## A Councillor'S Workbook On Bribery And Fraud Prevention Contents

| Foreword	                                                                                       |   3 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|
| Bribery and fraud prevention                                                          |   4 |
| Section 1                                                                             |     |
| Fraud from a local authority perspective                                              |   5 |
| Section 2                                                                             |     |
| Council and councillor responsibilities in relation to fraud prevention and detection |   9 |
| Section 3                                                                             |     |
| The fraud response                                                                    |  12 |
| Section 4                                                                             |     |
| Fraud risk management                                                                 |  19 |
| Section 5                                                                             |     |
| Assurance that fraud arrangements are effective                                       |  22 |
| Section 6                                                                             |     |
| What you have learned and further reading                                             |  26 |

This councillor workbook includes references to materials published by the Local Government Association (LGA) and Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy CIPFA) Further information can be found on www.lga.gov
.uk and www.cipfa.org

## Foreword

This workbook has been designed as a learning aid for elected members. It makes no judgement about whether you have been a member for some time, or whether you have been elected more recently
. If you fall into the former category the workbook should serve as a useful reminder of some of the key skills, approaches and tactics involved in neighbourhood and community engagement - it may even challenge you to reconsider how you have approached aspects  
of the role to date. Those members who are new to local government will recognise that they have much to learn. The workbook will help you to get up to speed on the main areas of the neighbourhood and community engagement role that require focus and attention. In effect, it should provide you with some pointers on how to develop a style and approach that you are comfortable with, and that enables you to be most effective in your day to day duties. The workbook offers few firm rules for ward members as it is recognised that each individual must decide how best to approach the role. This will be influenced by the other commitments in your life, the type of ward you represent and the methods and approaches that suit you best. There is no presumption about 'typical wards' or 'typical members' and the workbook should serve more  
as a direction marker rather than a road map. In practical terms, the document will take between two to three hours to work through. You do not need to complete it all in one session and may prefer to work through the material at your own pace. The key requirement is to think about your own approach to neighbourhood and community engagement - how the material relates to your local situation, the people you serve and the council you represent.

In working through the material contained in this workbook you will encounter a number of features designed to help you think about the issues surrounding the development of neighbourhood and community engagement. These features are represented by the symbols shown below:
Guidance - this is used to indicate guidance, research, quotations, explanations and definitions that you may find helpful. Challenges - these are questions  
or queries raised in the text which ask you to reflect on your role or approach - in essence, they are designed to be thought-provokers. Case studies - these are 'pen pictures' of approaches used by councils elsewhere.

Hints and tips– a selection of good practices that you may find useful. Useful links - these are signposts to sources of further information that may help with principles, processes, methods and approaches. 

## Bribery And Fraud Prevention

Every organisation whether large or small is at risk from fraud and councils are no exception to this. All councils have a duty to protect the public purse and a major part of this is by limiting exposure to fraud and corruption and reducing risk through effective prevention and detection. Authorities, even the smallest, are constantly under threat from fraudsters whether that be single person discount fraud, reducing council revenue or a cyberattack causing a major data loss, reputational damage and fines from the information commissioner. Fraud is estimated to cost UK councils around £2.1 billion per year which is money that cannot be used to support local communities. As an elected member you have a range of statutory and moral obligations to protect the assets of your authority and you also need to equip yourself with the knowledge to deal with enquiries and questions from residents. 

## Section 1 Fraud From A Local Authority Perspective The Scale Of Fraud

The challenge presented by fraud to councils is significant. As stated in 'The Local Government Counter Fraud and Corruption Strategy 2016-
2019' (usually known as Fighting Fraud and Corruption Locally), it is estimated that fraud costs councils around £2.1 billion each year and some reports produced by other organisations suggest that this figure could actually be higher. The CIPFA (Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy) counter fraud and corruption tracker
, known as CFaCT is an annual survey of fraud activity in councils (and some other public bodies) and measures detection rates across local government and across different types of fraud. Based on returns in 2016 CIPFA estimates that over £325 million worth of fraud was detected in the UK public sector in 2015/16, with the biggest fraud areas being council tax and housing tenancy fraud. In previous years housing benefit fraud will have figured highly on this list. 

Whatever the stats and reports say, is clear is that every pound lost by councils to fraud is a pound that cannot be spent on supporting the community.

## 

Useful links The full CFaCT report for the UK can be found here: 
www.cipfa.org/services/counter-fraud-centre/ fraud-and-corruption-tracker If your authority took part in the survey they will have received a free comparison report showing their counter fraud activity compared to other authorities in the same tier. See if you can obtain a copy from your fraud manager or head of internal audit. 

If your council didn't take part in the survey perhaps you can encourage them to do so next year? The Fighting Fraud and Corruption Locally strategy and companion documents can  
be found at: www.cipfa.org/services/counter-fraud-centre/ fighting-fraud-and-corruption-locally 
 

## The Impact Of Fraud

The impact of fraud should never be underestimated. Fraud leaves the council with less to spend on services for residents and costs taxpayer's money.  Fraud against a local council is not a victimless crime. There's not only the lost/stolen money to consider but also the:   

•	 loss of working time, with officers putting things 
right and liaising with police and lawyers
•	 cost of the investigation and any subsequent 
court costs
•	 increased insurance premiums.
There are also non-financial implications that are often forgotten. These will also, indirectly, have a financial impact, which is often difficult to qualify, such as:

•	 reduced or poor service for residents •	 political impacts, eg government interventions, 
by-elections
•	 reputational damage for individuals or the 
council as a whole 
•	 poor staff morale leading to poor performance 
and/or more fraud. 

## What Is Fraud?

'Fraud is any intentional act or 
omission designed to deceive 
others, resulting in the victim 
suffering a loss and/or the 
perpetrator achieving a gain.'

