## Ivy Cottage, Calton

Faith Cleverdon, March 2014 

INDEX 1.0 
The historical significance of the building and its site 
 
2.0 
The structure and phasing of the building 3.0 
The documentary evidence 4.0 
Key features 
APPENDICES 
 
APPENDIX ONE:  
 
Lobby entry plans in the medieval parish of Leek. APPENDIX TWO:   
Break down of the William Senior map of 1631 APPENDIX THREE:  
 
The 1666 Hearth Tax returns for Calton APPENDIX FOUR:   
Tithe map extracts APPENDIX FIVE:  
 
Additional photographs 
 
1.0 
The historical significance of the building and its site 
 
1.1 
Ivy Cottage lies at the eastern end of the central access road to Calton village. Its address is Back Lane, the street name shown on the 1881 O.S. map (Fig. 1). In historic terms this is misleading as the medieval settlement of Calton had a central street (the 1881 map's Back Lane) lined by houses, and two real 'back 
lanes' that served the outer ends of its crofts in the traditional manner. The northern 'back lane' remains a road, while the southern' back lane' is represented by a footpath and a field boundary. 
 
1.2 
The village is a planned settlement created in the early thirteenth century from land carved out of three surrounding parishes, Bloore, Mayfield, and Waterfall, 
to whom tithes were still owed in the 19th century resulting in three separate tithe maps, and the plethora of detached portions shown in Fig. 1.1 Thus for 
tithe purposes Ivy Cottage was no.47 in Calton Blore. 
1.3 
The earliest map of Calton is William Senior's map of 1631, made for the Earl of Newcastle as a means of reviewing estates that came to him by marriage. Its neat appearance accentuates the planned nature of the settlement, in which rows of cottages lined either side of the main street with long narrow crofts behind them. The holding containing Ivy Cottage is shown as a croft and toft 
marked TS (see Appendix 2 for summary).2 
1.4 
As a two-bay lobby entrance plan house this was one of the new-style 
buildings that became the norm in the late 16th and early 17th centuries3 when 
hall houses (open to the roof with an open fire and smoke-blackened roof timbers) were being replaced by houses with chimneys. The well carpentered cruck that forms main structural element is the earliest element. 
                                                 
 
2.0 
The structure and phasing of the building 

 
2.1 
Phase one is represented by a raised cruck that divides the two bays forming the western half of the building together with a plinth visible only on the south face of the building (Figs. 3 and 4). 
2.2 
The cruck (Fig. 1 and Appendix 4) is a fine piece of carpentry cut from gently curving timbers suggesting wood from a source where choice was plentiful. A similar cruck at Cheddleton Grange built for a relative of the last Abbot of Dieulacres has a felling 
date of 14994 but closer comparisons may be available within the Peak Park. 
2.3 
The cruck bears no relationship to the framing that now fills it apart from the collar, tie-beam and yoke. The peg positions for the former are currently masked, unlike those for the yoke which lies above the level of the later features. 
2.4 
Pegs holes for cruck spurs coupled to the presence of the plinth indicate the building was once timber framed and had a steep roof, presumably thatched, rising from the end of the cruck spurs to a ridge purlin clasped by the apex of the cruck. 
2.5 
The absence of smoke blackening suggests that the building had a timber-framed smoke hood and the lack of infill between the cruck blades indicates that it was open from the floor to the (now missing) ridge purlin. This type forms a transition between houses with a fully open hall and no chimney, and houses where the smoke was contained and that were built two storeys throughout. 
2.6 
The massive beam supporting the floor joists at the western end of the building may also come from this phase but its original position is uncertain. If it supported an upper floor at the west end of the house then it related to a different set of joists to those currently in use. 
                                                 

 
Broken lines indicate missing timbers as suggested by peg holes. 
 
Red indicates the likely position of the original roofline. 
 
