## London Business Survey 2014: Main Fi Ndings Copyright Greater London Authority November 2014

Published by Greater London Authority City Hall The Queen's Walk London SE1 2AA www.london.gov.uk enquiries 020 7983 4100 minicom 020 7983 4458 ISBN 978-1-84781-585-9 Front cover © Shutterstock For more information about this publication, please contact: GLA Economics telephone 020 7983 4922 email glaeconomics@london.gov.uk GLA Economics provides expert advice and analysis on London's economy and the economic issues facing the capital. Data and analysis from GLA Economics form a basis for the policy and investment decisions facing the Mayor of London and the GLA group. GLA Economics uses a wide range of information and data sourced from third party suppliers within its analysis and reports. GLA Economics cannot be held responsible for the accuracy or timeliness of this information and data. The GLA will not be liable for any losses suffered or liabilities incurred by a party as a result of that party relying in any way on the information contained in this report.

## Contents

| Summary of main fi                                   |  ndings   |   4 |
|------------------------------------------------------|-----------|-----|
| Introduction                                         | 7         |     |
| About the survey                                     | 7         |     |
| Main fi                                              | ndings    |  11 |
| Business profi                                       | le        |  11 |
| London as a place to do business                     | 12        |     |
| London as a business location                        | 12        |     |
| Local facilities                                     | 13        |     |
| Factors affecting businesses                         | 14        |     |
| The workforce                                        | 14        |     |
| Employment patterns                                  | 14        |     |
| Changes in employee numbers and recruitment          | 16        |     |
| Business performance and outlook                     | 17        |     |
| International trade                                  | 19        |     |
| Support for SMEs                                     | 22        |     |
| Business support                                     | 22        |     |
| Access to fi                                         | nance     |  23 |
| Investing in the future and developing the workforce | 24        |     |
| Innovation                                           | 24        |     |
| Training and developing the workforce                | 26        |     |
| Apprentices and STEM staff                           | 27        |     |
| Appendix 1 (list of tables)                          | 28        |     |
| Business profi                                       | le        |  28 |
| London as a place to do business                     | 28        |     |
| The workforce                                        | 28        |     |
| Business performance and outlook                     | 28        |     |
| International trade                                  | 29        |     |
| Support for SMEs                                     | 29        |     |
| Investing in the future and developing the workforce | 29        |     |
| Appendix 2 (useful contacts)                         | 30        |     |
| Appendix 3 (glossary of terms)                       | 31        |     |
| Endnotes                                             | 33        |     |

## Summary Of Main Fi Ndings

This report presents the fi
                           ndings of the London Business Survey (LBS) 
2014. The survey covers private sector businesses (including not-for-
profi
     t organisations) only and results are presented in terms of numbers 
(or proportions) of business units, where a business unit is a site/
workplace, which can also be a head offi
                                           ce if the head offi
                                                             ce is located 
in London.

## Introduction And Business Profi Le

 
Although over 80% of business units in the LBS 2014 are microenterprises (0-9 employees), they 
account for only 20% of London's private sector employees; other SMEs (10-249 employees) employ one-third of London's private sector employees and large fi
 rms (250+ employees) employ nearly half.
 
Most business units in London (92%) belong to UK fi
 rms, but 8% are in foreign or joint (UK and 
foreign) ownership.
 
63% of business units belong to fi
 rms established before 2009, while 17% belong to 'start-ups' 
(established between 2012 and mid-2014).

## London As A Place To Do Business

 
Businesses rate London positively in terms of the availability of skilled staff, the international/
diverse environment, proximity to businesses and customers, transport infrastructure and digital and communications infrastructure.
 
Satisfaction is lower around the availability of suitable and affordable workspace, the availability/cost 
of housing and other living costs.
 
When asked about the impact on their business of leaving the EU (but remaining part of the single 
market), 64% of respondents said 'neither positive nor negative'; of those who did expect an impact, around three-quarters thought it would be negative. 
 
Over 85% of business units are satisfi
 ed with their local facilities with the exception of safety and 
cleanliness of the local environment, where satisfaction is lower at 74%.

## The Workforce

 
In line with offi
 cial statistics, the LBS found that the total number of employees in London's private 
sector business economy was 3.6 million.
 
While the majority of employees in London's private sector workplaces are men, women are dominant 
in the health, social work, scientifi
 c R&D and veterinary services sector and in the retail sector. These 
sectors also have the highest proportion of part-time workers.
 
In the 12 months to mid-2014, three-quarters of business units in London experienced no change in 
employee numbers; 12% reported a decrease and 13% saw an increase. 
 
Some 29% of London business units recruited employees in the 12 months to mid-2014, but while 
78% of those in large fi
 rms recruited staff, only 25% in SMEs did so.
 
The survey also found that 9% of business units in London used Jobcentre Plus for recruitment, 
ranging from 6% of units in SMEs to 18% in large fi
 rms.

## Business Performance And Outlook

 
Total turnover in London's private sector business economy was estimated at some £1.1 trillion (million 
million), of which nearly two-thirds was associated with large fi
 rms; microenterprises accounted for 
only 12% of turnover. 
 
In the 12 months to mid-2014, 35% of business units reported an increase in turnover, 37% reported 
that turnover had remained the same and 29% reported a decrease. 
 
When asked "Over the next 12 months, is this business planning to grow?", 63% of respondents said 
the business was planning to grow; however, less than one-quarter expected numbers of employees to increase.
 
Just over half of business units expect the economic situation in London to improve in the next 12 
months.

## International Trade

 
An estimated 32% of business units in London export goods and services to Europe or beyond, 
ranging from 4% in construction to 56% in the retail sector.
 
Around one-quarter (26%) of business units in London import goods and services from outside the 
UK.
 
London's total exports in the year to mid-2014 were worth an estimated £147 billion, while imports 
were worth some £118 billion (although these fi
 gures are likely to be underestimates). This indicates 
that London had net exports of around £28 billion.

## Support For Smes

 
SMEs relied most on accountants/auditors for advice, with 42% of SME business units seeking advice 
only sometimes and 34% doing so often; by contrast, only 12% used the Gov.uk website (formerly Business Link) sometimes or often for advice.
 
The survey found that 35% of SME business units attempted to access external fi
 nance in the 12 
months to mid-2014; nearly half of those needing fi
 nance obtained all of the money they needed, 
while 30% obtained partial fi
 nancing and 22% were unsuccessful or their cases had not yet been 
resolved.

## Investing In The Future And Developing The Workforce

 
An estimated 58% of London business units were 'innovation active' in the year to mid-2014, with 
50% investing in innovation.
 
