## Transport For London London Travel Report 2007 Introduction

The London Travel Report is an annual compendium of statistics of travel and transport in London. The Report brings together data from many sources, most of which are updated every year to provide information on trends and variations over time. It also contains a selection of information from less frequent sources, such as the Census of Population, where these provide useful background for understanding London's transport requirements and performance. This Report has been compiled by Steer Davies Gleave on behalf of Transport for London. Many of the data are drawn from TfL's own programme of research or directly from transport operations over the full range of TfL's responsibilities. The rest are provided by other bodies, including the Department for Transport, the Office for National Statistics, the Office of Rail Regulation, the Port of London Authority, the Civil Aviation Authority, and Visit Britain. The assistance of all these organisations is gratefully acknowledged. This Report may also be downloaded from the TfL Web site at www.tfl.gov.uk/londontravelreport. Also available from the site are spreadsheets with the data used in the report, in some cases including more data than it was possible to show in the published paper version. A limited number of printed copies are available from TfL/Transport Planning Business Operations, telephone 020 7126 3039. If you have queries relating to individual tables or charts, please phone the enquiries number provided next to the specific table or chart. General queries about the publication may be directed to London Travel Report Enquiries, telephone 020 7126 4608. We would welcome readers' comments on the report and suggestions how it might be improved. These should be addressed to: Colin Shepherd Transport for London 11th floor Windsor House 42-50 Victoria Street London SW1H 0TL (email: colinshepherd@tfl.gov.uk) 

## Notes: Figures In Tables May Not Sum Exactly To The Totals Shown Because Of Rounding.

Care should be taken when comparing information from tables that are based on different sources, because of possible differences in definitions and coverage. Further guidance may be found in the Glossary and Technical Notes sections. 'Journey stages' refers to the component parts of a complete trip between transport interchanges. Thus, a journey stage is made by a single mode of transport (including walking) within a trip that may comprise several journey stages by different modes. In some previous issues of the London Travel Report, journey stages have also been known as 'journeys' but the usage is avoided in the 2007 Report because in many other publications (and in general use) 'trips' and 'journeys' tend to be synonymous.

Contents
Page
Key findings
1
1.
Travel patterns in London
2
1.1.
Daily travel
2
1.2.
Travel by area of London
3
1.3.
Morning peak travel into central London
5
1.4.
Commuting
8
2.
Personal travel
9
2.1.
Trip rates
9
2.2.
Travel purposes
11
2.3.
Within day variations
12
2.4.
London residents' travel
13
2.5.
Mode share
13
2.6.
Frequency of use
14
2.7
.
Travel times
16
2.8.
People with disabilities
17
2.9.
Household expenditure on travel and transport
18
3.
Public Transport
19
3.1.
Overview
19
3.2.
Fares and prices
22
3.3.
Bus
24
3.4.
Underground
28
3.5.
Rail
32
3.6.
Docklands Light Railway
35
3.7
.
Croydon Tramlink
36
3.8.
Taxis
37
3.9.
Coach travel
38
3.10. River services
39
3.11. Dial-a-Ride
40
3.12. Taxicard
41
4.
Private Transport
42
4.1.
Road traffic
42
4.2.
Speeds
46
4.3.
Car ownership
49
4.4.
Vehicle registrations
50
4.5.
Cycling
51
4.6.
Walking
53
4.7
.
Congestion Charging
55
| 5.                                               | Freight                | 57                            |
|--------------------------------------------------|------------------------|-------------------------------|
| 5.1.                                             | Road freight           | 57                            |
| 5.2.                                             | Water freight          | 57                            |
| 5.3.                                             | Air freight            | 58                            |
| 6.                                               | Casualties             | 59                            |
| 6.1.                                             | Road casualties        | 59                            |
| 6.2.                                             | Underground casualties | 60                            |
| 7.                                               | Population             | 61                            |
| 7                                                | .1.                    | Resident population of London |
| 7                                                | .2.                    | Working population            |
| 7                                                | .3.                    | Visitors                      |
| 8.                                               | Environment            | 66                            |
| 8.1.                                             | Air Quality            | 66                            |
| 9.                                               | Accessibility          | 67                            |
| 10.                                              | Air passengers         |                               |
| 68                                               |                        |                               |
| 10.1. Terminal passengers                        | 68                     |                               |
| Glossary                                         | 71                     |                               |
| Sources                                          | 74                     |                               |
| Technical notes                                  | 75                     |                               |
| Key facts                                        | 79                     |                               |
| London's passenger rail network - central London | 80                     |                               |
| London's major road network                      | 82                     |                               |

## Key Findings

- In 2006, on an average day in London there were just under 28 million journey stages; 39% of these were
made by car, 19% by bus or tram, 10% by Underground, 8% by rail, 2% by cycle and 20% were on foot.
- Of these journey stages, 37% were by public transport, slightly more than in 2005. The public transport
share has steadily increased from 32% in 2000, while the share of journey stages by private transport has continued to decline.
- The main London public transport modes all recorded increased patronage in the financial year 2006/07
.
Compared with the previous year, passenger journeys by bus were up by 3.6%, Underground by 4.5% and Docklands Light Railway by 16%.
- Use of Oyster cards continued to increase in 2006. At the end of the year, 73% of bus journey stages 
used an Oyster card, up from 47% the previous year. Use of Oyster card on the Underground also grew, accounting for 66% of all journey stages at the end of 2006, compared with 53% the previous year.
- This shift to Oyster card has resulted particularly in increased use of pay as you go, with 15% of weekday
bus journey stages in the fourth quarter of 2006/07
, compared to 7% in the same quarter of the previous
year. In the same quarter nearly 25% of Underground journey stages used pay as you go, up from 14% the previous year.
- On an average weekday in Autumn 2006, 1.1 million people entered central London during the morning peak
(7am to 10am). This was a 5% increase on the previous year and also higher than the previous peak in 2000. All the public transport modes saw increases, especially rail, Underground and DLR, while the number of people entering by car continued to decrease.
- Total road traffic by motor vehicles in London rose by 1% between 2005 and 2006, after 6 years of no growth.
The increase was mainly on motorways while traffic on principal and minor roads remained almost static.
- Car traffic entering the Central London Congestion Charging Zone in 2006 remained at a similar level to that
seen in 2005.
- The number of overseas visitors to London increased in 2006, by 13% over the previous year, continuing the
upward trend since 2001. 
- The number of passengers using London's airports also continued to grow, despite a slight fall in the number
of passengers at Heathrow. This was offset by continued strong growth in passengers travelling through Stansted and increases at Gatwick, Luton and London City airports. 

## 1. Travel Patterns In London 1.1. Daily Travel

Millions
Bus
(including
Motor
All
Year
Rail
Underground
DLR
tram)
Taxi
Car
cycle
Bicycle
Walk
modes
1993
1.4
2.0
-
3.1
0.2
10.5
0.2
0.3
5.2
22.9
1994
1.4
2.1
-
3.1
0.2
10.6
0.2
0.3
5.2
23.1
1995
1.5
2.1
-
3.3
0.2
10.6
0.2
0.3
5.2
23.4
1996
1.5
2.1
-
3.4
0.2
10.7
0.2
0.3
5.3
23.7
1997
1.6
2.2
0.1
3.5
0.2
10.8
0.2
0.3
5.3
24.1
1998
1.7
2.4
0.1
3.5
0.2
10.8
0.2
0.3
5.3
24.5
1999
1.8
2.5
0.1
3.5
0.2
11.1
0.2
0.3
5.4
25.0
2000
1.8
2.6
0.1
3.7
0.2
11.0
0.2
0.3
5.5
25.5
2001
1.8
2.6
0.1
3.9
0.2
11.0
0.2
0.3
5.5
25.8
2002
1.9
2.6
0.1
4.2
0.2
11.1
0.2
0.3
5.5
26.2
2003
1.9
2.6
0.1
4.6
0.2
11.0
0.2
0.3
5.5
26.7
2004
1.9
2.7
0.1
5.0
0.2
11.0
0.2
0.4
5.6
27.1
2005
2.0
2.6
0.1
5.0
0.2
10.9
0.2
0.4
5.6
27.2
2006
2.1
2.7
0.2
5.2
0.2
10.9
0.2
0.5
5.6
27.6
Source: TfL Planning
Enquiries: 020 7126 4608
1. A journey stage is a part of a trip made by a single mode of transport. 2. Rail interchanges between train operating companies start a new journey stage. 2. Bus journey stages are counted as starting a new journey stage each time a new bus is boarded. 3. Underground journey stages are counted by station entries and interchanges within stations are ignored. 4. Walks are counted only when they form complete trips (ie walking all the way), not when they are parts of trips using 
other modes of transport.

See technical note. Journey stages and trips represent different ways of measuring travel. A trip is a complete one-way movement from origin to destination by one person for a single purpose. A journey stage is a part of a trip using a single mode of transport. A trip may be made up of several journey stages (see also footnotes to Table 1.1.1). The number of trips in London was 23.8 million a day in 2006, increasing from under 21 million a day in 1993. See technical note.

Millions
Underground
Motor
All
Year
Rail
and DLR
Bus
Taxi
Car
cycle
Bicycle
Walk
modes
1993
1.3
1.4
2.1
0.2
10.2
0.2
0.3
5.2
20.7
1994
1.3
1.5
2.1
0.2
10.3
0.2
0.3
5.2
21.0
1995
1.3
1.6
2.2
0.2
10.3
0.2
0.3
5.2
21.2
1996
1.4
1.5
2.3
0.2
10.4
0.2
0.3
5.3
21.4
1997
1.5
1.6
2.3
0.2
10.4
0.2
0.3
5.3
21.8
1998
1.5
1.7
2.3
0.2
10.5
0.2
0.3
5.3
22.0
1999
1.6
1.8
2.3
0.2
10.6
0.2
0.3
5.4
22.4
2000
1.7
2.0
2.4
0.2
10.6
0.2
0.3
5.5
22.7
2001
1.7
2.0
2.6
0.2
10.6
0.2
0.3
5.5
23.1
2002
1.7
1.9
2.8
0.2
10.7
0.2
0.3
5.5
23.4
20035
1.8
2.0
2.8
0.1
10.5
0.2
0.3
5.5
23.2
20045
1.7
2.1
3.1
0.1
10.4
0.2
0.3
5.6
23.5
20055
1.8
2.0
3.1
0.1
10.3
0.2
0.4
5.6
23.5
2006
1.9
2.1
3.2
0.1
10.3
0.2
0.4
5.6
23.8
Source: TfL Planning
Enquiries: 020 7126 4608
1. Trips are complete one-way movements from one place to another. 2. Trips may include use of several modes of transport and hence be made up of more than one journey stage. 3. Trips are classified by main mode, ie the mode that typically is used for the longest distance within the trip. 4. Round trips are counted as two trips, an outward and an inward leg. 5. Estimates for 2003 to 2005 have been revised.

See technical note.

## 1.2. Travel By Area Of London

Source: LATS 2001 Household Survey Enquiries: 020 7126 4608

Millions
| Fare zone                                   | Bus (2006/07)                                                  |   Underground (2006-2007) |
|---------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|
| 1                                           |                                                                |                           |
| Within zone 1                               | 250                                                            |                       293 |
| Within zone 2                               | 417                                                            |                        46 |
| Within zone 3                               | 329                                                            |                        22 |
| Within zone 4/5/6                           | 667                                                            |                        24 |
| Between zones 1 and 2                       | 212                                                            |                       223 |
| Between zones 1 and 3                       | 29                                                             |                       135 |
| Between zones 1 and 4/5/6                   | 6                                                              |                       108 |
| Between zones 2 and 3                       | 95                                                             |                        61 |
| Between zones 2 and 4/5/6                   | 18                                                             |                        33 |
| Between zones 3 and 4/5/6                   | 132                                                            |                        26 |
| All journey stages                          | 2,155                                                          |                       971 |
| Source: GLBPS and UUS                       | Enquiries: 020 7126 4553 (bus) and 020 7918 4599 (Underground) |                           |
| 1. Zones A, B, C, D are included in Zone 6. |                                                                |                           |

The distribution of bus journey stages shows that over 75% of bus journeys occurred within a single fare zone. This reflects the predominant use of bus for short distance travel. In contrast, Underground journey stages tended to be within Central London zone 1 (30%) or between zone 1 and the outer zones (48%).

## 1. Travel Patterns In London 1.3. Morning Peak Travel Into Central London

Thousands
Rail with
Two
transfer
LUL
wheeled
All
Rail
to
or DLR
Coach/
motor
Year
modes
only
LUL/DLR
All rail
only
Bus
minibus
Car
Taxi1
vehicles
Cycle
1991
1,042
258
168
426
347
74
20
155
••
12
9
1992
992
245
156
401
337
61
24
150
••
11
9
1993
977
214
168
382
340
64
20
150
••
11
9
1994
989
221
171
392
346
63
23
145
••
11
9
1995
993
221
174
395
348
63
21
145
••
11
10
1996
992
223
176
399
333
68
20
143
9
11
10
1997
1,035
240
195
435
341
68
20
142
9
11
10
1998
1,063
252
196
448
360
68
17
140
8
13
10
1999
1,074
259
201
460
363
68
15
135
8
15
12
2000
1,108
269
196
465
383
73
15
137
8
17
12
2001
1,093
263
204
468
377
81
10
122
7
16
12
2002
1,068
245
206
451
380
88
10
105
7
15
12
2003
1,029
265
191
455
339
104
10
86
7
16
12
2004
1,043
256
196
452
344
116
9
86
7
16
14
2005
1,065
273
200
473
344
115
9
84
8
16
17
2006
1,114
280
211
491
380
116
8
78
7
15
18
Source: CAPC, TfL
Enquiries: 020 7126 4286
1. Data for taxis was not recorded before 1996.