P = the plinth 
2.7 
Phase two saw the building take on its present form as a two-bay lobby entrance house 
with stone walls and two floors throughout. This was served by a single doorway set under a drip mould which was cut when a large stone slab was inserted above it (Fig. 4). 
2.8 
Inside a heck screen creates a lobby, the small internal porch that is typical of this house type. The screen supports the bressumer of what was once the only fireplace. The bressumer will have supported a timber-framed fire-hood of which all traces have 
been lost. While this arrangement is a standard one for this type of house the bressumer is not, suggesting it may be a replacement. 
2.9 
At some point a low stone screen was inserted between the feet of the cruck. This is earlier than the rest of the infilling as the square framing fits awkwardly into the surviving stonework, and having no sill beam to hold it, is now partly displaced (for further discussion see 4.8). 
2.10 
The windows of this phase are characteristic of 17th century work, and have truncated-  
diamond mullions. A blocked 2-light window survives on the west gable, and similar windows are to be found in the small single storey rear wing and on the rear wall.  
2.11 
No staircase survives from this phase but the spacing of the floor joists and beams at 
the western end suggest there may once have been a stair in the NW corner. 
2.12 
The single storey service room to the rear appears to be an early addition, 
distinguished from the rest of the 17th century work by the absence of a drip-mould to 
the windows, the slightly larger size of the lights, and the relatively crude doorway linking it to the main building in contrast to the detailing of the main doorway. 
 
2.13 
Phase three was in place by the early years of the 19th century, and consists of two 
further bays. While these may have added to the living accommodation their primary purpose was as shop premises. This is evidenced by the taking in door on the eastern gable, the larger than average doorway at the eastern end of the front, and the stone vaulted cellar which seems originally to have an un-railed entrance. This interpretation is confirmed by the Census Returns. 
2.14 
In addition to two new bays the side walls and roof of the original building were raised, and the front remodelled to achieve the sense of unity by giving the whole of the south front similar windows. 
2.15 
The masonry of the new build is of excellent quality, clearly evidenced by the internal detailing of the windows which are set under curved arches in contrast to the flat lintels of the earlier work (Fig. 5). 
2.16 
A stone vaulted cellar lies under the western of the two added bays, accessed by a flight of stone steps, and lit by a rear window. This adds to the impression that the primary purpose of the new build was commercial rather than domestic use and is reenforced by the fact that the staircase to the upper floor is an addition, set askew to the 
original cellar surround. It was presumably added when the building was divided into two domestic units. 
2.17 
Greater comfort was now a feature, the single hearth being augmented by a further cooking hearth at the west end, when a second lobby entrance was created complete 
with a small fire window. This blocks the 2-light 17th century window in the west 
gable: there is considerable evidence for building and rebuilding in this area. Lesser fireplaces with shallow chimney breast are a feature of the later bays, so the building now acquired all four of its chimneys. 
 
2.15 
Later uses. By late 19th century the building had ceased to function as a shop and was divided into two dwellings.5 This required various modifications including the 
provision of a second staircase, and left the original front door as the entrance to the eastern end with its link to the old house blocked. 
2.16 
Neither of the staircases is original although both probably date to the 19th century: an 
earlier stair position seems to be indicated by the arrangement of floor joists in the north-western corner of the building. 
2.17 
Only minor changes have occurred in the 20th century. These include the introduction 
of electric light, and the division of a ground floor room to provide a bathroom. 
2.17 
Recent use as a single property has left the building in a neglected state, leaving as priorities the re-instatement of a sound roof and plenty of ventilation to dry the building out and ensure it does not deteriorate further while it remains unoccupied. 
                                                 