The survey found that 41% of business units had engaged in upskilling, training or development of 
their workforce over the 12 months to mid-2014. This ranged from 33% of microenterprises to 85% of units in large fi
 rms.
 
In the 12 months to mid-2014, 38,050 business units (or 9% of the total) employed apprentices, while 
62,050 business units (14%) employed staff with Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) skills.

## Introduction

This report presents the main fi
                                ndings of the London Business Survey 
(LBS) 2014. The aim of the survey was to collect information from 
businesses on a variety of topics of interest to the Mayor of London, 
the Greater London Authority (GLA), the London Enterprise Panel (LEP) 
and London & Partners. Such topics include: how London is rated as 
a business location, ease of access to fi
                                        nance for Small-and Medium-
Sized Enterprises (SMEs), employment, skills and training, the economic 
outlook, trade and innovation.

The report begins with a brief overview of the survey in order to assist in understanding and interpreting the 
survey fi
        ndings (a more detailed description of the survey and the methodology is available in the ONS's 
LBS 2014 Methodology Report). The main fi
                                             ndings are subsequently presented, divided into seven sections:

 
Business profi
 le
 
London as a place to do business
 
The workforce
 
Business performance and outlook
 
International trade
 
Support for SMEs
 
Investing in the future and developing the workforce
A list of supporting data tables, useful contacts and glossary of terms are provided in appendices to this report.

About the survey A key requirement of the LBS 2014 was that it should be representative of London businesses, specifi cally of private sector businesses (including not-for-profi t organisations). To achieve this, the GLA asked the Offi ce for National Statistics (ONS) to design and carry out the survey. The design of the survey presented many challenges for ONS, the greatest of which was to draw a sample of businesses in the specifi c geographical area required. Whereas the ONS's UK Annual Business Survey draws a sample at national level and then apportions the results to each region using a regression model, in this case the aim was to collect business information specifi cally for London. This would be straightforward for a household survey, which would select as a sample of households with London postcodes. However, businesses have complex structures, and head offi ces may be in a different place from where much of the activity of the business takes place. 

ONS produced an innovative survey design to address this issue and ensure the sample could be weighted up to produce representative results for London businesses. Figure 1 shows that the 'business population' of interest (within the grey box) comprises all business sites/workplaces in London, some of which are also head offi ces. Within this report members of the business population are referred to as 'business units'. 

In the survey design the treatment of single site enterprises was simple: a random sample of sites was selected and sent out questionnaires. Most SMEs are single site enterprises. Multi-site businesses (mainly large enterprises) are more complex, as illustrated in the example in Figure 1: the business on the left-hand side of the illustration has two sites in London but its head offi ce is in Sheffi eld, while the business on the right-hand side has a head offi ce site in London but most of its activity takes place outside London (in Reading and Crawley). If ONS had decided to draw a sample of whole businesses and send questionnaires to head offi ces, as UK/
GB business surveys do, there would have been two problems:

 
Unit A would not have been selected because it is in Sheffi
 eld, so Units B and C (which are in London) 
would have been left out of the estimates.
 
Unit F would have been selected because it is in London, and would have reported results for all of its 
business (including Reading and Crawley, which should not be included in our estimates).
As our aim was to survey London businesses, it was necessary to draw a sample at site level instead of head offi ce level. This approach meant that in the former example, even though the head offi ce is based in Sheffi eld, the multi-site enterprise's London units B and C are included in the estimates. In the latter example, only the business activity conducted at unit F would be included, not that of its non-London sites (units G and H). However, this created a diffi culty: sites are not able to answer questions on all of the topics that the LBS 
is interested in. Therefore for multi-site enterprises it was necessary to send questionnaires to their head offi ces asking for responses to 'head offi ce type questions' as well as sending questionnaires with 'site type questions' to the selected sites. When the responses to head offi ce questionnaires were collected, they were assigned to the sites selected for the survey and used to estimate results for the LBS population. The use of the term respondent in this report means the person who responded on behalf of the London business unit, even if this person works at a head offi ce which is not in London. For example, respondents to the LBS 2014 
include those based at Unit A responding to head offi ce type questions on behalf of units B and C, as well as all those units within the LBS 2014 population.

Following an initial pilot in March-April 2014, the survey took place in May-July 2014. It covered the 'LBS industry sectors' shown in Table 2. These were created using the ONS Standard Industrial Classifi cation 2007 
(SIC07), which were re-grouped to refl ect the nature of London's private sector business economy.

|                                                                 | LBS industry sector name                     | SIC07 Section/division         |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| 1                                                               | Manufacturing                                | Section C                      |
| 2                                                               | Construction                                 | Section F                      |
| 3                                                               | Wholesale (including motor trades)           | Section G: divisions 45 and 46 |
| 4                                                               | Retail (excluding motor trades)              | Section G: division 47         |
| 5                                                               | Transport and storage                        | Section H                      |
| 6                                                               | Accommodation, food, travel and tourism      | Section I plus division 79     |
| 7                                                               |                                              |                                |
| Information, communication, arts, entertainment and             |                                              |                                |
| recreation                                                      |                                              |                                |
| Sections J and R                                                |                                              |                                |
| 8                                                               | Financial and insurance activities           | Section K                      |
| 9                                                               |                                              |                                |
| Real estate, architecture and engineering services, services to |                                              |                                |
| buildings and landscape activities                              |                                              |                                |
| Section L plus division 71 plus division 81                     |                                              |                                |
| 10                                                              |                                              |                                |
| High value business support including legal, accounting, head   |                                              |                                |
| offi                                                            | ce, management, advertising, market research |                                |
| Section M excluding divisions 71, 72 and 75                     |                                              |                                |
| 11                                                              |                                              |                                |
| Other administrative and support services including             |                                              |                                |
| employment agencies and security services; and other service    |                                              |                                |
| activities                                                      |                                              |                                |
| Section N excluding divisions 79 and 81; plus Section S         |                                              |                                |
| 12                                                              |                                              |                                |
| Human health and social work activities, scientifi              | c R&D and                                    |                                |
| veterinary activities                                           |                                              |                                |
| Section Q plus divisions 72 and 75                              |                                              |                                |

Note: Sections A, B, D, E and T of SIC07 are excluded because they are a very small part of the London business economy. Sectors O and P were excluded because they are predominantly public sector.

The LBS industry sectors represent around 98% of London's business economy in terms of gross value added (GVA) and around 99% in terms of London's workforce1.