See technical note.

1. Includes coach/minibus, taxi, two wheeled motor vehicle and cycle.

See technical note.

The total number of people entering central London during the morning peak on an average autumn working day increased by 5% in 2006. The highest percentage increase was seen in Underground use, with a 10% increase over 2005 (excluding people transferring from rail at the London termini). The number entering central London by car continued to decline, with a 7% decrease in 2006.

People per vehicle
Year
Bus
Car
1991
32.0
1.32
1992
26.9
1.32
1993
27.7
1.32
1994
27.7
1.31
1995
27.8
1.32
1996
29.0
1.31
1997
29.9
1.36
1998
30.3
1.42
1999
30.9
1.43
2000
34.4
1.40
2001
37.5
1.35
2002
37.2
1.36
2003
39.0
1.35
2004
43.7
1.37
2005
42.6
1.39
2006
41.3
1.38
Source: CAPC, TfL
Enquiries: 020 7126 4286

The average occupancy per car at the central London boundary during the morning peak declined slightly to 1.38 in 2006. The number of bus passengers per bus also slightly decreased but is still above that seen in all years before 2004.

© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (GLA) (100032379) (2006).

## 1. Travel Patterns In London

Source: Isle of Dogs Cordon Survey Enquiries: 020 7126 4306
1. Includes river bus, bicycle and walk 2. Includes vans, taxis, motorcycles and goods vehicles Total numbers of people entering the Isle of Dogs in the morning peak increased slightly in 2006, although the rate of increase was a lot lower than in previous years. The number of people entering by DLR and car was down compared to 2005.

## 1. Travel Patterns In London 1.4. Commuting

Percentage
Area of workplace
Area of residence
Rest of
Rest of
Central
inner
Outer
All
Great
Great
Inner
Outer
All
Main mode
London
London London
London
Britain
Britain
London London London
Car and van
11
31
63
37
76
71
20
47
37
Motorbike, moped, scooter
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
Bicycle
3
4
2
3
3
3
6
2
3
Bus and coach
12
16
14
14
7
8
21
13
16
National Rail
40
16
5
19
2
4
11
14
13
Underground, tram, light rail
28
19
5
16
-
2
26
14
18
Walk
4
12
10
9
11
11
14
8
10
Other modes
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
All modes
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Number of people (millions)
1.11
0.87
1.36
3.34
21.48
24.83
1.06
1.88
2.94
Source: Labour Force Survey, ONS
Enquiries: 020 7944 4955

Of those who work in central London, 80% travelled to work by public transport (bus, National Rail or Underground). This compares to 9% in the rest of Great Britain. Conversely, 11% who work in central London travelled by car, compared with 76% in the rest of Great Britain. As in previous years, there was a marked difference in travel patterns depending on the area of residence in London. Nearly half of those living in outer London drove to work whereas nearly 60% who live in inner London travelled by public transport.

Minutes
Area of workplace
Rest of
Rest of
Central
inner
Outer
All
Great
Great
Main mode
London
London
London
London
Britain
Britain
Car and van
48
32
25
29
20
20
Motorbike, moped, scooter
36
29
27
31
19
21
Bicycle
33
24
20
25
15
17
Bus and coach
47
39
36
40
33
34
National Rail
69
66
43
66
47
58
Underground, tram, light rail
49
45
37
47
42
46
Walk
21
16
13
15
12
13
All modes1
55
39
27
39
20
23
Source: Labour Force Survey, ONS
Enquiries: 020 7944 4955 
1. Includes modes not listed (eg taxi). 2. Comparisons with earlier years results (reported in previous editions) are subject to sampling error and 
should be treated cautiously.

On average, the travel time to work was nearly twice as long for those living in London as it was for those in the rest of Great Britain. For all areas of workplace, National Rail passengers had the highest travel time.

Most of the results in this chapter come from the 2006/07 London Travel Demand Survey (LTDS). These update similar results from the 2001 London Area Transport Survey (LATS).

## 2.1. Trip Rates

Percentage
|                                                                   |                          |        |      |      | 2001   | 2006/07   |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|--------|------|------|--------|-----------|
| Main mode                                                         | Male                     | Female | All  | Male | Female | All       |
| National Rail                                                     | 5                        | 4      | 5    | 6    | 4      | 5         |
| Underground/DLR                                                   | 8                        | 6      | 7    | 9    | 6      | 7         |
| Bus                                                               | 10                       | 13     | 11   | 13   | 16     | 14        |
| Taxi                                                              | 1                        | 1      | 1    | 2    | 1      | 1         |
| Car/Van                                                           | 45                       | 42     | 44   | 40   | 37     | 39        |
| Cycle                                                             | 2                        | 1      | 2    | 2    | 1      | 2         |
| Walk                                                              | 28                       | 33     | 30   | 28   | 34     | 31        |
| All modes                                                         | 100                      | 100    | 100  | 100  | 100    | 100       |
| Trips per person                                                  | 2.77                     | 2.85   | 2.81 | 2.76 | 2.93   | 2.85      |
| Source: LATS 2001 Household Survey, LTDS 2006/07 Household Survey | Enquiries: 020 7126 4608 |        |      |      |        |           |

The number of trips by Londoners was almost unchanged between 2001 and 2006/07 at 2.8 trips per person per weekday. However, there was an increase in the share of bus trips and a slight increase in walking, while the share of car trips decreased. Women had slightly higher trip rates than men. As in 2001, modal share was broadly similar for men and women in 2006/07. Women, however, tended to use bus and to walk more than men, and to use cars slightly less.

Percentage
| Main mode                              | Full time                |   Part time |   Student | Not Working   |   Retired |   All adults |
|----------------------------------------|--------------------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|-----------|--------------|
| National Rail                          | 9                        |        3    |      6    | 1             |      1    |         2    |
| Underground/DLR                        | 12                       |        5    |     11    | 2             |      3    |         3    |
| Bus                                    | 9                        |       11    |     29    | 19            |     16    |        22    |
| Taxi                                   | 2                        |        1    |      1    | -             |      1    |         3    |
| Car/Van                                | 43                       |       49    |     22    | 33            |     33    |        38    |
| Cycle                                  | 3                        |        1    |      2    | 1             |      1    |         1    |
| Walk                                   | 23                       |       30    |     30    | 45            |     45    |        32    |
| All modes                              | 100                      |      100    |    100    | 100           |    100    |       100    |
| Trips per person                       | 3.09                     |        3.73 |      2.44 | 2.89          |      2.22 |         2.91 |
| Source: LTDS 2006/07 Household Survey  | Enquiries: 020 7126 4608 |             |           |               |           |              |
| 1. Trip rates are for adults aged 16+. |                          |             |           |               |           |              |

In 2006/07, people in part-time employment had the highest trip rates, 3.7 trips per day compared with 3.1 trips per day by people working full-time. Retired people made 2.2 trips per day and other non-working adults 2.9 trips per day on average.

1. Trip rates are for adults aged 16+.

Percentage
2001
2006/07
Purpose
Male
Female
All
Male
Female
All
Usual workplace
26
19
22
25
17
21
Other work related
9
4
6
10
4
7
Education
12
11
12
11
9
10
Shopping and personal business
23
30
27
24
33
29
Leisure
21
19
20
20
20
20
Other (inc Escort)
9
16
13
9
17
13
All purposes
100
100
100
100
100
100
Trips per person per day
2.77
2.85
2.81
2.76
2.93
2.85
Enquiries: 020 7126 4608

In 2006/07, the pattern of trips by journey purpose remained broadly similar to 2001. In general, men were more likely to make work-related trips (35%), while women had a higher proportion of shopping and escort trips.

## 2.2. Travel Purposes

Purpose shares for men and women differed in 2006/07 for nearly all purposes. Thus, work represented 25% of all trips made by men but only 17% of those made by women. Shopping and personal business trips also differed between the genders, representing 24% for men and 33% for women.

## 2. Personal Travel 2.3. Within Day Variations

1. Includes motorcycle, pedal cycle, tram, taxi, school bus, coach, plane, boat and other.

The daily profile of weekday journey stages show a very pronounced peak in the morning, with the highest number of journey stages starting between 8 and 9am. In the afternoon, two less pronounced peaks are seen: The first one between 3 and 4pm, mainly due to school children and the 'school run', and the second one between 5 and 6pm.

## 2. Personal Travel 2.4. London Residents' Travel

Percentage share of journey stages by purpose of trip
Commuting
Shopping
Journey
and in
and
stages per
course
personal
Leisure
Mode
day (m)
of work
Education3
business
and other
All purposes
Bus
2.8
32
17
30
20
100
Croydon Tramlink
0.1
29
24
21
26
100
Underground
1.9
61
7
13
19
100
DLR
0.1
76
2
12
10
100
National Rail
0.9
66
6
10
18
100
Car/van
8.1
28
6
25
41
100
Motorcycle
0.1
70
2
18
10
100
Taxi and PHV
0.3
39
1
20
39
100
Walk2
5.5
13
13
38
35
100
Bicycle
0.3
53
5
18
24
100
All modes
20.0
30
10
27
32
100
Source: LTDS 2006/07 Household Survey
Enquiries: 020 7126 4608
1. The table shows travel by household residents of Greater London only and is not comparable 
with Table 1.1.1 which includes non-residents' travel in London.
2. Walk all the way only; excludes walks to or from other transport. 3. Includes education and trips to pick up or drop off children at school.

See technical note. Most journey stages undertaken on Underground, DLR and National Rail in 2006/07 were for work purposes, accounting for between 61% and 76% of all the journey stages made by these modes. Work journey stages also represented 70% of those made by motorcycle, and 53% of those by bicycle. Most of car and taxi journey stages were for leisure and other purposes, while shopping and personal business accounted for the largest share of walk trips.

## 2.5. Mode Share

The mode share was similar for men and women in 2006/07, although women made more use of public transport. The age group with most usage of public transport was 17-24, accounting for 40% of trips by men and 43% by women in this age group.

Mode share varied amongst different ethnic groups in 2006/07. Thus, Pakistanis, Indians and Whites had the largest share of trips by car, while Black Africans and Chinese had the highest share of trips by public transport. Other Black ethnic groups and Bangladeshis had the largest share of trips on foot.

## 2.6. Frequency Of Use

People between 17 and 44 were most likely to use London Underground, while those least likely to use it were men and women under 17 or above 75 years old.

Women between 17 and 24 were most likely to use bus, with 50% of them using bus 5 or more days a week. Similarly, between 33% and 36% of men under 24 used buses 5 or more times a week, while 39% of men and 27% of women between 45 and 64 used bus less than once a month. Of the major modes of transport, rail is the mode used with least frequency by all age groups. Thus, 60% of men and 64% of women used National Rail less than once a month. The age groups most likely to use National Rail on a regular basis were the 17-24 and 25-44 groups.

Frequency of car driving was highest in men and women between 45 and 64 years old. For all age groups, men tended to drive cars more frequently than women.

## 2.7. Travel Times

The mean daily time spent travelling by London residents was 84 minutes per day in 2006/07. Men spent on average 90 minutes and women 78 minutes. People in the 25-44 group spent the most time travelling, while those aged 85 and over averaged only 26 minutes per day.

## 2. Personal Travel 2.8. People With Disabilities

Wheelchair users are people that use a wheelchair some, or all, of the time. People with walking difficulties are those where walking causes difficulty when travelling, but who don't use a wheelchair. Other disabilities include all other people with a longstanding health problem or disability that affects their ability to travel. The proportion of the population with a disability was greatest in the age groups above 45. 11% of people between 45 and 59 years old had some sort of disability, while in people above 60 this proportion was 32%. The main disability for these groups was walking difficulty, while 6% of the population aged 60 and over used a wheelchair.

Percentage
|                                       |                          |      | Wheelchair   | Walking          |
|---------------------------------------|--------------------------|------|--------------|------------------|
| Main mode                             | No disability            | user | difficulties | Other disability |
| National Rail                         | 5                        | -    | 3            | 3                |
| Underground/DLR                       | 8                        | 3    | 3            | 3                |
| Bus                                   | 14                       | 17   | 19           | 25               |
| Taxi                                  | 1                        | 3    | 4            | 2                |
| Car/van                               | 39                       | 47   | 36           | 27               |
| Cycle                                 | 2                        | 2    | 1            | -                |
| Walk                                  | 31                       | 20   | 34           | 38               |
| Other                                 | -                        | 9    | 2            | 1                |
| All modes                             | 100                      | 100  | 100          | 100              |
| Trips per person                      | 2.93                     | 1.48 | 1.99         | 2.61             |
| Source: LTDS 2006/07 Household Survey | Enquiries: 020 7126 4608 |      |              |                  |

While people without disabilities made 2.9 trips a day in 2006/07, those who require a wheelchair made only 1.5 on average. Most of the trips made by people with disabilities were by car or on foot/wheelchair, followed by bus. Underground, DLR and National Rail use was very low amongst people with disabilities, perhaps reflecting the greater difficulty in access for these modes. Bus use had higher share amongst all groups of disabled people than those without a disability. 

