VISITOR CAR PARK IMPROVEMENT AND NEW ACCESS CHATSWORTH, BAKEWELL, DERBYSHIRE

Heritage Assessment

August 2018 DRAFT v1

Document No: TJC2018.40 OASIS No: thejesso1-327036 Planning Reference: TBC Office contact details

The JESSOP Consultancy Cedar House 38 Trap Lane Sheffield South Yorkshire S11 7RD Tel: 0114 287 0323

The JESSOP Consultancy 1 Sherbrook House Swan Mews Lichfield Staffordshire WS13 6TU Tel: 01543 479 226

The JESSOP Consultancy The Wheelhouse Angel Court 81 St Clements Oxford, Oxfordshire OX4 1AW Tel: 01865 364 543

Disclaimer This document has been prepared with the best data made available at the time of survey and research. It is, therefore, not possible to guarantee the accuracy of secondary data provided by another party, or source. The report has been prepared in good faith and in accordance with accepted guidance issued by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists 2014. Digital versions of this document may contain images that have been down-sampled and are reduced in quality.

Copyright The copyright of this document is held by The JESSOP Consultancy © 2018. It has been prepared for use by the Client and is not intended for distribution without prior consent of the commissioning body. It is intended that the final version will be archived and made publically accessible via the OASIS database.

TJC The JESSOP Consultancy is the trading name of TJC Heritage Limited, a United Kingdom Registered Company - No.9505554. SUMMARY OF PROJECT DETAILS

OASIS ID: Thejesso1-327036 Planning Reference: TBC TJC Project Code: B18 Project Type(s): Heritage Assessment

National Grid Reference: SK 2670 1438 (Car Park) DE45 1PP SK 2672 2433 - SK 2672 8005 (New Access Road – North Park) County: Derbyshire District/Unitary Authority: Derbyshire Dales Peak District National Park Authority Parish: Chatsworth Elevation (above sea level): c.50-80m OD

Designation Status(s): Grade I Registered Historic Park and Garden (NHLE 1000355) Chatsworth House – Grade I (NHLE 1150098) Chatsworth Stables – Grade I (NHLE 1088184) Game Larder – Grade II (NHLE 1051092) Paine’s Bridge – Grade I (NHLE 1049093) Queen Mary’s Bower – Grade II\* (NHLE 1334745) Baslow Lodges and Gates – Grade II (NHLE 1334751)

HER Record No(s): Derbyshire 3723

Prepared by: Oliver Jessop MCIfA Marcus Abbott MCIfA (Lidar analysis and graphics)

Reviewed by: James Thomson MCIfA

Date: August 2018 Version: DRAFT v1 (29.08.18)

# TABLE OF CONTENTS

01. NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... 1
02. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 2
03. SITE LOCATION AND BASELINE CONDITION .................................................................................. 4
04. METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................... 5
05. PLANNING LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCE ....................................................................................... 7
06. UNDERSTANDING THE SITE – ARCHAEOLOGY & HISTORY .............................................................. 9
07. UNDERSTANDING THE SITE – HERITAGE FEATURES ....................................................................... 15
08. UNDERSTANDING THE SITE – SIGNIFICANCE .................................................................................. 19
09. EXISTING CONDITIONS AND IMPACTS ............................................................................................ 21
10. PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS - PHYSICAL ....................................................................... 24
11. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................... 27
12. SUPPORTING INFORMATION ........................................................................................................... 29

**Appendix 1** – Historic mapping and illustrations

**Appendix 2** – Archaeological features

**Appendix 3** – Site photographs NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

This heritage assessment has examined two areas of the Chatsworth Estate in north Derbyshire, where proposals are being submitted for the redesign of the Car Park and for the formation of a new access road in the North Parkland to give direct access to the roundabout on Chesterfield Road to the east of Baslow.

It principally addresses archaeological remains, rather than the impact of the proposed works on the setting of any designated heritage assets and considers both the development of the parkland and the immediate setting of the house. A total of 57 features of archaeological interest have been identified from field survey, the analysis of Lidar data and from aerial photographs. These features include the remains of former medieval and post-medieval field systems, the route of the 1759 turnpike road from Baslow to Chesterfield, along with the location of former drives and landscape features including the game larder compound to the north-east of the House and the potential site of the former ice-house.

The gradual development of the Car Park during the second half of the 20th century has resulted in a section of landscape that is apparently devoid of archaeological features, however evidence from historic mapping drawn by William Senior in 1617 and Brailsford in 1751, document that there were previous features such as the boundary walls and ancillary structures in this area. However, it has not been possible to confirm with confidence whether there are any surviving remains below the existing ground surface.

There are no documented findspots or archaeological sites that predate the medieval period within either of the areas where the new car park, or access road is proposed and as result, it is considered that the likelihood of encountering unknown archaeological sites, or isolated artefacts before this period is low.

The replacement of the existing areas of hard standing that comprise the car park will enhance the overall setting of the entrance forecourt and Stables and will ensure that the designated areas for vehicles are effectively managed and sympathetic to the sensitivities of the wider setting of Chatsworth.

The formation of a new access road in the north parkland will involve the loss of a strip of the medieval and post-medieval field system and its associated trackways. To mitigate against this it is recommended that the existing Lidar data is enhanced with an analytical earthwork survey where features will be lost and additional evidence can be recorded that will help understand the use and development of this agricultural landscape, followed by a watching brief during ground works. The area where the existing car park will be remodelled will involve re-grading and the formation of a new roads, embankments and parking bays, all of which will have a considerable negative impact upon any buried archaeological remains, resulting in complete, or partial truncation. To mitigate against this, it is recommended that an archaeological watching brief is undertaken during ground-works. INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

This report presents the results of a heritage assessment produced to inform the proposed redesign of the Car Park at Chatsworth House in Derbyshire and for the formation of a new access road in the North Park (Figure 1). It principally addresses archaeological remains, rather than the impact of the proposed works on the setting of any designated heritage assets – this is considered within a separate document submitted as part of this planning application by Heritage Landscape Management (HLM).

It has been prepared in accordance with a standard guidance issued by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIFA 2014).

The Car Park is adjacent to the Grade I Listed House and Stables and Grade II Listed former Game Larder, whilst the new access road is adjacent to the Grade II Listed Baslow Lodges and gates. Both sites are within the Grade I registered Park and Garden.

The site is not within a Registered Battlefield, nor does it include any Scheduled Monuments.

AIMS & RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This document establishes the extent of known or potential archaeology and any features with heritage interest that are within, or associated with the two study areas. It is based upon an assessment of previously recorded archaeological data in its immediate proximity, and presents an assessment of the impact of the development scheme upon any identified remains.

