## National Ophthalmology Database Audit

Year 4 Annual Report - The Third Prospective Report of the National Ophthalmology Database Audit NHS Funded Cataract Surgery: 
 
01 September 2017 to 31 August 2018
2019
The Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) is the professional body for eye doctors, who are medically qualified and have undergone or are undergoing specialist training in the treatment and management of eye disease, including surgery. As an independent charity, we pride ourselves on providing impartial and clinically based evidence, putting patient care and safety at the heart of everything we do. Ophthalmologists are at the forefront of eye health services because of their extensive training and experience. The Royal College of Ophthalmologists received its Royal Charter in 1988 and has a membership of over 4,000 surgeons of all grades. We are not a regulatory body, but we work collaboratively with government, health and charity organisations to recommend and support improvements in the coordination and management of eye care both nationally and regionally.

Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) is led by a consortium of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, the Royal College of Nursing and National Voices. Its aim is to promote quality improvement in patient outcomes, and in particular, to increase the impact that clinical audit, outcome review programmes and registries have on healthcare quality in England and Wales. HQIP holds the contract to commission, manage and develop the National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme (NCAPOP), comprising around 40 projects covering care provided to people with a wide range of medical, surgical and mental health conditions. The programme is funded by NHS England, the Welsh Government and, with some individual projects, other devolved administrations and crown dependencies. www.hqip.org.uk/national-programmes Document authors: Paul Henry John Donachie John M Sparrow Date: May 2019

## Contents

| Appendix 1: Data Flow	                                         | 32                                           |
|-----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|
| Foreword                                | 4                                            |
| Executive Summary                       | 5                                            |
|                                         | Background                                   |
| Appendix 2: National Ophthalmology      | 33                                           |
| Database Audit Project Steering Group   |                                              |
| Membership                              |                                              |
|                                         | Aims of the audit                            |
|                                         | Audit measures                               |
| Appendix 3: Eligible cataract surgical  | 34                                           |
| centres in England and Wales            |                                              |
|                                         | Results                                      |
| Appendix 4: Interpreting the graphs     | 39                                           |
| Recommendations                         | 8                                            |
| Appendix 5: Glossary                    | 40                                           |
| 1. Introduction                         | 10                                           |
| 2. Audit Framework                      | 11                                           |
| Appendix 6: Preoperative, postoperative | 41                                           |
| and change in VA percentages            |                                              |
| 3. Aims                                 | 11                                           |
| Appendix 7: Case complexity PCR and VA Loss	 46                                         |                                              |
| 4.                                      | NHS Trust / Health Board and Surgeon         |
| Participation                           |                                              |
| 5. Methodology                          | 12                                           |
|                                         | 5.1 Context of the data collection           |
|                                         | 5.2 Case ascertainment                       |
|                                         | 5.3 Data quality and completeness            |
|                                         | 5.4 Small numbers policy                     |
|                                         | 5.5 Outliers policy                          |
| 6.                                      | Data Extraction, Cleaning                    |
| and Statistical Methods                 |                                              |
| 7. Results                              | 13                                           |
|                                         | 7.1 Case ascertainment                       |
|                                         | 7.2 Patient characteristics - age and gender |
|                                         | 7.3                                          |
|                                         | 7.4 Ocular co-pathology and risk indicators  |
|                                         | 7.5 Operation characteristics                |
|                                         | 7.6 Operative complications                  |
|                                         | 7.7 Postoperative complications              |
|                                         | 7.8 Postoperative visual acuity              |
|                                         | 7.9 Change in visual acuity                  |
|                                         | 7.10 Case complexity adjusted PCR results    |
|                                         | 7.11 Case complexity adjusted visual loss results	26                                              |
| 8. Summary of Key Points                | 29                                           |
| 9. Conclusions                          | 30                                           |
| 10. Acknowledgements                    | 30                                           |
| 11. The RCOphth NOD Audit Team          | 31                                           |

## Foreword

"The time has come for everyone in the NHS to take clinical audit very seriously"
Dame Deirdre Hine and Sir Michael Rawlins 2002
The need for clinical audit in the NHS was dramatically illustrated by the Kennedy inquiry into children's heart surgery in Bristol. Following its publication in 2001, it became no longer acceptable, if it ever was, for doctors to presume that they were delivering high quality care. The Royal College of Ophthalmologists' National Ophthalmology Database Audit (RCOphth NOD) demonstrates how systematic, repeated national audits can be a driver for change both at an individual surgeon and department level, leading to improved outcomes and enhanced patient safety. This third prospective RCOphth NOD National Cataract Audit report, reviewed data from 217,875 cataract operations performed at 83 NHS Trusts in England and Wales and 18 independent treatment centres. No poorly performing hospitals or surgeons were identified. There was a further fall in the unadjusted posterior capsule rupture rate to 1.2%, down from 1.4% last year and 2.0% since data was first collected in 2010. This represents a major reduction in the number of people living with the consequences of cataract surgery complications, and a significant cost saving to the NHS. The RCOphth NOD National Cataract Audit has now established itself as an essential tool for monitoring the quality of work of cataract surgeons. Previously published feasibility studies have shown that the scope of the RCOphth NOD Audit could be expanded to include other eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, retinal detachment and glaucoma. An NHS ophthalmology service underpinned by such an audit would give patients great confidence in their local eye department. It would also provide huge opportunities for clinical research. For the last five years the RCOphth NOD Audit has been commissioned by the Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) and funded by NHS England and the Welsh Government. This highlevel support has greatly enhanced the scope and quality of the audit. Going forward, every effort will be made to attain financial sustainability of the NOD and the continuation of the delivery of benefits to people with eye diseases and savings to the NHS. On behalf of College members, I would like to thank Professor John Sparrow and his team, Kathy Evans, Beth Barnes, Paul Donachie, Martina Olaitan, Lynne Sander and Peter Scanlon for the huge amount of work they have put into the production of this report.

## Mr Michael Burdon President, The Royal College Of Ophthalmologists Executive Summary Background

Cataract surgery remains the most frequently undertaken NHS surgical procedure with approximately 414,000 cataract operations undertaken in England and 20,000 in Wales during 2017-2018. The Health Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) commissioned The Royal College of Ophthalmologists' National Ophthalmology Database (RCOphth NOD) to conduct the National Cataract Audit, in order to report on all NHS funded cataract surgery in England and Wales. The annual cost of cataract surgery to the NHS is estimated at around £450 million.

## Aims Of The Audit

The current report documents prospectively collected cataract surgery data and reports results for named NHS centres. These include operations performed and recorded by all surgeons of all grades within centres. Outcomes for named consultant surgeons will be separately published on the NHS Choices and the RCOphth NOD Audit websites through the Clinical Outcomes Publication (COP) programme.

## Audit Measures

Two primary indicators of surgical quality are audited. These are, firstly, a complication that happens during surgery when the capsule that holds the lens is broken (the index surgical intraoperative complication of significant breach of the lens-zonule barrier through rupture of the posterior lens capsule or vitreous prolapse or both, abbreviated as PCR), and secondly Visual Acuity (VA) Loss (doubling or worse of the visual angle) related to surgery. These outcomes are presented as risk adjusted rates for centres, supported by relevant contextual information including surgical volumes, data completeness, case complexity, access to surgery and deprivation. The overall rates of 1.1% for PCR and 0.9% for VA Loss are based on the average rates for consultant surgeons. The risk indicators for each of these adverse events were derived from earlier data collections. Case complexity is known to be an important determinant of outcome and a case complexity index is included to document the complexity of surgery being recorded. The vast majority of data were obtained through extraction from Electronic Medical Record (EMR) systems, with a small number of centres choosing to submit data from their pre-existing audit databases.

## Posterior Capsule Rupture - Pcr

As an adverse operative event PCR is relevant because it results in a significantly higher risk of harm to the eye and may impact recovery of vision. For example, there is an approximately 40- fold higher risk of a retinal detachment occurring following cataract surgery if PCR occurred. Retinal surgery, to correct the detachment, imposes additional risks, morbidity and cost.

## Visual Acuity Loss - Va Loss

Since VA Loss from surgery is the opposite of the intended effect, these key primary outcomes together capture relevant safety elements of surgical quality. Determination of VA Loss depends on availability of VA measurements at both pre- and postoperative time points. Rates of missing VA data are thus important and are reported for centres. The audit is intended to quality assure NHS cataract surgical services for patients whose vision is adversely affected by cataract to the point where they seek surgical intervention. Should performance fall short of what can reasonably be expected by NHS patients this will be highlighted. In addition, the audit serves as a powerful driver of quality improvement with year on year reductions in complication rates as evidenced in our series of annual reports available at www.nodaudit.org.uk

## Results

Since the original proof of concept of a national cataract audit in 2010, there has been a 38% reduction in PCR complications in cataract surgery, (Table 1, page 7) equating to approximately 3,400 fewer complications annually across the NHS.

## Participation 70%

Included in this third prospective report are operations undertaken between 01 September 2017 and 31 August 2018. Reported operations for the current period were performed in 
79 English and four Welsh NHS Trusts. 

Approximately 70% of the 119 eligible NHS trusts in England and Wales are thus represented. In addition, three independent providers of NHS funded cataract surgery have supplied data for 18 individual sites. The audit received data for 232,083 cataract operations which equates to approximately 53% of operations performed in England and Wales during the audit period. The lower overall percentage of operations compared with the percentage of trusts is mainly due to recent joiners reporting partial years.

## 217,875

Around 6% of cataract operations were excluded for a variety of reasons such as being done for indications other than visual improvement or being combined with other significant intraocular surgery; this left 217,875 eligible cataract operations available for analysis.

## Data Quality

Data completeness was excellent (around 100%) for the PCR outcome as this is a compulsory operative field in the EMRs. An eligible preoperative distance VA was recorded for 91.9% of eyes and a postoperative VA for 76.0% of eyes; 72.1% of eyes had both a preoperative and a postoperative VA 
measurement. There was significant variation between centres for completeness of VA data, reflecting variations in EMR use and patient pathways.

## Findings

Overall, the audit findings are favourable 
indicating high quality surgery is being 
delivered to NHS patients. Specifically, among 
the contributors, no outlying centres or 
surgeons have been identified.

For all surgeons, 1.2% of operations were 
affected by PCR, slightly above the current 
consultant only based average rate of 1.1% used 
for risk adjustment.

A 'good' postoperative VA of 0.30 LogMAR 
(=6/12, required to drive) or better was achieved 
in 90.6% of eyes overall, 95.8% of eyes with no 
ocular co-pathology and 83.8% of eyes with a 
recorded co-pathology. The median preoperative 
VA was 0.50 LogMAR units (6/19 Snellen 
Equivalent); the median postoperative VA was 
0.10 LogMAR units (6/7.5 Snellen); and the 
median change in VA was a 0.36 LogMAR gain. Overall the VA Loss rate was 0.7%, close to 
the 0.9% rate used for risk adjustment and 
approximately 37% lower than in 2010. The 
samples used for the VA Loss results are smaller 
than those used for the PCR results due to 
missing presenting (pre-) and / or postoperative 
VA measurements as well as a shorter time 
period of 10 months to cater for postoperative 
recovery and VA reporting.

