications/open-book-social-innovation Pinsent Masons (2015) Which contracts do the 2015 Public Contracts Regulations for contracting authorities apply to? Online resource. Available from: https://www.pinsentmasons. com/out-law/guides/which-contracts-do-the-2015-public-contracts-regulations-for-contractingauthorities-apply-to Social Enterprise UK, sponsored by GLL (2012) The Social Value Guide. Online resource. Available from: https://www.socialenterprise.org.uk/the-social-value-guide Stanley, M. (2019) Submissions. Online resource. Available from: https://www.civilservant.org. uk/skills-submissions.html The Information Commissioner's Office (2015) Outsourcing and FOI. Online resource. Available from: https://ico.org.uk/media/for-organisations/documents/1043530/outsourcing-andfreedom-of-information.pdf The Information Commissioner's Office (2015) Transparency in outsourcing. Online resource. Available from: https://ico.org.uk/media/for-organisations/documents/1043531/transparencyin-outsourcing-roadmap.pdf The National Archives (2012) Alternative Governance Regimes for Archives. Online resource. Available from: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/archives/alternativegovernance-regimes.pdf The National Archives (2012) Archive Service Accreditation. Online resource. Available from: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/archive-service-accreditation/ The National Archives (2019) Working in a trust. Online resource. Available from: http://www. nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/case-studies-and-research-reports/case-studies/ sustainable-services/working-in-a-trust/ Winckworth Sherwood (2010) Trusts for Big Society. Online resource. Available from: https:// wslaw.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Trusts-for-Big-Society-Winckworth-Sherwood.pdf York Explore Centre and City of York Council (2013) Cabinet Paper - A Community Benefit Society for Libraries and Archives. Online resource. Available from: https://democracy.york.gov. uk/documents/s78593/Libraries%20and%20Archives%20Community%20Benefit%20Society.pdf