Specific research questions that this work is aimed to address include:

- Does any evidence for the pre-19th century landscape survive?
- Does any evidence remain for earlier archaeological features that pre-date the formation of a parkland setting to Chatsworth?

MONITORING AND CONSULTATION

This document has been prepared following a discussion with Natalie Ward of the Peak District National Park Authority (PDNPA) in her role of Senior Conservation Archaeologist.

DISSEMINATION

Copies of this report will be distributed to the Client, the PDNPA and the Derbyshire Historic Environment Record. In addition a digital copy will be uploaded to the OASIS (Online AccesS to the Index of archaeological investigationS) with the reference number: thejesso1-327036. Figure 1: Location of the two study areas within the Chatsworth parkland

OS map reproduced under Licence No.100056148. Ordnance Survey Ltd © Crown Copyright ©. 3 SITE LOCATION AND BASELINE CONDITION

LOCATION OF SITE AND SETTING

There are two areas that are examined within this report (see Figure 1), both being associated with improving the car park provision at Chatsworth and for improving vehicular movement throughout the Estate. Each area is described below.

Chatsworth is located in north Derbyshire, c.3km to the north-east of Bakewell and falls within the Peak District National Park. The parkland surrounding the House and Gardens encompasses an area of c.404ha and includes a stretch of the River Derwent.

NORTH ENTRANCE DRIVE

The location of the proposed new drive entrance drive is located at the northern edge of the Estate, between NGR SK 2672 2433 and SK 2672 8005. It encompasses an area that is c.1.9ha in size. The existing use of the area is a mixture of woodland forming a shelter belt along the north boundary (Appendix 3.32) and an area of open pasture/parkland to the south (Appendix 3.30).

CAR PARK

The car park is located on the hill slope to the north-east of Chatsworth House and to the north of the Stables. It is centred on SK 2670 1438 and continues to the north to an area known as Rookery Wood, covering an area of c.6.9ha. The Chatsworth Farmyard is located on the hillside to the east. The car park has a gravel surface, with a network of tarmac roadways in between (Appendices 3.10-3.12).

GEOLOGY AND ELEVATION

The underlying bedrock geology in the north park is and beneath the car park is characterised as Marsden Formation - mudstone and siltstone. No superficial deposits are recorded (BGS 2018).

DESIGNATIONS

There are numerous heritage designations associated with the Chatsworth landscape. The principal Listed Buildings which are in proximity to the two areas examined in this report are:

North Entrance Drive: Baslow Lodges and Gates – Grade II (NHLE 1334751).

Car Park: Chatsworth House – Grade I (NHLE 1150098); Chatsworth Stables – Grade I (NHLE 1088184); Game Larder – Grade II (NHLE 1051092); Paine’s Bridge – Grade I (NHLE 1049093); Queen Mary’s Bower – Grade II\* (NHLE 1334745). 4 METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

This assessment of heritage and archaeology within the two study areas has taken into consideration the historical and archaeological background of the Site (see Appendices 1-2). The research and reporting has been undertaken in accordance with guidance prepared by the Chartered Institute of Archaeologists (2014).

LIMITATIONS

The scope of the report is limited to:

- A walkover survey of the two study areas;
- Review of relevant archive and documentary material;
- Consultation of plans and information provided by the Design Team;
- Consultation with the Chatsworth Archives;
- Consultation with published literature, survey reports and online data.

WALKOVER INSPECTION

The two areas were inspected on multiple occasions during April-June 2018 by Oliver Jessop MCIfA in order to assess their character, identify visible archaeological features and assess possible factors that may affect the survival or condition of known or potential heritage assets.

DOCUMENTARY AND ARCHIVE RESEARCH

A review of the previous archaeological archives and documentary sources has been undertaken to identify gaps in knowledge, and to ensure that the full historic character of the site and study area is understood.

Direct consultation was made with:

- Chatsworth Archives.

In addition the following archaeological databases and archive repositories were consulted:

- Aerial Photographs;
- Archaeological Data Service (ADS) – York;
- Documentary sources, including archaeological publications and relevant grey literature reports and surveys where available;
- Geological Mapping;
- Heritage Gateway; • Historic mapping including relevant Ordnance Survey Maps; • Internet Archives; • National Archives – Kew; • The Historic England Archive – Swindon; • The Historic England Red Boxes Archive; • National Record of the Historic Environment; • The National Heritage List for England – Historic England.

TIME PERIODS

The description of archaeological remains, find spots or extant features within the report, makes reference to the following time periods, which describe broad and unequal phases of past human activity:

• Prehistoric – Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic (Pre 30,000BC – 2000BC) • Prehistoric – Bronze Age and Iron Age (2000BC – AD43) • Roman (AD43 – AD450) • Saxon/Early Medieval (AD450 – AD1065) • Later Medieval Period (AD1066-1540) • Post-Medieval and Modern (AD1541 to present) 5 PLANNING LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCE

LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT

The principle legislation in relation to the protection and management of the historic environment comprises:

*Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953* – established the register of parks, gardens and battlefield sites of special historic interest. The effect of proposed development on the sites and their settings on the list is a material consideration in planning decisions. Historic England are a statutory consultee in relation to works affecting Grade I/II\* Registered Parks and Gardens.

*Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979* – affords statutory protection to Scheduled Monuments and Areas of Archaeological Interest. Consent of the Secretary of State (Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport) is required for works affecting these assets.

*Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990* – provides additional planning controls for works affecting Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas. The Act established that the Local Planning Authority should have special regard to the desirability of preserving Listed Buildings, or its setting, (Section 66); and a general duty to give special attention to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of Conservation Areas (Section 72). Historic England is a statutory consultee in relation to works affecting Grade I/II\* Listed Buildings.

NATIONAL PLANNING POLICY FRAMEWORK

The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) (revised 24th July 2018) sets out the Government’s planning policies for England and how these should be applied by local planning authorities in plan-making and decision-taking. A presumption in favour of sustainable development is placed at the heart of the framework (para. 11). To achieve this, the NPPF identifies three overarching objectives (economic, social and environmental) that are to be pursued in mutually supportive ways, and which include contributing to the protection and enhancement of the historic environment (para. 8).

NPPF encourages local planning authorities to ensure that developments establish or maintain a strong sense of place and are sympathetic to local character and history, while not preventing or discouraging appropriate innovation or change (para. 127). NPPF states great weight should be given to outstanding and innovative designs that raise the standard of design in an area whilst fitting with the overall form and layout of their surroundings (para. 131) and recommends that permission should be refused for development of poor design that fails to take opportunities available for improving the character and quality of an area (para. 130). Section 16 of the NPPF, ‘Conserving and enhancing the historic environment’ states that local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected to a level proportionate to their importance (para. 189). Where a site includes or has the potential to include heritage assets of archaeological interest, this should include an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation (para. 189).