'Managing the business risk of fraud'  
published by the Institute of Internal Auditors,  
et al There are a number of definitions of fraud that are commonly used, however the majority of crimes committed that are considered to be fraud will be prosecuted under the Fraud Act 2006. Many activities that are carried out by councils are covered by specific legislation, for example, offences such as making false statements in order to obtain a council house or unlawful sub-letting of a council tenancy.  

## 

Challenges Think about the services that your council provides and identify some fraudulent activity that might occur within each of the categories. 

Answers: 
If you would like to know more about the Fraud Act 2006 the key provisions of the Act can be found here www.legislation.gov
.uk/ukpga/2006/35/contents Fraud Act 2006
This legislation was introduced to make the law of fraud simpler and more readily understandable providing a clear understanding of the ways in which fraud can be committed. The Act gives us the provision for the general offence of fraud which is made up of three key sections:

•	 S2. Fraud by false representation •	 S3. Fraud by failing to disclose information •	 S4. Fraud by abuse of position. 
There are many other 'activities' that may fall under the overarching definition of fraud and are indeed types of fraud, the most common of these include:

•	 corruption
•	 bribery 
•	 theft •	 money laundering.
To give a clearer understanding of these terms, they can be defined as:

•	 **Corruption**: The misuse of a person's position 
to commit offences, which can include theft, 
extortion and a number of other crimes, 
including the soliciting of bribes. The defining characteristic of corruption is that it involves collusion between two or more individuals and is often associated with those holding public office. 
•	 **Bribery**: The offering, giving, receiving, 
or soliciting of any item of value, or an advantage to another person, to induce that person to improperly perform a relevant function or activity, or to reward them for improper performance.
•	 **Theft**: Dishonestly appropriating property 
belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving that person of it.
•	 **Money laundering**: The process by which 
criminals attempt to disguise the original ownership and control of the proceeds of criminal activity by making such proceeds appear to have derived from a legitimate source.
 
Useful links You can find out more about bribery and corruption by completing the CIPFA's Bribery and Corruption e-learning module, in partnership with the LGA.  To access the site for the first time, please email: elearning@local.gov
.uk http://lms.learningnexus.co.uk/LGA

## Areas Of Fraud Risk For Councils

The estimated annual loss to fraud in councils is £2.1 billion. According to the CIPFA Fraud and Corruption Tracker 2016, the areas posing the highest fraud risk were: 

1.	 Council tax fraud 
Fraud can occur when an individual intentionally gives incorrect or misleading information in order to pay less or no council tax. Examples include someone stating that they live alone when another adult also lives there or someone claiming to be a student 
when they aren't. 
2.	 Social housing/tenancy fraud  
The unlawful misuse of social housing. This can be broken down into two main areas; social housing fraud and Right to Buy fraud. The former includes offences such as unlawful subletting, false applications, non-residency and unauthorised tenancy succession and the latter includes fraudulent applications under the right to buy/acquire schemes.
3.	 Procurement fraud  
This occurs in connection within the local authority supply chain. It can happen at any point throughout the procurement cycle but is particularly prevalent in the contract letting phase. It can also include tendering issues, split contracts and double invoicing.
4.	 Adult social care and direct payments 
Includes overstatement of needs through false declarations, multiple claims across authorities, collusion with care agencies and posthumous continuation of claims.

## Other High Risk Fraud Areas For Councils

Housing benefit fraud Councils are no longer responsible for the investigation of this fraud but as administrators of this benefit there is a responsibility to actively prevent attempts of fraud and to notify the Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) of any suspected fraudulent activity including false applications and failing to declare changes in circumstances.

Business rates (NNDR) fraud Offences include providing false details to obtain exemptions and reliefs and unlisted properties. 

Blue Badge misuse There are 2.39 million Blue Badges in issue in the UK and it is estimated that 20 per cent of these are subject to fraudulent misuse such as use of the badge when the holder is not present and the alteration of a badge.

Recruitment fraud Includes false CVs, job histories, qualifications, references or referees.

Insurance fraud False claims made against a council or their insurers such as 'trips and slips'.

Grant fraud There are many different types of local authority grants paid out to individuals, businesses and charities. Fraud types include work not carried out, funds diverted, ineligibility not declared.

Cyber fraud Such as phishing, allows a range of fraud types resulting in diversion of funds and the creation of false applications for services and payments.

Pension fraud Occurs when the pension provider is not notified of changes in circumstances and payments continue to be cashed fraudulently. Examples include failure to notify the pension provider about the death of the recipient and failure to declare returning to work after retirement.

No recourse to public funds Fraudulent claim of eligibility, usually by the provision of false papers or by overstaying.

## Case Study Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council'S Code Of Practice

Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council has codes of conduct for employees and councillors which set out the high standards expected of them. These are also intended to relay certain messages to all suppliers as there is a growing expectation that all service providers in local government should adhere to the same principles of being open and transparent when dealing with colleagues, residents and partners.

In developing its 'Suppliers' Code of Practice' Dudley aimed to reinforce good working practices and to stamp out fraud, bribery, corruption and unacceptable business practices. Staff who buy in goods and services on behalf of the authority and all suppliers are required to work to the guidelines in this code of practice. All active suppliers have received an email announcing the launch of the code and shown where the code is available on the council's website. The code includes useful contacts if people want to report problems to the council and reinforces the availability of a fraud hotline operated by Audit Services. Audit Services also intends to approach key suppliers to obtain feedback and ask for written assurance that they comply with the code. Dudley's leaflet 'Beating fraud is everyone's business', which sets out guidelines for employees, managers and councillors, is available on the CIPFA website. www.cipfa.org/services/counter-fraud-centre Reproduced from Fighting Fraud and Corruption Locally 2016-19

## Section 2 Council And Councillor Responsibilities In Relation To Fraud Prevention And Detection

Well governed organisations have a range of policies, procedures and frameworks to support effective risk management, transparency, accountability, financial control and effective decision making, many of which relate directly or indirectly to fraud prevention. Applying these is not only the responsibility of the audit committee or cabinet. As an elected member, you have an essential role to play in protecting the public purse, in particular within your council. You are responsible for ensuring that your authority adequately manages its risks and that local residents receive value for money. -You have a duty of trust to residents called the 'fiduciary duty' and a major part of this is ensuring that your council adequately controls its finances to reduce losses to fraud and corruption. In addition to your fiduciary duty, as a councillor you are a public servant and are expected to uphold certain standards of conduct and behaviour in your public life. The Committee on Standards in Public Life calls these standards the 'Seven Principles of Public Life' (also known as the Nolan Principles). 