## Conclusions

The findings are reassuring for the 101 participating centres. Whilst the audit can report on encouragingly large numbers of procedures, there remain a minority of centres that have not yet joined the audit (Appendix 3, page 34). Until all centres join there will remain uncertainty about outcomes overall. Many of the non-contributing centres have, however, indicated they recognise the value, quality assurance and quality improvement opportunities afforded by participation in the audit and wish to join in future audit cycles.

|                             |        |        | Prior to the prospective audit period   | Prospective audit period   |
|-----------------------------|--------|--------|-----------------------------------------|----------------------------|
| 2010                        | 2011   | 2012   | 2013                                    | 2014                       |
| (Legacy)                    |        |        |                                         |                            |
| 2015                        |        |        |                                         |                            |
| (Year 1)                    |        |        |                                         |                            |
| 2016                        |        |        |                                         |                            |
| (Year 2)                    |        |        |                                         |                            |
| 2017                        |        |        |                                         |                            |
| (Year 3)                    |        |        |                                         |                            |
| Number of centres           | 31     | 33     | 33                                      | 33                         |
| Number of eligible          |        |        |                                         |                            |
| operations                  |        |        |                                         |                            |
| 60,449                      | 73,777 | 78,959 | 84,360                                  | 85,877                     |
| Case ascertainment (%)*     | -      | -      | -                                       | -                          |
| Unadjusted PCR rate (%)     | 2.0    | 1.8    | 1.7                                     | 1.5                        |
| The percentage with valid   |        |        |                                         |                            |
| preoperative VA data        |        |        |                                         |                            |
| 95.0                        | 94.8   | 94.6   | 94.5                                    | 94.6                       |
| Number of operations for    |        |        |                                         |                            |
| postoperative VA results    |        |        |                                         |                            |
| 50,008                      | 60,944 | 65,406 | 69,973                                  | 71,272                     |
| The percentage with valid   |        |        |                                         |                            |
| postoperative VA data       |        |        |                                         |                            |
| 68.7                        | 70.5   | 73.2   | 75.7                                    | 76.6                       |
| The percentage with change  |        |        |                                         |                            |
| in VA data                  |        |        |                                         |                            |
| 65.5                        | 67.3   | 69.9   | 72.1                                    | 73.2                       |
| Unadjusted VA loss rate (%) | 1.0    | 1.0    | 1.0                                     | 0.9                        |

Over the time period above, not all centres have contributed data in consecutive data extractions and some centres have merged. The first 5 years include the early EMR adopting centres, while the prospective audit years will include centres initiating data collection and not always submitting data for a complete year. *The estimate of the proportion of cases submitted to the audit is derived from the number of completed cataract operations supplied to NHS Digital or NWIS for the audit period. This estimation uses a pro rata calculation for a centre's denominator where the proportion of time during the audit cycle that a centre had been recording cataract operations was multiplied by the number of cataract operations supplied to NHS Digital or NWIS. The numerator was the number of operations a centre had supplied to the audit. Centres that had more operations submitted to the national audit than in the NHS Digital or NWIS data were all assumed to have a complete submission rate as the actual rate was not possible to estimate. The case ascertainment rates for the retrospective audit years have not been estimated as the audit was not receiving the NHS Digital or NWIS data for these years.

## Recommendations 1. Recommendations For Patients

1.1  Patients, carers and those 
with an interest in cataract surgery are encouraged to access information about the quality of cataract surgery and their local services, and can view information online on the National Ophthalmology Database Audit website,  
the HQIP website and the  
NHS Choices website (page 29, 
Summary Key Point 2, 5)

## 2. Recommendations For Providers Of Cataract Surgery

2.1  All providers of NHS 
cataract surgery should submit data to the audit to publicly demonstrate their commitment to high quality care and good professional practice through participation. Reviewing information and actioning requests sent by the audit provider will allow for ongoing participation in the audit (page 
29, Summary Key Point 1)
2.2  Providers should submit 
complete data to ensure all relevant risk factors required to give credit for case complexity can be taken into account (UK 
Minimum Cataract Dataset for National Audit)  (page 29, Summary Key Point 8)
2.3  In line with the NHS digital 
agenda, providers should use electronic data collection to improve data completeness and utilise EMR audit tools for continuous real time monitoring of results for early detection 

1.2  Patients should discuss 
and understand the risks and potential outcomes of any eye surgery with their surgeon
1.3  Patients interested in 
finding out more about cataract surgery, should access information online from their hospital trusts and health 
boards, as well as from charity 
organisations such as Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB)
and correction of possible issues (page 29, Summary Key Point 9)
2.4  Providers should review 
patient pathways to maximise the recording of both preoperative and postoperative VA data for every operation (page 29, Summary Key Point 7)
2.5  Providers should use the 
audit for quality improvement 
by comparing their results 
against other surgery providers and their past performance to identify and act on specific areas that may need improvement (page 29, Summary Key Point 5)
2.6  Providers should consider 
including Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) before and after surgery to quantify and validate patient benefit from surgery, as advised in the 2019  NICE Quality standard for serious eye disorders (QS180) 

## 3. Recommendations For Commissioners

3.1  Service specification 
contracts should require quality assurance and improvement based on national audit outcomes and the 2017 NICE cataract surgery guideline (NG77) for management of 
cataracts in adults (page 29, Summary Key Point 4)

## 4. Recommendations For The Regulator

4.1  Regulators should expect 
NHS services to participate in national audits, with audit results made available to them when inspecting NHS organisations which either commission or deliver cataract surgery services (page 29, Summary Key Points 1, 6)
3.2  Commissioners should 
establish quality focused service specification contracts with providers which include submission of full data to the RCOphth NOD Audit, including pre- and postoperative VA for visual outcomes reporting (pages 29, Summary Key Points 1, 2, 6, 7, 8)
4.2  Regulators should ensure 
that all providers of care are positioned to provide quality assurance regardless of whether they are traditional NHS centres or independent providers (page 29, Summary Key Point 1)

## 1. Introduction

A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye. The lens sits just behind the iris, the coloured part of the eye. Normally the lens is clear and helps to focus light entering the eye. Developing cataracts causes sight to become cloudy, misty and unclear. Cataracts can affect one or more eyes, and usually do affect both eyes. They are treated by surgery, during which the cloudy lens is removed and replaced by an artificial lens. The artificial lens is known as an intraocular lens (IOL). There are no medicines or drops that can successfully treat cataracts; surgery is the only way to treat them. Information for patients and the public on cataracts is available on The Royal College of Ophthalmologists' website. In the 2017-2018 NHS year, around 414,000 NHS cataract surgery procedures were undertaken in England and 20,000 in Wales. Cataract surgery is the most frequently performed surgical procedure in the UK. A widely accepted indicator of surgical quality is the frequency of significant breach of the lens-zonule barrier through posterior capsule rupture with or without vitreous prolapse, or zonule rupture with vitreous prolapse, events abbreviated here as PCR. PCR is emphasised in the NICE cataract surgery guideline (NG77) in the context of surgical risk and is similarly used as a clinical outcome (adverse event) by the International Consortium for Health Outcome Measurement (ICHOM). This operative complication arises on average in approximately one operation in 80, but the risk of this event varies by as much as fifty-fold depending on preoperative risk factors associated with the patient (e.g. age) and their eye (e.g. how advanced the cataract is). PCR is relevant as an adverse operative event because it results in a significantly higher risk of harm to the eye and may impact recovery of vision. For example, there is an approximately forty-fold higher risk of a retinal detachment occurring following cataract surgery if PCR occurred, and retinal surgery imposes additional risks, morbidity and cost. Importantly, when PCR occurs there is a six-fold higher chance of loss of vision from pre- to postoperatively in the eye undergoing surgery. Some weeks following cataract surgery, most patients attend their community optometrist (high street optician) for updating of their glasses prescription, and at this point the final 'best-corrected' visual acuity is established. The results of this follow-up episode are currently inconsistently communicated back to the hospital to allow a definitive measure of visual acuity (VA) benefit from surgery. A web-based data return tool has been developed and initially offered as a free EMR software enhancement to audit centres to encourage and facilitate these data returns. Since VA Loss from surgery is the opposite of the intended effect, these key primary outcomes together capture relevant safety elements of surgical quality. VA Loss is emphasised in the NICE cataract surgery guideline (NG77) in the context of surgical risk. Providing risk adjusted results for centres and surgeons enables them to benchmark their own performance against their peers and acts as a prompt to reviewing practice where outcomes are less good. Our experience indicates that showing individual surgeons their performance stimulates them to be more mindful of quality generally and to improve performance where needed. Since safety is a key domain for the NHS, embodied in the oft quoted phrase from the Hippocratic Oath "First, do no harm", the audit is primarily focused on two chosen safety metrics. The EMR audit tools provided through the audit allow for real time local tracking of outcomes by surgeons and centres. This empowers them to monitor their results locally and to detect adverse signals early with a view to minimising patient harm through prompt action. The report includes additional contextual information which provides centres, surgeons and the wider NHS with secondary outcomes in terms of case complexity, access to surgery by centre and deprivation, and data completeness.

In the RCOphth NOD prospective cataract audit reports we show the case complexity adjusted rates of PCR and monocular visual acuity (VA) Loss for named centres (including all surgeons). On the RCOphth NOD website we present case complexity adjusted rates of PCR and VA Loss for participating centres and surgeons, and on the NHS Choices website will be risk adjusted outcomes for named consultant surgeons for both PCR and VA Loss. Incomplete data will be highlighted and where <40% of outcome data are available for a particular centre (e.g. for VA Loss) the rate will not be reported as deemed too unreliable. 

## 2. Audit Framework

The National Cataract Audit data in this report covers all adult phacoemulsification cataract surgical operations recorded on:

•		
Medisoft EMR in use at 86 contributing centres
•		
OpenEyes EMR in use at three centres
•		
Medisoft and OpenEyes EMR used in one centre
•	Epic patient record system in one centre •	In-house cataract data collection systems used in ten contributing centres
For the PCR outcome, the audit included all reported cataract operations performed in the period between 01 September 2017 and 31 August 2018. For the risk adjusted VA Loss outcome and postoperative complications and visual acuity results the reported period was between 01 September 2017 and 30 June 2018 in order to allow time for postoperative data to become available following recovery from surgery. Excluded were:

•		
Cataract operations not done by phacoemulsification 
•		
Operations done as combined procedures along with another significant intraocular procedure (e.g. a trabeculectomy or a pars plana vitrectomy combined with other vitreoretinal procedures) 
•		
Operations done on eyes previously damaged by ocular trauma
•		
Operations done on eyes with significant congenital or developmental abnormalities
•		
Operations on individuals aged <18 years
Centres are identified by name and number in tables and graphical presentations. 

## 3. Aims

This audit reports risk-adjusted rates for two primary patient safety outcomes: PCR and VA Loss in cataract surgery. PCR will have high levels of completeness for all participating centres as recording of the absence or presence of specified operative complications is mandatory in ophthalmology EMR systems. The preoperative risk indicator and follow up VA data are, however, expected to be less complete because of variations in patient pathways and use of the EMR in different settings. The quality improvement aims of this report include:

•		
Reporting of the intraoperative risk adjusted complication rates, emphasising the need for careful risk profiling of cases in advance of surgery to anticipate and minimise avoidable surgical complications
•	Reporting the rates of VA Loss, highlighting potentially avoidable visual harm where unwarranted 
variation is observed
There are several secondary aims developed throughout the life of the audit, for example the contextual information includes: case complexity metrics, rates of recorded valid VA data and access (preoperative VA) by centre and overall by deprivation.

## 4. Nhs Trust / Health Board And Surgeon Participation

The audit brief is to include all NHS funded cataract surgery in England and Wales where Caldicott Guardians and Clinical Leads have given permission for inclusion of their data. In this report, the majority of centres were in England (97) with four centres in Wales. This report includes 91 currently EMR enabled centres and ten centres using an in-house data collection system. Of the 119 eligible NHS trusts, 83 (69.7%) NHS trusts are represented, plus data from three independent sector treatment providers of NHS funded services (18 sites). Results for 101 centres are reported.