## 2. Personal Travel 2.9. Household Expenditure On Travel And Transport

Pounds
|                                      |            | London     | United Kingdom   |
|--------------------------------------|------------|------------|------------------|
| 2001/02 to                           | 2003/04 to | 2001/02 to | 2003/04 to       |
| Type of expenditure                  | 2003/04    | 2005/06    | 2003/04          |
| Motoring and cycling                 |            |            |                  |
| Purchase and repairs                 |            |            |                  |
| 1                                    |            |            |                  |
| 31.50                                | 29.30      | 35.00      | 32.50            |
| Spares and accessories               |            |            |                  |
| 1                                    |            |            |                  |
| 1.90                                 | 1.60       | 2.20       | 2.10             |
| Motor vehicle insurance and taxation | 11.90      | 12.40      | 11.20            |
| Petrol, diesel and other motor oils  | 13.10      | 13.50      | 16.20            |
| Other motoring costs                 | 2.40       | 2.50       | 2.10             |
| Total motoring and cycling           | 60.80      | 59.30      | 66.70            |
| Fares and other travel costs         |            |            |                  |
| Rail and Underground fares           | 4.30       | 3.70       | 2.00             |
| Bus and coach fares                  | 2.30       | 2.30       | 1.50             |
| Combined fares                       |            |            |                  |
| 2                                    |            |            |                  |
| 6.10                                 | 5.70       | 0.90       | 0.80             |
| Other travel costs                   |            |            |                  |
| 3                                    |            |            |                  |
| 5.60                                 | 6.00       | 4.80       | 4.90             |
| Total fares and other travel costs   | 18.30      | 17.70      | 9.20             |
| Totals                               |            |            |                  |
| Transport expenditure per household  | 79.10      | 77.00      | 75.90            |

Total expenditure per household
533.00
518.80
445.90
448.10
Source: The Expenditure and Food Survey, National Statistics © Crown copyright material is Enquiries: 020 7533 5756
reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland. 1. Includes cars, vans, motorcycles, cycles and other vehicles. 2. Includes travelcards to be used on Underground, rail and bus. 3. Includes air fares, school travel, taxis, hire cars and ferry travel.

Average expenditure per household on travel and transport (derived from the ONS Expenditure and Food Survey) for years 2001/02 to 2004/05 has been rebased to constant (2006/07) prices using the RPI (all items). On average London households spend nearly 15% of their total expenditure on transport, a lower share than the United Kingdom average, almost 17%. London households spend almost double the amount on public transport fares and other travel costs, but less on motoring and cycling. However, over three-quarters of transport expenditure per household is on motoring and cycling.

## 3. Public Transport 3.1. Overview

Passenger kilometres increased for both bus (up 5%) and Underground (1%) in 2006/07 after a slight fall in 2005/06. The number of journey stages by these modes also grew over the year. DLR use showed even stronger growth, with a 17% increase in passenger kilometres. Passenger kilometres also increased for the Croydon Tramlink. The type of ticket used for both Underground and bus journeys showed a continued increase in the use of Oyster pay as you go, as well as a greater usage of Oyster cards in general. Results for National Rail are not available on a consistent journey stage basis with other modes. However, rail trips with both origin and destination in London fell by 2.5% compared with 2005/06.

Millions
| Year                                                                 | Bus                      | Underground   |   DLR | Croydon Tramlink   |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|---------------|-------|--------------------|
| 1991/92                                                              | 3,996                    | 5,895         |    32 | -                  |
| 1992/93                                                              | 3,922                    | 5,758         |    33 | -                  |
| 1993/94                                                              | 3,819                    | 5,814         |    39 | -                  |
| 1994/95                                                              | 3,912                    | 6,051         |    55 | -                  |
| 1995/96                                                              | 4,018                    | 6,337         |    70 | -                  |
| 1996/97                                                              | 4,159                    | 6,153         |    86 | -                  |
| 1997/98                                                              | 4,350                    | 6,479         |   110 | -                  |
| 1998/99                                                              | 4,315                    | 6,716         |   139 | -                  |
| 1999/00                                                              | 4,429                    | 7,171         |   152 | -                  |
| 2000/01                                                              | 4,709                    | 7,470         |   195 | -                  |
| 2001/02                                                              | 5,128                    | 7,451         |   207 | 97                 |
| 2002/03                                                              | 5,734                    | 7,367         |   232 | 100                |
| 2003/04                                                              | 6,431                    | 7,340         |   235 | 103                |
| 2004/05                                                              | 6,755                    | 7,606         |   243 | 113                |
| 2005/06                                                              | 6,653                    | 7,586         |   257 | 117                |
| 2006/07                                                              | 7,014                    | 7,665         |   301 | 127                |
| Source: TfL Service Performance Data, DLR, Tramtrack Croydon Limited | Enquiries: 020 7126 4616 |               |       |                    |

Source: TfL Service Performance Data The number of bus and Underground passenger journey stages both increased by 4% in 2006/07, with increases in average journey lengths by both modes. The percentage of scheduled kilometres operated by Underground and DLR both increased in 2006/07, while those operated by bus decreased slightly.

Source: Transport for London Enquiries: 020 7126 4608
Bus fares in London have resisted the UK trend with fares decreasing since 1999/00. Fares have started to fall again in 2006/07 after rising slightly from the low seen in 2003/04. Underground fares have remained largely unchanged since 1999/00, although fares have been slightly increasing since 2004/05, and are now above the 1999/00 levels. In contrast, motoring costs have decreased steadily year on year since 1999/00 across the UK as a whole.

## 3. Public Transport 3.2. Fares And Prices

See technical note. Headline fares increased in 2006/07 as a result of the January 2006 and 2007 fares revisions. However, the average fare paid decreased as a result of increased usage of Oyster cards. Both the Underground average fare paid and headline fares index continued to rise in 2006/07.

Source: TfL Service Performance Data Enquiries: 020 7126 4616
The average fare paid per kilometre by bus fell in 2006/07, to just over 14 pence. This reversed the trend seen in the previous two years. The level is still much lower than in 1999/00, where fares averaged over 17 pence per kilometre. Average Underground fares rose to over 18 pence per kilometre, while DLR fares dropped to below 18 pence per kilometre for the first time since 2000/01.

3.3. Bus
Real average
fare per
passenger
kilometre
Traffic
Average
Average
Passenger
Passenger
at 2006/07
revenue at
Bus
number of
journey
kilometres
journey
prices
2006/07
kilometres
passengers
stage
Year
(m)
stages (m)1
(pence)
prices (£m)
operated (m)
per bus
length (km)
1991/92
3,996 
1,149 
15.2 
606 
299 
13.4 
3.5 
1992/93
3,922 
1,127 
15.4 
606 
317
12.4 
3.5 
1993/94
3,819 
1,112 
16.6 
633 
315
12.1 
3.4 
1994/95
3,912 
1,159 
17.0 
664 
319
12.3 
3.4 
1995/96
4,018 
1,198 
17.0 
683 
325
12.4 
3.4 
1996/97
4,159 
1,234 
17.1 
713 
327
12.7 
3.4 
1997/98
4,350 
1,277 
16.8 
729 
336
12.9 
3.4 
1998/99
4,315 
1,267 
17.0 
735 
340
12.7 
3.4 
1999/00
4,429 
1,296 
17.1 
758 
348
12.7 
3.4 
2000/01
4,709 
1,354 
16.3 
767 
357
13.2 
3.5 
2001/02
5,128 
1,430 
15.2 
778 
373
13.7 
3.6 
2002/03
5,734 
1,536 
13.8 
789 
397
14.4 
3.7 
2003/04
6,431 
1,702 
13.1 
842 
437
14.7 
3.8 
2004/05
6,755 
1,793 
13.7 
926 
450
15.0 
3.8 
2005/06
6,653 
1,816 
14.6 
974 
454
14.7 
3.7 
2006/07
7,014 
1,880 
14.3 
1,003 
458
15.3 
3.7 
Source: TfL Service Performance Data
Enquiries: 020 7126 4616
1. Due to better data collection methods, estimates of bus passenger journey stages for 2006/07 will be revised next year.
The new estimates are based on Oyster validation records, and will include journey stages made by people with staff passes and police warrants. The effect of these changes is to increase the 2006/07 estimate to 2.1 billion journey stages.

Although there was an increase in both passenger kilometres and average number of passengers per bus since 2005/06, the average fare per passenger kilometre decreased. This decrease was a result of an increased use of Oyster cards on bus journeys.

Enquiries: 020 7126 4553
1. After 1998 using financial year GLBPS data.

See technical note.

1. After 1998 using financial year GLBPS data.

See technical note. As in 2005/06 all time periods showed an increase in the number of journey stages (on average by 6%). Night bus usage increased by 14% in 2006/07. Weekend journey stages also increased, especially on Sundays. The mix of tickets used for bus travel was very similar at the weekend to that during the week in 2006/07. Oyster card pay as you go usage continued to increase rapidly throughout 2006/07, changing from 10% in weekdays in the first quarter to 15% in the fourth quarter. Conversely, use of cash based tickets continued to decline throughout the year. These include singles, savers and one day bus passes. All other ticket types are available on Oyster.

The Oyster card was introduced in September 2003 for use on bus, Underground, DLR and trams. Freedom Passes for free travel by elderly and disabled people were transferred to Oyster card in 2004 and Travelcards in September 2005. From January 2006 Oyster card pay as you go fares were cheaper than cash fares for the same journeys. Since its introduction, Oyster card use has increased with a steady monthly growth and accounted for 85% of all bus journeys by March 2007. Cash fares and other ticket types decreased by more than 50% between March 2006 and March 2007, pay as you go usage increased by 96% and other Oyster card ticket types by 25% in the same period.

Weekday and weekend bus usage show distinctive hourly profiles, with weekdays showing two distinct peaks, one in the morning around 8am, and one between 3-6pm. On a Saturday a flatter profile is seen, with the largest demand during the daytime between 11am and 5pm. On Sundays, the demand is lower than on other days, with a peak at about 1pm.

Low frequency
Percentage of scheduled kilometres
High frequency services1
services2
Lost due
Average wait time (minutes)
Percentage of
to traffic
Lost due to
timetabled
Year
Operated
congestion
other causes
Actual
Excess
services on time3
1993/94
96.9
0.8
2.3
6.6
1.9
66.7
1994/95
98.0
1.1
0.9
6.5
1.8
69.7
1995/96
98.2
1.0
0.8
6.5
1.7
71.4
1996/97
97.9
1.2
0.9
6.4
1.8
70.3
1997/98
97.4
1.3
1.3
6.4
1.8
70.0
1998/99
96.9
1.6
1.5
6.6
2.0
69.0
1999/00
95.7
1.8
2.5
6.7
2.1
67.8
2000/01
95.3
2.1
2.6
6.8
2.2
67.7
2001/02
96.4
2.0
1.6
6.6
2.0
69.4
2002/03
96.1
2.6
1.3
6.4
1.8
70.5
2003/04
97.2
1.7
1.1
5.8
1.4
74.6
2004/05
97.7
1.6
0.8
5.6
1.1
77.1
2005/06
97.7
1.7
0.6
5.6
1.1
77.2
2006/07
97.5
1.9
0.6
5.5
1.1
78.1
Percentage change 1 year
•
•
•
–2%
0%
•
10 years
•
•
•
–14%
–40%
•
Source: Transport for London
Enquiries: 020 7126 4616
1. High frequency services are those operating with a frequency of 5 or more buses per hour. 2. Low frequency services are those operating with a frequency of 4 or less buses per hour. 3. Buses are defined as on time if departing between 2.5 minutes before and 5 minutes after their scheduled departure times.

Bus service reliability maintained a very similar level in 2006/07 to that seen the previous year. There was a slight increase in bus kilometres lost to traffic congestion, although this was still lower than in 2002/03. There was a 2% drop in actual wait times for high frequency services, continuing the declining trend since 2000/01.

Source: TfL Service Performance Data Enquiries: 020 7126 4616
1. Deducting scheduled kilometres lost due to traffic congestion.

## 3. Public Transport 3.4. Underground

Real average
fare per
passenger
Traffic
Average
Passenger
kilometre at
revenue
Train
journey
Passenger
journey stages 2006/07 prices
at 2006/07 
kilometres
stage length
Year
kilometres (m)
(m)
(pence)
prices (£m)
operated (m)
(km)
1991/92
5,895 
751
14.1
830 
53.0
7.8
1992/93
5,758 
728
14.7
848 
53.0
7.9
1993/94
5,814 
735
15.5
902 
53.0
7.9
1994/95
6,051 
764
16.3
989 
55.0
7.9
1995/96
6,337 
784
16.1
1,022 
57.0
8.1
1996/97
6,153 
772
16.9
1,040 
59.0
8.0
1997/98
6,479 
832
17.5
1,135 
62.0
7.8
1998/99
6,716 
866
17.8
1,195 
61.2
7.8
1999/00
7,171 
927
17.8
1,276 
63.1
7.7
2000/01
7,470 
970
17.7
1,322 
63.8
7.7
2001/02
7,451 
953
17.8
1,327 
65.4
7.8
2002/03
7,367 
942
17.7
1,307 
65.4
7.8
2003/04
7,340 
948
17.3
1,268 
67.7
7.7
2004/05
7,606 
976
17.4
1,321 
69.5
7.8
2005/061
7,586 
971
17.8
1,347 
68.5
7.8
2006/07
7,665 
1,014
18.5
1,417 
69.8
7.6
Source: TfL Service Performance Data
Enquiries: 020 7126 4616
1. The revenue for 2005/06 includes a late Travelcard adjustment.

London Underground passenger kilometres and journey stages increased in 2006/07. Traffic revenue increased by 5%, partly due to the 4% increase in the average fare. Average journey stage length decreased, from 7.8km in 2005/06 to 7.6 in 2006/07.

Source: LUL Entry Counts Enquiries: 020 7918 4492
The number of journey stages on the Underground increased for all time periods in 2006 after a relatively flat trend in preceding years. Evening growth continued to far outdo other time periods, with an 11% increase since 2005 compared to an average 7% increase in other time periods.