 
3.0 
The documentary evidence 3.1 
The earliest documentary evidence for the site postdates the earliest phase of the building, and is contained in William Senior's map of 1631 where one of the buildings shown at the eastern end of the village represents 'Ivy Cottage' with its owner identified as TS. 
3.2 
It is not currently possible to link the property with any certainty to the 1666 Hearth Tax (see Appendix Three) but the structural evidence indicates it one of the many single hearth houses listed in this area. These formed the vast majority of the local housing stock. Members of the Smyth family appear on all three lists and are 
exceptionally well-documented in the 16th and 17th centuries at Dog Lane, Thomas 
being a regular family name, but these lists are incomplete as they omit the poor. 
3.2 
In 1760 articles of agreement were drawn up for the enclosure of Calton Moor and the other areas of shared pasture and meadow within the township. Twenty one people are listed as having an interest, but none can be directly linked to Ivy Cottage although 
John Taylor of Ireton was shown as having 27 beastgates in Calton Moor, and two in 
the Upper and Nether Intakes. This indicates he held freehold land in Calton, but does not establish a direct link between him and the Taylors who were owners and 
occupiers of Ivy Cottage by 1844.6 
3.2 
In 1844 the Tithe Map and Award shows the building and its land owned and occupied by Richard Taylor (Fig. 6 and Appendix four). He was also farming land owned by Sarah Ann Taylor. If this was Richard's daughter then she was only 12 at the time. The 1851 census returns show him as the farmer of 18 acres and as a shopkeeper: his household consisted of his wife, Ann, his daughter Sarah Ann aged 19, and a lodger, John Holly, described as the Incumbent of Calton. It is not clear from this how the building was divided as the shop was still in use. 
 
3.3 
By 1861 Richard was dead, and his daughter Sarah Ann, aged 29, was described as a 
'Proprietor of house and land'. The next entry is for Joseph Robotham, farmer of 18 acres and described as 'Grocer'. Sarah Ann's will shows that she was close to the 
Robotham family and it seems that Joseph and his family were now occupying half the house and farming her land. 
3.4 
The 1881 25 inch O.S. map show the building and its relationship to the medieval 
boundaries extremely clearly, and also indicates two rear extensions although the building itself has no traces of the more easterly one. 
 
 
Fig. 7 Detail from the 
1881 25 inch O.S. map showing the Ivy Cottage still with the full length of its croft. 

Note the way the 19th century extension goes right up to the property boundary, and the fact that the tofts were still undivided. 

 
NB The plot containing Ivy Cottage is in Calton Bloore, while the adjacent plot belongs in Calton Mayfield. The parish boundary is shown as dotdash-dot-dash etc. In some parts of the township the O.S. surveyors were confused by the fact that two of the three Tithe Maps were accidentally given the same name by the original makers. 3.4 
In 1884 Sarah Ann left all her property, including two houses, to Samuel Robotham of Dog Lane, who held them until his death in 1900. 

3.5 
In 1902 members of the Taylor family challenged the ownership and the Court of Chancery decided in their favour, and the house was subsequently sold to Herbert 
Smith for £203. The surviving deeds date from this period.7 
3.6 
At this time the building was functioning as two separate dwellings, Ivy Cottage and Ivy House, which accounts for the division between the two evidenced by blocked doorways and extra entrances. '*Calton is my dwelling place'* outlines its occupancy 
during the 20th century.  
3.7 
Recently it has had a single occupant and has been allowed to deteriorate round him and made only token efforts at modernization.  
 
Windows 
4.1 
Externally the appropriate treatment of window openings is critical to the character of the building. Here there are two main types to consider  
 17th century windows openings  19th century window openings 
The seventeenth century window openings 


These survive only on the western gable and on the rear. 
 
Those on the western gable (W8 - Ap.1) are blocked by a chimney breast probably added circa 1800. Re-opening them would mean sweeping away features relating to a series of hearths which have considerable of merit in their own right, so permission to re-open is unlikely. 
 
The two-light17th century window in the rear extension (W7 - Fig.8) has 
simply been blocked, and re-opening is highly desirable both for light and 
ventilation, and to re-instate the original character. 
 
The fire-window (W6 - Ap.2) still has its original surround together with the seating for the mullion, so accurate restoration is both possible and desirable. 
 