## 5. Methodology 5.1 Context Of The Data Collection

The audit data derive from routine data collection in NHS ophthalmology departments with no additional data collection effort required by NHS staff. Our approach aligns directly with, and powerfully supports, the NHS digital agenda and has catalysed a major shift towards electronic working in cataract services. Since the start of the HQIP commissioned period in 2014 the NOD Audit has driven an increase in the number of centres working electronically from around 30 to >100. Complications data depend on surgeons recording these faithfully. Unlike mortality figures there is no external validation of the reported complications, although cross-checks are undertaken within the extracted data. The EMR requires the surgeon recording the operation note to specifically indicate a 'Yes / No' response to whether a surgical complication occurred. At all centres the EMR record (or its printed copy for the paper notes) constitutes the medicolegal document of the patient's operation record. Data completeness for other aspects of care varies between centres for several reasons. Some centres only use the electronic data collection system in theatre which limits data completeness for items normally collected in the outpatient department at pre- and postoperative visits. Accurate follow up data on VA and refraction mostly depend on patients attending their optometrist for updating of spectacles following surgery and for this information to then be returned to the hospital EMR system. Although some centres have good paper-based systems in place for optometrists to return postoperative VA and refraction measurements, and for staff at the hospital to enter the data electronically, it is to be expected that this VA outcome will be incomplete in many centres. The NOD Audit team has taken steps to enhance returns from optometrists through encouraging proactive local engagement with community optometrists, an active programme of engagement with national optometric professional bodies, and provision of a web-based data return tool for the National Cataract Audit.

## 5.2 Case Ascertainment

An estimate of the percentage of cataract operations submitted to the audit is based on the number reported centrally to NHS Digital or NHS Wales Informatics Service (NWIS). This is calculated pro rata for recent joiners, as reported in Appendix 6 (page 41). As the National Cataract Audit has exclusion criteria, the estimate of case ascertainment is calculated using the number of operations submitted to the audit before the exclusion criteria are applied.

## 5.3 Data Quality And Completeness

Among the advantages of EMR data collection are compulsory collection of key data items (e.g. operative complications) and automatic range checking of variables (e.g. axial length) at the time of data entry. This improves data completeness and accuracy. In addition, the richness of EMR data provides a more complete picture of the patient and their state of health making it possible to infer important information through cross-checking. Completeness of preoperative VA and postoperative VA outcome remain variable and an area for improvement in many centres.

## 5.4 Small Numbers Policy

Centres with <50 operations have not been included in this report and the Clinical Outcomes Publication (COP) programme report for individual surgeon results will likewise not report results for surgeons who have undertaken <50 procedures.

## 5.5 Outliers Policy

The audit outliers' policy has been developed directly from the HQIP outliers' policy and is available on the RCOphth NOD Audit website. An outlying centre or surgeon is identified where the risk-adjusted adverse event rate is above the national threshold set by the mean rate plus approximately three Standard Deviations (3SD). 

## 6. Data Extraction, Cleaning And Statistical Methods

Centre participation was affirmed by agreement from the Trust Caldicott Guardian and Clinical Lead for Ophthalmology. There are 13 sources of data included in the prospective third year of the National Cataract Audit, 86 centres used the Medisoft EMR (Medisoft Ophthalmology **www.medisoft.co.uk**,  
three centres used the OpenEyes EMR **www.openeyes.org.uk**, one very large London NHS Trust used  
both the Medisoft and the OpenEyes EMR systems, one centre used the Epic patient record system  
www.epic.com, and ten centres used in-house data collection systems. Supplementary extractions/
submissions were undertaken as necessary. Full details regarding eligibility and analysis criteria can  
be found on the RCOphth NOD Audit website following registration **www.nodaudit.org.uk**.

## 7. Results 7.1 Case Ascertainment

In total, 232,083 operations were submitted to the audit by 102 centres, of which 230,632 (99.4%) were performed using phacoemulsification. The estimate of case ascertainment was made by comparison with data from NHS Digital and NWIS. Case ascertainment was not calculable for two centres. One centre was excluded from the cataract audit analysis due to supplying <50 eligible operations. The other centre did not have any data available from NHS Digital. The overall case ascertainment for all centres combined was 84.5%, 72 (72.0%) centres had a case ascertainment rate of >80% and 59 (59.0%) centres >95%. The range in the percentage of cases submitted to the audit was 2.5% to 100%. Of the 232,083 operations submitted during the audit period (01 September 2017 to 31 August 2018), 14,208 (6.1%) operations are excluded from analysis; the eligibility information is on the NOD Audit website NOD Audit Eligibility Criteria. This left 217,875 operations performed in 101 participating centres eligible for analysis. The operations were performed on 107,406 (49.3%) left eyes and 110,469 (50.7%) right eyes from 176,019 patients. These operations were performed by 1,992 surgeons.

## 7.2 Patient Characteristics - Age And Gender

Summary details of the 176,019 patients undergoing cataract surgery in the third year of the prospective audit were as follows:

•	176,019 patients with median age 76.3 years
•	74,980 (42.6%) patients were men with median age 75.9 years •	100,813 (57.3%) patients were women with median age 76.6 years •	The gender was not recorded for 226 (0.1%) patients with median age 76.1 years •	The ethnicity was not recorded for 79,918 (45.4%) patients •	Patient characteristics were very similar for first treated and second treated eyes 

## 7.3 Preoperative Visual Acuity (Va)

One centre (4,067 operations) requested that their visual acuity data was not reported after discovering a fault with the extraction of this data. Of the 213,808 operations from 100 centres considered for visual acuity analysis, a preoperative visual acuity was recorded for 196,465 (91.9%) eyes and missing for 17,343 (8.1%) eyes, of which 1,418 (0.7% of operations) had a Pin Hole Visual Acuity (PHVA) measured but no Corrected Distance Visual Acuity (CDVA) or Uncorrected Distance Visual Acuity (UDVA) measurement.

There was wide variation in the percentage of eyes with a preoperative VA by contributing centre, where for five (5.0%) centres <50% of eyes had a preoperative VA, for 86 (86.0%) centres more than 80% of eyes had a preoperative VA and for 52 (52.0%) centres more than 95% of eyes had a preoperative VA, details provided in Appendix 6 (page 41). The overall percentages of eyes with a preoperative VA were 91.9%, 90.4% and 95.2% for the centres who joined the audit in year 1, year 2 and the recently joining centres respectively. For the 196,465 eyes with a preoperative VA measurement, the measurement was CDVA in 136,952 (69.7%) eyes, UDVA in 56,780 (28.9%) eyes and in 2,733 (1.4%) eyes the CDVA measurement was the same as the UDVA measurement. The median preoperative VA was 0.50 LogMAR units for each grade of surgeon. The median preoperative VA was 0.50 LogMAR units (range; -0.30 - NPL) (6/19 Snellen Equivalent); where 6,539 (3.3%) eyes were CF, 3,867 (2.0%) eyes were HM, 979 (0.5%) eyes were PL and 58 (<0.1%) eyes were NPL. The preoperative VA was 0.30 LogMAR units (6/12) or better for 67,944 (34.6%) eyes, 0.60 LogMAR units (6/24) or better for 140,142 (71.3%) eyes and 1.0 LogMAR units (6/60) or better for 176,326 (89.8%) eyes.

There was variability in the preoperative VA between contributing centres, where for 62 (62.0%) centres the median preoperative VA was 0.50 LogMAR and the range in the centres median preoperative VA was 0.20 - 0.60 LogMAR, Figures 1a and 1b (page 16). Deprivation is recognised as an influence on the ability of individuals to access care for a variety of conditions. Here we have used preoperative VA as a proxy for cataract severity to assess whether deprivation is (or is not) related to timely access to surgery before symptoms of vision loss become advanced. On this basis, with some exceptions at the extremes, access to surgery appeared to be reasonably uniform across the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) national deciles, Figure 2 (page 17). There was, however, some observed variation as demonstrated in Table 2 (page 17), where there was a statistically significant association (p < 0.001) between higher levels of deprivation and worse preoperative VA, for example 23.5% of the patients in the most deprived decile (decile 1) had a preoperative VA of 
≥1.00 LogMAR, compared to 11.8% of patients in the least deprived decile (decile 10). Consistent with slightly worse access amongst the most deprived, is the observation that there were proportionally fewer operations than expected undertaken in the more deprived deciles than in the less deprived deciles  
(Table 2, page 17), though this result might be due to bias in socioeconomic status of contributing centres (i.e. there may have been more centres serving less deprived communities). For 37,346 patients who had both eyes undergo cataract surgery during the audit period and had a preoperative VA measurement for both eyes (excluding immediate simultaneous bilateral surgery), the mean presenting VA was 0.11 LogMAR worse (95% CI: 0.10 to 0.12 LogMAR) for the first treated eye than for the second treated eye (means = 0.57 (6/22) and 0.46 LogMAR (6/17) respectively, p < 0.001). 

| Decile of social deprivation   | N       |   <0.30 |   0.30 - <0.60 |   0.60 - <1.00 |
|--------------------------------|---------|---------|----------------|----------------|
| ≥                              |         |         |                |                |
| 1.00                           |         |         |                |                |
| 1                              | 12,838  |    10.9 |           38.4 |           27.2 |
| 2                              | 12,553  |    12   |           40.2 |           26.6 |
| 3                              | 12,787  |    12.7 |           41.9 |           26.3 |
| 4                              | 13,325  |    12.9 |           43   |           26.9 |
| 5                              | 13,742  |    14   |           44.3 |           25.4 |
| 6                              | 14,403  |    13   |           45.7 |           25.6 |
| 7                              | 14,258  |    14.2 |           46.8 |           25.2 |
| 8                              | 14,304  |    15   |           47.5 |           24.4 |
| 9                              | 14,601  |    15.2 |           48.1 |           24.4 |
| 10                             | 14,331  |    14.7 |           50.2 |           23.3 |
| Overall                        | 137,142 |    13.5 |           44.8 |           25.5 |
Preoperative LogMAR visual acuity

## 7.4 Ocular Co-Pathologies And Risk Indicators

The presence or absence of an ocular co-pathology or known risk indicator was recorded for 97.4% of operated eyes and was not recorded for 2.6% of eyes. Assuming that the not recorded ocular co-pathology or known risk indicators are 'none', then an ocular co-pathology or known risk indicator was present in 90,707 (41.6%) eyes and recorded as absent (or not recorded) for 127,168 (58.4%) eyes. The percentage of eyes with ocular co-pathology or known risk indicator data recorded (any, none or not recorded) varied between centres, where the percentage of eyes reported to have any ocular co-pathology ranged between centres from 8.0% to 100.0%, and 36 (36.0%) centres had >50% of operated eyes with an ocular co-pathology. The most commonly recorded ocular co-pathologies were age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy which were recorded for 10.5%, 8.5% and 5.8% of operations respectively. 

## 7.5 Operation Characteristics

Phacoemulsification ± IOL was performed in all eligible cataract operations and for 205,153 (94.2%) operations was the only operative procedure performed. Phacoemulsification ± IOL was combined with  
one other procedure in 11,488 (5.3%) operations, with ≥2 other procedures in 1,234 (0.5%) operations. 

The most frequently performed operative procedures that were combined with phacoemulsification ± IOL were insertion of pupil ring expander and anterior vitrectomy, which were performed in 0.9% and 0.7% of operations respectively.

## 7.6 Operative Complications

One or more intraoperative complication was recorded for 6,020 (2.8%) operations, with the most frequently recorded being PCR which was reported for 2,684 (1.2%) operations. The 'any' intraoperative complication rates were higher for the less experienced grade of surgeons, while the rates for individual intraoperative complications were similar across the grades of surgeon except for PCR, which were higher for the less experienced grades, Table 3, page 19.

