The Greater Manchester Emissions Inventory 2010 Update

HFAS Report 1750 June 2013

Summary

This report describes the 2010 update of the atmospheric emissions inventory for Greater Manchester, EMIGMA. The 2010 database continues with the revised methods and procedures for collecting and calculating the emissions introduced for the 2005 update for most sources. As part of the continuous improvement of the EMIGMA inventory a web-based system has been developed to collect the Part A and B processes data. This page is intentionally blank. Contents

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 4
2. The 2010 Update .......................................................................................................... 5
3. Methodology for the 2010 Update .............................................................................. 6 3.1 Road Sources ........................................................................................................... 6 3.1.1 The Major Roads Update .................................................................................. 6 3.1.2 Minor Roads Emissions .................................................................................... 13 3.1.3 Hot Soaks .......................................................................................................... 14 3.1.4 Cold Starts ........................................................................................................ 15 3.1.5 Road Transport Other ...................................................................................... 16 3.2 Point Sources ......................................................................................................... 17 3.3 Rail Sources ........................................................................................................... 19 3.4 Bus Stations ........................................................................................................... 20 3.5 Domestic and Commercial Combustion ............................................................... 21 3.5.1 Domestic Combustion .................................................................................... 21 3.5.2 Commercial Combustion .............................................................................. 21 3.6 Electricity Generation ............................................................................................. 23 3.7 Aviation .................................................................................................................. 24 3.8 Area Sources .......................................................................................................... 25 3.9 Agricultural Combustion ....................................................................................... 26 3.10 Land use, land-use change and forestry ............................................................... 27
4. Results of the 2010 Update ......................................................................................... 28 4.1 Road Transport ....................................................................................................... 28 4.2 Point Sources .......................................................................................................... 33 4.3 Rail Sources ........................................................................................................... 34 4.4 Bus Stations ........................................................................................................... 34 4.5 Domestic and Commercial Combustion ............................................................... 35 4.5.1 Domestic Combustion .................................................................................... 35 4.5.2 Commercial Combustion .............................................................................. 35 4.6 Electricity Generation ............................................................................................. 36 4.7 Aviation .................................................................................................................. 36 4.8 Area Sources .......................................................................................................... 37 4.9 Agricultural Combustion ....................................................................................... 37 4.10 Land use, land-use change and forestry ............................................................... 38 4.11 Total Emissions .................................................................................................... 39
5. References .................................................................................................................... 62

Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 64

Appendix 1 Maps of emissions from all sources ............................................................... 65 Appendix 2 Emission Factors and Road Traffic Expansion factors .................................. 79 Appendix 3 Emission Factors for Domestic and Commercial Combustion ....................... 100 Appendix 4 Emission Factors for Light Aircraft and Helicopters .................................... 103 Appendix 5 Emission Factors for Agriculture .................................................................. 104 Appendix 6 Emission Factors for Rail ............................................................................ 105 Appendix 7 Associated Files ........................................................................................... 106 Appendix 8 Sample from the EMIGMA website and Emission Factor Handbook ............ 108

1. Introduction

The original EMIGMA database was compiled by the London Research Centre (LRC) and RSK Radian on behalf of the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) Air and Environment Quality Research Programme. Released in June 1997, it represents the second of a series of atmospheric emissions inventories covering many of the UK’s major urban and industrial zones (Buckingham et al, 1997).

The emissions inventory contains information on the emissions of pollutants identified in the UK’s Air Quality Strategy from all identifiable sources in the area. The emissions sources are grouped into three broad categories:

- stationary point sources - predominantly industrial processes
- mobile line sources - road, rail and air transportation
- area sources - other influential sources, such as domestic emissions, which it is not practical to resolve to point or line representations but which are nevertheless collectively significant. These sources are essentially population based and include, for example, combustion and solvent usage related emissions from domestic houses. They also include hot soaks vehicle emissions, which are based on estimates of vehicle destinations in each of 864 transport model zones making up Greater Manchester.

The emissions are then aggregated to a 1km$^2$ grid covering Greater Manchester. Highways Forecasting and Analytical Services (HFAS)$^1$ was commissioned on behalf of the Greater Manchester Local Authorities to undertake an update of the EMIGMA emissions inventory for a base year of 2010. The updates prior to 2004 were undertaken by the Centre for Air Transport and the Environment (CATE), formerly called ARIC.

The 2010 EMIGMA database covers an area of 1272 km$^2$ encompassing the ten administrative districts of Greater Manchester.

The database allows the magnitude and spatial distribution of emissions across Greater Manchester to be investigated and enables the relative importance of different sources of air pollution to be examined. The emissions data has a further role in providing the basis for dispersion modelling exercises and air quality management planning. In conjunction with transport models it also provides the basis for forecasting air quality and determining the effects of changes in land use planning and transportation policies on mass emissions.

Accompanying this report is a set of data and Geographical Information System (GIS) files showing emissions broken down by individual 1km grid squares. See Appendix 7 for details.

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$^1$ On 1$^{st}$ April 2011 the Greater Manchester Transportation Unit (GMTU) became part of Transport for Greater Manchester (TfGM) and was renamed Highways Forecasting and Analytical Services (HFAS). 2. The 2010 Update

Following the handover of responsibility for updating EMIGMA from CATE to HFAS the methodology employed in creating the emissions inventory was reviewed. The industrial Part A and Part B processes(^2) form a major component of the EMIGMA database. As the documentation from the previous EMIGMA updates was limited and HFAS lacked expertise in this area the update of the Part A and the Part B processes was contracted to Royal Haskoning. Royal Haskoning categorised the processes using a similar system to the Source Categorisation Codes used by the EMEP/Corinair atmospheric emission inventories. Royal Haskoning produced a series of Microsoft Excel templates for the 2005 update. Since the 2006 update HFAS has used these templates as the basis for a series of web-based forms which can be used by Districts to enter the point source data.