## 

Useful links If you would like to read more the full report on the Seven Principles of Public Life can be found here: www.gov
.uk/government/uploads/system/
uploads/attachment_data/file/543819/CSPL_ Annual_Report_2015-2015.pdf
  

 

## The Seven Principles Of Public Life

The Seven Principles of Public Life apply to anyone who works as a public office-holder
. This includes all those who are elected or appointed to public office, nationally and locally, and all people appointed to work in the civil service, local government, the police, courts and probation services, non-departmental public bodies (NDPBs), and in the health, education, social and care services. All public office-holders are both servants of the public and stewards of public resources. The principles also have application to all those in other sectors delivering public services.

## 1. Selflessness

Holders of public office should act solely in terms of the public interest.

## 2. Integrity

Holders of public office must avoid placing themselves under any obligation to people or organisations that might try inappropriately to influence them in their work. They should not act or take decisions in order to gain financial or other material benefits for themselves, their family, or their friends. They must declare and resolve any interests and relationships.

## 3. Objectivity

Holders of public office must act and take decisions impartially, fairly and on merit, using the best evidence and without discrimination or bias.

## 4. Accountability

Holders of public office are accountable to the public for their decisions and actions and must submit themselves to the scrutiny necessary to ensure this.

## 5. Openness

Holders of public office should act and take decisions in an open and transparent manner
. Information 
should not be withheld from the public unless there are clear and lawful reasons for so doing.

## 6. Honesty

Holders of public office should be truthful.

## 7. Leadership

Holders of public office should exhibit these principles in their own behaviour. They should actively promote and robustly support the principles and be willing to challenge poor behaviour wherever it occurs.

As a councillor you are expected to adhere to a code of conduct. A similar code of conduct will also apply to officers of your council. However, the biggest threat is from external sources, whether that is residents who may lie or exaggerate their circumstances to defraud or steal from the council or large scale, organised fraudsters, attacking public sector organisations as they perceive them to be a 'soft target'. As a councillor your role in protecting the public purse may take a number of guises depending on your role and the responsibilities of your council but they may include: 

1.	reporting suspicious activity in your locality 
to your audit or fraud team eg subletting or council tax evasion
2.	scrutinising risk registers and challenging if 
the fraud risks appear to not be well managed
3.	oversight and scrutiny of budgets, especially 
in high risk areas
4.	ensuring you declare any interests if you sit  
on committees such as planning
5.	monitoring performance of your audit or fraud 
team with regard to detection and prevention of fraud
6.	supporting the principles of good governance, 
and supporting an anti-fraud culture across the council, including whistleblowing 
7.	supporting the publicising of successful 
prosecutions by your council to act as a deterrent and perhaps providing quotes to the press if appropriate.

## Something To Think About…

'Most public officials have 
probably never been offered 
a bribe and would feel pretty 
confident that they could spot 
the offer. If they don't necessarily 
think of themselves as totally 
incorruptible, they often think 
they can avoid getting entangled 
in situations where their conduct 
may be called into question. 
However, thinking you don't need 
help or guidance in knowing 
what is legal or illegal, or even 
what is right or wrong, in every 
circumstance is a risk - a risk that 
could and should be avoided by 
getting the most of what help and 
guidance is available.'

Prof Alan Doig  
Visiting Professor, Newcastle Business School, 
Northumbria University

Activity 
Imagine you are in the following situations, what you would do.

## 

1.	 A resident comes to speak with you at your surgery and tells you that their neighbour is 
subletting their council property. 
2.	 There has been a lot of publicity on TV about cyber fraud. You ask a question of your council's 
chief information officer (or equivalent) about what the council is doing to protect itself. The 
answer is "it's not a problem for us, so we don't really need to worry too much about it". You are not really comfortable that your chief information officer is taking the risk seriously
.
3.	 You hear a rumour that a member of the planning committee has failed to declare that he has 
shares in a supermarket that want to develop in your area.
4.	 Your council is criticised by the external auditors for not doing enough to promote an antifraud and corruption culture. You are given the responsibility of leading the campaign. What might you do?
Please see page 26 for some suggested answers. 

## Section 3 The Fraud Response

Councillors are not responsible for investigating fraud. If you become aware of fraud, or suspect it, you should immediately report it to the responsible officer in accordance with your authority's local procedures and policies.  Do not be tempted to begin an investigation yourself, even if this appears to be helpful. However, you should be aware of the arrangements your council has in place for responding to fraud and this is particularly important if you are given special responsibilities in this area, such as being a member of the audit and/or governance committee.

| Acknowledge                        | Prevent and Detect   | Pursue   |
|------------------------------------|----------------------|----------|
| Acknowledging and                  |                      |          |
| understanding fraud risks          |                      |          |
| Preventing and detecting more      |                      |          |
| fraud                              |                      |          |
| Being stronger in punishing fraud/ |                      |          |
| recovering losses                  |                      |          |
| i                                  | i                    | i        |
| •	 Assessing and understanding                                    |                      |          |
| fraud risks                        |                      |          |
| •	 Making better use of                                    |                      |          |
| information and technology         |                      |          |
| •	 Committing support and                                    |                      |          |
| resource to tackling fraud         |                      |          |
| •	 Enhancing fraud controls and                                    |                      |          |
| processes                          |                      |          |
| •	 Maintaining a robust anti-fraud                                    |                      |          |
| response                           |                      |          |
| •	 Developing a more effective                                    |                      |          |
| anti-fraud culture                 |                      |          |