Intraoperative complications 
N (column %)
Consultant 
surgeons 
(N = 148,409)
Career grade 
non-consultant 
surgeons 
(N = 17,804)
Eyes with no complications
145,011 (97.7)
17,307 (97.2)
42,038 (96.0)
7,499 (95.5)
211,855 (97.2)
Eyes with ≥1 complication
3,398 (2.3)
497 (2.8)
1,770 (4.0)
355 (4.5)
6,020 (2.8)
Recorded intraoperative complications*
Posterior capsular rupture
1,466 (1.0)
209 (1.2)
835 (1.9)
174 (2.2)
2,684 (1.2)
Zonule rupture - no vitreous loss
426 (0.3)
62 (0.3)
231 (0.5)
38 (0.5)
757 (0.3)
Corneal epithelial abrasion
309 (0.2)
59 (0.3)
92 (0.2)
40 (0.5)
500 (0.2)
Torn iris / damage from the phaco
268 (0.2)
32 (0.2)
115 (0.3)
18 (0.2)
433 (0.2)
Lens exchange required / other IOL problems
128 (<0.1)
16 (<0.1)
61 (0.1)
12 (0.2)
217 (0.1)
Anterior capsular tear
64 (<0.1)
19 (<0.1)
95 (0.2)
14 (0.2)
192 (<0.1)
Endothelial damage / Descemet's tear
111 (<0.1)
17 (<0.1)
49 (0.1)
7 (<0.1)
184 (<0.1)
Iris prolapse
88 (<0.1)
10 (<0.1)
84 (0.2)
1 (<0.1)
183 (<0.1)
Corneal oedema
81 (<0.1)
10 (<0.1)
45 (0.1)
15 (0.2)
151 (<0.1)
Iris trauma
86 (<0.1)
17 (<0.1)
43 (0.1)
2 (<0.1)
148 (<0.1)
Hyphaema
77 (<0.1)
11 (<0.1)
38 (<0.1)
2 (<0.1)
128 (<0.1)
Phaco burn / wound problems
38 (<0.1)
9 (<0.1)
15 (<0.1)
5 (<0.1)
67 (<0.1)
Choroidal / suprachoroidal haemorrhage
33 (<0.1)
5 (<0.1)
12 (<0.1)
3 (<0.1)
53 (<0.1)
Unspecified other**
540 (0.4)
72 (0.4)
242 (0.6)
45 (0.6)
899 (0.4)

Posterior capsular rupture (PCR) is defined for the purposes of the National Clinical Audit as "posterior capsule rupture with or without vitreous prolapse or zonule rupture with vitreous prolapse" and abbreviated simply as PCR. Retained lens fragments in the vitreous implies PCR. *Each operation can have more than one intraoperative complication recorded. **The unspecified other included one IOP spike, one wound leak, three corneal burns, three vitreous haemorrhages, 12 instances when the operation was cancelled and 23 decentred IOLs. 	

Total 
(N = 217,875)
More experienced 
trainee surgeons 
(N = 43,808)
Less experienced 
trainee surgeons 
(N = 7,854)

## 7.7 Postoperative Complications

In order to submit postoperative complication data to the audit there needs to be enough time after the operation for patients to receive a postoperative follow-up. Therefore, the audit reports on operations performed before 30 June 2018 for this aspect of the audit. This allows the potential for two months' follow-up. Of the 217,875 eligible cataract operations submitted to the audit, 180,664 (82.9%) operations from 100 centres were performed before 30 June 2018 and had the potential for two months' follow-up. One recently joining centre had all operations in July or August 2018 and is not included in postoperative complications results. 96,481 (53.4%) operations had no postoperative complication data recorded, 74,198 (41.1%) had 'none' recorded as the postoperative complication, and 9,985 (5.5%) had at least one postoperative complication recorded. The variation in data likely reflects differences in cataract surgery patient pathways across centres. The most frequently recorded postoperative complications were postoperative uveitis, corneal oedema / striae and cystoid macular oedema which were the only individual postoperative complications recorded for >1.0% of operations. The percentage of operations with a postoperative complication record (none or a complication), or no postoperative complication record, varied significantly between the participating centres, with 11 centres having no records of any specific postoperative complications.

## 7.8   Postoperative Visual Acuity

One centre (4,067 operations) requested that their visual acuity data was not reported after discovering a fault with the extraction of this data. From the 213,808 operations from 100 centres considered for visual acuity analysis, 177,380 (83.0%) operations were performed before 30 June 2018 and had the potential for two months' follow-up. These results are from 99 centres as one centre (50 operations) had none of their operations in this qualifying period. Of these, a postoperative visual acuity was recorded for 134,758 (76.0%) eyes and missing for 42,622 (24.0%) eyes (including all operations from one centre with no postoperative VA data). The year 3 percentages of eyes with a postoperative VA were 77.0%, 73.7% and 
75.2% for centres who first participated in audit year 1, audit year 2 and the recently joining year 3 centres respectively. Eligible for postoperative VA analysis are 134,758 operations from 99 contributing centres, which includes one centre with >100 operations and no postoperative VA data. There was wide variation in the percentage of eyes with postoperative VA by contributing centre; for 16 (16.2%) centres <50% of eyes had a postoperative VA, for 55 (55.5%) centres >80% of eyes had a postoperative VA and for 14 (14.1%) centres >95% of eyes had a postoperative VA; details provided in Appendix 6 (page 41). Influencing this result are operations performed in the latter part of the audit period where not all patients could have sufficient follow-up for all postoperative results to be available. Another factor is discharge to the community for the postoperative refraction and visual acuity assessments, as these measurements are not always sent back to the hospitals for recording on the hospital's EMR system. Overall, the percentage of first and second treated eyes with postoperative VA data was 77.5% for first treated eyes and 73.8% for second treated eyes. The percentage of first and second treated eyes with postoperative VA data varied between centres, where 82 (82.8%) centres had a higher percentage of first treated eyes with postoperative VA data than second treated eyes, for 18 centres this difference was >10% points and for two centres >25% points. For the 134,758 eyes eligible for postoperative VA assessment, the best measurement was CDVA in 42,322 (31.4%) eyes, UDVA in 40,238 (29.9%) eyes, PHVA in 27,872 (20.7%) eyes; the best measurement was the same for two of the assessment methods for 22,444 (16.7%) eyes and the same for all three methods in 1,882 (1.4%) eyes. The median postoperative VA was 0.10 LogMAR units (range; -0.30 - NPL) (6/7.5 Snellen equivalent); where 437 (0.3%) eyes were CF, 273 (0.2%) eyes were HM, 57 (<0.1%) eyes were PL and 9 (<0.1%) eyes were NPL. The postoperative VA was 0.30 LogMAR units (6/12) or better for 121,729 (90.3%) eyes, 0.60 LogMAR units (6/24) or better for 130,062 (96.5%) eyes and 1.0 LogMAR units (6/60) or better for 133,103 (98.8%) eyes. The postoperative VA was fairly stable across participating centres, although there was some variation where the median postoperative VA was 0.00 LogMAR for 22 (22.4%) centres, 0.10 LogMAR for 47 (48.0%) centres and 0.20 LogMAR for 13 (13.3%) centres. The overall median postoperative VA from all centres was 
0.10 LogMAR with a range in the centres median postoperative VA of 0.00 - 0.35 LogMAR, Figures 3a and 
3b (page 22). Overall, VA outcomes were as expected, though data completeness remains an area for improvement and results for centres with small numbers will be subject to significant statistical uncertainty and potential bias.

## 7.9 Change In Visual Acuity

Of the 177,380 eligible cataract operations submitted to the audit performed before 30 June 2018 (excluding the centre who requested that its VA data was not reported), 127,794 (72.1%) eyes had both a preoperative VA and a postoperative VA measurement. The year 3 percentages of eyes with change in VA were 73.0%, 69.4% and 72.7% for centres who first participated in audit year 1, audit year 2 and the recently joining year 3 centres respectively. Eligible for change in VA analysis are 127,794 operations from 98 participating centres. Data completeness for this measure remains stable, averaging around 70%. The audit will continue to encourage centres to collect and record both preoperative and postoperative VA to allow for determination of this measure. The median change in VA from baseline was a 0.36 LogMAR gain (IQR; 0.20 - 0.60 gain). A loss of >0.10 LogMAR (-1 line) was experienced by 3,505 (2.7%) eyes, a change of ±0.10 LogMAR (±1 line) by 11,302 (8.8%) eyes and a gain of >0.10 LogMAR (+1 line) by 112,987 (88.4%) eyes. The change in VA was fairly stable between the participating centres, Figures 4a and 4b (page 24). Overall, the majority of cataract surgery operations resulted in a significant improvement in visual acuity for patients. 75% of eyes with a preoperative VA of 0.00 LogMAR or better had a postoperative VA of 0.00 LogMAR or better and 97% of eyes with a preoperative VA of 0.30 LogMAR or better had a postoperative VA of 0.30 LogMAR or better. Eyes that had an ocular co-pathology or experienced an intraoperative complication or PCR during surgery had worse postoperative VA than eyes that did not have any of these problems. >90% of eyes without these problems had a postoperative VA of 0.30 LogMAR (6/12 Snellen) or better, Table 4 (page 25). The percentage of operations from each participating centre with preoperative VA, postoperative VA and both pre- and postoperative VA data varied between participating centres, Appendix 6 (page 41). 

Percentages are row % 
(Approximate Snellen)
≤0.00 
(6/6 or better)
≤0.18 
(6/9 or better)
≤0.30 
(6/12 or better)
≤0.60 
(6/24 or better)
≤1.00  
(6/60 or better)
All eyes (N = 127,794)
41.7
66.0
90.6
96.6
98.8
Preoperative LogMAR VA (Snellen)
≤0.00 (N = 2,640)
75.5
88.8
98.8
99.7
99.9
≤0.18 (N = 7,655)
62.2
89.0
98.4
99.6
99.9
≤0.30 (N = 43,975)
50.8
75.7
97.6
99.6
99.9
≤0.60 (N = 91,210)
44.5
70.3
95.0
99.4
99.8
≤1.00 (N = 114,806)
43.0
67.9
92.7
98.3
99.7
Ocular co-pathology / risk indicator
No (N = 71,659)
49.0
74.1
95.8
99.1
99.7
Yes (N = 56,135)
32.6
55.6
83.8
93.5
97.7
Intraoperative complications
No (N = 124,457)
42.1
66.4
90.9
96.8
98.9
Yes (N = 3,337)
28.5
49.3
79.1
90.2
95.2
PCR
No (N = 126,245)
41.9
66.3
90.7
96.7
98.9
Yes (N = 1,549)
24.9
42.6
74.8
86.8
92.6
Postoperative LogMAR visual acuity

## 7.10 Case Complexity Adjusted Pcr Results

Unadjusted for case complexity PCR rates for the 101 participating centres are shown in Figure 5 (page 27) and an adjusted for case complexity graph in Figure 6 (page 27). None of the participating centres were outliers in the third year of the audit. Details of the unadjusted and adjusted for case complexity PCR results for the 101 participating centres can be found in Appendix 7 (page 46), along with a case complexity index which is the overall predicted probability of PCR for all the cases reported for each centre.

## 7.11 Case Complexity Adjusted Visual Loss Results

Of the 217,875 eligible operations, 177,380 operations were performed up to 30 June 2018 and had the potential for two months' follow-up (excluding the centre who requested their VA data was not reported). Of these, 112,690 (63.5%) operations from 67 centres were performed in centres were a preoperative and postoperative VA was recorded for at least 40% of the operations and at least 50 operations. 