When considering the impact of a proposed development on the significance of a designated heritage asset, NPPF states that local planning authorities should give great weight to the asset’s conservation. The more important the asset the greater this weight should be. Any harm to, or loss of, significance of a designated heritage asset should require clear and convincing justification (para. 194).

The effect of an application on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining an application, although a balanced judgment will need to be made having regard to the scale of harm, or loss, and the significance of the heritage asset (para. 197).

NPPF also recommends that local authorities should treat favourably those proposals that preserve elements of a heritage asset’s setting that make a positive contribution to its significance (para. 200).

LOCAL PLAN

The statutory development plan for the Peak District National Park currently comprises the Core Strategy (adopted October 2011) and ‘saved’ policies of the Local Plan (adopted 2001).

The following policies concerning the historic environment are considered to be relevant to the proposed scheme.

*Peak District National Park Local Development Framework (2011)*

- L3: Cultural Heritage Assets of Archaeological, Architectural, Artistic or Historic Significance

*Local Plan (2001)*

- LC6: Listed Buildings UNDERSTANDING THE SITE – ARCHAEOLOGY & HISTORY

INTRODUCTION

This section of the report examines the archaeological context of the Site and presents a summary history of the development of the setting to each of the two study areas. It has been compiled from a variety of sources, primarily in the form of records held at Chatsworth and previous surveys undertaken by the Peak District National Park (Barnatt 1997; Barnatt and Williamson 2005), HLM (1998a, b) and the Jessop Consultancy (TJC 2014, 2016).

Sites and features of interest, or previous investigations are referenced in the description below as archaeological features, F1-57 (see Appendix 2). Extracts from relevant historical visual sources including illustrations and maps are included as Appendix 1.

PREHISTORIC TO ROMANO-BRITISH (PRE 30,000BC – AD450)

Due to the intensity of later land use, very little visible evidence has survived within the Chatsworth Estate that can be associated with early human activity. This is particularly true of the lower lying river terraces where sequential periods of flooding, farming and parkland creation have effectively masked any evidence of the pre-medieval landscape. There remains the potential that evidence of such activities may remain archaeologically, potentially sealed beneath the medieval plough ridges, headlands and lynchets and in natural hollows (Deegan, 2014: 13). This is hinted at through the presence of pre-historic barrows, dating to the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age (c.2500-1500 BC), within the Park to the west of the river and on Calton Pasture above (Barnatt et al., 2005: 24).

Elsewhere on the gritstone eastern moors, where survival of prehistorical archaeology is generally good, barrow sites, clearance cairns and ritual structures (standing stones and stone circles) have often been found in close proximity to Bronze Age settlements.

There are no recorded Iron Age sites within the study areas, nor has any evidence for Romano-British activity been previously identified. The closest find spot for a roman artefact is a single find spot near the Sowter Stone within Stand Wood c.0.5km to the east of Chatsworth House.

There is some potential for the recovery of further archaeological remains associated with Prehistoric to Romano-British activity within the parkland surrounding Chatsworth, however in areas of garden landscaping the potential is considered to be low. SAXON/EARLY MEDIEVAL (AD450 – AD1065)

There are no known archaeological remains or sites from the Early medieval period within either study area, or within the central section of the Derwent River Valley within the Chatsworth Estate.

It is suggested that the likelihood of discovering for evidence for Saxon/Early Medieval activity at Chatsworth as low/negligible.

LATER MEDIEVAL PERIOD (AD1066-1540)

The Chatsworth area is documented to have been well settled by the time of the Domesday Survey in 1086, with settlements listed at Edensor, Chatsworth, Langley and Besley. It is held that Edensor was most likely the principal village of the group, with the others potentially representing dispersed hamlets (Barnatt, 1997: 8). Whilst the location of Edensor was most likely situated on the west bank of the river, at or near the historic site of the village, the location of the settlements of Chatsworth and Langley is uncertain and the location of Besley is unknown. Chatsworth and Langley were most likely situated upon the east bank of the river, with Chatsworth possibly at or southwest of the current hall and Langley potentially within the north of the park near to where “Langley” survived as a fieldname on William Senior’s survey of 1617 (Barnatt, 1997: 8).

The majority of the land east of the river and north of the present hall would have lain within the agricultural hinterlands of Chatsworth, Langley, Baslow and possibly Besley. Wide areas of broad ridge and furrow and strip lynchets, surviving as earthworks, have been identified as relating to this medieval agricultural landscape, although they may have survived in use and been altered into later periods.

The northern part of the Park was historically situated within Baslow parish, and the earthwork remains identified there (Barnatt feature 3.1) presumably formed part of that villages former open field system.

Evidence of potentially early broad ridge and furrow also survives within the centre of the northern Park (Barnatt features 2.9, 2.16, 2.22 and 2.24) within the vicinity of the field named Langley on Senior’s survey. This system is much smaller in extent to that in the northern area and it is possible that it was never worked as an open field, in the formal sense, but may have been cultivated in such a way by an individual farm. Such as system is recorded at Padley (Barnatt, 1997: 9).

The open fields of Peak District villages were extensively used for arable and pasture in the 12th to mid-14th century, shifting to predominantly pasture for livestock grazing at the end of this period due climatic deterioration and depopulation following famines and plagues (Barnatt, 1977: 9). From this time onwards, the open fields were increasing enclosed with early field boundaries often laid out along the curvilinear alignment of the earlier strip fields (ibid.).

A manor house at Chatsworth had likely stood at or near the present house from the mid-15th century, presumably built during the ownership of Leche family who had been granted the estate by Edward III in 1330 who may also have been responsible for depopulating the nearby villages and forming the deer park.

The date by which the settlements at Langley and Chatsworth were depopulated is unclear. Langley was documented in 1431, suggesting it still survived by this point. Langley was not, however, illustrated on Saxton’s map of 1577 which whilst marking Chatsworth does not provide sufficient detail to identify whether this was just the hall or whether a settlement still survived there.

It is suggested that there is potential for evidence of Medieval activity to be discovered within the proximity of the Car Park is low, whilst in the area of the north access road the potential is medium/high.

POST-MEDIEVAL AND MODERN (AD1541 TO PRESENT)

The Cavendish family acquired Chatsworth in the mid-16th century, and by they early 17th century had come to own all of the Chatsworth township and most of Edensor. By the time they arrived both settlements of Chatsworth and Langley had most likely been abandoned, and a survey made by William Senior in 1617 (Appendix 1.1) illustrates what s now the central area of the northern estate, which was divided into a few large irregular enclosures.

The earliest tangible evidence for the use and adaption of the landscape comes from the extensive remains of ridge and furrow field systems with connecting boundary bank and trackways, many of which have been dated to the medieval and post-medieval periods (see Barnatt 1997 and Barnatt et al. 2005).