Fighting Fraud and Corruption Locally 2016-19
 
Activity What are your council's procedures for councillors to report fraud or suspicions of fraud? If you do not know, check with your member support officer or your authority's monitoring officer.  
A robust and strategic approach is required to effectively tackle fraud perpetrated against local government organisations. In order to tackle fraud risk, councils should have in place a strategic response based upon three basic principles as detailed below:

•	 Prioritising fraud recovery and 
the use of civil sanctions  
•	 Developing capability and 
capacity to punish fraudsters  
•	 Collaborating with law 
enforcement

## Acknowledge

This is key and will underpin any anti-fraud strategy. If an organisation does not accept that they are at risk from fraud, then they will never be able to develop an effective anti-fraud response and ironically will leave themselves open to a higher likelihood of attack from fraudsters. As a starting point a council should:

•	 make a proper and thorough assessment 
of its fraud and corruption risks that are specifically considered as part of the overall risk management process
•	 develop and implement an action plan in 
place to deal with the identified risks 
•	 report regularly to its senior board eg audit 
committee, and its members

## Prevent And Detect

The old adage that 'prevention is better than cure' is never more appropriate than in dealing with fraud.  The reason for many processes that appear annoying and bureaucratic is to introduce steps that make it harder for people to carry out fraud. Active prevention and fraud risk management is the most cost-effective way to fight fraud, make savings and reduce risk. Effective prevention should include:

•	 A robust programme of anti-fraud and 
corruption awareness training for councillors, senior managers and all staff. 
•	 Standards of conduct and policies, that are 
well communicated, including:
◦
◦officer and councillor codes of conduct
◦
◦risk management policy
◦
◦financial regulations and procurement 
policy
◦
◦anti-fraud, corruption, money laundering 
and bribery policies 
◦
◦whistleblowing policy
◦
◦register of interests 
◦
◦gifts and hospitality policy.
Use of technology and data sharing to enable thorough due diligence with regards to recruitment, applications for services, the Right to Buy scheme and procurement processes. A well-publicised anti-fraud and corruption strategy and policy, and the publicising of successful investigations into cases of fraud and corruption, to build and develop a strong antifraud culture. Such a culture, when promoted from 'the top down', will encourage staff and service users to actively participate in fraud prevention through awareness and encouraging them to report any suspicions. Effective and well operated controls within systems that are regularly audited to provide assurance that they are working. Good networking by officers and sharing intelligence between authorities so that new types of fraud are picked up early. Unfortunately, no matter how good prevention measures and controls are, there will still be occasions when your council suffers fraud losses. In these circumstances it is vital that there is the ability to call upon competent, professionally accredited counter fraud specialists trained to a professional standard to investigate the suspected fraud. Councils need to ensure that evidence is lawfully gathered and professionally presented, irrespective of whether the anticipated outcome is a disciplinary hearing, civil action or criminal proceeding. 

## Pursue

Successful investigations will result in the identification of the fraudster and usually a financial figure representing the loss to the council. The authority will then have a number of options open to them regarding any course of action they may wish to take. This is a crucial part of the enforcement response and is needed to punish the fraudsters and act as a deterrent to others. Options available to councils include prosecution, cautions, fines and disciplinary action.

The recovery of any financial loss is also one of the most effective ways to deter offenders. It demonstrates that that if caught, they will have to repay their 'ill-gotten gains'. It is important, therefore that there is a culture of rigorous pursuit of losses and that this is publicised.

## Investigative Approaches

Councils need to regularly review their approach to fraud investigation and adapt when necessary. Some councils have dedicated corporate antifraud teams to deal with all types of fraud and corruption. Others rely on audit staff to conduct investigations and some bring in outside experts when the need arises.  Some councils have merged their internal audit and fraud teams to reduce costs. None of these is necessarily better or worse; it depends upon the circumstances of the authority. However, fraud investigation is a specialist job so it is important that councils have access to such trained and experienced staff. 

## Case Study Recovery Of Fraud Losses

A council employee was illegally paid to provide confidential contract information. The employees' responsibilities included awarding council contracts for ICT equipment. The employee introduced two new suppliers to the tender list, subsequently advising them of tender submissions by competing companies. This enabled the two companies concerned to underbid competitive rivals to secure the contracts. The fraud was identified as a result of information from an anonymous informant. The employee was dismissed and subsequently found guilty under the Fraud Act and sentenced to two years' imprisonment. The council successfully obtained a confiscation order under the Proceeds of Crime Act for £75,000 which was the amount the employee had illegally been paid. 

Source: Audit Commission (2014)
Activity What kind of anti-fraud and corruption approach does your council have? Ask your monitoring officer or head of audit/risk management. Do you think it is the right approach?

Irrespective of how any council decides to tackle its fraud and corruption risk, there are always two types of investigation that councils may be involved in; proactive and reactive. 

## Proactive Investigations

These are intelligence led, making use of information from profiling or data-matching exercises. A common example of this type of investigation would be where the authority was looking to identify people defrauding the council tax single person discount (SPD) scheme. A household with only one adult is entitled to a 25 per cent discount on their council tax.  Checking council tax records against the electoral role can identify cases where a person claims to be living alone is actually living with another adult. This type of data matching is legal and very effective in finding errors or frauds. 