Enquiries: 020 7126 4616
The shares of weekday and weekend ticket types for Underground usage did not greatly change between the quarters in 2006/07. The main change was the increased use of Oyster card pay as you go, which rose by more than 10% between the fourth quarter and the fourth quarter of the previous year for both weekday and weekend. Conversely, singles/carnet saw a decrease of around 3% between the first and fourth quarter for both weekday and weekend, on what was already a small percentage share. Daily price capping is available on Oyster, meaning that the total pay as you go fare will be less than the equivalent one day travelcard fare, explaining some of the shift to Oyster.

The increased use of Oyster cards on the Underground in 2006/07 was similar to that seen for buses; usage of Oyster cards increased by 70% since they were introduced in September 2003. Cash fares and other non-Oyster ticket types saw a decrease in usage between March 2006 and March 2007. Use of other Oyster card tickets remained similar to that seen in March 2006, while pay as you go use for Underground travel increased by 73% in the same period. In March 2007 Oyster card ticket types (including Freedom passes) accounted for over 60% of all tickets used on the Underground.

Source: LUL Entry Counts Enquiries: 020 7918 4492

Percentage of scheduled
Excess journey time
Year
kilometres operated
(minutes)1
1990/91
95.0
••
1991/92
97.2
••
1992/93
97.5
••
1993/94
96.5
••
1994/95
96.8
••
1995/96
96.2
••
1996/97
94.5
••
1997/98
95.5
••
1998/99
93.6
7.1
1999/00
94.3
7.5
2000/01
91.6
8.6
2001/02
92.9
8.1
2002/03
91.1
9.7
2003/04
93.1
7.4
2004/05
95.3
7.2
2005/06
93.6
7.5

2006/07
94.5
8.1
Source: Transport for London Enquiries: 020 7918 3439
1. Excess journey time is the difference between actual journey time and that predicted if services run to time, weighted based on how customers value time. Data not collected prior to 1998/99.

See technical note. The percentage of scheduled kilometres operated increased in 2006/07 after the decrease in 2005/06 following the terrorist attacks in July 2005. However, the 2006/07 figure is still lower than that seen in 2004/05. Excess journey time increased by 0.6 minutes, continuing the trend seen over the previous two years.

Source: TfL Service Performance Data Enquiries: 020 7126 4616
Service reliability on London Underground is defined as the percentage of scheduled kilometres operated. The East London line was the most reliable in 2006/07 at 99.1%, followed by the Waterloo & City line (97.7%). The Circle and Hammersmith & City lines operated the lowest percentage of scheduled kilometres (90.1%), followed by the Northern line (90.6%).

## 3. Public Transport 3.5. Rail

Millions
Percentage
Year
All trips
Within London
To/from London
within London
1995/96
379
201
178
53.0
1996/97
406
212
194
52.1
1997/98
434
223
211
51.4
1998/99
458
235
223
51.4
1999/00
484
246
238
50.8
2000/01
492
248
244
50.4
2001/02
493
247
246
50.1
2002/03
505
254
252
50.2
2003/04
502
244
258
48.6
2004/05
503
238
265
47.3
2005/06
503
232
271
46.1
Source: Office of Rail Regulation
Enquiries: 020 7282 2192

See technical note.

Enquiries: 020 7282 2192
The South East and East have seen the highest increases in National Rail trips to and from London; the South East by 18% and East by 19%. However, trips within London have decreased by nearly 9% since the peak in 2002/03.

Enquiries: 020 7282 2000
Passenger kilometres by rail in London and the South East continued the general increasing trend seen in previous years. An increase of 8% was seen in 2006/07, with 22.4 billion passenger kilometres travelled. Passenger journeys on London and South East operator services have also shown an increasing trend since 1998/99. 2006/07 saw a particularly sharp increase, with journeys in London and the South East up by 7%.

Source: ORR Enquiries: 020 7282 2000
The percentage of trains arriving on time continued in an annual cycle for both peak and all services, with the highest rates seen in the first quarter (April to June) of each year. The percentage of trains arriving on time was lower in the peak period than over the whole day. Since 1995, rail fares charged by London and South East operators increased in real terms for both standard (unregulated) and first class tickets while standard class regulated fares, after falling between 1998 and 2003, rose again to reach 2% below the 1995 level in January 2007.

## 3. Public Transport 3.6. Docklands Light Railway

Average
fare per
Traffic
passenger
revenue
Passenger
kilometre
at 2006/07
Passenger
journey stages
at 2006/07
prices
Train
Year
kilometres (m)
(m)
prices (pence)
(£m)
kilometres (m)
1987/88
15.4
3.3
17.7
2.7
0.5
1988/89
32.0
6.6
14.4
4.6
0.8
1989/90
37.8
8.5
14.9
5.6
0.7
1990/91
33.0
8.0
14.6
4.8
0.8
1991/92
32.3
7.9
13.8
4.5
1.0
1992/93
32.5
6.9
16.4
5.3
1.1
1993/94
39.4
8.3
16.5
6.5
1.1
1994/95
55.0
11.5
17.0
9.4
1.5
1995/96
70.0
14.5
17.9
12.5
2.0
1996/97
85.6
16.7
18.4
15.8
2.3
1997/98
109.9
21.4
17.3
19.0
2.4
1998/99
138.7
27.6
17.7
24.6
2.5
1999/00
152.2
30.9
17.6
26.7
2.6
2000/01
195.3
38.4
17.7
34.5
2.9
2001/02
206.9
41.3
19.0
39.3
2.9
2002/03
232.0
45.7
18.2
42.3
3.2
2003/04
235.0
48.5
18.1
42.5
3.4
2004/05
242.8
50.1
19.1
46.3
3.3
2005/06
257.4
53.0
19.9
51.2
3.6
2006/07
300.6
61.3
17.5
52.5
4.3
Source: DLR
Enquiries: 020 7363 9611

DLR saw a continued increase in use in 2006/07. Both passenger kilometres and journeys (boardings) continued to rise. At the same time, the average fare paid per passenger kilometre decreased to the lowest level since 1997/98.

|             | Percentage of scheduled   | Percentage of trains   |
|-------------|---------------------------|------------------------|
| Year        | services operated         | on time                |
| 1997/98     | 95.6                      | 89.6                   |
| 1998/99     | 97.5                      | 92.0                   |
| 1999/00     | 97.8                      | 93.7                   |
| 2000/01     | 98.2                      | 96.3                   |
| 2001/02     | 98.3                      | 96.6                   |
| 2002/03     | 98.1                      | 96.3                   |
| 2003/04     | 98.2                      | 96.6                   |
| 2004/05     | 98.5                      | 97.1                   |
| 2005/06     | 98.7                      | 97.3                   |
| 2006/07     | 99.2                      | 97.8                   |
| Source: DLR | Enquiries: 020 7363 9580  |                        |

DLR service reliability continued to improve and in 2006/07 was at its highest since monitoring began in 1997/98.

## 3. Public Transport 3.7. Croydon Tramlink

Average
fare per
passenger 
Traffic
Tram
Average
Passenger
kilometre
revenue
kilometres
journey 
Passenger
journey stages
at 2006/07
at 2006/07
operated
stage length
Year
kilometres (m)
(m)
prices (pence)
prices (£m)
(m)
(km)
2001/02
97
18.6
13.7
13.3
2.4
5.2
2002/03
100
19.2
13.8
13.7
2.5
5.2
2003/04
103
19.8
13.7
14.1
2.5
5.2
2004/05
113
21.8
14.9
16.9
2.4
5.2
2005/06
117
22.5
15.6
18.3
2.4
5.2
2006/07
127
24.5
14.5
18.5
2.5
5.2
Source: Tramtrack Croydon Limited
Enquiries: 020 8689 3788
1. In 2006/07, passengers under the age of 5 were included for the first time. 

Croydon Tramlink services began in 2000/01, with the first full year of operation being 2001/02, and since then a steady rise has been seen in its usage. In 2006/07 the number of passenger kilometres and journey stages increased. The traffic revenue also increased slightly, even though there was a fall in the average fare.

Percentage of
Scheduled kilometres
Operated kilometres 
scheduled service
Year
(thousands)
(thousands)1
operated
2001/02
2.44
2.41
99.1
2002/03
2.49
2.46
98.9
2003/04
2.50
2.48
99.0
2004/05
2.49
2.42
97.2
2005/06
2.50
2.44
97.4
2006/07
2.57
2.54
98.7
Source: Tramtrack Croydon Limited
Enquiries: 020 8689 3788
1. Operated kilometres exclude replacement bus services operated during periods of track repair works.

The percentage of scheduled kilometres operated by Croydon Tramlink increased in 2006/07 to 98.7%, just below the level achieved in the first 3 years of operation.

## 3.8. Taxis

Thousands
|                                                        |                          |          |       | Taxi drivers licensed   | Real fares index   |
|--------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|----------|-------|-------------------------|--------------------|
| Year                                                   | All London               | Suburban | Total | Taxis licensed          | (1994=100)         |
| 1983                                                   | 16.2                     | 1.9      | 18.1  | 13.1                    | 88.0               |
| 1984                                                   | 16.4                     | 1.9      | 18.3  | 13.6                    | 88.3               |
| 1985                                                   | 16.6                     | 1.8      | 18.4  | 13.8                    | 85.8               |
| 1986                                                   | 17.0                     | 1.8      | 18.8  | 14.2                    | 87.4               |
| 1987                                                   | 17.7                     | 1.7      | 19.4  | 14.8                    | 88.5               |
| 1988                                                   | 18.1                     | 1.7      | 19.8  | 15.2                    | 89.8               |
| 1989                                                   | 18.5                     | 1.7      | 20.1  | 15.6                    | 92.6               |
| 1990                                                   | 18.9                     | 1.7      | 20.6  | 16.3                    | 92.4               |
| 1991                                                   | 19.3                     | 2.0      | 21.2  | 16.6                    | 95.0               |
| 1992                                                   | 18.8                     | 1.8      | 20.5  | 17.1                    | 97.2               |
| 1993                                                   | 18.8                     | 1.8      | 20.5  | 17.3                    | 99.5               |
| 1994                                                   | 19.6                     | 1.8      | 21.3  | 18.3                    | 100.0              |
| 1995                                                   | 20.2                     | 1.8      | 21.9  | 18.3                    | 100.9              |
| 1996                                                   | 20.3                     | 1.8      | 22.1  | 18.7                    | 103.1              |
| 1997                                                   | 20.3                     | 2.0      | 22.3  | 18.9                    | 103.9              |
| 1998                                                   | 20.4                     | 2.1      | 22.5  | 19.4                    | 104.2              |
| 1999                                                   | 20.9                     | 2.5      | 23.3  | 19.2                    | 107.0              |
| 2000                                                   | 21.0                     | 2.4      | 23.4  | 19.4                    | 110.8              |
| 2001                                                   | 21.3                     | 2.5      | 23.9  | 20.9                    | 125.1              |
| 2002                                                   | 21.7                     | 2.7      | 24.4  | 20.5                    | 127.0              |
| 2003                                                   | 21.8                     | 2.9      | 24.7  | 20.9                    | 124.4              |
| 2004                                                   | 21.7                     | 3.1      | 24.9  | 20.9                    | 124.9              |
| 2005                                                   | 21.6                     | 3.1      | 24.7  | 21.0                    | 128.0              |
| 2006                                                   | 21.5                     | 3.1      | 24.7  | 21.7                    | 128.4              |
| 2007                                                   | 21.5                     | 3.1      | 24.6  | 21.6                    | 131.3              |
| Source: TfL Public Carriage Office, PCO Licensing Book | Enquiries: 020 7126 7865 |          |       |                         |                    |

See technical note.

2007 saw very little change from 2006, with the number of licensed drivers remaining static, while the number of licensed taxis fell by less than 1%. Fares continued to increase, with real fares almost a third higher than 1994.

Thousands
Licensed private hire
Licensed private hire
Licensed private hire
Year
operators
vehicles
drivers
2001 
0.1
•
•
2002 
1.6
•
•
2003 
2.2
•
•
2004 
2.3
•
7.0
2005 
2.3
36.9
19.0
2006 
2.3
40.5
31.1
2007 
2.1
44.4
38.0
Source: TfL Public Carriage Office
Enquiries: 020 7126 7865

See technical note. The number of both licensed private hire vehicles and drivers increased significantly in 2007, by 10% and 22% respectively.

## 3. Public Transport 3.9. Coach Travel

Thousands
Domestic coach
International coach
Total passenger
Year
departures1
departures
numbers (millions)2
1994/95
159
12
- 
1995/96
158
11
•
1996/97
174
12
•
1997/98
174
12
•
1998/99
179
12
•
1999/00
171
13
•
2000/01
177
14
•
2001/02
174
13
•
2002/03
176
13
•
2003/04
186
10
•
2004/05
175
11
9.70
2005/06
184
12
7.93
2006/07
177
11
8.10
Source: Victoria Coach Station departure figures
Enquiries: 020 7824 0001
1. Up to 2003/04 domestic departures include some relatively high frequency specialist 
London Bus services no longer operating.
2. Numbers of passengers are reported by coach operators by calendar year: 
thus, for example, the passengers reported in 2005/06 relate to the year 2005.

See technical note. Both domestic and international coach departures decreased between 2005/06 and 2006/07, but total passenger numbers increased.