There is a high potential for a greater understanding of the development of the Woburn landscape within the medieval period, however in proximity to the existing buildings and areas of garden landscaping the potential is considered to be low.

The sixteenth century

It is not until the survey of the Estate by William Senior in 1617 (Appendix 1.1), that the extent of landscape development around the house in the mid 16th century can be understood. At the time of his survey a complex landscape setting to Chatsworth House had been created, comprising of stables, orchards, gardens, a deep park and a vast water garden along the banks of the river. The late seventeenth century

It was not until the 1680s, when the 4th Earl (later 1st Duke) inherited the Estate that the main stages of landscape transformation began. He embarked upon a radical rebuilding of the house in four successive stages between 1687 and 1707, which included creating a suitable landscape setting for his new Baroque Palace. His gardens were illustrated by Knyff and Kip in 1699 (not illustrated) and on a survey of the gardens c.1700-1710 (Appendix 1.2), and whilst this is a somewhat idealised view, many of the garden elements in the proximity of the House appear to be reasonably accurate representations.

The first half of the 18th Century

The elaborate late 17th century formal garden continued in existence until the 1730s, when the landscape designer William Kent began the process of removing aspects of the rigid geometry. During the 1750s and into the 1760s the setting of the House underwent its most dramatic transformation. The architect James Paine and the garden designer Lancelot (Capability) Brown were commissioned to sweep away the formality of the past, and create a new landscape park, as was fashionable at the time.

This work involved the construction of a new Stable Block to the northeast of the house and removal of the kitchen gardens, medieval mill, and bridge across the River Derwent. In preparation, Samuel Brailsford (Appendix 1.3) produced a plan of the land and features along the east bank of the river, and to the northeast where the new stables were to be built. The new naturalised landscape was surveyed by George Barker in 1773 (Appendix 1.4) and is notably different in appearance to the formal gardens from the start of the 18th century.

In the northern part of the parkland (although at this date the land belonged to the Duke of Rutland) a new turnpike road from the East Moor to Wardlow was built on an east-west alignment through the northern part of the park in 1759 (see F39 on Appendix 1.10).

The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

Following the accession of the 6th Duke in 1811, the architect Jeffry Wyatville further extended the House, and the gardens and park continued to be altered until the 1840s (see Appendix 1.5). The parkland had been extended to the north and northwest by 1825 following a land exchange between the Duke of Devonshire and the Duke of Rutland, and a new entrance drive and gateway were created – the Golden, or Chesterfield Gates (compare Appendices 1.10 and 1.11). It was at this time that the 1759 turnpike road continued in use until the Duke acquired this new land, whereupon it was diverted along its current alignment on the northern edge of the park. These changes were illustrated by George Unwin in 1831 (Appendix 1.5), which includes the full extent of the new parkland.

In the second half of the 19th century further changes to the landscape were made by Joseph Paxton who became head gardener in 1826. This included the construction of a forcing wall in c.1832, later converted to a greenhouse c.1848-50 along the south side of Stable Hill. A track/roadway was built from this wall across the parkland (see Appendix 1.6) to the north-west of the Estate to the kitchen garden (now used as a caravan park). As part of improvements to Stable Hill three row of lime trees were planted to form a new vista up to the Stables (see Appendices 1.7, 1.8).

The northern area of the Estate appears to have remained relatively unaltered during the later part of the 19th century (Appendix 1.12) and into the 20th century (Appendix 1.13). The most dramatic impact upon the historic landscape in the 20th century, was the creation of a new water pipeline between 1904-1910 by the Derwent Water Board to transfer water from the new Derwent and Howden reservoirs down to Derby, Nottingham and Leicester (Barnatt 1997, 39).

In the area of the Car Park it was not until after 1950 when the House was opened to the public that there was a need for any car parking as illustrated by an aerial photograph taken in 1949 (Appendix 1.9) where the routes of the 19th century roadways can be clearly seen crossing the mature parkland initially laid out in the 1760s.

PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

There have been five previous phases of archaeological investigation within the Car Park and wider landscape at Chatsworth. These were in the form of watching briefs, earthwork surveys and a programme of analysis of Lidar data. Each is summarised below:

- **Landscape survey 1996-7**: A comprehensive landscape survey was undertaken between 1996-7 by John Barnatt of the PDNPA in conjunction with Dr Tom Williamson. This survey involved the archaeological survey of all of the parkland resulting in a detailed analytical report (Barnatt 1997) accompanied by survey drawings of all identified features and a subsequent publication in 2005 (Barnatt and Williamson 2005);

- **Water pipe installation 2003**: An archaeological watching brief was undertaken by ARCUS (Jessop 2003) during the excavation of new trenches for a water pipe across the central section of the Car Park. Excavations confirmed that the turf and topsoil was 0.3-0.45 deep, which over a subsoil comprising of natural gravel and clay;

- **Electric cable installation 2009**: An archaeological watching brief was undertaken Archaeological Research Services (ARS 2009) during the excavation of a trenches for an electrical supply from the Stables to the compound at the Game Larder. The archaeological monitoring confirmed that findings in the watching brief undertaken in 2003, that the natural subsoil was 0.46-0.6m in depth from the existing ground surface of the Car park;

- As part of the parkland management Plan for the River Corridor undertaken in 2014, Lidar data was commissioned for the central section of the Estate that comprised the registered parkland boundary. The subsequent analysis was undertaken by Alison Deegan who was able to refine the survey results produced by Barnatt in 1996-7, although his work can still be regarded as the baseline for understanding of the archaeological development of the Chatsworth landscape;

- As part of the preparation of restoration works to the Game Larder the Jessop Consultancy were commissioned to undertake an analytical earthwork survey of the earthworks and compound surrounding the building (see Figure 2 below).

![Figure 2: Analytical earthwork survey of the Game Larder compound (TJC March 2014)](image-url) UNDERSTANDING THE SITE – HERITAGE FEATURES

INTRODUCTION

This survey has identified a total of 57 features, or locations of archaeological potential, some of which can be classed as undesignated heritage assets. The features are listed as a gazetteer in Appendix 2.7. They are included as plates in Appendix 3, and their locations are plotted on plans as Appendices 2.2 and 2.5.

These features have been identified from a review of previous research, an analysis of the Lidar data for Chatsworth and following a walkover survey.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES – CAR PARK

As has been noted elsewhere within this document, the current appearance of the Car park is one where there are very few obvious features of archaeological interest. However, this appraisal has identified 35 features which are within where proposed groundworks and alterations are planned.