## National Fraud Initiative (Nfi)

The National Fraud Initiative (NFI), coordinated by the Cabinet Office matches electronic data within and between public and private sector bodies to help prevent and detect fraud. These bodies include police authorities, local probation boards, fire and rescue authorities as well as local councils and a number of private sector bodies. Participation in the NFI is mandatory for councils who are required to submit data to the National Fraud Initiative on a regular basis.  
Reactive investigations     
These involve the search for and the gathering of evidence following an allegation or fraud referral, or the discovery of a set of circumstances which amount to an offence. In these cases, the offence is usually already being committed. 

An example would be where a member of the public contacts a council to inform them that one of their council tenants is unlawfully sub-letting their council property. 

## Case Study London Borough Of Harrow And Luton Borough Council (Nfi 2012/13 Exercise)

A payroll-to-payroll match identified an employee who was working full-time in a middle management position, in addition to a part-time night care worker role dealing with vulnerable adults. During the investigation it was established that some weeks she worked in excess of 70 hours, potentially placing vulnerable adults at risk. There was a suspicion that she had been able to work both shifts on a weekly basis by sleeping whilst at work and the information shared between councils showed that she regularly breached the Working Time Regulations. After investigation, she was found guilty and dismissed for gross misconduct by one authority and subsequently disciplined by the other for breaching the Working Time Regulations, but later resigned from the role. This case study comes the official Cabinet Office NFI pages and is one of many cases studies to be found there. They make interesting reading. You may very well find one from your council there. Take a look. www.gov
.uk/government/publications/
national-fraud-initiative-case-studies/nfipublic-sector-case-studies In these cases a professionally qualified investigator, will carry out an investigation that could have some or all of the following components:

•	 evidence gathering 
•	 interviewing witnesses and taking statements •	 interviewing the alleged perpetrator •	 preparing the case for court •	 giving evidence at court.

## The Challenges Faced By Councils In Dealing With Fraud And Corruption

There are a number of challenges facing councils and their ability to effectively tackle fraud and corruption and to manage the risk it poses. 

Public sector budget reductions The impact of budget reductions has a three-fold effect: 

•	 less resources to maintain administrative 
procedures that prevent fraud 
•	 potentially reduced resources for  
investigating fraud 
•	 the risk of greater fraud activity by 
professional criminals or opportunists who identify local authorities as more vulnerable. 
These challenges have led to innovative thinking on ways of approaching the fraud and corruption risks such as joint working with other authorities or other public bodies and data sharing (such as the London Counter Fraud Hub). The best and most forward thinking councils use budget constraints as the impetus to drive forward the robust recovery of losses and other criminal assets which can and do lead to significant financial rewards. Some councils who employ successful financial investigators generate income by charging other organisations such as housing associations for investigative services. 

The Metropolitan Police's Serious and Organised Crime Command has successfully collaborated with financial investigators from several London borough councils There are currently nine Metropolitan Police Criminal Finance Teams set up as hubs - four in the north, four in the south and one central team - that are instrumental in training and mentoring several council investigators working together to tackle serious and organised acquisitive crime. The focus of this relationship is to recover assets and ensure that criminals do not benefit from criminal activities.

## How Innovative Has Your Council Been? Is There Scope For More?

Maintaining an anti-fraud culture Councils need to develop and embed a culture with clear values and standards in which beating fraud and corruption is part of the daily business. The 'tone from the top' is crucial in this respect and councilors and senior leaders should be seen to 'walk the walk' in terms of their ethics, values and behaviours. The CIPFA Counter Fraud Centre has developed its 'top 10 tips' (see activity below) to support organisations in developing and maintaining an effective anti-fraud culture. 

Activity Review the Top 10 Tips, on the following page, and consider (find out if you don't already know) how good or bad your council is at each of these. Give a score from 1 - 5. 

## 1. Set The Tone At The Top

Creating an anti-fraud culture is part of good governance and, led by a council's councillors and corporate directors, should start with a clear commitment to tackling fraud, corruption and other similarly delinquent behaviours.  Ideally, zero tolerance to fraudsters (as opposed to fraud per se) should form the centre-piece of your organisation's anti-fraud strategy reinforcing expected standards in public service as set out in the 'Seven Nolan Principles of Public Life'. Having professionally qualified counter fraud staff in place can help to achieve this, as they have the credibility, standing and expertise to raise the profile of the anti-fraud agenda internally.   
Score: 1…2…3…4…5

## 2. Know And Prioritise Your Fraud Risks

Knowing what the fraud and corruption risks are in an authority determines the type of framework you need to put in place and how your staff work within it. For example, if your risks include procurement fraud, those responsible for procuring contracts and services need to recognise fraud, bribery and corruption indicators when they see them. Professionally qualified counter fraud staff can assist with this process as they can assess risk and train operational staff in appropriate action. Score: 1…2…3…4…5

## 3. Scan The Horizon

Fraud is constantly changing and fraudulent schemes often target frontline staff who are an organisation's first line of defence.  What might seem a low fraud risk today might turn into a high one in the future. It is therefore vital that your organisation is up-to-date on the latest threats and risks and how to tackle them. Professionally qualified counter fraud staff can ensure that staff know who to come to if they suspect something amiss. As part of their continued professional development, counter fraud staff will also be 'plugged into' various anti-fraud networks which are vital sources of new information and threat alerts. Score: 1…2…3…4…5

## 4. Build Fraud Awareness

Creating an anti-fraud culture and beating fraud should be everyone's business within a council, from the dedicated counter fraud specialists through to the procurement team, HR, facilities staff and beyond. A qualified counter fraud practitioner will be fully trained in how to help mobilise the entire organisation in the fight against fraud. Whether using e-learning, staff briefings, training, posters or internal alerts - or a combination of all these - they will be best placed to define and execute awareness programmes. Score: 1…2…3…4…5