An unadjusted for case complexity funnel plot of VA Loss is shown in Figure 7 (page 28) and an adjusted for case complexity funnel plot in Figure 8 (page 28). Details of the unadjusted and adjusted for case complexity VA Loss results can be found in Appendix 7 (page 46), along with a case complexity index which is the overall predicted probability of VA Loss for the cases reported by each centre. Centres with <40% operations or <50 operations with both a preoperative and postoperative VA have not been reported as the estimates would be too unreliable. The percentage rate used in the case complexity adjusted results for VA loss was lowered from 1.5% to 0.9% for audit year 2 to reflect the observed VA loss rate for consultant and career grade surgeons whose results are published in the public domain. The actual observed VA loss rate for the year 3 VA loss sample was 0.7%, which is slightly lower than the percentage rate used for complexity adjustment. These changes in the VA Loss rate are not an unexpected finding as there is variation between centres in the percentage of reported operations, percentage of operations with a preoperative VA, and percentage of operations with a postoperative VA, all of which are necessary for visual loss estimation.

## 8. Summary Of Key Points

This third annual report from The Royal College of Ophthalmologists' National Ophthalmology Database Audit is the third to report prospectively collected data on cataract surgery for a one-year period.

1. 	
Good progress has been made in terms of expanding the number of centres from around 30, when HQIP funding commenced, to 101 centres (83 NHS trusts and three independent sector treatment providers reporting 18 sites) in this report. Looking ahead, 109 of 119 traditional NHS cataract providers have indicated that they wish to participate in future audit cycles.
2. 
	Named surgeon and centre results are available on the NOD Audit website.
3.	 
Established markers of surgical quality - PCR and VA Loss - are used as metrics for risk-adjusted outcomes. PCR is the most frequent intraoperative complication and is associated with increased 
postoperative loss of vision. VA Loss is intended to capture all eyes where there has been an adverse 
outcome, whether or not associated with PCR. 
4.	 
Overall, PCR and VA loss have reduced by 38% for PCR and 37% for VA Loss since 2010, Table 1 (page 7). The reduction in PCR complications in cataract surgery since 2010 equates to approximately 3,400 fewer complications annually across the NHS. Cost savings from avoided PCR complications are estimated at approximately £2 million per annum and the avoidance of VA Loss can have multiple benefits for a patient due to the importance of vision in daily life.
5. 	
This is the third cataract audit report to include the reporting of named centre results for all submitted operations with results for named consultant surgeons, shortly to be published as part of the Clinical Outcomes Publication (COP) programme. For the 101 centres included in this report, outcomes have been found to be within the standard HQIP expectation, i.e. risk adjusted outcomes within 3SD of the consultant average. This reflects the high-quality outcomes for patients at participating centres.
6.	 
Case ascertainment overall at most contributing centres, is high although there remain some notable exceptions (Appendix 6, page 41).
7.	 
Data completeness of reported surgery is excellent for PCR (100%), though less so for VA, particularly for postoperative VA. This is an area where many centres could do better, with a few centres having rather poor VA data returns following surgery. The collection of this important postoperative data could be improved (Appendix 6, page 41).
8.	 
Quality improvement drivers in this audit take the form of risk-adjusted results for surgical complications and vision loss from before to after surgery. These key measures are risk-adjusted to acknowledge case complexity and provide credit to surgeons and centres undertaking complex work. Without conscientious completion of risk indicator data, surgeons and centres run the risk of not being given credit for the complexity of the work undertaken. An important message for participants to take on board both when planning surgery and when recoding their patient notes.
9.	 
The RCOphth NOD Audit is aligned to, and is driving, the NHS digital agenda in the move toward electronic working in ophthalmology. It has catalysed a major shift from an initial 30 or so centres to over 100 centres now able to submit data electronically. The majority of these centres collect their data as part of routine clinical activity with no additional effort required for submission of data to the audit. Furthermore, the EMR audit tools allow for real time tracking of adverse surgical events locally which facilitates monitoring of complications by centres and surgeons. In the event of an adverse signal becoming apparent, timely corrective action can be taken to avoid unnecessary harm to patients and avoid centres or surgeons being identified as outliers in national audit reports going forward.

## 9. Conclusions

•	The current report provides assurance that delivery of NHS cataract surgery in the 101 participating 
centres is of good quality
•	It is encouraging to note that since 2010, when this work feeding back cataract surgical results to 
centres and surgeons began, there has been a 38% overall reduction in PCR complications and a 37% overall reduction in VA Loss. Progress with quality improvement thus far is providing obvious benefits to over 3,000 patients annually in terms of reduced morbidity as well as significant NHS cost savings from avoided complications of around £2 million annually
•	In the forthcoming period it is planned to further extend the audit coverage to include all traditional 
NHS centres, and more of the independent providers of cataract surgical care. All providers of NHS funded care are accountable to the public for the quality of services they provide. It is pleasing to 
note that three independent sector treatment providers with 18 sites have joined the audit and are 
included in the current report
•	Further outcomes are being considered in order to provide a broader, more patient focused and  
more easily interpreted assessment of NHS service quality in cataract care

## 10. Acknowledgements

The Royal College of Ophthalmologists' National Ophthalmology Database Audit is commissioned by the Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) and is part of the National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme (NCAPOP) and the Clinical Outcomes Publication (COP) programme. We would like to acknowledge the support and guidance we have received from the NOD Steering Committee (see Appendix 2, page 33, for list of members) which includes professional members, ophthalmologists and optometrists, and patient and public representatives with individual lay members as well as patient support groups being represented. We are particularly grateful to our Patient and Public Representatives who have engaged fully with discussion relating to the design of the audit and the primary and secondary outcomes. Their guidance has helped us to ensure that the audit has relevance for not only the professional readership but also patients, their relatives and carers. We thank all the members of the steering committee for reviewing this report. We also acknowledge the support of the hospitals that are participating in the prospective audit and thank our medical and non-medical colleagues for the considerable time and effort devoted to data collection. All participating centres are acknowledged in Appendix 3 (page 34) and on the RCOphth NOD Audit website www.nodaudit.org.uk

## 11. The Rcophth Nod Audit Team The Rcophth Project Clinical Lead The Rcophth Nod Delivery Unit Mr Paul Henry John Donachie Senior Medical Statistician

Professor John M Sparrow Consultant Ophthalmologist and Honorary Professor of Ophthalmic Health Services Research and Applied Epidemiology Professor Peter Scanlon Consultant Ophthalmologist

## The Rcophth Project Executive Lead

Ms Kathy Evans Chief Executive

## The Rcophth Nod Audit Project Office

Gloucestershire Retinal Research Group Office Above Oakley Ward Cheltenham General Hospital Gloucestershire GL53 7AN
Ms Beth Barnes Head of Professional Support T. 0300 422 2852 E. ghn-tr.nod@nhs.net Ms Martina Olaitan RCOphth NOD Audit Project Manager Ms Lynne Sander RCOphth NOD Audit Project Manager The Royal College of Ophthalmologists 18 Stephenson Way London NW1 2HD T. +44 (0) 20 7935 0702 F. +44 (0) 20 7383 5258 E. noa.project@rcophth.ac.uk It is with deep regret that we note the death of our friend and colleague Robert Johnston, who sadly died in September 2016.  Without his inspirational vision, determination and career long commitment to quality improvement in ophthalmology this work would not have been possible.

## Appendix 1: Data Flow National Ophthalmology Database Audit - Data Flow

Hospitals/ Trusts & Optometrists
Data Extraction/ 


## Appendix 2: National Ophthalmology Database Audit Project Steering Group Membership

| Name                                                            | Designation                                   |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Andrew Frost                                                    | Cataract Representative                       |
| The Royal College of Ophthalmologists                           |                                               |
| Anthony King                                                    | Cataract Representative                       |
| The Royal College of Ophthalmologists                           |                                               |
| Beth Barnes                                                     | Head of Professional Support                  |
| The Royal College of Ophthalmologists                           |                                               |
| Chris Rogers                                                    | Independent Statistician                      |
| The University of Bristol                                       |                                               |
| David Parkins                                                   | Past President                                |
| The College of Optometrists                                     |                                               |
| David Yorston                                                   | Cataract Representative                       |
| The Royal College of Ophthalmologists                           |                                               |
| Helen Lee                                                       | Policy and Campaigns Manager                  |
| Royal National Institute of Blind People                        |                                               |
| Janet Bax                                                       | Patient Representative                        |
| The Patients Association                                        |                                               |
| John Sparrow                                                    | Chairman                                      |
| Clinical Lead for RCOphth National Ophthalmology Database Audit |                                               |
| Kathy Evans                                                     | Chief Executive                               |
| The Royal College of Ophthalmologists                           |                                               |
| Matt Broom                                                      | Lay Group Representative                      |
| The Royal College of Ophthalmologists and Vision UK             |                                               |
| Melanie Hingorani                                               | Cataract Representative                       |
| The Royal College of Ophthalmologists                           |                                               |
| Raghu Ram                                                       | Wales Representative                          |
| The Royal College of Ophthalmologists                           |                                               |
| Sasha Hewitt                                                    | Associate Director of Quality and Development |
| Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP)               |                                               |
| Tasneem Hoosain                                                 | Project Manager                               |
| Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP)               |                                               |

| Category                                                       | Organisation name   |
|----------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|
| system                                                         |                     |
| Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust               | Medisoft            |
| Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust | Medisoft            |
| Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust                         | In-house            |
| Barts Health NHS Trust                                         | Medisoft            |
| Bedford Hospital NHS Trust - Moorfields                        |                     |
| 1                                                              |                     |
|                                                                | Medisoft            |
| Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust              |                     |
| 7                                                              |                     |
| Medisoft                                                       |                     |
| Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust               |                     |
| 2                                                              |                     |
| Medisoft                                                       |                     |
| Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust               | Medisoft            |
| Cardiff and Vale University Health Board                       | Medisoft            |
| Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust               | Medisoft            |
| Croydon Health Services NHS Trust - Moorfields                 |                     |
| 1                                                              |                     |
| Medisoft                                                       |                     |
| Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust             | Medisoft            |
| Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust                            | Medisoft            |
| Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust                 | Medisoft            |
| Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust                       | Medisoft            |
| Harrogate and District NHS Foundation Trust                    | Medisoft            |
| Isle of Wight NHS Trust                                        | Medisoft            |
| Centres first                                                  |                     |
| included in the                                                |                     |
| year 1 report                                                  |                     |
| King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust                   | Medisoft            |
| Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust                             | Medisoft            |
| London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust              | In-house            |
| Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust                     | Medisoft            |
| Mid Cheshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust                    | Medisoft            |
| Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust                          | Medisoft            |
| Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust                   |                     |
| 1                                                              |                     |
| OpenEyes                                                       |                     |
| Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  | Medisoft            |
| Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust                            | Medisoft            |
| North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust                         |                     |
| 3                                                              |                     |
| Medisoft                                                       |                     |
| Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust                      | Medisoft            |
| Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust                          | Medisoft            |
| University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust                        | Medisoft            |
| Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust                           | Medisoft            |
| Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust                             | Medisoft            |
| Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust                         | Medisoft            |