Percentage
Summer Easter
Summer
Easter
Summer
Easter Summer Easter
2003
2004
2004
2005
2005
2006
2006
2007
Service type: 
Private Hire
28
24
35
34
33
25
36
30
Scheduled
47
54
52
49
53
57
49
49
Foreign (non-UK registered)
9
15
10
13
11
17
12
20
Other
16
7
3
3
3
2
2
1
All types
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Number of coaches1
3,391
3,077
3,693
3,221
3,043
2,912
3,266
3,107
Load type:
Full
27
31
34
38
42
42
48
48
Half full
30
29
24
22
22
20
19
18
Nearly empty
13
13
10
10
10
9
8
7
Empty/out of service
27
26
31
28
25
28
25
26
Not known
3
2
1
1
1
1
–
–
All types
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Source: Central London Coach Survey
Enquiries: 020 7027 9650
1. Coaches entering or leaving central London between 7am and 7pm on a random weekday. 

Coach movements increased in Summer 2006 compared with the previous year, but remain below those seen in 2003 and 2004. The number of non-UK registered coaches continued to increase, and more full coaches, as opposed to half full or nearly empty, were also observed. 

## 3. Public Transport 3.10 River Services

Thousands
Piers1
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
Bankside
4
3
5
45
80
109
114
104
Blackfriars2
7
25
28
67
13
24
29
••
Embankment
316
357
395
345
310
255
190
216
Festival
11
15
18
9
10
9
6
8
Greenwich
215
177
185
162
197
184
194
209
Millbank
•
•
•
•
59
83
75
93
Tower
274
237
224
235
207
289
272
332
Waterloo3
61
291
178
272
171
•
•
•
Westminster
725
468
706
634
636
745
721
796
All Piers
1,613
1,574
1,739
1,767
1,682
1,699
1,601
1,759
Percentage change 1 year
••
–2.4%
10.5%
1.6%
–4.8%
1.0%
–5.7%
9.9%
Thames Clippers4
••
••
••
••
183
367
525
662
Source: TfL London River Services
Enquiries: 020 7941 2405
1. Excludes charter ticket sales. 2. From 2006, Blackfriars is served only by Thames Clippers therefore all passengers at this pier 
are included in the Thames Clippers total.
3. Waterloo Pier was managed by LRS (and therefore data only collected) until 31/07/03 only. 4. Thames Clippers run under contract to LRS. Passengers have not been counted in LRS pier totals.

See technical note. The total tickets sold for London River Services increased by 9.9% in 2006/07. The number of boardings of the Thames Clipper service also increased in 2006/07, by 26%.

## 3. Public Transport 3.11. Dial-A-Ride

Average cost per
Number
Registered
passenger journey
Total grant
of journeys
Number
passengers
(2006/07 prices)
(2006/07 prices)
Year
(thousands)
of buses
(thousands)
(£)
(£m)
1990/91
676
160
77
17.27
12.7
1991/92
745
175
82
17.24
14.6
1992/93
750
177
39
19.09
14.9
1993/94
746
193
51
19.78
16.7
1994/95
835
215
61
17.19
17.6
1995/96
961
242
66
14.38
15.1
1996/97
993
244
80
13.40
14.8
1997/98
1,084
245
93
12.50
14.3
1998/99
1,142
262
107
12.28
14.5
1999/00
1,178
287
71
12.25
15.4
2000/01
1,222
292
73
11.90
15.0
2001/02
1,260
302
86
13.25
16.7
2002/03
1,269
317
96
14.06
17.9
2003/04
1,325
316
61
14.65
18.3
2004/05
1,261
316
66
18.12
21.9
2005/06
1,232
336
71
19.85
23.7
2006/07
1,173
342
72
23.42
26.7
Source: Transport for London, Dial-a-Ride
Enquiries: 020 7027 5823
1. Re-registration exercises took place in 1992/93, 1999/00 and 2003/04. 2. From 2003/04, cost per passenger journey includes fares paid by passengers. 3. Additional costs in 2005/06 and 2006/07 were caused by delays to the implementation 
of a new booking system and central call centre.

## See Technical Note.

The number of journeys on Dial-a-Ride services decreased by nearly 5% in 2006/07. The average cost per passenger journey increased by 18%, due to additional booking staff costs in 2005/06 and 2006/07.

## 3.12. Taxicard

Number of 
Number of
Average cost per
User contribution Total joint funding
journeys 
members
vehicle trip at
at 2006/07 prices (TfL & Boroughs) at
Year1
(thousands)
(thousands)
2006/07 prices (£)2
(£)3
2006/07 prices (£m)2
1990/91
756
35
12.90
••
••
1991/92
760
37
12.46
••
••
1992/93
765
45
12.58
••
••
1993/94
702
40
10.17
••
••
1994/95
741
45
10.72
••
••
1995/96
751
44
10.25
••
••
1996/97
553
36
11.38
••
••
1997/98
500
43
11.75
••
••
1998/99
533
45
11.40
••
••
1999/00
501
44
11.73
••
••
2000/01
478
41
12.18
••
••
2001/02
523
39
12.71
4.85
10.25
2002/03
653
44
12.80
4.30
11.74
2003/04
791
50
13.15
4.02
12.19
2004/05
948
63
12.19
2.70
12.99
2005/06
1,118
74
14.24
2.49
13.38
2006/07
1,275
77
13.70
2.28
15.30
Percentage change 1 year
14%
4%
-4%
-8%
14%
10 years
131%
113%
20%
••
••
Source: Taxicard Survey 
Enquiries: 020 7126 1921
1. Up to 2003/04 excludes Barnet, Greenwich, Redbridge and Westminster, which operated their 
own Taxicard scheme. From 2004/05, only Westminster is excluded.
2. The average cost per trip comprises the total metered fare, plus an administration fee, 
before the user's contribution is deducted.
3. The user contribution comprises the user's minimum fare, plus any amount on the meter that 
is in excess of the borough's subsidy. Data available since TfL funding began in 2001.

See technical note. Both the number of journeys and the number of Taxicard members continued to increase in 2006/07. In ten years, the number of journeys has more than doubled. The average cost per vehicle trip and user contribution both decreased in real terms compared to the previous year. Since TfL funding began in 2001, the number of members increased by 85% and the number of journeys per member by 44%.

Average cost per
User
Number 
Number of
vehicle trip at
contribution
of journeys
members
2006/07 prices
(2006/07 prices)
Year
(thousands)
(thousands)
(£)
(£)
2004/05
15.6
3.4
14.65
1.60
2005/06
20.6
5.0
15.13
1.56
2006/07
21.8
6.6
15.83
1.50
Percentage change 1 year
6%
33%
5%
–4%
Source: Capital Call survey
Enquiries: 020 7126 1921
1. The average cost per vehicle trip does not include administration costs.

See technical note. The numbers of journeys and members for Capital Call continued to increase in 2006/07. The number of members increased by a third in 2006/07, almost doubling the initial membership in 2004/05. The average cost per vehicle trip also increased, although the user contribution decreased by 4% in real terms.

## 4. Private Transport 4.1. Road Traffic

Billion vehicle-kilometres
Motorways and
Principal
Minor
All roads
All roads
Year
trunk roads
roads
roads
London
Great Britain
1993
8.3
11.3
11.1
30.7
412.3
1994
8.5
11.5
11.2
31.1
421.5
1995
8.5
11.5
11.2
31.2
429.7
1996
8.6
11.5
11.3
31.5
441.1
1997
8.7
11.5
11.4
31.7
450.3
1998
8.8
11.5
11.6
31.9
458.5
1999
9.0
11.7
11.9
32.7
467.0
2000
9.1
11.6
11.9
32.6
467.1
20011
2.2
18.5
12.1
32.7
474.4
2002
2.2
18.1
12.5
32.8
486.5
2003
2.1
18.1
12.6
32.8
490.4
2004
2.1
18.0
12.6
32.7
498.6
2005
2.0
18.0
12.6
32.7
499.4
2006
2.2
18.1
12.7
33.0
506.4
Total road length (km)
60
1,720
13,146
14,926
398,350
Source: National Road Traffic survey, DfT 
Enquiries: 020 7027 9343
1. In 2001 all-purpose trunk roads in London were reclassified as principal roads.

See technical note. Road traffic in London in 2006 remained at a similar level to that seen in 2005. Levels of road traffic in London have remained static since 1999, with less than 1% growth between then and 2006. In contrast, road traffic in Britain as a whole has increased by over 8% between 1999 and 2006. Traffic on London's motorways increased by 10% in 2006, although levels were no higher than in 2001.

Source: DfT National Road Traffic Counts Enquiries: 020 7027 9343

Million vehicle-kilometres
Cars and
Two-wheeled
Buses and
Goods
All motor
Road class
taxis
motor vehicles
coaches
Light vans
vehicles
vehicles
Motorways
1,682
19
15
265
218
2,199
Principal roads
14,455
482
409
2,182
664
18,192
All minor roads
10,261
322
197
1,680
191
12,650
All roads
26,398
823
621
4,126
1,073
33,041
Source: National Road Traffic Survey, DfT
Enquiries: 020 7944 3095

See technical note.

Thousand vehicles per day
Cars and
Two-wheeled
Buses and
Light
Goods
All motor
Year
taxis
motor vehicles
coaches
vans
vehicles
vehicles
1993
24.8
0.6
0.4
3.1
1.3
30.3
1994
25.2
0.6
0.5
3.2
1.3
30.8
1995
25.1
0.6
0.5
3.4
1.3
30.8
1996
25.3
0.6
0.5
3.3
1.3
31.1
1997
25.4
0.7
0.5
3.4
1.3
31.3
1998
25.4
0.7
0.5
3.3
1.5
31.3
1999
25.8
0.7
0.5
3.5
1.4
31.9
2000
25.6
0.7
0.5
3.5
1.4
31.8
2001
25.5
0.7
0.5
3.6
1.4
31.7
2002
25.2
0.7
0.6
3.4
1.4
31.2
2003
24.7
0.8
0.6
3.7
1.3
31.1
2004
24.5
0.7
0.6
3.5
1.4
30.8
2005
24.4
0.7
0.6
3.6
1.4
30.7
2006
24.8
0.8
0.7
3.8
1.4
31.4
Source: National Road Traffic Survey, DfT
Enquiries: 020 7944 3095
1. Major roads include motorways, all-purpose trunk and principal roads; 
in 2001 all-purpose trunk roads in London were reclassified as principal roads.

See technical note. Vehicle flows on major roads in London have remained relatively stable since the start of the century. There was a slight increase in the number of cars and taxis in 2006, which was 2% higher than 2005 levels. The number of motorcycles on London's major roads also increased, by 14%.

## 4. Private Transport

As in previous years, the number of vehicles crossing the central cordon fell in 2006, decreasing by 2%.

© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (GLA) (100032379) (2003)

## 4.2. Speeds

Miles per hour
Greater London
Rest of
Year
Central area
inner area
All inner
Outer area
All areas
Morning peak period
1977-1982
12.2
14.1
13.6
19.2
17.2
1983-1990
11.7
12.7
12.4
18.6
16.5
1990-1997
10.6
13.3
12.4
17.2
15.7
1997-2000
10.0
12.0
11.4
18.2
15.9
2000-2002
9.9
11.6
11.1
16.9
15.0
2003-2006
10.6
11.7
11.4
16.3
14.8
2006-2009
9.3
11.2
10.7
••
••
Daytime off-peak period
1977-1982
12.1
17.3
15.3
25.0
20.8
1983-1990
11.5
15.5
14.1
24.0
19.9
1990-1997
10.7
15.4
13.7
22.7
19.2
1997-2000
10.0
14.8
13.0
21.9
18.5
2000-2002
9.0
13.7
12.0
21.4
17.7
2003-2006
10.5
14.1
12.9
21.3
18.3
2006-2009
9.4
13.7
12.3
••
••
Evening peak period
1977-1982
12.1
13.8
13.3
20.3
17.6
1983-1990
11.3
12.4
12.1
20.0
16.9
1990-1997
10.6
13.0
12.2
19.3
16.8
1997-2000
10.2
11.4
11.0
19.1
16.2
2000-2002
9.6
11.3
10.8
18.4
15.7
2003-2006
10.6
12.3
11.9
17.9
16.0
2006-2009
10.2
12.2
11.7
••
••
Source: TfL Traffic Speed Survey
Enquiries: 020 7027 9343

See technical note.

## 4. Private Transport

Source: TfL Traffic Speed Survey Enquiries: 020 7027 9343
In recent years there has generally been a downward trend in average traffic speeds across London. However, speeds in central London during the morning peak increased from under 10mph in 2002 to 11mph in 2003, as a result of reduced traffic levels following congestion charging. Since 2003, there has been a gradual decline to reach 10.2mph in 2006, just above the 1999 level. Speeds in the rest of inner London and outer London decreased by almost 1mph and 2mph, respectively, over the same period.

Source: Road Network Performance Team Enquiries: 020 7027 9343

## 4. Private Transport 4.3. Car Ownership

Percentage
Number of people in household
Average
Four or
All
household
Number of cars
One
Two
Three
more
households
size
Greater London
No car
61
33
32
17
38
1.9
One car
37
51
45
46
44
2.4
Two or more cars
2
17
23
38
17
3.3
All households
100
100
100
100
100
2.4
Rest of Great Britain
No car
50
14
14
9
23
1.7
One car
47
49
34
33
43
2.2
Two or more cars
3
37
52
58
34
3.1
All households
100
100
100
100
100
2.4
Great Britain
No car
52
17
16
10
25
1.8
One car
46
49
36
34
43
2.2
Two or more cars
2
34
48
55
32
3.1
All households
100
100
100
100
100
2.4

See technical note. The share of London households with no car fell in 2006, from 35% to 34%. Similarly, households with two or more cars also declined, from 21% to 17%. This led to an increase in the share of households with one car, which rose from 44% to 49%.