## 5. Ensure Policies And Procedures Are In Order

Professionally qualified counter fraud staff should be adept at finding the fraud gaps in existing organisational policies and procedures and determining what is required to plug those gaps in a cost-effective manner. For example, a general anti-fraud policy should include: guidelines on what to do when suspicions of fraud arise; a fraud response plan; processes for creating and implementing gifts and hospitality registers, declarations of interest registers and so on. An accessible and well-articulated whistleblowing policy should also be part of any effective antifraud culture. Score: 1…2…3…4…5

## 6. Create A Dedicated Anti-Fraud Team

Build capacity by creating a counter fraud team comprising of professionally qualified who are operationally independent from other teams. This will ensure their objectivity and impartiality. The team should be provided with the necessary resources required for their function, which would include an element of contingency or 'flex' to cater for unforeseen surges in work, such as large and complex investigations. With the necessary safeguards in place, the team should also have access to the information, data systems and senior personnel they need to effectively perform its function. Score: 1…2…3…4…5

## 7. Take Action

Recovering money lost to fraud so it can be spent on key services is obviously vital. Professionally qualified counter fraud staff will be fully trained in conducting effective investigations and pursuing cases through the legal system, including the preparation of cases for prosecution. They will have the ability to give evidence in a court of law and take steps to recover lost funds. Score: 1…2…3…4…5

## 8. Measure Success

Today's counter fraud specialists not only understand how to detect, prevent and recover fraud losses; they are also trained to measure and report on the effectiveness of the preventive measures they put in place. This forms a key part of an organisation's anti-fraud culture as it highlights to senior management the successes of counter fraud work. Score: 1…2…3…4…5

## 9. Publicise Your Success

Sharing the outcome of a successful investigation or how an anti-fraud measure has worked is a positive way to advertise the message that fraud doesn't pay. Professionally qualified counter fraud practitioners understand this and will want to publicise their successes both internally and externally, which should be encouraged.  As well as being a deterrent, this can also lead to an increase in fraud referrals which is a good indicator that your anti-fraud culture is working.  
Score: 1…2…3…4…5

## 10. Never Take Your Eye Off The Ball

Fraud is an ever-evolving threat and as the risk doesn't stand still, nor should your organisation's strategy to combat it. Professionally qualified counter fraud staff are trained to implement and manage prevention programmes to monitor the measurement and control strategies in place and make any necessary adjustments. They will also be able to recognise new threats and risks and the need for refresher training whenever this may arise. **Score: 1…2…3…4…5** 

## Total Score: ……. Do You Think This Is Good Enough? Abiding By The Rules

In dealing with fraud, councils need to abide by the rules in order to ensure that frauds they detect and investigate can be pursued to the most appropriate conclusion. The rules protect the rights of individuals to privacy and the  
right to a fair trial.  Although there are frequent stories in the press about councils 'snooping' on people, the rules are in fact very strict. For example: 
Regulation of Investigatory Powers  
Act (RIPA) 2000 
This was brought in to regulate the powers of public bodies who carry out surveillance and investigation and also to cover the interception of communications. Councils have access to some of these powers for the purpose of prevention and detection of a crime. 

Requesting information  
Council investigators have certain 'authorised officers' powers to request information about individuals For any other investigations, they are restricted to powers under Section 29 (3) of the Data Protection Act (DPA) 1998 which allow organisations to give such information to council investigators, assuming it is for the prevention and/or detection of a crime, but it does not compel them to do so. Consequently, some organisations choose not to give the requested information to a council.    
The data matching approach described earlier is also regulated under the Data Protection Act. 

## More Sophisticated Frauds

The landscape of fraud and corruption is everchanging, especially with the use of technology and the internet. Fraudsters never rest on their laurels and are always looking for new ways to defraud. This means council are constantly exposed to different threats and managing this risk can be extremely difficult so it's extremely important that the investigators keep abreast of emerging risks and trends and share this across the council, but in particular with key teams such as payments. The advent of 'cyber crime', whether or not it involves fraud, is probably one of the biggest challenges facing public bodies today. 

## Publicising Success

While it may be embarrassing for any organisation, especially a local council, to admit that it has been the victim of fraud, experts would say that publicising successful investigations, where possible, is much the best policy.  When a case ends up in court it will in any case become public.  Proactive publicity shows residents and taxpayers that you are taking active steps to protect their interests and it may deter future fraudsters.  Press and media teams can help to make sure the message is seen in a positive light.   

## Section 4 Fraud Risk Management

Note: You should complete this section if you have special responsibility  
for audit, risk or governance. If not, you can move on to section 6.

Risk management is essential for good governance within any organisation and effective fraud risk management is a vital part of that. If you have a special responsibility as a councillor for audit, risk or governance, you will need to ensure that your council has appropriate arrangements in place to manage the risk of fraud. All councils have faced and are still dealing with increased pressure on their budgets meaning that the requirement to identify fraud and reduce risk is perhaps higher now than it's ever been. The CIPFA code of practice on the management of fraud risk sets out the expected standard for public bodies in the management of fraud risk. 

## Hints And Tips Code Of Practice Principles

 
Leaders of public services organisations have a responsibility to embed effective standards for countering fraud and corruption in their organisations. 