There are four designated heritage assets F1-F4, all of which are Listed Buildings. These comprise of the Stables F1 built in c.1765, the Conservative Wall F2 that forms the southern boundary, the Temple of Flora F3 to the south-west and the Game Larder F4 to the north-west (Appendices 3.17-3.18). The Stables are built in a commanding position which overlook the Derwent Valley below, and have a wide vista to the west known as Stable Hill, and which leads down to the entrance forecourt in front of the Porters Lodge and entrance to the House. There is a central roadway F5 (now tarmacked Appendices 3.3, 3.6) that leads up to the Stables (see Appendix 1.8) and there was a second curved carriage drive F6 to the north that skirted around the top of the hillside to the north entrance into the Stable courtyard. This drive is depicted on the 1773 plan by Barker (Appendix 1.4), although only sections of the route can be traced today. A second roadway F13, known as ‘Middle Drive’ curved away to the north-east and beyond Rookery Wood into the wider parkland (Appendix 3.23). This feature still survives as a prominent embankment in the northern part of the Car Park.

In the survey undertaken by Barnatt (1997, 29) he notes that there is a low amorphous mound F26 c.17m x 19m across at the break of slope in the central part of the Car Park. This feature is now barely discernible, but Barnatt suggests that one interpretation is that it is a mutilated Prehistoric barrow, but there is no clear evidence to substantial this.

The route of former wall and fence alignments F19, F20 and F22 along with a former building F21 have been noted on historic mapping in the western part of the Car Park, no upstanding evidence remains, but they may survive as sub-surface features. Surrounding the Car Park are a series of earthwork features that may relate to elements of the pre-parkland landscape, or be associated with tree planting platforms, or elements of the designed landscape. There is a level terrace F16 (Appendix 3.20) that follows the hillside to the east of the Car Park and a rectilinear depression F15 of uncertain date or function (Appendix 3.19), perhaps representing a small quarry scoop.

Two potential tree platforms F14 and F17 (Appendix 3.15) have been identified and would be consistent with similar low earthworks that have been previously identified within the parkland acting as stances for clumps of trees. Four further linear banks/ditches of indeterminate function have also been identified F18, F23, F29 and F35. Only one small section of ridge and furrow F32 has been recorded to the north-east of Rookery Wood in the form of three low banks running up the hillside.

To the north of the Car Park in the woodland at the edge of Rookery Wood are the remains of shallow quarries F30 and F31.

The 1773 plan by Barker (Appendix 1.4) labelled the site of an ‘Ice House’ F24. Unfortunately, no evidence on the ground, or in the archives has yet been found to provide more information about whether this was actually built, or if its inclusion on the plan makes reference to a proposal. If it was built however, it is suggested that the most likely location was to the north of the Game Larder compound F25.

As part of the changes to the landscape setting of the House in the 19th century three row of lime trees were planted on either side of Stable Hill (see Appendix 1.8). In recent years these trees have been felled, however evidence for rows of tree pits F7 and ground disturbance survives. At the base of the hill up to the Stables the forecourt entrance into the House was remodelled as detailed on the 1858 plan by Campbell (Appendix 1.6), which included a sweeping curve in the edge of the grass verge F28, although this is no longer represented by the modern tarmac surface.

Further trackways and drives F9, F10, F11 and F12 that are attributed to the 19th century provide routes that link to Stand Wood and the northern part of the Estate F8, many of which continue to be used today and now have tarmac surfaces (Appendices 3.1-3.5, 3.16), apart from F9 which survives as a low earthwork that crosses Stable Hill on a north-south alignment (Appendices 3.7-3.8).

The Game Larder F4 was built at the start of the 20th century, however it sits within an earlier earthwork enclosure F25 which is illustrated for the first time on the 1858 plan by Campbell (Appendix 1.6). There are two stone built rooms within the east embankment, one retains part of the mechanism for a weighing machine. It is suggested that this compound may have been a work or delivery yard that was deliberately disguised from the house and surrounding parkland.

Recent alterations to the surrounding landscape to the Car Park is the adaption of a natural gully F33 (Appendix 3.21) to the north-east to form part of the course for the Chatsworth Horse Trials. At the top of this is an ornamental horse jump F34 formed from re-used blocks of architectural stone (Appendix 3.22), although neither of these features form part of the current route of the trials that are undertaken each year. In addition, there is a stone memorial F27 to a ‘Sarah’ a tame deer hind who lived on the Estate from 1966-82 (Appendix 3.24).

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES – NORTH PARKLAND ACCESS ROAD

The northern parkland was only created in 1824 following the exchange of land between the Duke of Devonshire and Duke of Rutland. The former layout of fields at this date can be understood from a plan that was drawn around the date that this land exchange took place (see Appendix 1.10). One of the results of this late addition to the Chatsworth Estate is that the form of these fields F50 to F56, and associated roadways F41 and F47 still survive as low earthworks (compare Appendix 1.10 with the archaeological features observed on the Lidar and as extant earthworks Appendix 2.5). Interestingly, one of the field enclosures F45 survives as a dry-stone wall (Appendix 3.29), although it is partially collapsed in places.

This heritage assessment has confirmed that much of this agricultural landscape is fossilised in the northern part of the parkland. Many of these fields contain narrow ridges which are indicative of Post-Medieval ploughing, unlike the broader Medieval banks often with a reverse S-shaped profile. In addition, they respect the wide linear depression F39 that runs west-east across the park and represents the remains of the turnpike road built in 1759 (Appendix 3.25), indicating that some may date to when the road was constructed in the 1760s. Along the northern edge of this former routeway are small indentations into the edges of a number of the fields and which are interpreted as house platforms as suggested by the plan from c.1820 (Appendix 1.10) some of which contain stone troughs F43, F44. There is another stone trough F42 on the edge of the former trackway F41, although it is unclear if it is in its original position or has been relocated.

In addition to the turnpike road form 1759, there is a second routeway F36 in the woodland to the north, and which predated the existing road to Chesterfield and possibly the turnpike. This feature survives as a Holloway which is c. 5m in width and up to 0.5m in depth.

Following the expansion of the Chatsworth Estate, a new access road was built F38 which cuts across the pre-existing ridge and furrow F56 confirming that it is a later feature (Appendix 3.27). It was also at this time that new gate lodges F57 were constructed with a pair of ornamental gates, c.1839-42.

Following the extension of the Estate the northern boundary was extended to the current edge along Chesterfield Road (Appendix 3.31), and the former roadway towards the east F36 was no longer used and became subsumed within the new woodland built as a shelter belt to shield the parkland from passing traffic on the new road to the north. The southern edge of the woodland was protected with a metal deer fence F46 (Appendix 3.26).

There are two possible areas of later ground disturbance that survive as low triangular shaped mounds F40 and F48 and appear to overlay sections of ridge and furrow.