| Category                                                        | Organisation name   |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|
| system                                                          |                     |
| Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust                            | Medisoft            |
| Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust                                  | Medisoft            |
| Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust                | Medisoft            |
| Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust               | Medisoft            |
| Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust                       | Medisoft            |
| South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust                       | Medisoft            |
| South Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust                         | Medisoft            |
| St Helens and Knowsley Hospitals NHS Trust                      | Medisoft            |
| The Hillingdon Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust                   | Medisoft            |
| The Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust                           | Medisoft            |
| The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust          | Medisoft            |
| Centres first                                                   |                     |
| included in the                                                 |                     |
| year 1 report                                                   |                     |
| The Royal Bournemouth and Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation |                     |
| Trust                                                           |                     |
| Medisoft                                                        |                     |
| University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust            | Medisoft            |
| University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust            |                     |
| 4                                                               |                     |
| Medisoft                                                        |                     |
| University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust               | Medisoft            |
| University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust        | Medisoft            |
| University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust      |                     |
| 8                                                               |                     |
| Medisoft                                                        |                     |
| Warrington and Halton Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust            | Medisoft            |
| Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust        | Medisoft            |
| Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh NHS Foundation Trust              | Medisoft            |
| Yeovil District Hospital NHS Foundation Trust                   | Medisoft            |
| York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust                     | In-house            |
| Bolton NHS Foundation Trust                                     | OpenEyes            |
| Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust             | EPIC                |
| County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust               | Medisoft            |
| Cwm Taf University Health Board                                 | Medisoft            |
| East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust             | OpenEyes            |
| East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust                             |                     |
| 9                                                               |                     |
| Medisoft                                                        |                     |
| Centres first                                                   |                     |
| included in the                                                 |                     |
| year 2 report                                                   |                     |
| East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust                                |                     |
| 6                                                               |                     |
| Medisoft                                                        |                     |
| Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust                    | Medisoft            |
| Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust                           | Medisoft            |
| James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust           | Medisoft            |

| Category                                                       | Organisation name   |
|----------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|
| system                                                         |                     |
| Kingston Hospital NHS Trust                                    | Medisoft            |
| Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust                         | In-house            |
| Northern Lincolnshire and Goole Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust | In-house            |
| Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust                                 | Medisoft            |
| Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust              | In-house            |
| Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust                 | Medisoft            |
| Southport and Ormskirk Hospital NHS Trust                      | Medisoft            |
| SpaMedica - Bolton                                             | Medisoft            |
| SpaMedica - Liverpool                                          | Medisoft            |
| SpaMedica - Manchester                                         | Medisoft            |
| SpaMedica - Newton-le-willows                                  | Medisoft            |
| Centres first                                                  |                     |
| included in the                                                |                     |
| year 2 report                                                  |                     |
| SpaMedica - Wakefield                                          | Medisoft            |
| SpaMedica - Wirral                                             | Medisoft            |
| Stockport NHS Foundation Trust                                 | Medisoft            |
| East Suffolk and North Essex NHS Foundation Trust              |                     |
| 5                                                              |                     |
| Medisoft                                                       |                     |
| The Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust                      | Medisoft            |
| The Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust                             | In-house            |
| Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust                    | Medisoft            |
| United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust                        | In-house            |
| Wye Valley NHS Trust                                           | Medisoft            |
| Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board                 | OpenEyes            |
| Aneurin Bevan University Health Board                          | In-house            |
| Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust             | Medisoft            |
| Care UK (Emersons Green NHS Treatment Centre)                  | Medisoft            |
| Care UK (North East London NHS Treatment Centre)               | Medisoft            |
| Care UK (Peninsula NHS Treatment Centre)                       | Medisoft            |
| Centres first                                                  |                     |
| included in the                                                |                     |
| year 3 report                                                  |                     |
| Care UK (Rochdale Ophthalmology Clinical Assessment and        |                     |
| Treatment Service)                                             |                     |
| Medisoft                                                       |                     |
| Care UK (SH Devizes NHS Treatment Centre)                      | Medisoft            |
| Care UK (Shepton Mallet NHS Treatment Centre)                  | Medisoft            |
| Care UK (Southampton NHS Treatment Centre)                     | Medisoft            |
| Care UK (St. Mary's NHS Treatment Centre)                      | Medisoft            |
| Care UK (Will Adams NHS Treatment Centre)                      | Medisoft            |

| Category                                                      | Organisation name   |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|
| system                                                        |                     |
| East Cheshire NHS Trust                                       | Medisoft            |
| North Cumbria University Hospital NHS Trust                   | Medisoft            |
| North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust                 | Medisoft            |
| Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust | Medisoft            |
| SpaMedica (Birmingham)                                        | Medisoft            |
| Centres first                                                 |                     |
| included in the                                               |                     |
| year 3 report                                                 |                     |
| SpaMedica (Sheffield)                                         | Medisoft            |
| St Stephens Gate Medical Practice                             | In-house            |
| Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust                        | Medisoft            |
| The Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust                         | Medisoft            |
| SpaMedica (Skelmersdale)                                      | Medisoft            |
| Taunton and Somerset NHS Foundation Trust                     |                     |
| 10                                                            |                     |
| Medisoft                                                      |                     |
| The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust                             |                     |
| 10                                                            |                     |
| Medisoft                                                      |                     |
| Submitted data,                                               |                     |
| but for <50 eligible                                          |                     |
| cases                                                         |                     |
| Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Foundation Trust                  |                     |
| 10                                                            |                     |
| Medisoft                                                      |                     |
| Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust         | TBC                 |
| Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust                          | Medisoft            |
| City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust                | TBC                 |
| Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust                   | TBC                 |
| George Eliot Hospital NHS Trust                               | Medisoft            |
| Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust                     | OpenEyes            |
| Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust                   | TBC                 |
| Hywel Dda University Health Board                             | Medisoft            |
| Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust               | TBC                 |
| Luton and Dunstable Hospital NHS Foundation Trust             | TBC                 |
| Signed up to                                                  |                     |
| participate in the                                            |                     |
| audit, but yet to                                             |                     |
| submit data                                                   |                     |
| Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust                       | TBC                 |
| Milton Keynes Hospital NHS Foundation Trust                   | TBC                 |
| Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust                             | TBC                 |
| Powys Teaching Health Board                                   | TBC                 |
| Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust                   | TBC                 |
| Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust             | TBC                 |
| The Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust | TBC                 |
| University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust                   | TBC                 |
| University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust              | TBC                 |
| West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust                        | TBC                 |

| Category                                                      | Organisation name   |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|
| system                                                        |                     |
| Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board                       | TBC                 |
| Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust         | TBC                 |
| Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust             | TBC                 |
| Doncaster and Bassetlaw Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust        | TBC                 |
| East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust                        | TBC                 |
| Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust            | TBC                 |
| Yet to sign up                                                |                     |
| or declined                                                   |                     |
| participation                                                 |                     |
| University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust | TBC                 |
| West Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust                             | OpenEyes            |
| Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust                      | Medisoft            |
| Western Sussex Hospitals NHS Trust                            | OpenEyes            |

1: Data combined and reported as Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. 2: Includes patients from Airedale NHS Foundation Trust.

3: 
This is a new NHS Trust formed from a merger of two participating NHS Trusts that both had data in the year 1 prospective report, these NHS Trusts were Peterborough and Stamford Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Hinchingbrooke Health Care NHS Trust.
4: 
This is a new NHS Trust formed from a merger of two participating NHS Trusts, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust who have contributed to the audit since year 1 and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust who first contributed in year 2.
5: 
This is a new NHS Trust formed from a merger of two NHS Trusts, The Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust who first contributed to year 2 and Colchester Hospital University NHS Foundation Trust who did not contribute data while a separate entity.
6: 
This centre participated in the year 1 prospective audit, but due to a data extraction problem the data from this centre could not be included in the year 1 report.
7: 
This centre had sufficient eligible cases for inclusion in the year 1 report, but did not submit ≥50 eligible operations for year 2 and did not have 
any data extracted for year 3.
8: 
This centre had sufficient eligible cases for inclusion in both the year 1 and 2 report, but did not have any data extracted for year 3 due to nonuse of the centres EMR during the third year of the audit.
9: 
This centre had sufficient eligible cases for inclusion in the year 2 report, but did not have any data extracted for year 3 due to non-use of the centres EMR during the third year of the audit.
10: 
These centres have signed up to participate and have the EMR in use in their centre, but due to <50 operations being recorded on the EMR their data was not extracted.
TBC - To be confirmed.

## Appendix 4: Interpreting The Graphs

Among the results there are two types of graphs. The labelling of centres is a ranking of the total number of operations contributed by each centre and calculated for the number of operations eligible in the first year the centre has sufficient operations for reporting. Centres 1 - 56 are the centres that were included in the first audit year report, where centre 1 had the most operations and centre 56 the fewest. Centres 57 - 87 are the centres first appearing in the second audit year report, where centre 57 had the most operations and centre 87 the fewest. Centres 88 - 108 are the centres first appearing in the third audit year report, where centre 88 had the most operations and centre 108 the fewest. Some centre numbers have become redundant due to mergers of NHS Trusts or one NHS Trust taking over the ophthalmology service in another NHS Trust.

•	Box and Whisker plots - the spread for the variable of interest is shown for each of the contributing 
centres. The central line is the median or 'middle' value. The box outlines the inter quartile range 
(25% and 75% centiles), and the horizontal lines above and below the inter quartile range display either the position of the furthest value or a value at a 'reasonable' stretch from the middle. Extreme values are the dots beyond that. Figure 1a (page 16) is an example of a Box and Whisker plot
•	Funnel plots - the spread of dots on these looks like a funnel going from left to right. Each dot 
represents a result for a centre as read off the vertical axis (proportion or rate). The funnel effect results from increasing statistical precision as the numbers get higher going along the horizontal axis, for example Figure 5 (page 27). Some of the plots have lines on them showing what is expected. A result above the top line (three standard deviations) would be deemed unacceptably high, for example Figure 6 (page 27)

## Appendix 5: Glossary

| Abbreviation                                                                                  | Description                                                                                  |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| CDVA                                                                                          | Corrected distance visual acuity                                                             |
| CF                                                                                            | The ability to count fingers                                                                 |
| CI                                                                                            | Confidence Interval                                                                          |
| COP                                                                                           | Clinical Outcomes Publication                                                                |
| EMR                                                                                           | Electronic Medical Record                                                                    |
| HM                                                                                            | The ability to distinguish hand movements                                                    |
| HQIP                                                                                          | Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership                                                   |
| IMD                                                                                           | Index of Multiple Deprivation is the measure of relative deprivation for small areas in      |
| England                                                                                       |                                                                                              |
| IOL                                                                                           | Intraocular lens is an artificial lens generally inserted into the capsule of the lens after |
| cataract removal                                                                              |                                                                                              |
| IQR                                                                                           | Inter Quartile Range                                                                         |
| NCAPOP                                                                                        | National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme                                       |
| NHS                                                                                           | National Health Service                                                                      |
| NOD                                                                                           | National Ophthalmology Database                                                              |
| NPL                                                                                           | No perception of light                                                                       |
| NWIS                                                                                          | National Wales Information Service                                                           |
| PCR                                                                                           | Posterior capsule rupture is a break in the posterior capsule of the lens, usually as a      |
| complication of cataract surgery.  It may allow vitreous to move forward into the anterior    |                                                                                              |
| chamber of the eye                                                                            |                                                                                              |
| PHVA                                                                                          | Pinhole visual acuity. The pinhole is an eye shield with several small holes which allow     |
| light rays to reach the retina without the interference of optical problems of the eye. It is |                                                                                              |
| used to test visual acuity                                                                    |                                                                                              |
| PL                                                                                            | Perception light                                                                             |
| RCOphth                                                                                       | The Royal College of Ophthalmologists                                                        |
| UDVA                                                                                          | Uncorrected distance visual acuity                                                           |
| UK                                                                                            | United Kingdom                                                                               |
| VA                                                                                            | Visual acuity is the sharpness of vision, measured by the ability to distinguish letters     |
| or numbers at a given distance according to a fixed standard. We have reported VA             |                                                                                              |
| using the LogMAR scale (base 10 Log of the reciprocal of the visual angle). A normal          |                                                                                              |
| LogMAR VA is 0.0 and the number increases as vision gets worse. LogMAR=0.3 would              |                                                                                              |
| be at the boundary for driving a car and 1.0 would be at the level of registrable severe      |                                                                                              |
| sight impairment. A postoperative VA of 0.3 or better is often used as a measure of a         |                                                                                              |
| favourable outcome from surgery                                                               |                                                                                              |
| Yes / No                                                                                      | Yes or No                                                                                    |