The survey was also designed to be representative (and thus analysed) by size of enterprise. The LBS enterprise size bands are:

 
Micro enterprises: 0 to 9 employees
 
Other SMEs: 10-249 employees
 
Large enterprises: 250+ employees
Enterprise size is defi ned at the level of the UK business as a whole. For example, a store belonging to a supermarket chain which employs thousands of people across the UK is considered to be part of a 'large enterprise' even if that particular store employs fewer than 250 people. Thus, although the LBS 2014 sample was drawn at site level, the enterprise size band of each selected business unit was defi ned by the enterprise to which it belonged. On the other hand, industry sector classifi cation was defi ned at the level of the selected business unit (the store in the example of the supermarket chain). The LBS 2014 sample was drawn from the Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR), which is the sampling frame used for most offi cial business surveys2. The IDBR has information for businesses as a whole 
(the enterprise/fi rm) and for business units within them. Table 3 shows that there were 400,510 businesses in the LBS 'population' in May 2014, with a total of 444,870 business units. For microenterprises, the ratio of units to enterprises was 1:1, indicating that most of these enterprises had only one site ('single site enterprises'); but most large enterprises were 'multi-site enterprises' with, on average, almost 12 sites per enterprise. 

| Number of enterprises      | Number of business units   |
|----------------------------|----------------------------|
| Ratio of business units to |                            |
| enterprises                |                            |
| Microenterprises           | 357,560                    |
| Other SMEs                 | 39,910                     |
| Large enterprises          | 3,040                      |
| TOTAL                      | 400,510                    |

Source: IDBR, May 2014
Table 3 also shows that over 80% of business units in London's private sector business economy were microenterprises. However, the results of the LBS 2014 suggest that microenterprises employ only 20% of London's private sector employees and account for 12% of turnover, while other SMEs account for 33% of its private sector employees and 24% of turnover and large fi rms account for 47% of its private sector employees and 64% of turnover (see below: **The workforce; Business performance and outlook**).

For the LBS 2014, a sample of some 10,142 business units in London was drawn from the IDBR. The survey achieved a response rate of 33% (3,326 business units) for head offi ce type questions and 26% (2,620 
business units) for site type questions. Some of the fi ndings in this report are based on the former, and some on the latter. For instance, the Access to fi nance section is based on responses to head offi ce type questions and the **Employment patterns** and **International trade** sections are based on responses to site type questions. However, irrespective of where the responses came from, all results presented in this report are treated as being for the sites in our sample and are used to produce results for the London business population as shown in Figure 1. In this Main Findings report, results are presented in terms of numbers (or proportions) of business units. In the case of multi-site (mainly large) enterprises, business units are parts of the business (e.g. a workshop, factory, warehouse, offi ce or retail outlet), not the business as a whole.

Such estimates are helpful in many ways - not least in understanding the needs and views of business owners and managers - but some caution is needed in interpreting them because they are not weighted to refl ect relative contributions to economic activity or employment. For example, microenterprises carry more weight in the 'all London' results than the responses of business units in other SMEs or large fi rms because there are many of them, but they account for a relatively small proportion of turnover and employment. The methodology of the survey is described in greater detail in the ONS's LBS 2014 Methodology Report. This also contains copies of the questionnaires and further details on head offi ce level questions and site level questions.

## Main Fi Ndings

This part of the report presents the initial fi
                                               ndings of the LBS 2014. This 
is seen as the fi
                 rst step in exploring the results of the survey, which has 
potential for further analysis on a variety of topics.

The tables which we refer to below are detailed in Appendix 1 and can be downloaded from the London 
Datastore (http://data.london.gov.uk/london-business-survey-2014/). Readers should note that survey 
estimates vary in their precision, in particular that detailed breakdowns (e.g. by industry sector) tend 
to be less reliable than results for London as a whole or breakdowns by size of enterprise. The tables in 
Appendix 1 include the Confi
                            dence Intervals (upper and lower confi
                                                                 dence limits) for each estimate, and it is 
recommended that readers check these when using the results.

## Business Profi Le

The London Business Survey (LBS) 2014 looks at whether businesses in London are owned by UK or foreign owners. Table 4 shows that most business units in London (92%) belong to UK fi rms. However, 8% of units are in foreign or joint (UK and foreign) ownership. The single most important region of foreign ownership is the European Economic Area (EEA) with 10,400 business units, while the USA and Canada own 5,470 units.

| Country/region of ownership        | Count of records   |
|------------------------------------|--------------------|
| Number of business                 |                    |
| units                              |                    |
| Percentage of units                |                    |
| UK                                 | 2,833              |
| Channel Islands and Isle of Man    | 20                 |
| British Overseas Territories       | 18                 |
| EEA                                | 163                |
| - France                           | 44                 |
| - Netherlands                      | 33                 |
| - Denmark                          | 22                 |
| - Germany                          | 26                 |
| USA and Canada                     | 85                 |
| Asia                               | 47                 |
| Rest of the World                  | 42                 |
| - Switzerland                      | 16                 |
| Owned by more than one country     | 64                 |
| Foreign-owned, country not specifi | ed                 |
| No response                        | 38                 |

Source: London Business Survey (2014)
Notes: 
        1. Percentages are calculated excluding non-response.
 
        2. Businesses owned by more than one country may be partly owned in the UK.

Table BPR2 (see Appendix 1) shows that foreign ownership is higher for business units in large fi rms than those in SMEs: 24% compared with 7%. In terms of the LBS industry sectors, foreign ownership is highest in the fi nancial and insurance sector (25%).

The survey also looked at the age of fi rms in London (Table BPR5, see Appendix 1). It estimated that 63% of business units belonged to fi rms that were established before 2009, while 17% were 'start-ups' (established between 2012 and the time of the survey in mid-2014). Around one-fi fth of microenterprises were startups, compared with only 4% of business units in large enterprises. Start-ups were most common in the high value business support sector and administrative and support services.

## London As A Place To Do Business

London as a business location The LBS asked about a number of factors which affect people's perceptions of London as a place to do business. Figure 5 summarises how respondents rated London in terms of these factors. It shows that ratings for London were very positive in terms of the availability of skilled staff, the international/ diverse environment, proximity to businesses and customers, transport infrastructure and digital and communications infrastructure. The majority of respondents also felt that safety and security was either adequate or good/excellent. However, respondents were less satisfi ed with London in terms of the availability of suitable and affordable workspace, the availability/cost of housing and other living costs.

The LBS asked "If the UK were to leave the EU, but remained part of the single market, what impact would it have on this business?" Nearly two-thirds of respondents (64%) thought that the impact would be neither positive nor negative. Of those who did expect it to have an impact on their business, around three-quarters thought that the impact would be negative or very negative while around one-quarter expected it to be positive or very positive. Feeling about leaving the EU (but not the single market) was least negative among micro-enterprises and most negative in large fi rms (Figure 6).

