## Why Did Britain Become A Republic? Case Study 2: New Government - Source 6

An account of the setting up of the Instrument of Government in 
1653  
(By permission of Oxford University Press: Firth (ed.), The Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow, Lieutenant-General of the Horse in the Army of the Commonwealth of England, 1625-1672, Vol. 1, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1894, pp. 370-1) 

## What Is This Source?

This is an extract from the memoirs of Edmund Ludlow. Ludlow was an MP 
and commander of the Parliamentary armies in the Civil War. He was a hardline opponent of Charles I and signed his death warrant.  
Ludlow later clashed with Cromwell when Cromwell closed Parliament in 1653 and became Lord Protector. His memoirs were first published in the 1690s when the monarchy had been restored. For these two reasons the book is very hostile towards Cromwell.  

## What'S The Background To This Source?

The Instrument of Government, dated 15 December 1653, was England's first written constitution. It recorded the basic rules for a new kind of government. 

It gave power to an elected Lord Protector, advised by a council. Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector the next day.  

•
By 1653 Cromwell and other army commanders were frustrated.
They had a vision of a more religious, godly country.
•
Most MPs in the Rump Parliament did not share this vision. The MPs
were afraid of extreme political and religious groups and tried to
crush them.
•
Cromwell wanted a more tolerant approach to these groups, as long as they did not cause trouble. Although he has a reputation as a religious fanatic, Cromwell was surprisingly relaxed about other faiths and religious groups.
•
The Rump Parliament also tried to reduce the size and power of the army because the nobles and gentry were fed up with paying taxes to keep it.
•
In 1653 Cromwell lost patience with the Rump and dismissed it. His supporters then made him Lord Protector.
It's worth knowing that …  
Cromwell became Lord Protector for life. He ruled until his death in 1658. 

The office of Lord Protector had many of the powers of a king. However, it was not hereditary. So when Cromwell died, none of his children automatically became ruler. 

## Your Turn: What Can We Learn From This Source?

1.
What was the Instrument of Government?
2.
According to this source, how was it put into place?
3.
How can you tell the writer was not in favour of this measure?
4.
What were the main terms of the Instrument of Government?
5.
What do you notice about the members of Cromwell's council?
Source 6