## Appendix 6: Preoperative, Postoperative And Change In Va Percentages

Number  
of eligible  
operations**
Centre name
Centre 
number
Estimate of  
cases submitted  
to the audit  
(%)*
Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
1
96.2
17,621
73.6
14,362
71.8
65.0
The Newcastle upon Tyne 
Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
2
98.4
7,863
94.2
6,610
83.5
79.4
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
3
99.1
4,263
94.5
3,467
14.0
13.6
Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
4
98.6
4,520
97.2
3,769
89.4
86.9
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
6
98.8
3,717
92.4
3,107
31.1
29.1
University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust
7
99.2
3,958
98.3
3,209
88.0
86.8
Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
8
100.0
3,453
92.8
2,985
82.7
78.4
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
9
100.0
3,260
97.6
2,770
97.2
95.1
Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust
10
96.5
4,038
94.2
3,560
92.4
87.2
University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust
11
87.9
2,978
96.4
2,493
94.2
90.6
Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust
12
56.3
2,585
97.6
2,095
97.1
95.8
Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust
13
98.9
2,148
97.1
1,823
82.7
80.1
Mid Cheshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
14
100.0
2,833
93.7
2,369
69.3
64.2
The Mid Yorkshire Hospitals  
NHS Trust
15
99.6
1,975
98.5
1,702
79.5
78.4
Cardiff & Vale University LHB
16
96.4
2,412
89.6
2,165
50.2
45.5
Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust
17
98.9
2,573
96.9
2,122
89.8
87.7
Barts Health NHS Trust
18
99.3
3,819
90.0
3,132
83.5
75.5
Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust
19
98.7
3,130
97.2
2,589
59.3
57.4
Bradford Teaching Hospitals  
NHS Foundation Trust
20
98.5
2,094
94.5
1,721
62.9
59.3
University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust
22
94.9
2,504
98.8
2,157
89.7
88.6
University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
23
99.2
4,045
96.8
3,215
96.2
93.1
Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
24
77.0
2,334
95.2
1,989
72.4
68.8
% with  
preoperative  
VA data
% with 
postoperative  
VA data
% with  
change in  
VA data
Number of  
operations  
eligible for 
postoperative  
VA results
Number  
of eligible  
operations**
Centre name
Centre 
number
Estimate of  
cases submitted  
to the audit  
(%)*
Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust
25
98.2
1,671
90.5
1,422
84.5
79.0
Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust
26
56.1
3,056
97.8
2,537
92.6
90.5
King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
27
95.4
7,041
96.4
5,875
92.7
89.4
Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust
28
95.9
2,837
84.7
2,323
80.8
68.7
The Hillingdon Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
30
100.0
1,750
97.1
1,431
86.0
83.6
Aintree University Hospital  
NHS Foundation Trust
31
98.8
1,129
93.3
924
94.4
88.1
Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust
32
100.0
1,523
89.0
1,304
67.3
61.0
Chesterfield Royal Hospital  
NHS Foundation Trust
33
98.9
1,644
96.3
1,378
96.4
92.8
Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust
34
99.8
1,501
87.0
1,236
61.9
55.1
Harrogate and District NHS Foundation Trust
35
99.8
1,158
95.9
941
86.0
83.0
North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust
36
99.7
2,709
97.5
2,240
77.8
76.0
Northern Devon Healthcare  
NHS Trust
37
100.0
1,400
98.6
1,160
89.1
88.8
Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
39
98.6
922
80.2
769
79.3
62.9
South Warwickshire  
NHS Foundation Trust
40
99.7
1,872
97.4
1,606
75.1
73.3
Isle of Wight NHS Trust
41
93.8
1,342
91.6
1,107
86.5
79.6
St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
42
74.0
1,459
98.1
1,305
58.2
57.0
Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh NHS Foundation Trust
43
99.1
1,160
99.4
942
93.0
92.4
Warrington and Halton Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
44
81.3
1,193
96.7
954
84.0
81.8
South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
45
76.5
2,342
96.4
1,913
55.9
54.0
46
64.3
2,559
92.3
2,129
58.6
54.9
The Royal Bournemouth and Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust
47
73.2
1,623
86.9
1,303
51.7
45.3
Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust
48
47.6
1,894
96.0
1,564
25.3
24.6
University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust
49
94.7
2,726
96.0
2,301
94.3
90.6
Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
50
13.3
169
11.2
134
9.0
2.2
% with  
preoperative  
VA data
% with 
postoperative  
VA data
% with  
change in  
VA data
Number of  
operations  
eligible for 
postoperative  
VA results
Number  
of eligible  
operations**
Centre name
Centre 
number
Estimate of  
cases submitted  
to the audit  
(%)*
Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust
51
99.4
1,205
99.4
1,027
98.3
97.9
London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust
52
89.8
549
73.2
461
67.0
52.1
Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
55
57.8
1,889
87.9
1,564
88.2
77.8
Yeovil District Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
56
100.0
924
100.0
805
98.1
98.1
SpaMedica (Manchester)
57
100.0
3,620
99.8
3,053
88.9
88.8
SpaMedica (Wakefield)
58
100.0
5,708
99.9
4,849
89.9
89.8
East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust
59
100.0
3,054
89.4
2,579
71.5
65.4
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
60
98.1
3,506
92.9
2,929
93.9
87.1
Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust
61
97.4
2,393
96.6
2,016
93.9
90.6
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
63
97.0
2,289
86.9
1,938
78.6
69.1
East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust
64
93.9
2,553
85.5
2,053
57.6
49.8
East Suffolk and North Essex NHS Foundation Trust
65
44.5
2,638
94.4
2,238
22.7
21.9
SpaMedica (Wirral)
66
100.0
2,472
99.9
2,025
92.5
92.5
County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust
67
98.3
1,615
92.4
1,447
97.3
92.0
United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust
68
47.0
1,635
94.8
1,372
57.1
54.0
SpaMedica (Newton-le-Willows)
69
100.0
1,634
99.9
1,367
90.1
90.0
Northampton General Hospital 
NHS Trust
70
82.4
1,892
70.7
1,594
24.7
17.6
SpaMedica (Liverpool)
71
100.0
1,396
100.0
1,143
87.6
87.6
James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
72
90.1
1,829
88.4
1,483
74.7
69.0
Bolton NHS Foundation Trust
73
99.9
1,908
99.4
1,598
89.0
88.4
Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
74
66.2
1,344
26.0
1,152
0.6
0.2
Northern Lincolnshire and  
Goole NHS Foundation Trust
75
34.1
862
76.2
861
96.6
74.2
The Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust
76
61.1
615
95.8
483
47.6
45.1
Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust
77
98.2
1,413
93.9
1,107
45.4
43.5
Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
78
86.1
1,605
91.0
1,286
83.2
74.6
SpaMedica (Bolton)
79
100.0
2,737
100.0
2,178
88.4
88.3
The Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust
80
92.8
668
97.3
563
90.8
88.3
% with  
preoperative  
VA data
% with 
postoperative  
VA data
% with  
change in  
VA data
Number of  
operations  
eligible for 
postoperative  
VA results
Number  
of eligible  
operations**
Centre name
Centre 
number
Estimate of  
cases submitted  
to the audit  
(%)*
Wye Valley NHS Trust
81
5.6
112
76.8
112
79.5
62.5
Cwm Taf University LHB
82
100.0
1,370
81.8
1,082
80.8
64.6
Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
83
63.0
1,150
61.8
987
7.8
5.2
Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
84
17.9
310
97.7
262
96.2
93.5
Southport and Ormskirk Hospital NHS Trust
86
90.8
818
58.7
682
70.2
38.7
Stockport NHS Foundation Trust
87
6.1
107
8.4
107
0.0
0.0
Care UK (Shepton Mallet NHS Treatment Centre)
88
100.0
2,466
99.1
2,079
96.3
95.5
Care UK (St Marys NHS Treatment Centre)
89
99.8
2,455
99.8
2,094
86.4
86.2
Care UK (Emersons Green NHS Treatment Centre)
90
100.0
2,446
99.6
2,175
58.0
57.7
Care UK (Will Adams NHS Treatment Centre)
91
100.0
2,142
99.3
1,761
98.6
97.9
SpaMedica (Sheffield)
92
100.0
1,718
100.0
1,258
87.0
87.0
Care UK (Peninsula  
NHS Treatment Centre)
93
100.0
1,604
95.5
1,287
97.0
93.4
North Cumbria University Hospitals NHS Trust
94
53.8
1,385
97.5
1,109
12.1
11.9
95
100.0
1,115
98.6
931
76.2
75.4
Care UK (Rochdale Ophthalmology Clinical Assessment and Treatment Centre)
Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen 
University Hospitals NHS Trust
96
37.7
1,051
92.4
756
33.1
32.1
Care UK (North East London  
NHS Treatment Centre)
97
98.5
930
88.2
766
95.2
82.6
North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust
98
88.0
887
74.3
642
86.0
63.1
Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust
99
16.1
466
98.5
119
5.0
5.0
Care UK (SH Devizes NHS Treatment Centre)
100
100.0
470
100.0
385
99.2
99.2
Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust
101
19.6
440
67.3
395
2.3
0.8
Aneurin Bevan University HB
102
36.7
427
95.3
262
50.0
46.6
Care UK (Southampton  
NHS Treatment Centre)
103
34.7
413
86.7
286
87.4
86.0
SpaMedica (Birmingham)
104
99.1
219
100.0
29
93.1
93.1
St Stephens Gate Medical Practice
105
-
202
99.5
196
89.3
88.8
% with  
preoperative  
VA data
% with 
postoperative  
VA data
% with  
change in  
VA data
Number of  
operations  
eligible for 
postoperative  
VA results
Number  
of eligible  
operations**
Centre name
Centre 
number
Estimate of  
cases submitted  
to the audit  
(%)*
The Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust
106
24.2
185
33.0
135
56.3
17.0
Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board
107
2.5
114
83.3
103
30.1
30.1
East Cheshire NHS Trust
108
52.7
50
6.0
0
0.0
0.0
Overall for all centres
N/A
84.5
213,808
91.9
177,380
76.0
72.1

*The estimate of the proportion of cases submitted to the audit is derived from the number of completed cataract operations supplied to NHS 
Digital or NWIS for the audit period. This estimation uses a pro rata calculation for a centre's denominator where the proportion of time during the audit cycle that a centre had been recording cataract operations was multiplied by the number of cataract operations supplied to NHS Digital or NWIS. The numerator was the number of operations a centre had supplied to the audit. Centres that had more operations submitted to the national audit than in the NHS Digital or NWIS data were all assumed to have a complete submission rate as the actual rate was not possible to estimate. **1 centre's VA data not included.	