Local facilities The survey asked about the importance of local facilities for businesses. Specifi cally it asked about local amenities such as cafes, restaurants and shops; cultural activities such as museums, cinemas and theatres; parks, sporting and recreational facilities; safety and cleanliness of the local environment; and attractiveness of the workspace and work environment. The survey found that cultural activities and parks, sporting and recreational facilities were the least valued, while safety and cleanliness of the local environment and attractiveness of the workspace and work environment were considered most important (Table LF1, see Appendix 1). In London as a whole over 85% of business units were satisfi ed or very satisfi ed with their local facilities with the exception of safety and cleanliness of the local environment, where the satisfaction level was 74% (Table LF2, see Appendix 1). Satisfaction with safety and cleanliness of the local environment was lowest (55%) in the retail (excluding motor trades) sector and highest (88%) in high value business support which includes legal, accounting, head offi ce, management and advertising and market research activities. This may be associated with differences between these sectors in terms of location, with high value business support tending to be concentrated in central London and retailers widely spread around London.

Factors affecting businesses Respondents were asked about a series of factors affecting businesses, and what level of impact these had had on the business in the 12 months to mid-2014. Figure 7 and Table FAB1 (see Appendix 1) show how people responding on behalf of business units in London viewed the impact of these factors. 

## Figure 7: Factors Affecting Businesses

The factors most often rated as having a positive or very positive impact were demand for products and/or services (50% of respondents) and technology/IT/connectivity/digital infrastructure (30% of respondents). The factors most often rated as having a negative or very negative impact were taxes and business rates (50% of respondents) and staff costs/cost of living (41%). Cost of energy and materials, government regulations, availability of affordable business space and availability and/or cost of fi nance were also seen as negative or very negative by 30% or more of respondents.

## The Workforce

Employment patterns The survey estimated that the total number of employees in business units (workplaces) in London's private sector business economy3 was 3.6 million. This is in line with the fi gure reported by ONS's Business Register and Employment Survey (BRES), which is the recommended offi cial source for such statistics4. 

The LBS 2014 estimated that 1.7 million employees worked for large fi rms, while 0.7 million worked for microenterprises and 1.2 million worked for other SMEs (Table WF1, see Appendix 1). Figure 8 shows the breakdown of numbers of employees by sector and work pattern (full-time vs. part-time). There are more full-time employees than part-time employees in every LBS industry sector, but in the retail (excluding motor trades) sector almost half (48%) of all employees work part time and in health, social work, scientifi R&D and veterinary services 41% work part time.

The LBS 2014 also collected information on the gender breakdown of employees in London businesses, which is shown in Figure 9. This is not available from the BRES. While the majority of employees in most sectors are men, women are dominant in the health, social work, scientifi c R&D and veterinary services sector and in the retail (excluding motor trades) sector. These are also the sectors with the highest proportion of part-time workers (Figure 8).

## Changes In Employee Numbers And Recruitment5

In the 12 months to mid-2014, three-quarters of business units in London experienced no change in numbers of employees while 12% of business units reported a decrease and 13% saw an increase. Around onethird (34%) of business units in other SMEs (enterprises with 10-249 employees) experienced an increase compared with 30% of units in large fi rms and only 8% in microenterprises (Table R1, see Appendix 1). 

The industry sector with the largest proportion of business units reporting an increase in the 12 months to mid-2014 (21%) was fi nancial and insurance activities (Table R1, see Appendix 1). The two main reasons given for the increase in the fi nancial and insurance sector were increases in demand and business expansion/restructuring (Table R3, see Appendix 1). Meanwhile 30% of units in the accommodation, food, travel and tourism sector experienced a decrease in employee numbers; the two main reasons for this were a fall in demand and pressures on cash fl ow (Table R4, see Appendix 1). 

Some 29% of London business units recruited employees in the 12 months to mid-2014. The pattern of recruitment in London revealed by the survey differs considerably according to the size of the enterprise to which the business unit belongs. While 78% of business units associated with large fi rms reported recruiting staff in the 12 months to mid-2014, only 25% of those in SMEs did so. However there was a big difference between microenterprises and other SMEs: 18% of business units with fewer than 10 employees recruited, compared with 75% of units with 10 to 249 employees (Table R5, see Appendix 1). Moreover, patterns of recruitment varied considerably by industry sector, as shown in Figure 10. It is worth noting that some sectors with high levels of recruitment - such as the accommodation, food, travel and tourism sector and retail (excluding motor trades) - have seasonal employment patterns, so the high levels of recruitment reported for these sectors may be partly explained by their recruitment of temporary staff every year for the 'peak' season. 

Source: London Business Survey (2014) Note: Lack of response to the recruitment question was interpreted as "not recruited".

The survey also asked respondents whether they had recruited any employees from Jobcentre Plus (JCP). It found that 9% of business units in London had used JCP for recruitment, ranging from 6% of units in SMEs to 18% of units in large fi rms (Table R6, see Appendix 1). 

Business performance and outlook The LBS 2014 collected data on the turnover of business units in London. Total turnover was estimated at £1.1 trillion (million million), of which nearly two-thirds was associated with large fi rms and almost half was in the wholesale (including motor trades) sector (Table BPM1, see Appendix 1). Microenterprises accounted for only 12% of total turnover. The survey asked about whether turnover had increased, remained the same or decreased in the 12 months to mid-2014 (Table BPM2, see Appendix 1). For London as a whole, 35% of business units reported an increase, 37% reported that turnover had remained the same and 29% reported a decrease. However, less than one-third of respondents from microenterprises reported an increase compared with over half of respondents from other SMEs and large fi rms. The industry sectors with the largest proportion of business units reporting an increase in turnover were manufacturing, construction, and health, social work, scientifi c R&D and veterinary services (Figure 11).

When asked "Over the next 12 months, is this business planning to grow?", respondents were generally ambitious: 63% said the business was planning to grow - 60% in SMEs and 95% in large fi rms (Table BPM3, see Appendix 1). On the anticipated economic situation for the business in the next 12 months, just under half expected an improvement and less than one-fi fth expected deterioration, with little difference between SMEs and large fi rms (Table BPM4, see Appendix 1). Similarly, just over half of respondents expected the economic situation in London to improve in the next 12 months (Table BPM5, see Appendix 1).

However, many businesses that were ambitious about growing were not planning increases in staff numbers (Table R2, see Appendix 1). Overall, 22% of business units said that they expected the number of employees to increase in the next 12 months, while 74% expected it to remain the same. The most optimistic enterprise size band was other SMEs, where 38% of business units expected an expansion in employee numbers over the coming year (Figure 12). 