A further consideration is the type of fenestration to reinstate. These openings will have had leaded lights, and probably retain the housing for a vertical metal bar in the centre of each light, indicating they were once filled with diamond panes. If opening casements existed they will have been of iron and side hung. 
 
The W gable has a small oval windows set near the apex which is blocked by the later hearths. The rear extension has small diamond shaped opening which is still glazed and simply requires maintenance (Figs. 8 and 16). 
 
 
The 19th *century window openings* 
 
Those in the eastern part of the building date to the 19th century; those in the western part are modifications of the 17th century openings. Internally the former have fine curved arches (Fig. 5), the latter straight wooden lintels. 

 The overall character of the front is now determined by the wooden side-hung 
casements that occupy the majority of the openings. These may or may not be beyond repair. Either way the retention of their design is essential (Fig. 1). 
 Only the partially blocked eastern doorway that once served as a shop entrance 
(W4) requires further consideration. Here a better design should be considered. 
 
4.2  
The taking in door (Fig. 5) *and the cellar window* These are an important part of the story of the building as both the cellar and the upper floor storage will have been essential storage space for the shop. 
 Currently both are fully blocked.  The taking in door: additional lighting is needed at this end of the house as the 
windows are set low in the upstairs rooms and there are none on the rear wall. 
If un-blocked a full-height design could be considered, as it would do more to emphasize the original form than simply opening up the top half.  
 The cellar window has only a single, relatively narrow light but would be a 
valuable means of re-introducing both light and ventilation. 4.3 
Doors, doorways and shutters 
Vertically planked doors were one of the most common forms of exterior door in the 
19th century. That now filling the 17th century doorway is typical and retains interesting metalwork that would suggest an earlier period if it was coupled to wider planks (like those of the shutters to W6). Traditionally these doors had vertical planks from top to bottom and were braced internally, in contrast to the 20th/21st century practise of framing them. All three external doorways have this type of door. Fig. 10 *The original entrance and its door.* 
 

 Internally each door needs considering on its own merits. Most of them date to at least 
the 19th century, other than the bathroom door D10 which is of 20th century date. Shutters may well have been a feature throughout but currently only survive for the fire-window (W6 - Fig. 11) which has a good set of early shutters that simply require careful restoration. If shutters are consider desirable elsewhere then these could provide a model. 

 
 
 
Several doors survive. That shown below is a four panel door of 19th century date, and retains 
and interesting metal latch. Elsewhere they range from the 20th century bathroom door (D10) 
to the 19th century plank and baton door (D13) awaiting re-instatement in a blocked opening 
within the cruck frame (Fig. 12). Each will require consideration on its own merits. 
4.4 
Fireplaces and fittings The 17th century house was entered via lobby formed by the stone heck screen supporting the main beam (the bressumer) of the single hearth that provided for both heat and cooking (Fig. 13). 

 This will originally have been a single open space lit to the north by a 2-light 
fire-window and backed by the stonework of external wall. Fuel will have been either wood or turf. 
 The various brick and metal features represent modernization in the 18th and 
19th centuries, or in the case of the bread oven an earlier date. 
 Two brick types seem to be involved (and more may come to light during 
restoration. The smaller bricks relate to the earlier features that lie either side of the hearth an indeterminate feature to the south of the hearth with a small recess set below a brick relieving arch and a bread oven to the north with a projecting cover (Figs. 11, 13 and Ap.3). 
 The centre is construct of larger and later bricks which currently arch over the 
space to support the stack above, and houses the remains of a metal range. 
 The heck screen also shows signs of alteration. Brickwork fills the doorway 
which should lead into the main room, and what was once a small fire-window in the hack-screen itself has been bricked up. Removal of the former is essential, removal of the latter might also be considered. 


KEY: A fire-window; B bread oven; C 19th century fireplace with range and ash pit; 
          D early brick feature; heck screen with locked fire window; F blocked doorway In the 19th century a second doorway was punched into the west end of the south wall 
(D1) and a second lobby entrance was created Figs. 1, 11 and 12) This time the heck screen is of brick and still retains its small fire-window, an essential feature as there was no lighting from the rear of the house. 