% with  
preoperative  
VA data
% with 
postoperative  
VA data
% with  
change in  
VA data
Number of  
operations  
eligible for 
postoperative  
VA results

## Appendix 7: Case Complexity Pcr And Va Loss

Posterior Capsular Rupture 
Overall Consultant Surgeon PCR rate = 1.1%
Visual Acuity Loss 
Overall Consultant Surgeon VA Loss rate = 0.9%
Centre name
Centre 
number
Number of 
operations
Unadjusted 
PCR rate 
 (%)
Case 
complexity 
index (%)
Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
1
17,621
1.2
1.8
0.8
9,338
0.4
0.8
0.4
The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
2
7,863
1.4
1.6
1.0
5,246
0.5
0.8
0.5
Norfolk and Norwich University 
Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
3
4,263
0.7
1.5
0.5
Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
4
4,520
1.1
1.9
0.6
3,276
0.6
1.1
0.5
York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
5
4,067
0.8
1.6
0.6
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
6
3,717
2.3
2.2
1.2
University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust
7
3,958
1.8
2.1
1.0
2,786
1.0
1.1
0.8
Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
8
3,453
1.2
1.7
0.8
2,339
0.6
0.9
0.6
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
9
3,260
1.6
1.8
0.9
2,635
0.8
0.9
0.8
Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust
10
4,038
2.4
2.2
1.2
3,106
0.7
0.8
0.8
University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust
11
2,978
1.5
1.7
1.0
2,259
0.3
1.0
0.3
Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust
12
2,585
1.1
1.7
0.7
2,007
0.2
0.7
0.3
Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust
13
2,148
0.9
1.5
0.7
1,461
0.7
1.0
0.6
Mid Cheshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
14
2,833
1.2
1.8
0.7
1,522
0.8
0.9
0.8
The Mid Yorkshire Hospitals  
NHS Trust
15
1,975
1.3
1.8
0.8
1,334
0.7
1.2
0.5
Cardiff & Vale University LHB
16
2,412
1.5
1.8
0.9
Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust
17
2,573
2.1
1.8
1.3
1,860
0.1
1.0
0.1
Barts Health NHS Trust
18
3,819
1.6
1.9
0.9
2,364
0.5
0.8
0.6
Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust
19
3,130
1.4
1.7
0.9
Bradford Teaching Hospitals  
NHS Foundation Trust
20
2,094
1.2
1.8
0.7
University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust
22
2,504
0.6
1.8
0.4
1,911
0.7
1.0
0.6
University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
23
4,045
1.7
2.0
1.0
2,993
0.8
1.0
0.7
Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
24
2,334
1.0
1.4
0.8
1,368
0.5
0.9
0.5
Adjusted 
PCR rate 
 (%)
Number of 
operations
Unadjusted 
VA Loss 
rate (%)
Case 
complexity 
index (%)
Adjusted 
VA Loss 
rate (%)
Posterior Capsular Rupture 
Overall Consultant Surgeon PCR rate = 1.1%
Visual Acuity Loss 
Overall Consultant Surgeon VA Loss rate = 0.9%
Centre name
Centre 
number
Number of 
operations
Unadjusted 
PCR rate 
 (%)
Case 
complexity 
index (%)
Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust
25
1,671
1.6
1.7
1.0
1,124
0.8
1.1
0.6
Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust
26
3,056
1.7
2.0
0.9
2,297
0.3
0.9
0.3
King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
27
7,041
1.5
1.6
1.0
5,252
1.0
0.9
1.0
Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust
28
2,837
1.1
1.6
0.8
1,596
1.2
0.8
1.3
The Hillingdon Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
30
1,750
2.0
2.3
1.0
1,196
0.4
0.7
0.5
Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
31
1,129
2.6
1.7
1.7
814
1.1
1.0
1.0
Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust
32
1,523
1.0
2.0
0.5
796
1.4
1.0
1.2
Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
33
1,644
2.7
1.9
1.6
1,279
0.7
0.9
0.7
Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust
34
1,501
1.9
1.4
1.5
Harrogate and District NHS Foundation Trust
35
1,158
0.5
1.9
0.3
781
0.9
0.9
0.9
North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust
36
2,709
1.3
1.7
0.8
1,702
0.4
1.0
0.4
Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust
37
1,400
1.1
1.7
0.7
1,030
0.7
1.0
0.6
Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
39
922
0.5
1.7
0.4
484
1.4
1.1
1.2
South Warwickshire NHS 
Foundation Trust
40
1,872
0.8
1.7
0.5
1,178
0.4
1.1
0.3
Isle of Wight NHS Trust
41
1,342
0.7
1.5
0.5
881
1.0
0.9
1.0
St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
42
1,459
1.3
1.6
0.9
Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh NHS Foundation Trust
43
1,160
0.8
1.3
0.6
870
0.7
0.8
0.8
Warrington and Halton Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
44
1,193
0.6
1.5
0.4
780
0.9
0.8
1.0
South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
45
2,342
1.2
1.8
0.7
46
2,559
0.8
1.6
0.6
The Royal Bournemouth and Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust
47
1,623
1.5
1.6
1.0
Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust
48
1,894
1.3
1.7
0.8
University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust
49
2,726
0.9
2.0
0.5
2,085
0.5
0.9
0.5
Adjusted 
PCR rate 
 (%)
Number of 
operations
Unadjusted 
VA Loss 
rate (%)
Case 
complexity 
index (%)
Adjusted 
VA Loss 
rate (%)
Posterior Capsular Rupture 
Overall Consultant Surgeon PCR rate = 1.1%
Visual Acuity Loss 
Overall Consultant Surgeon VA Loss rate = 0.9%
Centre name
Centre 
number
Number of 
operations
Unadjusted 
PCR rate 
 (%)
Case 
complexity 
index (%)
Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
50
169
0.6
1.1
0.6
Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust
51
1,205
1.4
1.6
0.9
1,005
0.3
0.9
0.3
London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust
52
549
2.7
2.8
1.1
Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
55
1,889
1.2
1.9
0.7
1,217
0.8
0.9
0.9
Yeovil District Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
56
924
2.2
1.4
1.7
790
0.5
0.9
0.5
SpaMedica (Manchester)
57
3,620
0.6
1.3
0.5
2,711
0.1
0.7
0.1
SpaMedica (Wakefield)
58
5,708
0.4
1.1
0.4
4,356
0.2
0.7
0.3
East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust
59
3,054
1.3
1.6
0.9
1,686
0.4
0.9
0.4
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
60
3,506
3.1
2.5
1.4
2,552
1.1
0.9
1.1
Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust
61
2,393
1.6
1.6
1.1
1,827
0.5
1.0
0.5
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
63
2,289
1.0
1.8
0.6
1,339
0.2
0.8
0.2
East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust
64
2,553
1.1
1.8
0.7
East Suffolk and North Essex NHS Foundation Trust
65
2,638
1.2
1.6
0.8
SpaMedica (Wirral)
66
2,472
0.4
1.3
0.3
1,873
0.3
0.7
0.4
County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust
67
1,615
1.0
1.7
0.7
1,330
0.5
0.9
0.4
United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust
68
1,635
1.3
1.6
0.9
SpaMedica (Newton-le-Willows)
69
1,634
0.2
1.3
0.2
1,230
0.2
0.8
0.3
Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust
70
1,892
1.1
1.6
0.7
SpaMedica (Liverpool)
71
1,396
0.5
1.3
0.4
1,001
0.1
0.6
0.1
James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
72
1,829
1.0
1.5
0.7
1,024
0.4
0.7
0.5
Bolton NHS Foundation Trust
73
1,908
1.2
1.9
0.7
1,413
0.6
0.8
0.7
Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
74
1,344
1.6
1.5
1.2
Northern Lincolnshire and Goole NHS Foundation Trust
75
862
1.5
1.4
1.2
639
1.1
0.8
1.2
The Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust
76
615
0.8
1.7
0.5
Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust
77
1,413
1.9
1.7
1.2
Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
78
1,605
1.1
1.5
0.8
959
1.1
1.2
0.8
SpaMedica (Bolton)
79
2,737
0.4
1.2
0.4
1,924
0.4
0.7
0.5
Adjusted 
PCR rate 
 (%)
Number of 
operations
Unadjusted 
VA Loss 
rate (%)
Case 
complexity 
index (%)
Adjusted 
VA Loss 
rate (%)
Posterior Capsular Rupture 
Overall Consultant Surgeon PCR rate = 1.1%
Visual Acuity Loss 
Overall Consultant Surgeon VA Loss rate = 0.9%
Centre name
Centre 
number
Number of 
operations
Unadjusted 
PCR rate 
 (%)
Case 
complexity 
index (%)
The Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust
80
668
2.2
1.7
1.4
497
1.0
0.9
1.1
Wye Valley NHS Trust
81
112
0.9
1.6
0.6
70
0.0
1.1
0.0
Cwm Taf University LHB
82
1,370
1.2
2.0
0.7
699
1.3
1.0
1.2
Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
83
1,150
0.3
1.4
0.3
Royal Surrey County Hospital 
NHS Foundation Trust
84
310
0.0
1.3
0.0
245
1.2
0.8
1.4
Southport and Ormskirk Hospital NHS Trust
86
818
0.9
1.9
0.5
Stockport NHS Foundation Trust
87
107
1.9
1.5
1.4
Care UK (Shepton Mallet NHS Treatment Centre)
88
2,466
0.3
1.3
0.2
1,986
0.4
1.1
0.3
Care UK (St Marys NHS Treatment Centre)
89
2,455
0.8
1.1
0.8
1,804
0.1
0.6
0.1
Care UK (Emersons Green NHS Treatment Centre)
90
2,446
0.7
1.5
0.6
Care UK (Will Adams NHS Treatment Centre)
91
2,142
0.7
1.1
0.7
1,724
0.5
0.7
0.6
SpaMedica (Sheffield)
92
1,718
0.9
1.1
0.9
1,095
0.3
0.7
0.4
Care UK (Peninsula  
NHS Treatment Centre)
93
1,604
0.2
1.1
0.2
1,202
0.1
0.6
0.1
North Cumbria University Hospitals NHS Trust
94
1,385
0.9
1.4
0.7
95
1,115
0.6
1.1
0.6
702
0.9
0.6
1.2
Care UK (Rochdale 
Ophthalmology Clinical 
Assessment and Treatment Centre)
Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust
96
1,051
2.2
2.2
1.1
Care UK (North East London  
NHS Treatment Centre)
97
930
0.4
1.3
0.4
633
0.9
0.6
1.5
North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust
98
887
1.0
1.7
0.7
405
0.5
0.8
0.6
Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust
99
466
0.6
1.5
0.5
Care UK (SH Devizes NHS Treatment Centre)
100
470
0.0
1.7
0.0
382
0.3
0.7
0.3
Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust
101
440
2.7
1.4
2.1
Aneurin Bevan University HB
102
427
0.0
2.2
0.0
Care UK (Southampton  
NHS Treatment Centre)
103
413
1.5
1.1
1.4
246
0.0
0.5
0.0
SpaMedica (Birmingham)
104
219
1.4
1.5
1.0
St Stephens Gate Medical Practice
105
202
0.0
1.2
0.0
174
0.6
0.7
0.7
Adjusted 
PCR rate 
 (%)
Number of 
operations
Unadjusted 
VA Loss 
rate (%)
Case 
complexity 
index (%)
Adjusted 
VA Loss 
rate (%)
Posterior Capsular Rupture 
Overall Consultant Surgeon PCR rate = 1.1%
Visual Acuity Loss 
Overall Consultant Surgeon VA Loss rate = 0.9%
Centre name
Centre 
number
Number of 
operations
Unadjusted 
PCR rate 
 (%)
Case 
complexity 
index (%)
The Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust
106
185
0.5
1.8
0.3
Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board
107
114
1.8
2.0
0.9
East Cheshire NHS Trust
108
50
2.0
1.3
1.7

The case complexity index is an estimate of the overall predicted probability of the adverse event based on the reported case complexity.

Adjusted 
PCR rate 
 (%)
Number of 
operations
Unadjusted 
VA Loss 
rate (%)
Case 
complexity 
index (%)
Adjusted 
VA Loss 
rate (%)

National Ophthalmology Database Audit The Royal College of Ophthalmologists 
18 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HD
T. 020 7935 0702 
noa.project@rcophth.ac.uk nodaudit.org.uk