4. Private transport

## 4.4. Vehicle Registrations

Thousands
Percentage
Year
Greater London
company cars
Inner London
Outer London
1996
2,262
14
679
1,583
1997
2,259
12
688
1,571
1998
2,287
11
697
1,590
1999
2,319
10
707
1,611
2000
2,331
10
709
1,622
2001
2,379
9
721
1,657
2002
2,390
7
717
1,672
2003
2,397
6
714
1,682
2004
2,438
6
718
1,720
2005
2,473
5
724
1,750
2006
2,480
5
719
1,761
Percentage change 1 year
–
•
–
1%
5 years
4%
•
–
6%
Source: DfT, from DVLA vehicle record
Enquiries: 020 7983 4532 
1. Data recorded at the end of December each year.

## See Technical Note.

The number of car registrations in London at the end of 2006 continued an upward trend, and was 4% higher than in 2001. This was the net result of a 6% increase in outer London but almost no change in inner London.

## 4. Private Transport 4.5. Cycling

1. Major roads include trunk and principal roads.

Cycle flows on London's major roads continued to increase in 2006, with almost twice as many cycles recorded compared to 2000. The level of cyclists using the TLRN continued to increase in 2006/07
, with at times over twice the number of cyclists recorded in March 2000.

Across all age groups, men make more cycle trips than women. This is especially apparent in the 25-44 age group, where men made nearly twice as many trips as women. A large proportion of cycle trips (44%) are for commuting purposes, with shopping and leisure trips each accounting for just under 20% of all cycle trips. The chart shows the number of cycles crossing the Thames in both directions, based on a single day count at each bridge. Until 2006 there was a steady growth in the number of cycles crossing the River Thames, but a reduction in 2007.

## 4. Private Transport

© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (GLA) (100032379) (2006).

## 4.6. Walking

In all age groups except children, women make more walk trips than men. This is especially true for the 25-44 age group, where women make over 80% more walk trips than men. Nearly 40% of all walk trips are for shopping or personal business, with almost a quarter being for leisure purposes. Only 11% of people walk to work.

## 4. Private Transport

Source: ONS, 2001 Census of Population Enquiries: 020 7126 4608
© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (GLA) (100032379) (2006).

Higher proportions of walking to work are seen in areas where the employment density is high. The map has a similar pattern to chart 7.2.1 and reflects the fact that the vast majority of walks are for short distances.

## 4. Private Transport 4.7. Congestion Charging

1. Including minicabs.

Traffic patterns in and around the central London Congestion Charging zone remained broadly stable during 2006. Traffic entering the zone (vehicles with four or more wheels) was 21% lower than in 2002, the last year before the charge. The number of cars decreased by 36%. Among non-chargeable vehicles, pedal cycles entering the zone were 49% higher than in 2002, licensed taxis 13% higher and buses and coaches 25% higher. 

Source: TfL, Congestion Charging Enquiries: 020 7126 4384
In general, traffic flows followed the same seasonal pattern every year. Flows in 2006 appear to be lower throughout most of the year than the previous three years.

© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (GLA) (100032379) (2006).

On 19 February 2007
, the Central London Congestion Charging Scheme was extended westwards. The hours of operation also changed in February 2007
, with the scheme now operating between 7am and 6pm on weekdays.

This does not affect any of the charts in this chapter.

## 5. Freight 5.1. Road Freight

Source: DfT Continuing Survey of Road Goods Transport Enquiries: 020 7944 4261
Road freight lifted increased in 2006 after 2005's fall, with levels higher than any time since 1990. 68 million tonnes were moved within London, with a further 54 million tonnes coming into London from outside, and 34 million tonnes originating in London with destinations outside London. In total, 156 million tonnes of goods were lifted by road.

## 5.2. Water Freight

Source: Port of London Authority Enquiries: 020 7743 7900
Internal traffic remained at a similar level to 2005, with 2.5 million tonnes lifted. Port of London sea-going traffic dropped to 51.9 million tonnes after two years of growth.

## 5. Freight 5.3. Air Freight

Source: Civil Aviation Authority Enquiries: 020 7453 6258
The tonnage of air freight lifted decreased by 4% in 2006 after having remained stable in 2005. Heathrow has the highest volume of freight lifted (74%), while Gatwick has continued to lift about 0.22 million tonnes a year since 2003. On the other hand, freight lifted at Stansted airport has increased steadily, from 0.06 million tonnes in 1993 to 0.22 million tonnes in 2006.

## 6. Casualties 6.1. Road Casualties

Index
|                                                                                        |                          |       |        |        | Killed   | Seriously Injured   | Slightly Injured   | All casualties   |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|-------|--------|--------|----------|---------------------|--------------------|------------------|
| Year                                                                                   | London                   | GB    | London | GB     | London   | GB                  | London             | GB               |
| 1994-1998 average                                                                      | 100                      | 100   | 100    | 100    | 100      | 100                 | 100                | 100              |
| 1991                                                                                   | 148                      | 128   | 117    | 117    | 99       | 94                  | 102                | 97               |
| 1992                                                                                   | 126                      | 118   | 108    | 112    | 101      | 94                  | 102                | 97               |
| 1993                                                                                   | 115                      | 107   | 95     | 102    | 101      | 95                  | 101                | 96               |
| 1994                                                                                   | 109                      | 102   | 92     | 106    | 102      | 97                  | 100                | 99               |
| 1995                                                                                   | 87                       | 101   | 98     | 103    | 99       | 96                  | 99                 | 97               |
| 1996                                                                                   | 101                      | 101   | 102    | 101    | 99       | 100                 | 100                | 100              |
| 1997                                                                                   | 111                      | 101   | 105    | 98     | 101      | 103                 | 101                | 102              |
| 1998                                                                                   | 92                       | 96    | 103    | 93     | 99       | 103                 | 100                | 102              |
| 1999                                                                                   | 105                      | 96    | 88     | 89     | 102      | 102                 | 100                | 100              |
| 2000                                                                                   | 114                      | 95    | 91     | 87     | 102      | 102                 | 100                | 100              |
| 2001                                                                                   | 120                      | 96    | 90     | 84     | 98       | 100                 | 97                 | 98               |
| 2002                                                                                   | 112                      | 96    | 83     | 82     | 92       | 97                  | 91                 | 95               |
| 2003                                                                                   | 109                      | 98    | 76     | 76     | 85       | 93                  | 84                 | 91               |
| 2004                                                                                   | 87                       | 90    | 61     | 71     | 78       | 91                  | 76                 | 88               |
| 2005                                                                                   | 86                       | 89    | 53     | 66     | 72       | 88                  | 70                 | 85               |
| 2006                                                                                   | 93                       | 89    | 58     | 65     | 66       | 83                  | 65                 | 81               |
| 2006 number of casualties                                                              | 231                      | 3,172 | 3,715  | 28,673 | 25,864   | 226,559             | 29,810             | 258,404          |
| Source: TfL London Road Safety Unit                                                    | Enquiries: 020 7027 9332 |       |        |        |          |                     |                    |                  |
| DfT Transport Statistics Bulletin. Road Casualties in Great Britain Main Results: 2006 | www.dft.gov.uk           |       |        |        |          |                     |                    |                  |
| 1. Index based on 1994-1998 average.                                                   |                          |       |        |        |          |                     |                    |                  |

Overall, the number of casualties in London continued to decrease in 2006 due to a drop in the number with slight injuries. In 2006, the number of people killed on roads in London was 231. The numbers of people seriously injured and slightly injured in 2006 were 3,715 and 25,864 respectively.

## 6. Casualties

While most people involved in collisions were in cars, the great majority of these people had only a slight injury. On the other hand, pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists were more likely to be killed or seriously injured when involved in collisions.

## 6.2. Underground Casualties

1. Excludes suicides, victims of assault and terrorist activity.

In 2006/07
, the number of injuries and deaths on the Underground increased compared to previous years. 

The number of deaths was higher than previous years at 9 people, and the number of injuries was also high at 150, compared to 117 in 2005/06.

## 7. Population 7.1. Resident Population Of London

Thousands
|                                                           |                          |       | Greater London   | All ages   |
|-----------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|-------|------------------|------------|
| 65 and                                                    | All                      | Inner | Outer            | Great      |
| Year                                                      | 0-14                     | 15-64 | over             | ages       |
| Estimates                                                 |                          |       |                  |            |
| 1971                                                      | 1,598                    | 4,922 | 1,010            | 7          |
| 1981                                                      | 1,245                    | 4,513 | 1,048            | 6,806      |
| 1991                                                      | 1,266                    | 4,600 | 964              | 6,829      |
| 1996                                                      | 1,360                    | 4,686 | 929              | 6,974      |
| 2001                                                      | 1,368                    | 5,058 | 897              | 7          |
| 2002                                                      | 1,362                    | 5,104 | 895              | 7          |
| 2003                                                      | 1,356                    | 5,116 | 892              | 7          |
| 2004                                                      | 1,351                    | 5,150 | 888              | 7          |
| 2005                                                      | 1,355                    | 5,214 | 887              | 7          |
| 2006                                                      | 1,360                    | 5,269 | 884              | 7          |
| Percentage change                                         |                          |       |                  |            |
| 1971-1981                                                 | –22%                     | –8%   | 4%               | –10%       |
| 1981-1991                                                 | 2%                       | 2%    | –8%              | -          |
| 1991-2001                                                 | 8%                       | 10%   | –7%              | 7%         |
| 2001-2006                                                 | –1%                      | 4%    | –2%              | 3%         |
| Source: ONS Mid-year estimates (2002-06 revised Aug 2007) | Enquiries: 013 2981 3318 |       |                  |            |

© Crown copyright. All rights reserved (GLA) (100032379) (2003).

## 7. Population 7.2. Working Population

Thousands
Employee jobs 
Year1
in Greater London
Self-employed2
All jobs
1992
3,352
453
3,805
1993
3,307
449
3,756
1994
3,365
535
3,900
1995
3,458
499
3,957
1996
3,425
520
3,945
1997
3,562
512
4,074
1998
3,695
544
4,239
1999
3,897
513
4,410
2000
4,041
547
4,588
2001
4,046
536
4,582
2002
3,940
548
4,488
2003
3,920
637
4,557
2004
3,910
589
4,499
2005
3,987
617
4,604
2006
4,034
636
4,670
Percentage change 1 year
1%
3%
1%

10 years
18%
22%
18%
Source: ONS, Annual Business Inquiry Enquiries: 016 3381 2318
1. September estimates of the workforce in employment. 2. From 1997
, self-employed includes those on work-related government supported training schemes without a contract of employment.

The number of jobs in London increased by 1% in 2006.  Self-employed jobs rose faster than employees in employment, with a 3% increase to 636,000, accounting for 14% of all jobs in 2006.  
Source: ONS, 2001 Census of Population Enquiries: 020 7126 4608

People per sq km
Greater than 6,000 4,000 to 6,000 2,000 to 4,000 0 to 2,000

## 7. Population

Thousands
| Year                                                                  | In-commuters             |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|
| 1                                                                     |                          |
| Out-commuters                                                         |                          |
| 2                                                                     |                          |
| 1995                                                                  | 647                      |
| 1996                                                                  | 629                      |
| 1997                                                                  | 678                      |
| 1998                                                                  | 683                      |
| 1999                                                                  | 720                      |
| 2000                                                                  | 691                      |
| 2001                                                                  | 703                      |
| 2002                                                                  | 698                      |
| 2003                                                                  | 675                      |
| 2004                                                                  | 706                      |
| 2005                                                                  | 717                      |
| 2006                                                                  | 735                      |
| 2007                                                                  | 767                      |
| Source: Labour Force Survey (ONS) - Spring sample                     | Enquiries: 020 7126 4608 |
| 1. Workers in Greater London with residence outside Greater London.   |                          |
| 2. Residents in Greater London with workplace outside Greater London. |                          |

The number of people commuting into Greater London continued to increase in 2007
, continuing the trend that started in 2004. After a large rise in 2006, the number of London residents commuting out of London fell slightly in 2007.

## 7. Population 7.3. Visitors

|                                                                                    | Number of visitors            | Average number   | Average spending   |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|------------------|--------------------|
| Year                                                                               | (millions)                    | of nights spent  | at 2005 prices (£) |
| Domestic visitors                                                                  |                               |                  |                    |
| 2000                                                                               | 18.5                          | 2.3              | 166                |
| 2001                                                                               | 17.0                          | 2.4              | 177                |
| 2002                                                                               | 16.1                          | 2.2              | 175                |
| 2003                                                                               | 14.3                          | 2.3              | 225                |
| 2004                                                                               | 12.8                          | 2.3              | 216                |
| 2005                                                                               | 10.8                          | 2.2              | 194                |
| 2006                                                                               | 11.0                          | 2.2              | 207                |
| Overseas visitors                                                                  |                               |                  |                    |
| 2000                                                                               | 13.1                          | 6.3              | 525                |
| 2001                                                                               | 11.4                          | 6.6              | 510                |
| 2002                                                                               | 11.7                          | 6.5              | 499                |
| 2003                                                                               | 11.6                          | 6.8              | 502                |
| 2004                                                                               | 13.4                          | 6.8              | 481                |
| 2005                                                                               | 13.9                          | 6.6              | 496                |
| 2006                                                                               | 15.6                          | 6.5              | 502                |
| Source: United Kingdom Tourism Survey (UKTS), International Passenger Survey (IPS) | Enquiries: 0208 563 3320      |                  |                    |
| 1. Excludes day visits.                                                            | www.visitbritain.com/research |                  |                    |

See technical note.