## Figure 12: Expected Changes Over The Next 12 Months, By Size Of Enterprise

Source: London Business Survey (2014) Notes: 1. Respondents who did not answer the 'planning to grow' question were assumed to have responded "no". 2. For other two questions, percentages were calculated excluding non-response.

Box 1: Note on turnover, sales and purchases data in LBS 2014
Estimates of the value of turnover, sales and purchases in LBS 2014 are experimental. The survey estimates this information in a new way, as explained in the LBS 2014 Methodology Report. Instead of collecting information from head offi ces and 'regionalising' it through regression modelling, as is the case with ONS's Annual Business Survey, in the LBS information is collected directly from sites located in the area of interest (London). This means that results are not directly comparable with those of the Annual Business Survey. The fact that the LBS collects turnover, sales and purchases data from sites rather than from head offi ces means that it avoids the need to 'regionalise'. However, the LBS results may suffer from overestimation because some sites in multi-site fi rms are unable to report the values for the selected site and instead report the values for the business as a whole. Much of this is resolved by data editing, but a degree of overestimation of such values remains likely for multi-site fi rms.

International trade Table 13 shows percentages of London business units selling goods and services to four geographical areas: London, the rest of the UK, the rest of Europe and the rest of the world. The fi gures do not add to 100% 
because business units frequently sell to more than one area. The survey was able to calculate the percentage of business units selling to the rest of Europe and/or the rest of the world. These were classifi ed as 'exporters'. An estimated 32% of business units in London were exporters, but the results differed widely between industry sectors, ranging from 4% in construction to 57% in the retail (excluding motor trades) sector. Similarly, Table TRD3 (see Appendix 1) shows that around one-quarter (26%) of business units in London import goods and services from outside the UK and there were wide variations by industry sector. The sectors with the largest proportions of 'importers' were wholesale including motor trades (60%) and retail excluding motor trades (52%). The LBS 2014 collected data on the value of goods and services sold by business units in London in order to attempt to estimate the value of exports and imports. Total sales of goods and services were estimated at £1.1 trillion and purchases of goods and services at £0.8 trillion. Tables 14 and 15 show the value of sales and purchases and the average proportions sold to and purchased from specifi ed locations. 

| Exporters                                                       | Category & sub-category       |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| to                                                              |                               |
| London                                                          |                               |
| to the                                                          |                               |
| rest of                                                         |                               |
| the UK                                                          |                               |
| to the                                                          |                               |
| rest of                                                         |                               |
| Europe                                                          |                               |
| to the                                                          |                               |
| rest                                                            |                               |
| of the                                                          |                               |
| world                                                           |                               |
| London total                                                    | 83                            |
| Size of enterprise                                              |                               |
| Micro                                                           | 81                            |
| Other SME                                                       | 89                            |
| Large                                                           | 97                            |
| Industrial category                                             |                               |
| Manufacturing                                                   | 87                            |
| Construction                                                    | 86                            |
| Wholesale (inc. motor trades)                                   | 78                            |
| Retail (exc. motor trades)                                      | 87                            |
| Transport and storage                                           | 86                            |
| Accommodation, food, travel and tourism                         | 90                            |
| Information, communications, arts, entertainment and recreation | 84                            |
| Financial and insurance activities                              | 70                            |
| Real estate, architecture, engineering and building services    | 84                            |
| High value business support                                     | 80                            |
| Administrative and support services                             | 78                            |
| Health, social work, scientifi                                  | c R&D and veterinary services |

Source: London Business Survey (2014)

Average proportion sold (mean %)
to 
London
Total 
sales
(£ billion)
to the 
rest of 
the UK
to the 
rest of 
Europe
to the 
rest 
of the 
world
London total
1,133
66
16
8
6
Size of enterprise Micro
138
65
16
9
6
    Other SME
271
64
19
7
7
    Large
724
79
12
4
4
Industrial category Manufacturing
20
61
31
4
4
    Construction
60
77
17
0
2
    Wholesale (inc. motor trades)
543
50
26
10
9
    Retail (exc. motor trades)
51
67
11
17
5
    Transport and storage
40
67
20
4
8
    Accommodation, food, travel and tourism
77
76
12
4
6
    Information, communications, arts, entertainment and recreation
69
60
19
11
9
    Financial and insurance activities
70
49
17
11
10
    Real estate, architecture, engineering and building services
41
75
12
5
3
    High value business support
102
61
21
8
9
    Administrative and support services
40
64
9
14
2
    Health, social work, scientifi
 c R&D and veterinary services
19
85
8
0
2

Source: London Business Survey (2014) Note: The average proportions sold to the four geographical areas do not add to 100% because of non-response or misreporting by some respondents.

Average proportion purchased (mean %)
from 
London
Total 
purchases
(£ billion)
from the 
rest of 
the UK
from the 
rest of 
Europe
from 
the rest 
of the 
world
London total
833
60
23
6
6
Size of enterprise Micro
87
60
22
6
6
    Other SME
198
58
27
7
6
    Large
548
60
30
3
3
Industrial category Manufacturing
13
44
38
9
8
    Construction
42
73
20
3
1
    Wholesale (inc. motor trades)
500
27
26
19
22
    Retail (exc. motor trades)
41
52
15
19
13
    Transport and storage
31
63
30
3
4
    Accommodation, food, travel and tourism
22
73
20
2
2
    Information, communications, arts, entertainment and recreation
43
58
28
5
8
    Financial and insurance activities
27
55
23
2
6
    Real estate, architecture, engineering and building services
21
78
15
3
0
    High value business support
60
59
25
5
5
    Administrative and support services
23
59
20
2
1
    Health, social work, scientifi
 c R&D and veterinary services
9
63
29
0
1

Source: London Business Survey (2014)
Note: 
The average proportions purchased from the four geographical areas do not add to 100% because of non-response or 
misreporting by some respondents.

Although the average proportions sold to the four geographical areas do not add to 100% because of nonresponse or misreporting by some respondents, in the case of exports, for London as a whole and for each enterprise size band the average proportions add to over 95%. We consider that this is enough to estimate proportions exported, although the results (in Table 16) may slightly underestimate the true value of exports. The same is the case for imports. The same calculations can also be made for most industry sectors, but we have not calculated any results for fi nancial and insurance services or for administrative and support services because the data collected for these sectors is not robust enough. Of the LBS industry sectors for which we can make such calculations, high value business support is the biggest net exporter and wholesale (including motor trades) is the biggest net importer. Table 16 shows that London's total exports in the year to mid-2014 were worth an estimated £147 billion, while imports were worth an estimated £118 billion. This indicates that London is a net exporter of goods and services, with exports minus imports in the year to mid-2014 worth around £28 billion. As noted above the information for some industry sectors in the LBS 2014 is incomplete, so these London totals are likely to be underestimates. The fi gures for large enterprises are also likely to be underestimates. 