The route of the Derwent water main F37 that was constructed in 1704-1710 crosses the northern part of the area and then traverses towards the north-west in Heathy Lea Wood. The pipeline comprises of two large pipes, c.1m in diameter and buried at a depth of between 0.5-1m. UNDERSTANDING THE SITE – SIGNIFICANCE

INTRODUCTION

The significance of heritage assets is their value to this and future generations because of the archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic interest embodied in their physical presence and way in which they are experienced (after definitions in NPPF). Establishing what factors contribute to the significance of an asset, and how, is crucial to understand its vulnerability to change and in ensuring appropriate conservation strategies are identified which preserve and enhance that significance.

Significance is expressed in this report on a four-point scale of negligible, local, regional or national.

ARCHAEOLOGY

There are no known archaeological remains that pre-date the Medieval period within the two areas examined in this report, and although there is a low potential that earlier remains exist if any do exist it is likely that they would be severely impacted upon by the subsequent use of the landscape from the 11th century onwards. Ploughing, for example, within the northern area is likely to have resulted in some degree of truncation to any earlier archaeological remains, but it is possible that artefactual evidence may remain within the topsoil/subsoil disturbed through ploughing or transferred into the site by manuring.

The northern area of the landscape that exists today was only incorporated as part of the Chatsworth Estate in 1824 following an exchange of lands with the Duke of Rutland (Dalrymple Smith 3). This area is characterised by the earthwork remains of medieval and post-medieval field systems and their associated trackways and possible building platforms (Appendix 2.5). The preservation of earlier pre-18th fields is a direct result of the emparkment of lands at Chatsworth, and they are considered to be of regional significance. The majority of the ridge and furrow is narrow, a feature that suggests a post-medieval date, although there is a section F52 of broader ridges that may be earlier. The formation of the 1759 turnpike road and installation of the Derwent water main in the 1904-1910 has had a negative impact upon the overall survival of the field systems, but they are still considered to be an important survival within the landscape.

The area of the Car Park to the north-east of the house does represent part of the landscape setting to Chatsworth, but its use as a parkland and subsequently as a Car Park since the 1950s has largely obscured any extant evidence for earlier phases of archaeological activity. It is suggested that whilst there may have been medieval field systems in this area, no evidence survives, apart from possible terracing along the eastern edge of the Car Park F14, F16. Partial alignments can be traced for the 1770s drive to the Stables F6 and the later trackway F9 to the Kitchen Garden, but the overall levels of survival for archaeological remains is limited and their significance is therefore difficult to quantify. The significance of any archaeological remains if present is therefore unknown, although any Prehistoric to Medieval remains are likely to be of archaeological interest on at least a Regional Level.

The main area where archaeological remains exist, or have the potential to survive is the S-shaped strip of remnant parkland between the North Drive and the existing Car Park. Here the earthwork compound F25 surrounding the Game Larder F4 survives as a prominent feature, c.mid 19th century in date. To the north of this is the potential site of an Ice House F23 noted on the 1773 survey by Barker, although no evidence for this feature is readily discernible on the ground today. This strip of land and the eastern edge of the Car Park where the earthwork terraces survive are considered to have regional significance.

HISTORIC LANDSCAPE

The historic landscape at Chatsworth is registered as being Grade I on the Historic England Register of Parks and Gardens. It is therefore considered to have a National level of Significance in terms of landscape design, representing one of the finest examples of a formal landscape surrounding a Country House, whose origins date back to at least the 15-16th century.

The landscape is significant due to the multiple layers of change and design that are preserved within it, being subjected to at least four major phases of adaptation as fashions in landscape design developed between the 16th to 20th century. They also hold artistic value due to their picturesque form, especially when viewed with key vantage points surrounding the house and on the former carriage drives and approach roads.

In addition, the fossilisation of large sections of Medieval and Post-Medieval field systems throughout the parkland adds to the overall importance of the setting, although it should be noted that this varies depending upon the level of preservation of these landscape features. This study has however, enabled the identification of boundaries, roads, and cultivation patterns prior to the creation of the park. This partial legibility is also a product of periods of parkland design that sought to return the landscape to an idealised natural character. EXISTING CONDITIONS AND IMPACTS

LOCATION AND SITE CONDITIONS

The northern area of the Chatsworth Estate comprises of open parkland that is used as pasture for sheep, deer and occasionally cattle. Surrounding the north boundary to the east of the Chesterfield Gates is an area of woodland dating to the first quarter of the 19th century. The general character of the topography within this area is a gently undulating ground surface.

The area that is currently used as a car park is to the north-east of the House and largely dates to after the house was opened to the public from the 1950s. There is a network or parallel tarmac roads, which separate parking areas. The existing parking surface is a coarse aggregate/gravel (Appendices 3.9-3.14). The ground falls away to the north and the parking continues down the hillside. There are groups of veteran parkland trees in the northern area of the car park.

It is worth noting that the introduction of modern services during the 20th century including the double pipes of the Derwent Water Main (northern access road) and extensive trenches dug for electric, water, telecommunications and drainage (car park) will have had a negative impact upon any subsurface remains in these areas (see Figure 3).

For the purpose of this document all areas where proposed improvements to the Car park and access are planned, archaeological features have been identified, which may be regarded as a material concern with any planning application that is submitted for undertaking these works.

EXISTING IMPACTS – PREVIOUS ACTIVITY

Previous impacts upon any underlying deposits within the two study areas at Chatsworth are varied and dependant upon the nature of earlier activity.

In the northern area, the formation of fields and trackways during the medieval and post-medieval periods will have a significant impact upon the survival of any earlier archaeological features, particularly within the plough zone. The likelihood of any earlier deposits that pre-date the various field systems is considered to be low, however there is a low/medium potential that any artafactual remains may have been incorporated within the field surface as part of manuring activity and could remain in the topsoil/subsoil as unstratified artefacts.

In the area of the existing car park the impact of foundations for structures such as the ice house (unknown location) and the game larder, or boundary walls (now removed) and roads/trackways will have had a negative impact upon any earlier archaeological remains should they exist in these locations. The likelihood of any earlier deposits that pre-date the 16th century adaptation of the landscape to the north and north-east of Chatsworth House is therefore considered to be low. Figure 3: Buried services in the car park which may have impacted upon subsurface archaeological features SUMMARY OF EXISTING IMPACTS AFFECTING SURVIVAL

Existing impacts upon the survival of potential archaeological remains that have been identified during this study are as follows:

- The excavation of foundations and footings;
- The excavation of service trenches and drainage;
- The formation of the car-park;
- The creation of a raised embankment leading to Middle Drive;
- Planting of trees;
- The formation and use of the landscape for arable cultivation;
- The demolition of earlier structures and subsequent earth moving or ground disturbance. PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS - PHYSICAL

POTENTIAL IMPACTS

The proposed works are intended to upgrade and improve the car parking at Chatsworth and to create a new access road into the northern end of the Estate. Potential impacts of the scheme are considered to derive from ground works associated with site clearance, excavation of foundations and drainage, earthmoving (in-filling) to create new roadways and for the formation of new areas for parking.