Millions
| Purpose                                                                            | 2000                          | 2001   | 2002   | 2003   | 2004   | 2005   | 2006   |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| Domestic visitors                                                                  |                               |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Holiday                                                                            | 9.0                           | 8.2    | 7.9    | 6.8    | 6.1    | 4.9    | 5.5    |
| Business                                                                           | 3.8                           | 3.9    | 3.9    | 3.6    | 3.1    | 3.2    | 3.0    |
| Visiting friends or relatives                                                      | 5.0                           | 4.6    | 3.8    | 3.5    | 3.1    | 2.4    | 2.1    |
| Study                                                                              | -                             | -      | -      | -      | -      | -      | -      |
| Other                                                                              | 0.7                           | 0.3    | 0.5    | 0.4    | 0.5    | 0.3    | 0.4    |
| All domestic                                                                       | 18.5                          | 17.0   | 16.1   | 14.3   | 12.8   | 10.8   | 11.0   |
| Overseas visitors                                                                  |                               |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Holiday                                                                            | 6.2                           | 4.8    | 4.9    | 4.9    | 5.9    | 5.9    | 6.5    |
| Business                                                                           | 3.1                           | 2.8    | 2.8    | 2.7    | 2.9    | 3.2    | 3.7    |
| Visiting friends or relatives                                                      | 2.5                           | 2.6    | 2.7    | 2.8    | 3.2    | 3.4    | 3.7    |
| Study                                                                              | 0.2                           | 0.2    | 0.2    | 0.2    | 0.2    | 0.2    | 0.2    |
| Other                                                                              | 1.1                           | 1.0    | 1.1    | 1.0    | 1.2    | 1.2    | 1.5    |
| All overseas                                                                       | 13.1                          | 11.4   | 11.7   | 11.6   | 13.4   | 13.9   | 15.6   |
| Source: United Kingdom Tourism Survey (UKTS), International Passenger Survey (IPS) | Enquiries: 0208 563 3320      |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| 1. Excludes day visits.                                                            | www.visitbritain.com/research |        |        |        |        |        |        |

The numbers of both domestic and overseas visitors increased in 2006. This is a marked change for domestic visitors as between 2000 and 2005 the number of visitors decreased.

Millions
| Region                                      | 2000                     |   2001 |   2002 |   2003 |   2004 |   2005 |   2006 |
|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| Europe                                      | 6.9                      |    6.2 |    6.3 |    6.9 |    8   |    8.3 |    9.7 |
| North America                               | 3.3                      |    2.8 |    2.8 |    2.6 |    2.8 |    2.7 |    3   |
| Asia                                        | 0.9                      |    0.8 |    0.7 |    0.7 |    0.8 |    0.8 |    0.9 |
| Australia and New Zealand                   | 0.6                      |    0.5 |    0.5 |    0.6 |    0.6 |    0.7 |    0.7 |
| Africa                                      | 0.5                      |    0.4 |    0.4 |    0.4 |    0.5 |    0.3 |    0.5 |
| Middle East                                 | 0.5                      |    0.4 |    0.4 |    0.3 |    0.4 |    0.3 |    0.4 |
| Latin America                               | 0.2                      |    0.2 |    0.2 |    0.2 |    0.2 |    0.1 |    0.2 |
| South East Asia                             | 0.2                      |    0.2 |    0.2 |    0.2 |    0.2 |    0.2 |    0.2 |
| Caribbean                                   | 0.1                      |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |
| International Visitors Total                | 13.2                     |   11.5 |   11.6 |   11.7 |   13.4 |   13.5 |   15.6 |
| Domestic Visitors Total                     | 18.5                     |   16.9 |   16.1 |   14.3 |   12.8 |   10.8 |   11   |
| Source: International Passenger Survey, ONS | Enquiries: 020 7533 5765 |        |        |        |        |        |        |

The number of international visitors to London increased by 16% in 2006. As usual, the majority of visitors came from Europe (62%), followed by North America (19%) and Asia (6%). The largest increase was seen in visitors from Africa, which saw an increase of two-thirds over 2005.

## 8. Environment 8.1. Air Quality

The Air Quality Strategy (AQS) has an incident-based objective of 50μgm-3, measured as a daily mean not to be exceeded on more than 35 days per year (EU Limit Value). Following disappointing results due to unfavourable weather conditions in 2003, the number of days when PM10 levels exceeded 50μgm-3 showed improvement at background sites during 2004 and 2005. However, measurements for Inner London roadside and kerbside sites have not returned to their pre 2003 levels and continue to exceed the Air Quality Strategy Objective/ EU Limit Value.

The AQS stipulates an annual mean NO2 objective of 21 ppb (40μgm-3). The annual mean NO2 objective has been exceeded consistently in both Inner London background and roadside, while in Outer London background the annual mean NO2 objective has been achieved since 1998.

Source: Transport for London Enquiries: 020 7126 2849

## 10. Air Passengers 10.1. Terminal Passengers

Millions
All London
Year
Heathrow
Gatwick
Stansted
Luton
London City
area airports
1995
54.1
22.4
3.9
1.8
0.6
82.8
1996
55.7
24.1
4.8
2.4
0.7
87.8
1997
57.8
26.8
5.4
3.2
1.2
94.4
1998
60.4
29.0
6.8
4.1
1.4
101.7
1999
62.0
30.4
9.4
5.2
1.4
108.4
2000
64.3
31.9
11.9
6.2
1.6
115.8
2001
60.5
31.1
13.7
6.5
1.6
113.4
2002
63.0
29.5
16.0
6.5
1.6
116.7
2003
63.2
29.9
18.7
6.8
1.5
120.1
2004
67.1
31.4
20.9
7.5
1.7
128.6
2005
67.7
32.7
22.0
9.1
2.0
133.5
2006
67.3
34.1
23.7
9.4
2.4
136.9
Source: Civil Aviation Authority

See technical note. The total number of passengers travelling through London area airports has shown a consistent upward trend, apart from a dip in 2001 following the terrorist attacks in the USA. All airports except Heathrow (which accounts for half of all passengers) showed an increase in 2006. In the 11 years to 2006, Stansted has shown the highest growth with an extra 20 million passengers, accounting for 37% of the total growth at London airports. London City airport saw a 20% rise of passengers using the airport compared with 2005 and over three times as many passengers as in 1995.

## 10. Air Passengers

Millions
All
London
area
Country of origin
Heathrow
Gatwick
Stansted
Luton
London City
airports
Western Europe - EU 
22.9
17.1
17.2
5.8
1.2
64.2
Western Europe - Other 
3.4
1.9
1.2
0.6
0.5
7.7
Eastern Europe - Other 
1.2
0.4
–
0.1
–
1.7
Eastern Europe - EU 
1.2
1.1
2.3
1.3
–
5.9
North Africa 
0.7
1.4
–
0.1
–
2.2
Southern Africa 
1.6
0.2
–
–
–
1.8
West Africa 
0.6
0.3
–
–
–
0.9
United States of America 
11.3
3.9
0.1
–
–
15.3
Canada 
2.5
0.6
–
–
–
3.0
Caribbean 
0.4
1.2
–
–
–
1.6
Indian Sub-continent 
2.8
0.1
–
–
–
3.0
Middle East 
3.3
0.8
–
–
–
4.0
Near East 
0.9
–
0.1
–
–
1.0
Far East 
5.9
–
–
–
–
5.9
Australasia 
1.4
–
–
–
–
1.4
Other countries 
1.4
0.9
0.1
–
–
2.3
Total international passengers 
61.3
30.0
21.0
7.9
1.7
122.0
Total domestic passengers 
6.0
4.1
2.7
1.5
0.6
14.9
Total passengers 
67.3
34.1
23.7
9.4
2.4
136.9
Source: Civil Aviation Authority
Enquiries: 020 7453 6258
1. Excludes transit passengers.
www.caa.co.uk

See technical note. The majority of passengers arriving at London area airports were from EU countries (53%). Passengers from the USA were the second most significant group, comprising 13% of all passengers. Just over a third of all international passengers at Heathrow were from the EU, compared to over 70% of all international passengers travelling to Stansted, Luton and London City airports. 

## Glossary

Administrative areas Greater London: the area administered by the Greater London Authority consisting of the City of London and the 32 London boroughs. Central London: the Greater London Conurbation Centre or Central Statistical Area - an area roughly rectangular in shape, bounded by Regent's Park to the North, Whitechapel to the East, Elephant & Castle and Vauxhall to the South, and Kensington Gardens to the West. It is a larger area than the central London Congestion Charging Zone (excluding the Western Extension), and includes the inner ring road and Paddington, Marylebone, Euston and King's Cross rail stations. Inner London: City of London, and the London boroughs of Camden, Hackney, Hammersmith and Fulham, Haringey, Islington, Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth, Lewisham, Newham, Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Wandsworth, Westminster. A distinction is sometimes made between those parts of these boroughs in central London, and the rest of Inner London. Outer London: the London boroughs of Barking and Dagenham, Barnet, Bexley, Brent, Bromley, Croydon, Ealing, Enfield, Greenwich, Harrow, Havering, Hillingdon, Hounslow, Kingston upon Thames, Merton, Redbridge, Richmond upon Thames, Sutton, Waltham Forest. 

Travel A trip is defined as a one way movement from one place to another to achieve a single main purpose. Round trips are divided so that the return leg is treated as a separate trip. These definitions apply to data from interview surveys such as the LATS Household Survey and the London Travel Demand Survey (LTDS). Trips may be further subdivided into journey stages, the component parts of a trip using a single mode of transport between interchanges. Walking is counted as a separate mode, but walks within single premises or between platforms at interchange stations are not included. (See also section 1.1) The main mode of a trip is the mode of transport used for the longest stage (by distance).

Trip (or journey) purpose The purpose of a trip is defined by the activity at the destination, except when the trip is returning home in which case the purpose is defined by the activity at the origin. The following purposes are defined: Work/commuting - travel to or from the respondent's usual place of work; Employer's business/other work - travel in course of work or to work at a location that is not the respondent's usual workplace; Education - travel to or from school, college or university; Escort education - accompanying a child to or from school; Shopping and personal business - including shopping and use of services such as hairdressers, dry-cleaners, doctors, dentists, banks, solicitors etc; Leisure - travel to or from entertainment, sport or social activities; Other including escort - all purposes not otherwise classified, including accompanying or meeting someone for purposes other than education. 

Weekday time periods AM peak - morning peak, 0700 to 1000.

## Inter-Peak - 1000 To 1600.

PM peak - evening peak, 1600 to 1900. Evening - 1900 to 2200. Night-time - 2200 to 0400. Early am - 0400 to 0700.

Work status Working full-time: people in paid employment normally working for more than 30 hours a week. Working part-time: people in paid employment working for not more than 30 hours a week. Self-employed: those who in their main employment work on their own account, whether or not they have any employees.

## Glossary

Ticket types Ordinary ticket: valid for one specific trip (a 'single ticket') or for two trips to and from the same place (a 'return'). Includes Carnets, which are tickets sold in batches in a booklet for subsequent use. Season ticket: a ticket valid for unlimited travel over a specified period of time either within specific fare zones or between specified origin and destination stations. A 'season ticket' can be valid for bus travel, National Rail travel, or a Travelcard which is valid for all modes detailed below. Travelcard: a ticket valid for unlimited travel on National Rail, buses, DLR, Tramlink and Underground, subject to certain conditions within specific fare zones and for a specified time period. Includes both Travelcard seasons (weekly, monthly or annual tickets) and One Day Travelcards. Underground and National Rail services within Greater London are divided into six fare zones; DLR services operate within zones 1, 2 and 3. The cost of a ticket depends on the number of zones it covers. Zone 1 covers central London, approximately the area served by the Circle line and the South Bank. Bus Pass: a ticket valid for a specified time giving unlimited travel on London bus services. Bus Pass 'seasons' can be weekly, monthly or annual. Freedom Pass: concessionary pass issued free by local authorities to London residents aged 60 and over and disabled persons, giving unlimited travel within Greater London by National Rail, DLR, Tramlink, buses and Underground, subject to certain conditions. Oyster card: a 'smart card' that can be used as a season ticket, such as bus passes and Travelcards, or to pay for travel on a pay as you go basis using credit held on the card. Travelcards on Oyster card are valid on Tube, DLR, trams and some National Rail services within chosen zones and across the entire London bus network. Pay as you go is an alternative to paying cash for single or return fares and offers cheaper single fares, daily price capping and ticket extensions automatically. In addition to TfL's usual ticket outlets, season tickets can be renewed and pay as you go credit can be topped-up online or over the telephone.

Traffic cordons:
Locations of traffic counts for monitoring long-run trends in traffic flows are organised to form three cordons (see section 4.1). Boundary cordon: roughly corresponding to the boundary of Greater London and entirely within the M25 orbital motorway. Inner cordon: enclosing an area similar to the inner London boroughs. Central cordon: a cordon, enclosing central London, situated outside the Inner Ring Road and within a radius of 2.5 to 3kms from Aldwych.

Prices Retail price index (RPI): measures the price of a constant basket of goods and services purchased by households in the United Kingdom. The RPI is available from the Office for National Statistics website (www.statistics.gov.uk). Headline Fares Index: tracks the change in the Gross Yield, ie the direct effect of a fares revision assuming passengers would buy the same ticket but at the new fare. This does not allow for switching to other ticket types and is likely to overestimate the increase in average fare actually paid. This percentage increase in Gross Yield, deflated by the headline Retail Price Index, is applied to the Headline Fares Index from the previous year. Real London Earnings: the actual Gross Weekly Earnings of adults in full-time employment in London deflated by headline Retail Price Index. Gross weekly earnings are based on New Earnings Survey from 1971 to 1998 and Annual Survey of Hours and earnings from 1998/99 and are available from ONS. Real prices and fares: converts current price levels to a common reference period by adjusting for the effects of inflation as measured by the RPI. 