 The hearth has seen many modifications but retains much of the stonework of 
the 19th century fireplace, now partly supported by brickwork, as well as parts 
of a metal range. 
 As the hearth is a late one and set in a substantial chimney breast there is no 
bressumer of the traditional kind but a massive beam, partly truncated, forms the central support for the ceiling, and may well have come from an earlier phase of the building, while the arrangement of other beams suggest that a staircase may once have occupied the NW corner. 
 
4.5 
Staircases 
 
Neither of the staircases that serve the upper floor is original. Staircase one lies against the timber framing that fills the cruck, and is of indeterminate date, probably 19th century. The aim of its design was to take as small a space as possible from the western bay. It is currently in urgent need of repair, and lacks any form of rail or support at first floor level. Staircase two sits over the cellar stairs and its irregular shape is emphasized by its relationship to the square set of the surround at the top of the cellar. Apart from its irregular shape it is typical of 19th century cottage staircases as it winds its way up in the corner of the room, and is boxed to retain heat on the ground floor. 

The cellar underlies the western bay of the 19th century part of the house and is served by its original stone staircase. These are steep but serviceable. A solid stone surround marks the top but is now largely masked by the stairs to the upper floor which seem to be an addition (staircase 2). While neither of the existing staircases are particularly practical, careful consideration needs to be given if any replacement is being considered as the requirements of the present building regulations mean that a new staircase would have a considerable impact on the character of the building. 



4.6 
Floors Quarry tile form the majority of the flooring, and while retention may be desirable the state of preservation is extremely variable (Figs. 13, 14, 15 and 16) and each area will need careful consideration. 

 
4.7 
Thralls Stone thralls and/or salting slabs survive in both the 17th century extension (Fig. 14) 
and the cellar (Fig. 9), and form a key part of the character of the place. Those that survive should be retained, and restoration of missing section in the extension could be considered. 

 
4.8 
The cruck, the timber-framed internal wall and it plinth 
One of the most puzzling features is the relationship of the cruck to the timber-framing that currently fills it. 
The cruck sits on a plinth of dark stone, of which a length survives on the 
south wall (Fig. 4). It is not smoke blackened and has few peg holes, none of which relate to the square framing that now fills it. It therefore seems to have been open from the ground to the (missing) ridge purlin and to have either served an unheated room, or one which had a fire-hood to trap the smoke. The latter seems likely as the timbers are well chosen and crafted which suggests domestic rather than agricultural use. 
Between the feet of the cruck blades is a stone plinth. This bears no direct 
relationship to the external plinth as even the highest section is lower. Some parts of the upper courses are missing, and the timber framing was added after they were lost and without the benefit of some of the basic elements of tradition framing. 
The absence of a sill beam is the most obvious feature, and required a nonstandard method of fixing the base of the studs, which in some cases have broken away from their rather flimsy fixing and are now bowed. Also missing is any form of pegging. The panels are filled with wattle and daub, but again, the lack of a sill beam 
means that some of the split laths used as uprights between the studs are now adrift at the base. Restoration of these elements will require particular care. 

The infill itself only reaches to ceiling height on the first floor (Fig. 12) 

suggesting it is relatively late in date and was perhaps inserted when the upper floor was first given a ceiling. There is an interesting contrast between the sophistication of the cruck blades, and the rustic nature of the horizontal timbers that form the main structural elements of the ceiling in the western bay (the rest is concealed). 
4.9 
Ceiling beams 
A similar but less extreme contrast can be seen between the ceiling beams at ground floor level in the western bay, where re-use of a massive beam suggest salvage from an earlier building, or the possibility of an earlier first floor to this end. The joists are not original to the beam, and their arrangement suggests the possibility of an earlier staircase in the NW corner. 
 