Total exported 
(£ billion)
Total imported 
(£ billion)
Net exports: 
exports minus 
imports 
(£ billion)
London total
147
118
28
Size of enterprise Micro
38
26
12
    Other SME
71
65
6
    Large
37
27
10
Industrial category Manufacturing
4
6
-2
    Construction
4
2
2
    Wholesale (inc. motor trades)
41
57
-16
    Retail (exc. motor trades)
13
12
1
    Transport and storage
5
3
2
    Accommodation, food, travel and tourism
6
4
2
    Information, communications, arts, entertainment and recreation
12
10
2
    Financial and insurance activities
..
..
..
    Real estate, architecture, engineering and building services
3
0
2
    High value business support
37
15
23
    Administrative and support services
..
..
..
    Health, social work, scientifi
 c R&D and veterinary services
1
1
1

Source: GLA Economics calculations based on London Business Survey (2014)
Notes:
1. To calculate the fi
                   gures shown in this table, the proportions sold to/purchased from rest of Europe + rest of the world are 
multiplied by total value of goods and services sold/purchased. This is done for each business unit, producing the total exported/
imported by that unit. Results are then aggregated to totals.
2. Results for fi
              nancial and insurance services and administrative and support services are suppressed with '..' because the data 
on proportions sold/purchased is incomplete. The information that we have for these sectors is included in totals exported and 
imported for London, but, as it is incomplete, the London totals and the fi
                                                                     gures for large fi
                                                                                     rms are likely to be underestimates.

## Support For Smes

Business support This section and the following one focus on SMEs, as they are most likely to need business support and access to fi nance. 

The survey asked whether respondents had sought advice or information from external organisations or people in the 12 months to mid-2014. It found that SMEs relied most on accountants/auditors for external advice, with 42% of SME business units seeking their advice sometimes and 34% doing so often (Table BS1, see Appendix 1). By contrast, only 12% used the Gov.uk website (formerly Business Link) sometimes or often for advice and 25% sought advice sometimes or often from a trade association or professional body. The topics for which advice was most commonly sought by SMEs were regulations/taxes (with 51% of SME business units seeking such advice sometimes or often) and IT/computing (41% of business units) (Table BS2, see Appendix 1).

Respondents from one-quarter of SME business units in London were aware of the existence of Incubator, Accelerator and Co-working Spaces (IACS). Awareness was highest in the 'other SME' category (businesses with 10-249 employees) (Table BS3, see Appendix 1). The survey also found that 14,090 SME business units (14% of those that were aware of the existence of IACS and 3% of all SME business units in London) had used IACS (Table BS4, see Appendix 1).

## Access To Fi Nance

The survey found that 35% of SME business units attempted to access external fi nance in the 12 months to mid-2014 (Table AF2, see Appendix 1). Some 48% of SMEs needing fi nance obtained all of the money they needed, while 30% obtained partial fi nancing and 22% were unsuccessful or their cases had not yet been resolved (Table AF5, see Appendix 1). Figure 17 shows numbers of SMEs seeking external fi nance over the 12 months to mid-2014 by the type of fi nance they were seeking; it should be noted that the ratio of microenterprises to other SMEs in the population is 7:1 (see above: **About the survey**).

The survey also found that access to fi nance differed considerably by the size and age of the business and by industry sector:

 
Almost all units belonging to large fi
 rms obtained all of the fi
 nance they required, while only 45% of 
microenterprises were able to do so. 
 
63% of units belonging to businesses established before 2009 were able to access all the fi
 nance they 
required, compared with 32% of start-ups (businesses established in 2012 or after). 
 
Over 70% of business units in the fi
 nancial and insurance sector and the information, communications, 
arts, entertainment and recreation sector met their full fi
 nancing requirements, compared with around 
40% of units in the construction sector and in administrative and support services.

## Investing In The Future And Developing The Workforce

Innovation The LBS 2014 collected information about businesses' involvement in two main groups of innovation activity:

1. New business practices; new methods of organisation; and changes to marketing concepts or strategies 2. Product or process innovation
The proportion of London business units that were engaged in these activities in 2013-14 is shown in Table 18. If a business is engaged in any one of these activities, it is defi ned as 'innovation active'6; 58% of business units in London were innovation active in the year to mid-2014.

## Activity (Number Of Business Units)

Innovation activity
Actively 
innovating
Not actively 
innovating
No response
Percentage 
actively 
innovating
New business practices; new methods of organisation; and changes to marketing concepts or strategies
    New business practices
86,420
358,450
0
19
    Work responsibilities and decision making
102,330
342,540
0
23
    Organisation of external relationships
67,350
377,520
0
15
    Marketing concepts or strategies
100,720
344,150
0
23
Product or process innovation
    New or signifi
 cantly improved goods
36,090
401,480
7,310
8
    New or signifi
 cantly improved services
124,080
313,480
7,310
28
    New or signifi
 cantly improved processes
111,450
326,120
7,310
26
Innovation Active (undertaking at least 1 activity)
242,030
173,700
29,140
58
Innovating in at least 1 activity under each heading
136,130
268,130
40,610
34

Source: London Business Survey (2014) Note: Percentages are calculated excluding non-response The survey also asked about investment in innovation activities. Table 19 shows the proportion of London business units investing in innovation; half of business units in London reported making investments in innovation in 2013-14.

| Type of innovation                                            | Investing   |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|
| Not                                                           |             |
| investing                                                     |             |
| No                                                            |             |
| response                                                      |             |
| Percentage                                                    |             |
| investing                                                     |             |
| Internal Research and Development                             | 91,470      |
| Acquisition of Research and Development                       | 23,100      |
| Acquisition of advanced machinery, equipment and software for |             |
| innovation                                                    |             |
| 69,780                                                        | 375,090     |
| Acquisition of existing knowledge                             | 27,930      |
| Training for innovative activities                            | 69,820      |
| All forms of design                                           | 67,380      |
| Market introduction of innovations                            | 78,280      |
| Actively investing in at least one type of innovation         | 208,110     |

Figure 20 shows the number of business units in London that were innovation active and invested in innovation by enterprise size. Large fi rms were the most innovation active and also the most likely to be investing in innovation. However, innovation activity was also high for other SMEs, with three-quarters of units in other SMEs claiming to be innovation active.