This supports good governance and demonstrates effective financial stewardship and strong public financial management. The five key principles of the code are to:

•	 acknowledge the responsibility of the 
governing body for countering fraud and corruption  
•	 identify the fraud and corruption risks •	 develop an appropriate counter fraud  
and corruption strategy  
•	 provide resources to implement the 
strategy  
•	 take action in response to fraud and 
corruption.
19
Implementing an effective fraud risk management framework, such as the CIPFA code of practice, will enable authorities to employ controls that help to prevent fraud from occurring in the first place, identify and detect fraud as soon as it occurs and enable a practical and efficient response to those fraud incidents. Fraud risks need to continually reviewed and managed, in the same way that other risks are managed within a council. The identification, assessment, mitigation and monitoring of risk (including fraud risks) is called the risk management lifecycle. The process works as such: 

•	 external events •	 new products •	 acquisitions •	 changes to business 
•	 KRI's •	 loss data •	 Issue management •	 Risk appetite
•	 avoid •	 transfer •	 mitigate by controls •	 accept residual risk
To help ensure that the fraud risk management is effective, it's important that the roles and responsibilities of all employees, members and those who act on behalf of the council are understood by all. The list below is not exhaustive but the main roles can be summarised as follows:

## Councillors

✓
✓Have and maintain an understanding of fraud 
risks
✓
✓Understand the key principles of risk 
management
✓
✓Consider fraud risk in relation to the decision 
making process

## Directors

✓
✓Support the council's fraud risk management 
strategy
✓
✓Set the appropriate tone with regards to the 
council's anti-fraud and corruption approach
✓
✓Ensure that there is a coordinated and 
consistent approach to the identification and management of fraud risk
Senior managers/service heads
•	 Ensure that fraud risks are appropriately 
managed and implement effective review and monitoring arrangements
•	 Manage risk in their service areas in accordance 
with the fraud risk management strategy

## Internal Audit/Corporate Fraud Team

✓
✓Consider the council's fraud risk assessment 
when developing the annual audit plan
✓
✓Audit the internal fraud control processes 
across the authority
✓
✓Coordinate and/or conduct fraud and 
corruption investigations 
✓
✓Assess the effectiveness of fraud prevention 
and detection processes
✓
✓Provide assurance to councillors and senior 
management of the effectiveness of fraud risk management and controls

## All Staff

✓
✓Have a basic understanding of fraud risks 
and be aware of indicators
✓
✓Manage fraud risk in the course of their daily 
duties
✓
✓Read, understand and have access to fraud 
related policies and procedures
✓
✓Contribute towards the development of fraud 
control processes 
✓
✓Report suspicions of fraud and corruption
✓
✓Cooperate with investigations
The development and implementation of a robust fraud risk management program will reduce the opportunities for fraudsters to exploit. This, coupled with encouraging employees to actively participate in the fight against fraud will contribute significantly to the creation of a strong anti-fraud culture; helping to change the attitude towards fraud so that it is not tolerated and therefore reducing the risk of fraud happening in the first place. 

## Fraud Risk Assessment

The basis of an effective fraud risk management program begins with a Fraud Risk Assessment (FRA). Councils are likely to face a wide variety of fraud and corruption risks and so a FRA will help the council to understand and identify the risks that are specific to the organisation as a whole as well as those that relate to individual service areas. It will also highlight gaps or weaknesses in fraud controls allowing the council to implement a plan to ensure the best use of resources in order to tackle those risks. When conducting a FRA the questions that should be considered are:

•	 How could a fraudster exploit weaknesses  
in the current system controls?
•	 How might those controls be over-ridden  
or by-passed?
•	 How could the fraudster conceal their 
activities?
Bearing the above in mind, an effective FRA 
should generally consist of three main elements: •	 Identification of the fraud risk This will involve the gathering of information to highlight the fraud risks that could affect the council. 

•	 Assess the likelihood and impact of the 
fraud risk This assessment is based on historical information, and discussions/interviews with heads of services and other relevant staff.
•	 Develop a response to those that present 
the highest risk   
Decide how best to respond to the fraud risks. 

## Section 5 Assurance That Fraud Arrangements Are Effective

Note: You should complete this section if you have special responsibility  
for audit, risk or governance. If not, you can move on to section 6. 

If you have special responsibility for audit, risk or governance you will wish to assure yourself that your council's fraud arrangements are effective.  

## Assurance Is:

'Data or information provided to management/boards/committees to give comfort that risks are being properly managed and controls are adequate and working effectively' Institute of Internal Auditors Best practice dictates that governance, risk management and strong financial controls (called the system of internal control) are part of the daily and regular business of an organisation. The system of internal control is a key component in the prevention and detection of fraud and corruption.

## What Is Internal Control?

Any action taken by management, the board and other parties to manage risk. In other words, an action taken to ensure that risks do not materialise or get worse. Some examples might be:

•	 Expenses claims must be authorised by 
management before payment. This processes of checking the claim for accuracy prevents fraud or error and so controls the risk of overpayment.
•	 The housing department carry out regular 
tenancy audits of their properties. This process of checking acts a deterrent to subletting and a detection if it does happen and so controls the risk of subletting. 
•	 The health and safety team carry out regular 
inspections of public buildings. These inspections highlight any existing problems for repair or any potential problems for signposting. In this way, the risk of slips, trips 
and other accidents are controlled.  
Councils must have a means of obtaining independent assurance that the system of internal control is adequate and working effectively. In local authorities there is usually an audit committee (sometimes called audit and risk committee) to carry out this role. Usually there is also an overview and scrutiny committee to oversee the decision-making process, ensure that it is clear and that the people taking decisions are held accountable for those decisions. The existence of an audit committee or scrutiny committee does not remove responsibility from individual members and senior managers, but provides the resource to focus on these issues. 

There is no 'one–size-fits-all' approach that must be applied to assurance and scrutiny in local government but council leaders and executives must ensure that the model they adopt is independent from the executive and other political influences. Fraud prevention is heavily reliant on the system of internal control being adequate and working effectively. Most councils rely on their internal and external auditors to provide these assurances but audit resources are limited and expensive and can never be relied upon to provide assurance across every activity that the local authority is responsible for. 