The nature of proposed works can be summarized as follows:

- A new access road will be formed from the roundabout on the Chesterfield Road at the north of the Estate. This will include making a new opening in the drystone boundary wall along the parkland boundary, and the formation of a new roadway to meet with the existing North Drive to the south of the Chesterfield Gates. Associated groundworks will entail the partial infilling of the former holloway F36 leading to Heathy Lea, and remodelling of the earthworks and features F41, F48, F54, F56 associated with former field systems and trackways;

- The existing carpark will be completely remodelled, with new roadways, areas for parking for both cars and coaches, new footpaths, a low earthwork bank along the edge of Stable Hill and a new entrance to the north in Rookery Wood. The nature of construction work that will be required, will retain the natural fall of the hill slope, although the removal of the upper layers of the existing ground surface at least c.0.2-0.3m in depth is highly likely across the southern area of the car park. It is proposed however, to raise the ground in the northern area, which will involve burying the existing ground surface to varying depths. A new embankment with a new access road will be formed along the eastern edge of the car park.

ARCHAEOLOGY – PHYSICAL IMPACTS

The extent of previous ground disturbance across the site varies and it is assumed that the degree to which earlier archaeological remains will have been damaged, or lost will vary accordingly. The likelihood of encountering as yet unknown archaeological features is considered to be low, but should any archaeological remains exist, then the proposed works will result in their permanent complete, or partial loss. BUILT HERITAGE – PHYSICAL IMPACTS

The proposed works will have a varied impact upon buildings and structures that are existing designated heritage assets (such as Listed Buildings), however the impact of the scheme upon them is considered in a separate document as part of the planning application.

OVERFLOW CAR PARKING

As part of the overall strategy to improve the provision of parking at Chatsworth as part of the desire to provide additional spaces away from the Bastion Walls in front of the of the House, three areas of potential overflow parking have been identified. The impact of the occasional use of these locations when large events are taking palace will have differing impacts upon the historic landscape as discussed below:

A) Helipad

The Helipad is located immediately to the north-west of the Bastion Wall at the base of the hill slope leading down from the entrance forecourt. This area is relatively level and is managed as open parkland, which is subject to a regular mowing regime.

The area falls within the former 16th century water gardens, that comprised of ponds and raised terrace walkways alongside the River Derwent. This area has however been impacted upon by landscaping works during the 18th century and there are no clearly defined earthwork features within this location. In addition, during the last 5 years a reinforcement mesh secured with steel pins has been installed across this area to strengthen the ground surface for parking.

Following consideration of the current condition of this area and the alterations that have previously been undertaken in the form of landscaping in the 1760s and the recent installation of a reinforcing ground mesh, it is likely that should any evidence for the former water garden survives below the ground level the proposed future use of this area for intermittent car parking should not cause any noticeable impacts upon any buried remains.

B) North of Rookery Wood

The area to the north of Rookery Wood is defined by a gradually sloping hillside leading down to the north drive and the Big Flatt. This area forms part of the parkland landscape and is managed as pasture for sheep, deer and occasionally cattle.

This area retains upstanding earthworks in the form of ridge and furrow fields (Barnatt feature 2.16), that were swept away prior to 1773 when the parkland was formed. The archaeological remains are in the form of a large swathe of broad, but low ridge and furrow banks, with occasional remains of boundary banks and lynchets. Barnatt (1997, 23) discusses that the date of these features may have their origins in the medieval period, but they are likely to be later in date, c.18th century. He also notes that they may be associated with the lost village of Langley, although the exact location of this former settlement is still unknown. The ridges are cut by a low curving bank that traverses the hillslope which forms the ice pond (Barnatt feature 2.14), which is interpreted as being mid-late 19th century in date.

The proposed use of the area of former ridge and furrow (excluding the ice pond) for overflow parking is unlikely to have any noticeable impact upon the legibility of these earthworks, assuming that the weather is dry. However, due to the nature of the slope in wet weather, there is potential for the overall integrity of the earthworks to be impacted upon, most likely resulting from wheel ruts.

C) Cricket Field

The Cricket Field is located to the north of Chatsworth House adjacent to the River Derwent on the level area known as the ‘Big Flatt’. This area forms part of the floodplain of the river and has undergone numerous phases of alteration to create the ground profile that exists today. Crossing this area are two embankments/lynchets (Barnatt features 2.20, 2.21) that are interpreted as representing an earlier course of the river which is depicted upon he survey of the Estate undertaken in 1617 by William Senior. This area is managed as open parkland, which is subject to a regular mowing regime.

These earthworks, which appear to represent the in-filled remains of an earlier meander in the river, are in a stable condition and it is concluded that the proposed future use of this area for car parking on an intermittent basis will not cause any significant impact upon their legibility as features within the parkland landscape. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

There are no documented findspots or archaeological sites that predate the medieval period within either of the areas where the new car park, or access road is proposed and as result, it is considered that the likelihood of encountering unknown archaeological sites, or isolated artefacts before this period is low.

This document has considered both the development of the parkland and the immediate setting of the house and the expansion of the parkland to the north in the 19th century. It has identified from field survey and the analysis of Lidar and aerial photographs the remains of former medieval and post-medieval field systems, the route of the 1759 turnpike, along with the location of former drives and landscape features including the game larder compound to the north-east of the House and the potential site of the former ice-house.

Interestingly, the gradual development of the Car Park during the second half of the 20th century has resulted in a section of landscape that is apparently devoid of archaeological features, although evidence from historic mapping drawn by William Senior in 1617 and Brailsford in 1751, document that there were previous features such as the boundary walls and ancillary structures. Even the curved 1770s drive to the east entrance to the Stables, or the early 19th century trackway leading from the Conservative Wall to the kitchen garden have been levelled across much of the car park. It has not been possible to confirm with confidence whether there are any surviving remains survive below the ground surface.