## Innovation, By Size Of Enterprise

Training and developing the workforce The LBS also looked at how businesses in London were investing in the future of the workforce. The survey found that 41% of business units had engaged in upskilling, training or development of their workforce over the 12 months to mid-2014. The number of business units where such training took place varied considerably by enterprise size and industry sector (Table TRN1a, see Appendix 1):

 
In large fi
 rms, 85% of business units engaged in upskilling, training or development compared with 
33% for microenterprises and 69% for other SMEs.
 
The proportion of units where upskilling, training or development took place ranged from a low of 
27% in the manufacturing sector to a high of 74% in the health, social work and scientifi
 c R&D sector.
The proportion of employees engaging in training is different from the proportion of business units engaging in training because over 80% of business units are microenterprises, but employment is concentrated in other SMEs and large fi rms (see above: **The workforce**). The survey was unable to ask about the training experiences of individual employees, but it found that over three-quarters of employees worked for businesses that had engaged in training in the 12 months to mid-2014. The proportions varied according to size of enterprise, ranging from 43% in microenterprises to 81% in other SMEs and 89% in large fi rms. Figure 21 shows the proportion of employees working for businesses that engaged in upskilling, training or development in the 12 months to mid-2014 by industry sector. 

Source: London Business Survey (2014) Note: Lack of response to this question was interpreted as "not upskilling, training or developing".

Apprentices and STEM staff The LBS 2014 also provides estimates of the number of businesses with apprentices. In 12 months to mid- 2014, 38,050 business units employed one or more apprentices (Table AP1, see Appendix 1). This represents 9% of all business units. The survey also found that 62,050 business units in London employed staff with Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) skills or qualifi cations (Table STEM1, see Appendix 
1). This represents 14% of all business units. One-third of these business units had engaged in upskilling, training or development of their STEM employees over the 12 months to mid-2014 (Table TRN1, see Appendix 1).

## Appendix 1 (List Of Tables)

All the tables for the LBS 2014 are available on the London Datastore. This appendix lists these tables and links to the London Datastore (http://data.london.gov.uk/london-business-survey-2014). 

Business profi
 le
Table BPR1 
Country/region of ownership of London businesses, 2014
Table BPR2 
UK versus foreign ownership of London businesses, 2014
Table BPR3 
What London businesses provide: goods, services and intellectual property, 2014
Table BPR4 
Customers of London businesses, 2014
Table BPR5 
Age of London businesses, 2014
London as a place to do business
Table LBL1 
How businesses rate London as a location for business in terms of various factors, 2014
Table LBL2 Businesses' views on how London compares with cities outside the UK in terms of availability 
of visas for non-European employees, 2014
Table LBL3 
Impact on the business of leaving the EU (but not the single market), 2014
Table LF1 
Importance placed on local facilities, 2014
Table LF2 
Satisfaction with local facilities, 2014
Table FAB1 
Factors affecting businesses over the last 12 months, 2014
The workforce
Table WF1 
Number of employees working in London businesses, 2014
Table R1 
Change in number of employees over the last 12 months, 2014
Table R2 
Projected change in number of employees over the next 12 months, 2014
Table R3 
Reasons for a rise in employment over the last 12 months, 2014
Table R4 
Reasons for a fall in employment over the last 12 months, 2014
Table R5 
Whether businesses have recruited any employees over last 12 months, 2014
Table R6 Whether businesses have recruited any employees through Jobcentre Plus over last 12 
months, 2014
Table R7 
Whether candidates from Jobcentre Plus are suitable for business needs, 2014
Business performance and outlook 
Table BPM1 
Turnover of London businesses over the last 12 months, 2014
Table BPM2 
Change in turnover compared with 12 months ago, 2014
Table BPM3 
Whether planning to grow over the next 12 months, 2014
Table BPM4 
Expectation of the economic situation for your business over the next 12 months, 2014
Table BPM5 
Expectation of the economic situation in London over the next 12 months, 2014

International trade
Table TRD1 
Value of goods and services traded by London businesses, 2014
Table TRD2 
London businesses with sales to specifi
 ed locations, 2014
Table TRD3 
London businesses with purchases from specifi
 ed locations, 2014
Table TRD4 
Average sales (mean %) of London businesses to specifi
 ed locations, 2014
Table TRD5 
Average purchases (mean %) of London businesses from specifi
 ed locations, 2014
Support for SMEs
Table BS1 
How often businesses seek external advice from selected sources, 2014
Table BS2 
How often businesses seek external advice on selected topics, 2014
Table BS3 
Awareness of Incubator, Accelerator or Co-working spaces, 2014
Table BS4 
Have used Incubator, Accelerator or Co-working spaces, 2014
Table AF1 
Level of awareness of sources of fi
 nance, 2014
Table AF2 
London businesses that have attempted to access fi
 nance over the last 12 months, 2014
Table AF3 
Approached external fi
 nance over the last 12 months, by type of fi
 nance approached, 2014
Table AF4 
Reason for seeking external fi
 nance over the last 12 months, 2014
Table AF5 
Obtained the external fi
 nance required, 2014
Table AF6 
Anticipate requiring external fi
 nance over next 12 months, 2014
Table AF7 
Planned use of external fi
 nance over the next 12 months, 2014
Investing in the future and developing the workforce
Table IOV1 
London businesses that are actively innovating by type of innovation activity, 2014
Table IOV2 
London businesses that are investing in innovation by type of investment, 2014
Table IOV3 
London businesses that are Innovation Active, 2014
Table IOV4 
London businesses that are investing in innovation, 2014
Table TRN1a Businesses that did upskilling, training and development of employees over the last 12 
months, 2014
Table TRN1b  
Employees working for businesses that did upskilling, training and development over the last 
12 months, 2014
Table TRN2 
Sources of training over the last 12 months, 2014
Table TRN3 
External providers of long courses, 2014
Table AP1 
London businesses employing apprentices in the last 12 months, 2014
Table AP2 
Awareness of grants available for apprentices, 2014
Table AP3 
Use of grants available for apprentices over the last 12 months, 2014
Table STEM1 London businesses employing STEM employees, 2014

## Appendix 2 (Useful Contacts)

To fi nd out more about the work that the Mayor is doing to support businesses in London, please visit: 
http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/business-economy/for-business If you are seeking advice or support for your business, please contact the London Business Support Helpline on 0300 456 3565, available Monday to Friday 9-6pm. To fi nd out more about how Apprenticeships can benefi t your business, please contact the National Apprenticeship Service on 08000 150 600. For further information and insight on London's economy:

 
GLA Economics, http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/business-economy/publications/gla-economics
 
GLA Intelligence Unit, http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor-assembly/mayor/publications/gla-intelligence
 
London Datastore: http://data.london.gov.uk/ 
 
Jobs and Growth Plan for London: http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/fi
 les/Jobs%20%26%20
Growth%20Plan%20for%20London.pdf 

## Appendix 3 (Glossary Of Terms)

Apprenticeship - Apprenticeships are defi ned as paid jobs that incorporate on and off the job training leading to nationally recognised qualifi cations. They are open to anyone aged 16 or over and not in full-time education.