By contrast the stops and chamfers of the ceiling beams of the next indicate 
they were made for this space. If the theory that the cruck was made for a timberframed building with a smoke-hood is correct then this may have been a transitional building with a houseplace that was open to the rafters, and a western bay with an upper floor - possibly supported by the massive beam but truncated beam that still form part of the structure. 
4.10 
The setting Of particular significance are the long N-S boundary walls and the roadside wall 
which reflect the boundaries of the medieval planned village, and great care should be 
taken to retain them in their present form. 
4.11 
The tithe map shows a smaller building to the west, which may be represented by the surviving stone foundations. If an additional outhouse is required this would be a suitable site to consider. 
4.12 
Less happy is the large Nissen hut type structure to the rear. If this is to be replaced then a smaller building of traditional form and massing should be considered. 
5.0 
In conclusion The evidence suggests that Ivy cottage began life as a cruck building with timberframed outer walls set on a stone plinth. Given its height and the absence of contemporary evidence for the closure of the cruck, the building appears to be one of the transitional buildings that bridged the gap between those with an open hall and those with a chimney and two storeys throughout. That suggests a 16th century date as open halls were going out of fashion by 1500. 

Modification in the 19th century included extension by two further bays, the 

raising of the roofline on the existing bays, and modifications to the heating system. 
This will have included the demolition of the firehood that once formed the 'chimney' 
for the single hearth of the early house, and the replacement of its bressumer to allow the present brick structure and range to be inserted. 
Ivy Cottage and its land represent a fascinating survival from one of the Peak 
District's most interesting villages, and still sits squarely within its original land making the boundary walls one of the most important features. 
While the recent history has been one of neglect the benefit is that it has not 
been over modernized and has much that can be restored and re-used in the 21st 
century. It will need a careful restoration plan, and skilful, well-though-out scheme to 
fit it for the 21st century, but given the nature of the 19th century extension there 
should be plenty of opportunity to achieve the best of both worlds. 
 

## Key

2.   Two-bay lobby entrance plan with a rear outshut.   Based on Bank Top [139]. 
    Based on Basford Bridge [36]. 
|                                                     |                              | 6.   Unheated central bay with a fourth bay.         |     Based on Rownall [48].    |
|-----------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| 7.   Central lobby entrance plan.                   |                              |                                                      | Based on Hollin House [58]    |
| 8.   Central lobby entrance plan with rear outshut. | Based on Meadow Place [100]. |                                                      |                               |
| 9.   Three bay house with opposed entrances.        | Based on Gate Farm [93].     |                                                      |                               |
    Based on Home Farm [128]. 

                                                 
8 From Cleverdon, M.F. (2002) Landscape with Buildings. Unpublished PhD thesis (Sheffield). Other variants The map shows tenants initials and acreages. There is much repetition of initials suggesting several people held more than one property. These were probably customary tenancies which could be sublet. There is some confusion between I. and T. on the original map. A circle and dot is regularly used as a symbol against the 'fre' plots. Eighteen full plots are shown flanking the main street, mostly with houses (H). More plots lie behind the northern 'back lane', none with houses. A number are shown as 'fre' i.e. 

untenanted. SOUTH  
 
 CENTRE 

NORTH  
 

TB  
1-1-4 
 
 TB 
0-3-1 
 
 TB 
0-3-2 
 
Fre 
0-1-4 
H  TB 
0-3-10 H  fre 
1-3-0 
 
Ih 
1-0-7 
H  fre 
0-2-35 H  (fre) 
1-3-33  
RSm 
1-0-24 
H  IH 
 
H  RS 
1-3-16  
R: fre 
2-1-6 
H  RS 
 
H  fre 
2-2-0 
 
TS 
0-3-20 
H  fre 
2-00 
H  TS 
2-0-5 
 
IS 
1-0-24 
H  TS 
 
H  IS 
2-0-15  
RW 
1-0-0 
H  IS 
 
H  RW 
1-2-0 
 
GB 
1-0-0 
H  RW 
 
H  TP 
0-2-0 
 
TP 
1-0-0 
H  IP 
1-0-0 
H  IP 
0-2-37  
chapel 
Chapel H  fre 
1-0-0 
H  fre 
1-1-0 
 