## Glossary

PTAL
Public Transport Accessibility Level (PTAL) is a measure of public transport accessibility reflecting: the access time (by walking) from the point of interest to public transport service access points (SAPs, eg bus stops, stations) within a catchment area; the number of different services (eg bus routes, train services) operating at the SAPs; and levels of service (ie average waiting times, with an adjustment for the relative reliability of different modes). These components are then used to calculate an accessibility index (PTAI) which is allocated to bands corresponding to Public Transport Accessibility Levels (PTALs). The levels 1a and 1b correspond to 'very poor', 3 corresponds to 'moderate', 6a and 6b corresponds to an 'excellent' level of public transport accessibility and 0 refers to areas where there are no public transport services within the specified catchment area.

Roads classification Major Roads: include motorways and all class A (principal) roads. TLRN: the Transport for London Road Network is those major roads in London for which TfL has direct responsibility, comprising 580kms of London's red routes and other important streets. Minor Roads: B and C classified roads and unclassified roads. Within London, the London boroughs are responsible for maintenance of minor roads and A roads not part of the TLRN.

## Sources

CAPC Central Area Peak Count: TfL estimates of people entering central London in the morning peak period, derived from vehicle and passenger counts annually each Autumn. Central London Coach Survey: Counts of coaches carried out by TfL four times a year at a sample of points, on main routes into central London. Actual numbers observed are scaled up to represent total coach movements entering or leaving central London between 7am and 7pm. The survey covers all coaches over 8 metres in length, including both tourist coaches and those operating on scheduled services. Significant numbers of empty coaches are due to coaches travelling to or from parking locations outside the Central area. EFS Expenditure and Food Survey: ONS survey of household expenditure (formerly the Family Expenditure Survey) with a sample of about 7
,000
households per annum in the UK. GLBPS Greater London Bus Passenger Survey:
quarterly sample survey of bus boarders on a sample of London bus routes, with associated counts for grossing, used principally for apportionment of Travelcard and Concessionary fare revenues. IPS International Passenger Survey: ONS sample survey of passengers at UK ports and airports. Isle of Dogs Cordon Survey: Counts of all trips into and out of the Isle of Dogs between 0500 and 2300 hours, carried out annually. The cordon survey reports only those trips that have an origin or destination within the Isle of Dogs and cross the cordon boundary. Through trips, interchange trips between the two rail modes that do not start or end in the Isle of Dogs and wholly internal trips, are excluded. LATS London Area Transport Survey 2001: Interviewer administered sample survey of 30,000 London households, carried out for TfL between January 2001 and April 2002. The survey included a one-day travel diary to collect data on Londoners' weekday travel patterns. The data have been expanded to represent the household population of London as measured by the 2001 Census of Population. LTDS London Travel Demand Survey: Annual sample survey of 8,000 randomly selected households in London and the surrounding area. The survey design and methodology are similar to the LATS 2001 Household Survey. 

LFS Labour Force Survey: ONS quarterly sample survey with a rolling sample of approximately 57
,000
households in Great Britain, a major source of information on participation in the labour market. National Road Traffic Estimates (DfT): National and regional statistics of road traffic for Great Britain, derived from data from manual and automatic traffic counts. The London series is constructed from the subset of counts within Greater London. A summary description 'How the national traffic estimates are made' is available from: http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublica tions/roadstraffic/traffic/rtstatistics/ UKTS United Kingdom Tourism Survey: Survey carried out by the National Tourist Board, of trips undertaken by UK residents. The main results are the number of trips taken, expenditure, and nights spent away from home. UUS Underground Users Survey: on-platform interview sample survey for LUL of over 30,000 Underground passengers in each 2-year survey cycle. The survey measures usage of ticket types and collects passenger profiles in terms of sociodemographic, economic and other characteristics.

## Organisations Dft Department For Transport Dlr Docklands Light Railway Gla Greater London Authority

LBSL London Bus Services Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of TfL LRS London River Services LUL London Underground Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of TfL ONS Office for National Statistics ORR Office of Rail Regulation TfL Transport for London

Symbols
•• = not available
- = not applicable 
0 = nil 
- = negligible (less than half the
final digit shown)
Table 1.1.1 and Chart 1.1.1 Estimates of the number of journey stages are derived from the annual totals for each mode and refer to all journeys to, from or within Greater London on an average day (including weekends and public holidays) in each year. For Underground, DLR and bus (including tram) these annual totals are the TfL estimates reported in chapter 3. Rail is similarly derived from the ORR annual estimates. The series for road traffic (car, taxi, motorcycle and bicycle) are derived by TfL, based on trends shown by the DfT road traffic series (tables 4.1.1 and 4.1.3). Walks are estimated from the ONS population estimates (table 7
.1.1) 
and the walk trip rates reported in TfL's household interview surveys (LATS and LTDS): they relate to walk-only trips by London residents. Table 1.1.2 shows the equivalent numbers of trips corresponding to the journey stages in table 1.1.1. A trip may be made up of several journey stages using different modes. Conversion factors from stages to trips have been derived from the detailed data on the composition of trips collected in LATS and LTDS. Trips are classified by main mode according to the hierarchy of modes shown in the table. Table 1.3.1 and Chart 1.3.1 Estimates are derived from counts of vehicle occupants on each road entering central London. The cordon is situated outside the inner ring road and encloses an area slightly larger than the Central London Congestion Charging zone (excluding the Western Extension). Rail passengers are counted by observers at their last station stop before the cordon. Inter-city passengers are counted on arrival at the central London rail termini. Results for London Underground are derived from exit counts of people leaving stations within the central area. Since 1996, these have been taken from automatic ticket gate data. Table 2.4.1 The number of residents' journey stages reported is derived from the 2006/07 LTDS, expanded to residents of Greater London. Results are not comparable with the total average journey stages per day derived from modal sources reported in other tables. Chart 3.2.1 Real London earnings are London earnings deflated by the RPI.

Chart 3.3.1 and Chart 3.3.2 These data comes from ticket sales, and therefore do not include journey stages made without a ticket or with staff passes and police warrants. Table 3.4.2 Excess journey times have been revised and are different to those in the London Travel Report 2006. They are now weighted to take into account how customers value time, as the measure of performance. To calculate excess journey time, each journey is broken down into its constituent parts namely access from station entrance to platform, ticket queuing and purchase time, platform wait time, on train time, platform to platform interchange and egress from platform to station exit. Each component has a 'perfect' or 'scheduled' value which states how long a particular journey would take if everything went as planned. Actual journey times are measured and then compared to the schedule, the difference being the measure of lateness - referred to as excess journey time. Each journey time component has a Value of Time weighting associated with it, which vary according to how the customers perceive the activity. For example, a perceived time weight of 2 is applied to platform wait time, as customers regard waiting as unattractive. Note that results presented in previous years' reports have not reflected these Value of Time weightings. Table 3.5.1 The estimates in this table are derived from ticket data sales and relate to complete rail trips with either origin or destination (or both) within London. Thus, through trips with both origin and destination outside London are not included. Table 3.8.1 There are two types of taxi driver licence, All London and Suburban. An All London driver is issued with a green badge and is licensed to ply for hire anywhere within the Greater London area. A suburban driver is issued with a yellow badge and is licensed to ply for hire only within the suburban sectors for which they are licensed. Suburban drivers may accept a hiring to anywhere in the Greater London area from their area but must return to the area for which they are licensed before they can pick up another hiring. Table 3.8.2 Licensing of private hire services dates from January 2001 with the introduction of operator licensing. Private hire operators offer a variety of services including minicabs, limousines and chauffeur driver vehicles. Private hire driver licensing commenced in April 2003 and vehicle licensing in April 2004. 

## Technical Notes

Table 3.9.1 Victoria Coach Station is the main London terminal for coach services, principally express coach, but also day and holiday tours and shuttle services. Until 2005 there was also a special London Buses' inter-station (ie VCS and all London mainline stations) express bus service, which had four departures per hour for most of the day. Table 3.10.1 2004/05 was the first financial year in which Thames Clippers were under contract to London River Services. Table 3.11.1 Dial-a-Ride provides a multi-occupancy door-to-door transport service for people who are unable to use conventional public transport due to a permanent or long-term disability or health problem. The service is provided for all journey purposes, typically for shopping, visiting friends, and attending meetings and doctors' or dentists' appointments. Additional costs in 2004/05 relate to one-off staff restructuring costs associated with the introduction of a new booking and scheduling centre, and to an increase in the TfL Employers' Pension Contribution. Table 3.12.1 The Taxicard scheme provides subsidised door-to-door transport for people with have serious mobility impairment who find it difficult to use public transport. Taxicard holders are able to make journeys in licensed London taxis, with the subsidy applied directly to each journey. Late in 2003/04, three London Boroughs that had previously operated their own taxi scheme - Barnet, Greenwich and Redbridge - joined the main scheme. Under TfL conditions, boroughs were required to take steps to equalise the conditions of service, so that most boroughs now offer a similar number of trips per year, with no membership fee, no waiting lists to join Taxicard and all boroughs using an agreed set of eligibility criteria. Table 3.12.2 Capital Call is a TfL funded service that provides subsidised, pre-booked door-to-door journeys for older and disabled people for whom mainstream public transport is not always accessible. The service contracts licensed private hire vehicle operators in nine boroughs - Bexley, Enfield, Hillingdon, Hounslow, Kingston, Lambeth, Lewisham, Merton and Southwark - where there is a recognised shortage of taxis, which makes it difficult for Taxicard members to book trips. Users must be Taxicard members in those boroughs to be eligible to join Capital Call and they pay a flat fare of £1.50 per trip with the balance of the fare deducted from a £200 annual travel budget allocated to each member and funded by TfL.

Table 4.1.1 and Table 4.1.2 Total traffic movements on London's roads are measured in vehicle kilometres. Statistics of traffic in Great Britain are derived from the Department for Transport's national road traffic surveys, from which the estimates for London roads are reported in Table 4.1.1 and Table 4.1.2. The traffic for each year relates to the public road network in place in that year. Thus growth over time is mainly due to changes in vehicle flows but also take account of changes in network length. Table 4.1.3 The average vehicle flow on a section of the road network is the mean flow (number of vehicles) across the network. It is calculated as the total traffic (vehicle kilometres) on the network divided by the road length (kilometres). Table 4.2.1 Traffic speed surveys are carried out on a 3-year cycle in central, inner and outer London, supplemented by more frequent surveys in central London since the introduction of Congestion Charging (shown in chart 4.2.1). The data are collected by a car moving at the prevailing speed of the traffic. Chart 4.3.1 Estimates for years 1988 to 2004 are based on the combined sample from 3 sample surveys, the National Travel Survey (DfT), and the General Household Survey (ONS) and Expenditure and Food Survey (formerly the Family Expenditure Survey, ONS). Results for 2006 are provisional. Table 4.4.1 The series are for vehicles registered with the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency at 31 December of each year, and relate to vehicles with car body-type registered in the Private and Light Goods taxation class. Vehicles are allocated to areas (inner or outer London) according to the post-code of the registered keeper. The registered keeper may be either an individual or a company. However, company cars include cars registered in the name of a company but provided for an employee's private use. It is likely that changes in the number of company cars, as a percentage of the total stock of cars, reflect changes in taxation and are not necessarily indicative of changes in car use.

## Technical Notes

Chart 5.1.1 The high increase in 2004 in the tonnage of road freight lifted, particularly with traffic originating in London and that moved within London appears to be due, at least partly, to methodological changes made by DfT to the way the survey is carried out in order to improve the accuracy of survey estimates. In particular, the sample strata have been amended to reflect current trends in vehicle type, weight and legislative groups. For practical and administrative reasons, changes have also been made to the sample selection methodology. Table 7.1.1 ONS is undertaking a substantial and long term programme of work to improve the population statistics it produces. This work highlighted several improvements to methodology that could be made immediately. These improvements have impacted principally on the distribution of the national population to local areas. The new methods have been used in making population estimates for 2006 and have resulted in revised estimates for the years 2002 to 2005. 

Table 7.3.1 and Table 7.3.2 Following an extensive review of tourism data, UKTS moved in May 2005 to using face to face interviews instead of telephone interviews to estimate the number and value of domestic overnight trips. This means that data from 2005 should not be compared to previous years. Table 10.1.1 and Table 10.1.2 A terminal passenger is a passenger joining or leaving an aircraft at the reporting airport. A passenger travelling between two reporting airports is counted twice, once at each airport. A passenger who changes from one aircraft to another, carrying the same flight number (change of gauge) is treated as a terminal passenger, as is an interlining passenger. Counts of terminal passengers do not include transit passengers, ie passengers arriving and departing on the same aircraft which is transiting the airport. 

## Key Facts

| Land area                    | Square Miles    | Square Km   |
|------------------------------|-----------------|-------------|
| Central London               | 11              | 27          |
| Rest of inner London         | 114             | 294         |
| Outer London                 | 486             | 1,259       |
| All Greater London           | 610             | 1,579       |
| Road lengths                 | Miles           | Km          |
| Motorways                    | 37              | 60          |
| Principal roads              | 1,069           | 1,720       |
| Minor roads                  | 8,168           | 13,146      |
| Route length                 |                 |             |
| Rail networks                | Stations served | Miles       |
| Rail (within Greater London) | 321             | 490         |
| London Underground           | 275             | 253         |
| Docklands Light Railway      | 34              | 18          |
| Route length                 |                 |             |
| Tram network                 | Stations served | Miles       |
| Croydon Tramlink             | 38              | 18.5        |

Transport for London 42-50 Victoria Street