The replacement of the existing areas of hard standing that comprise the car park to the north-east of the House will enhance the overall setting of the entrance forecourt and Stables and will ensure that the designated areas for vehicles are effectively managed and sympathetic to the sensitivities of the wider setting of Chatsworth.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The formation of a new access road in the north parkland will involve the loss of a strip of the medieval and post-medieval field system and its associated trackways. To mitigate against this it is recommended that the existing Lidar data is enhanced with an analytical earthwork survey where features will be lost and additional evidence can be recorded that will help understand the use and development of this agricultural landscape, followed by a watching brief during ground works to mitigate the loss of sections of ridge and furrow and sunken trackways. The area where the existing car park will be remodelled will involve re-grading and the formation of new roads, embankments and parking bays a process which will have a considerable impact upon any buried archaeological remains, resulting in complete, or partial truncation. To mitigate against this it is recommended that an archaeological watching brief is undertaken during ground-works. 12 SUPPORTING INFORMATION

AUTHORSHIP

This report has been prepared by Oliver Jessop MCIfA, with the Lidar analysis undertaken by Marcus Abbott MCIfA and editing provided by James Thomson MCIfA.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Steve Porter, Nick Wood and their colleagues at Chatsworth are thanked for providing background information for the scheme and for arranging access. Members of the project team are acknowledged for their guidance and advice regarding the nature of proposed works that will be undertaken. In particular Elise Percifull and Steven Thomas of HLM are thanked for help with assessing the development of the design landscape.

SOURCES AND REFERENCES CONSULTED

PRIMARY SOURCES CONSULTED: VISUAL RECORDS

1617 - William Senior’s map of the manor of Chatsworth 1699 - Knyff and Kip engraving of Chatsworth 1700-1710 – Survey of the Gardens at Chatsworth (Roll 15) 1720s – View of Chatsworth by Peter Tillemans 1743 – View of Chatsworth by Thomas Smith 1751 - Samuel Brailsford’s Survey of Chatsworth 1752 - London Magazine engraving of Chatsworth 1773 - George Barker’s map of Chatsworth Park 1785 – Estate map Edensor, Pilsey & Beeley (Carlton Lees) Archive No.2558 1831 – George Unwin’s survey of Chatsworth 1858 - Campbell’s plan ‘the covered Streams, Pipes & Drains in Chatsworth Grounds’ 1879 - Ordnance Survey Map, 1:500 1898 - Ordnance Survey Map, 1:2,500 1910? - Derwent water board map 1922 - Ordnance Survey Map, 1:2,500 1973-75 - Ordnance Survey Map, 1:10,000 1997 – John Barnatt Archaeological Survey drawings

2018 - (OS) Mastermap data

2018 - British Geological Map of Britain (digital data)

SECONDARY SOURCES: PUBLISHED WORKS AND GREY LITERATURE

Archaeological Research Services (ARS). 2009. *Chatsworth House car park service trench. Results of an archaeological watching brief*. (Unpublished) report No.2009/2

Barnatt, J. 1997. *The Chatsworth Estate Historic Landscape Survey – Chatsworth Park Archaeological Survey 1996-7*. Unpublished report by the Peak District National Park Archaeology Service

Barnatt, J., and Williamson, T. 2005. *Chatsworth – a landscape history*. Windgather Press: Macclesfield

Brighton, T. 1995. ‘Chatsworth’s 16th Century Parks and Gardens’, *Garden History* (23:1), 29-55

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA). 2014a. Standard and Guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment. CIfA: Reading.

Dalrympel-Smith, D. 2013. *Baslow in the 1820s – or how the Duke got his Golden Gates*. (Unpublished)

DCLG. 2018 (revised). *National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) – July*

Deegan, A. 2014. *Air photo and Lidar mapping and interpretation for Chatsworth Park, Derbyshire*. (Unpublished)

English Heritage (EH). 2008. *Conservation principles policies and guidance – for the sustainable management of the historic environment*. English Heritage: London

Jessop, O. 2003. *Archaeological watching brief of a water main extension at Chatsworth House, Derbyshire*. (Unpublished) ARCUS report No.741.1

Percifull, E. and Thomas, S. 1998a. *Chatsworth Landscape Survey – The Park and Gardens*. Historic Landscape Management (unpublished)

Percifull, E. and Thomas, S. 1998b. *Chatsworth Landscape Survey – The Park and Gardens: A Notebook*. Historic Landscape Management (unpublished)

Percifull, E. and Thomas, S. 2018. *Visitor carpark improvement and new access*. Historic Landscape Management (unpublished) The Jessop Consultancy (TJC). 2014. *Chatsworth River Corridor, Bakewell, Derbyshire – Appraisal of archaeology*. (Unpublished) Report No.TJC2013.46

The Jessop Consultancy (TJC). 2016. *Chatsworth RHS Show, Bakewell, Derbyshire – Archaeological desk-based assessment*. (Unpublished) Report No.TJC2016.38

Thompson, F. 1949. *A History of Chatsworth*. Country Life: London

Williamson, T. 1998. *Chatsworth Historic Landscape Survey – The Park and Gardens: A Brief History*. Historic Landscape Management (unpublished)

INTERNET RESOURCES

ADS: [www.archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/](http://www.archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/)

BBC: [www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-388000-396000/page/7](http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-388000-396000/page/7)

British Geological Survey: [www.bgs.ac.uk](http://www.bgs.ac.uk)

Heritage Gateway: [www.heritagegateway.org.uk](http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk)

National Archives: [www.discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk](http://www.discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk)

National Heritage List: [www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/protection/process/national-heritage-list-for-england](http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/protection/process/national-heritage-list-for-england)

Roman Britain: [www.archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/romangl/map.html](http://www.archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/romangl/map.html) Appendix 1: Historic mapping and illustrations Appendix 1.1: William Senior’s map of Chatsworth, c.1617

© Reproduced with permission of Chatsworth Trust Appendix 1.2: Survey of Gardens surrounding Chatsworth, c.1700-1710

© Reproduced with permission of Chatsworth Trust Appendix 1.3: Detail from Samuel Brailsford’s survey of Chatsworth in 1751

© Reproduced with permission of Chatsworth Trust Appendix 1.4: George Barker’s map of Chatsworth Park in 1773 © Reproduced with permission of Chatsworth Trust Appendix 1.5: Extract from George Unwin’s map of Chatsworth in 1831 © Reproduced with permission of Chatsworth Trust Appendix 1.6: Extract from Campbell’s plan of Chatsworth in 1858 (with additions from 1887)

© Reproduced with permission of Chatsworth Trust Appendix 1.7: Extract from OS map 1879

Appendix 1.8: Photograph of horse and cart looking up Stable Hill c.1900 (Ref.18115671) © Reproduced with permission of Chatsworth Trust Appendix 1.9: Aerial photograph taken in 1949 (Photoflight L1024)

© Reproduced with permission of Chatsworth Trust Appendix 1.10: Enclosure plan of the north estate before Chatsworth extended the parkland, c.1820 © Reproduced with permission of Chatsworth Trust (after Dalrymple-Smith 2013)

Appendix 1.11: Extract from George Unwin’s survey of Chatsworth in 1831 © Reproduced with permission of Chatsworth Trust Appendix 1.12: Extract from Campbell’s survey of 1858 © Reproduced with permission of Chatsworth Trust

Appendix 1.13: Extract from 1922 OS map © Reproduced with permission of Chatsworth Trust