HK 
0-3-0 
H  fre 
1-0-0 
H   
 
 
C 
0-3-20 
H  fre 
1-0-0 
H  fre 
0-1-38  
SS 
0-3-34 
H  RS 
1-0-0 
H  Rw 
0-1-38  
NS 
0-3-28 
 
 NS 
1-0-0 
H  C 
0-3-30  
TS 
0-3-10 
H  TS 
1-8-0 
H  Rs 
0-3-30  
NS 
0-3-10 
H  NS/RO  
Fre 
 
 Ns 
1-0-33  

          RS 
0-1-0 
 
 TS 
1-0-33  

          fre 
0-2-0 
 
 Clark 
0-2-6 

          TS 
0-1-0 
 
 Meane 
1-0-12  

8 acres fre  
 
 NS 
0-3-36  

 

TS 
1-0-23 Ivy Cottage would appear to be held by TS (highlighted yellow). APPENDIX THREE: the 1666 Hearth Tax returns for Calton Calton Mayfield 
 
Calton Bloore? 
 
Calton Waterfall? 
Robert Tompson 
1 
John Bloore 
 
1 
Rowland Harrison 
2 
Thomas Smyth 
1 
Robert Ransdale 
2 
Thomas Smyth 
1 
John Greensmyth 
1 
John Hood 
 
1 
Rowland Harrisson 
2 
Thomas Bukley 
1 
Roger Smyth  
1 
Ralph Alcock  
2 
Ralph Hitherlee 
1 


John Smyth 
 
1 


John Alcock  
1 

 Calton Mayfield is clearly identifiable as the various parts of Mayfield are listed in sequence. The other two are less certain as they are shown as part of mixed constablewicks, but position of one set labelled Caulton adhuc rem(anens) immediately after Waterfall suggest the arrangement given above. 

Ivy Cottage is shown on the tithe map as no. 47 which is in Calton Blore so its occupant may have been among those listed above. However, a large number of people are shown as too poor to pay and are listed as block so there is no certainty in this. APPENDIX FOUR: *Extract from the Tithe Map for Blore and details from its schedule* 

| BLORE                                |             |               |                             |               |        |
|--------------------------------------|-------------|---------------|-----------------------------|---------------|--------|
| Owner                                | Tenant      | No. Name      | Use                         | Acreage       |        |
| Taylor, Richard                      | Himself     | 35            | Croft at dams               | Meadow 0-3-24 |        |
|                                      |             | 47            | Garden & croft Meadow 0-3-4 |               |        |
|                                      |             | 86            | Intake                      | Pasture       | 4-2-33 |
| MAYFIELD                             |             |               |                             | TOTAL         | 6-1-21 |
| Owner                                | Tenant      | No. Name      | Use                         | Acreage       |        |
| Taylor, Sarah Ann Taylor, Richard 44 | Three nooks | Meadow 0-1-32 |                             |               |        |
|                                      |             | 48            | Middle croft                | ,,            | 0-3-20 |
|                                      |             | 57            | Garden                      | ,,            | 0-0-20 |
|                                      |             | 62            | Upper croft                 | ,,            | 0-3-11 |
|                                      |             |               |                             | TOTAL         | 2-1-3  |
| Taylor, Richard                      | Himself     | 51            | Farrows croft               | Meadow 1-0-0  |        |
|                                      |             | 59            | Little piece                | Pasture       | 0-0-6  |
|                                      |             |               |                             | TOTAL         | 3-2-10 |



Ap.3 Features flanking the 19th century fireplace in the 17th century hearth are 
        (Left)  Fire-window, bressumer, and bread oven; (Right) Recess under brick relieving arch. Blocked 'fire-window' in heck-screen to right Ap.4 The cruck blades: (above) the apex; (below) at first floor level.