Therefore all councillors and council officers have a role to play in seeking assurance that the controls are working. After the banking crisis a model was devised to try to capture and utilise the various levels of assurance that exist within organisations. This is called the three lines of defence The majority of members will have little interaction with auditors other than when reading their report at the year-end but as the model shows, in reality the majority of assurance should come from within the organisation itself. As a councillor you will receive and review a range of information and reports from within your authority or from external sources such as regulators or inspectors. These will often be related to your areas of expertise or committees that you sit on. It will be your responsibility to inspect and challenge the information you receive to assure yourself that it is accurate, credible and evidence based and that it tells you what you need to know. When considering the fraud risks that your authority might be facing you need to consider whether the controls that you know exist are doing the job they are meant to be doing. If you have concerns that they are not then you need to raise that through the appropriate channels eg with the head of fraud, head of internal audit or through the chair of the audit committee. 

## Role Of Audit Committees In Anti-Fraud And Corruption Activity

The purpose of an audit committee is to provide to those charged with governance independent assurance on the adequacy of the risk management framework, the internal control environment and the integrity of the financial reporting and annual governance processes. If you sit on an audit committee you may wish to read more on the role of audit committees in relation to fraud prevention. 

## Useful Links Following Publication Is Recommended.

In relation to anti-fraud and corruption activities the audit committee will receive regular reports from officers and auditors on the following: 

•	 fraud cases that have occurred within the 
authority and financial losses
•	 whistleblowing
•	 current and emerging fraud risks and how 
they are being managed
•	 KPIs relating to fraud prevention and  
detection performance 
•	 sanctions (including prosecutions and 
disciplinaries) and recovery actions 
•	 benchmarking data 
•	 resources spent on these activities within  
the authority.
 
Activity Find and obtain the latest fraud update provided to your audit committee and consider the following?

1.	 Is the reported fraud in line with what you 
would have expected for your council?
2.	 Are there any areas where you would 
have expected fraud that have not been reported on? If so why do you think that might be?
3.	 In your view is the reporting adequate? If 
not why not?
4.	 Has whistleblowing been reported on? 
Do you have a clear understanding of the whistleblowing arrangements in your authority? If you are unclear you should obtain a copy of your council's policy.

## What Good Looks Like - The Fighting Fraud And Corruption Locally Strategy Turning Strategy Into Action The Themes - Six Cs

Councils should consider their performance against each of the six themes that emerged from the research conducted. Culture - creating a culture in which beating fraud and corruption is part  
of daily business.  
Capability - ensuring that the range of counter fraud measures deployed is appropriate to the range of fraud risks. Capacity - deploying the right level of resources to deal with the level of fraud risk. Competence - having the right skills and standards. Communication - raising awareness, deterring fraudsters, sharing information, celebrating successes. Collaboration - working together across internal and external boundaries: with colleagues, with other local authorities, and with other agencies; sharing resources, skills and learning, good practice and innovation, and information.

In addition to the above, the CIPFA code of practice on managing the risk of fraud (see section 4) is there to support organisations putting in place counter fraud arrangements for the first time but will also be of benefit to those seeking to assess whether existing arrangements are adequate. Councillors may wish to ascertain whether the arrangements in their own council compare favourably with the recommended best practice approach.  

## Useful Links Managing The Risk Of Fraud And Corruption

www.cipfa.org/policy-and-guidance/ publications/c/code-of-practice-onmanaging-the-risk-of-fraud-and-corruptionguidance-notes-hard-copy In addition to the Code of Practice the Fighting Fraud and Corruption section of the CIPFA website provides a range of free resources to support councils in their fight against fraud, such as leaflets and posters and a good practice bank: 
 
www.cipfa.org/services/counter-fraud-centre/
fighting-fraud-and-corruption-locally 
25

## Section 6 What You Have Learned And Further Reading

Now you have completed this workbook you have a good understanding of the fraud risks that affect councils and some of the methods that are used by authorities to prevent and detect fraud. You should now understand the scale of the problem and the impact that fraud can have on council finances. If you completed some of the activities, you will also have found out more about the arrangements that are in place in your own authority and assessed whether you think they are adequate. If you completed sections 5 and 6 you will now hopefully feel better equipped to support your authority in the fight against fraud and also be clear on what assurances you should be receiving as committee members. If you would like to explore this subject further there are a range of materials available for free to read on the CIPFA website: www.cipfa.org/services/counter-fraud-centre Other websites that you may find interesting and useful: 
www.actionfraud.police.uk - a really useful site where fraud can be reported and also information on fraud scams found. www.met.police.uk/docs/little_book_scam.pdf - 
an excellent and really useful publication to help individuals from being scammed; helpful to keep in GP's surgeries. www.cityoflondon.police.uk/advice-and-support/ fraud-and-economic-crime/Pages/default.aspx - the City of London Police Economic Crime Directorate is recognised as the national policing lead for fraud and is dedicated to preventing and investigating fraud at all levels.

## Suggested Answers For Page 14 Activity

1.	 Make a detailed note of everything the 
resident can tell you about the situation, 
names, addresses, etc. Take the contact 
details for the resident and pass everything to the fraud manager (if you have one) or the head of audit if not. 
2.	 You should escalate your question to the 
appropriate corporate director, noting your concerns with regards to the current risk levels.
3.	 You should notify the councils monitoring 
officer
4.	 You should agree a project plan with the 
fraud manager or head of audit, with yourself as a figure head or spokesperson. You may wish to include a publicity campaign including posters and leaflets. If so, talk to your council's communications team. As a 
councillor, you will be in a good position to conduct radio and TV interviews, newspaper quotes and articles. You may wish to concentrate on a particular area of fraud that is particularly prevalent in your area. 
Local Government Association Local Government House Smith Square London SW1P 3HZ Telephone 020 7664 3000 Fax 020 7664 3030 Email info@local.gov
.uk www.local.gov
.uk For a copy in Braille, larger print or audio, please contact us on 020 7664 3000. We consider requests on an individual basis.