Business economy - The business economy includes production, distribution, construction and services. It does not cover public sector activities or education. 

Business unit - A business unit is defi ned as a site/workplace, which may also be a head offi ce if the head offi ce is in London. It will be the whole business in the case of businesses which only have one site and part of the business in the case of multi-site fi rms. 

Employee - An employee is anyone aged 16 years or over that is paid from an organisation's payroll in return for carrying out a full-time or part-time job or being on a training scheme.

Enterprise - An enterprise is defi ned as the smallest combination of legal units which has a certain degree of autonomy in decision-making (for example, a chain of supermarkets).

European Economic Area (EEA) - The EEA includes the 28 countries of the European Union (EU) 
plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. The EU operates an internal (or single) market which allows free movement of goods, capital, services and people between EEA member countries.

Exporter - an exporter is defi ned as a business unit which sells goods and/or services to customers based outside the UK i.e. those that reported sales to the rest of Europe and/or rest of the world.

Foreign ownership - Business ownership is determined by the location of the immediate parent company of the enterprise. If the immediate parent company is located outside the UK, then a business is defi ned as foreign-owned.

Importer - an importer is defi ned as a business unit which purchases goods and/or services from suppliers based outside the UK i.e. those that reported purchases from the rest of Europe and/or rest of the world.

Incubator, Accelerator and Co-working spaces (IACs) - These are fl exible spaces designed for startups and small businesses featuring shared offi ce/work space, shared facilities and affordable, all-inclusive monthly charges; they do not include business support services.

Innovation active - A business unit is defi ned as innovation active, if in the last 12 months, it engaged in any of the following:

 
New and signifi
 cantly improved forms of organisation, business structures or practices aimed at raising 
internal effi
 ciency or the effectiveness of approaching markets and customers.
 
The introduction of new or signifi
 cantly improved product (good or service) or process e.g. 
improvement in quality or distinct user benefi
 ts. The innovation, although new to the business, does 
not need to be new to the market.
Large enterprises - Large enterprises are defi ned as those with 250 or more employees at UK level. The terms enterprise and fi rm are used interchangeably in this report.

Microenterprises - Microenterprises are defi ned as those with 0-9 employees at UK level.

Other SMEs - Other SMEs are defi ned as those with 10-249 employees at UK level.

Purchases - Purchases are defi ned as the total value of the goods and services purchased by a business unit (excluding VAT).

Respondent - The term respondent means the person who responded on behalf of the business unit, even if this person works at a head offi ce which is not in London. 

Sales - Sales are defi ned as the total value of the goods and services sold by a business unit (excluding VAT). 

Science and technology categories - The categories used are a specialised grouping of UK SIC07 
codes for GLA analysis purposes. They broadly identify industries which either produce scientifi c and/or technological outputs, or heavily employ scientifi c and/or technological inputs. For further information, please see the "Classifi cation" sheet in: www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedomof-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/business-and-energy/february-2014/numberof-science-and-technology-employees-in-lads.xls Site - A site (or local unit) is a whole enterprise or part thereof (e.g. a workshop, factory, warehouse, offi ce or shop) situated in a single geographic location.

## Smes - Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises (Smes) Are Defi Ned As Those With 0-249 Employees At Uk Level. They Comprise Microenterprises And Other Smes.

Start-up - A start-up is defi ned as a fi rm established between 2012 and the time of the survey in mid-
2014.

STEM staff - Staff with Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) skills or qualifi cations.

Turnover - turnover is usually defi ned as the total amount of earnings received from regular business transactions including sales (excluding VAT), dividends, interest, or royalties earned; however, it should be noted that business units may have used their own defi nitions of turnover, and in many cases turnover was reported as being equal to sales.

## Endnotes

1  
According to ONS's Regional Accounts, the excluded SIC07 Sections A: agriculture, forestry and fi
 shing; 
B: mining and quarrying; D: electricity, gas, steam and air-conditioning supply; E: water supply; sewerage and waste management; and T: activities of households together account for around 2% of London's GVA. According to ONS's Workforce Jobs series, these sections provide employment for around 1% of London's workforce.
2  
The IDBR is a statistical register based on administrative sources and surveys which contains information on businesses in all parts of the economy. An organisation will be on the IDBR if it is registered for Value Added Tax (VAT), and/or pays employees through a Pay As You Earn (PAYE) scheme and/or is an incorporated business registered at Companies House. Some very small businesses, self-employed people and non-profi
 t-making organisations are not on the IDBR as they are not registered in any of these ways. 
3  
The term 'London's private sector business economy' refers to private sector businesses within the industry 
sectors that were chosen for the LBS 2014, see **Introduction**.
4  
The total number of employees working in London in September 2013 according to BRES was 4.6 million. This includes public sector employees and SIC07 industry sectors that are not included in the LBS 2014. The BRES estimate for employees working in London in September 2013 in the LBS industry sectors was 3.6 million. However, the LBS 2014 estimate for the fi
 nancial and insurance activities sector was 
considerably lower than the BRES 2013 estimate, which may indicate that the LBS 2014 is underestimating this sector. Estimates for some other sectors - in particular accommodation, food, travel and tourism - are higher in LBS 2014 than in BRES 2013, with the differences probably refl
 ecting a combination of seasonal 
employment patterns and survey error.
5  
Note that the fi
 gures in this section should be treated with caution because some of the standard errors 
for the estimates are quite high. See the tables in Appendix 1.
6  
Note that the LBS did not explicitly include in its defi
 nition of 'innovation active' a third element 
recently introduced to offi
 cial business surveys: 'Engagement in innovation projects not yet complete or 
abandoned'. Therefore the proportions reported by the LBS are on a slightly different basis from those for the UK as a whole (e.g. in the UK Innovation Survey).
Greater London Authority City Hall The Queen's Walk London SE1 2AA
Tel: 020 7983 4922
Email: glaeconomics@london.gov.uk www.london.gov.uk/gla-economics-publications