A number of tasks have been carried out by HFAS for the 2010 update in relation to the maintenance, improvement and update of the Greater Manchester emissions inventory:

- update of the part A and part B emission factors from the NAEI data warehouse (NAEI, Reference 14)
- update and recalculation of domestic emissions
- update and recalculation of commercial combustion emissions using a revised methodology;
- update and recalculation of bus stations emissions
- update of airport related emissions
- update and recalculation of point sources emissions
- update and recalculation of major roads emissions
- update and recalculation of minor roads emissions
- update and recalculation of hot soaks emissions
- update and recalculation of cold starts emissions
- update and recalculation of rail emissions
- update and recalculation of agricultural emissions
- update of CO(\_2) from electricity generation at the point of use
- update of land use, land use change and forestry emissions of CO(\_2)
- update of CO(\_2) from other road sources - the combustion of waste lubricants and emissions from LPG vehicles
- update and recalculation of CO(\_2) emissions from agricultural combustion
- an update of the inventory for 2010

The enhancements to the inventory associated with CO(\_2) emissions have been implemented to ensure that EMIGMA is capable of satisfying AGMA’s requirements for monitoring carbon emissions within GM or attributable to GM in the case of electricity consumption.

This report gives details of the maintenance and update activities that have been undertaken by HFAS and presents the results of the 2010 EMIGMA update.

(^2) These are the main polluting industries in the UK, prescribed under the Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC) regime as either A1, A2 or B activities. 3. Methodology for the 2010 Update

3.1 Road Sources

Road traffic emissions have been estimated using emission factors from the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory website, in association with traffic speed and flow data from the Greater Manchester Saturn model.

Separate estimates of vehicle emissions were calculated for:

- Major Roads – representing warm running emissions from vehicles traveling on major roads represented in the Saturn model
- Minor Roads – representing warm running emissions from vehicles traveling on local roads that are not represented in the Saturn model
- Cold Starts – representing extra emissions caused by cold-running engines at the start of each journey
- Hot soaks (evaporative emissions) – representing extra emissions emanating from a hot engine after switching off at the end of each journey.

The calculation of the road traffic emissions is described in the remainder of this section. The section is organised as follows. Section 3.1.1 describes the major roads update. The calculation of the minor road emissions is described in Section 3.1.2. The calculation of the hot soak emissions is described in Section 3.1.3. Section 3.1.4 describes how cold start emissions were estimated. The references are contained in Section 5. The emission factors and road traffic expansion factors are shown in Appendix 2.

3.1.1 The Major Roads Update

3.1.1.1 Description of the Traffic Model

The major roads update made use of traffic speed and flow data from the 2010 Greater Manchester SATURN Model, (GMSM, Reference 1), which covers all of Greater Manchester and the surrounding area.

The model has two main components comprising:

- The highway networks, which represent the roads and junctions used by traffic and bus services
- The trip matrices, which represent the demand for travel and the flow of vehicles between the zones in the model.

The highway networks that are used with the model represent all roads of traffic significance within the Greater Manchester, including all motorways, A roads and B roads. The networks also include all of the yellow coloured roads on the Ordnance Survey’s Landranger maps of the area, and all roads carrying known bus services. The network outside the county is represented in much less detail, and becomes increasingly less dense with increasing distance from the county boundary.

The highway network within Greater Manchester is coded in full Saturn 'simulation' format, and includes detailed junction data including, for example, information about permitted turning movements, lane usage (including the locations of bus lanes) and details of traffic signal settings. This allows the interaction of traffic at junctions and the resulting delays and queues to be accurately modelled. Outside the county, the network is coded in Saturn ‘buffer’ format. The roads in this part of the model are represented in less detail than in the simulation network, and only include information about link attributes as opposed to the detailed junction information required for the simulation network.

The modelled area is split into 993 zones, comprising 864 zones within Greater Manchester and 129 zones outside the county. The zones inside the county are the most detailed, formed by splitting local authority wards into areas with similar trip making characteristics. (The outputs from the model can, therefore, be aggregated to wards and then districts if necessary). The zones outside the county are generally larger, and become increasingly large with increasing distance from the county boundary.

The GMSM trip matrices contain representations of all vehicle trips with an origin or destination inside Greater Manchester, and all external-to-external trips that cross the county boundary. The matrices also include partial representations of other external-to-external trips that do not enter Greater Manchester, but which are required to model the routing of trips into and out of the county.

Separate matrices are maintained for car, Light Goods Vehicle (LGV- goods vehicles up to 3.5 tonnes gross vehicle weight) and Other Goods Vehicle (OGV- goods vehicles over 3.5 tonnes gross vehicle weight) trips, for the morning peak hour (0800-0900), the evening peak hour (1700-1800) and an average inter-peak hour for the period 1000-1530.

For modelling purposes, the separate vehicle matrices are combined to form Passenger Car Unit (PCU) matrices for assignment to the highway networks. Assignment is the name given to the process by which the vehicles travelling between each pair of zones in the model are loaded onto the routes between the zones as determined by the model’s routeing algorithm. Buses are not assigned, as they follow fixed routes, but are included in the networks as fixed link loads.

3.1.1.2 Traffic Assignments

Loaded network files for input to the EMIGMA database were created by assigning the separate 2010 PCU vehicle matrices to the highway networks, which were then converged. This is an iterative process, that includes a looped sequence of steps, in which the routes between the zones in the traffic model are determined, the movements between these zones in the trip matrices are loaded onto the network, the network link speeds are re-calculated using the flow-delay relationships within the model, new routes are determined etc. until the traffic flows and link speeds do not change significantly from one iteration to the next.

Once the networks had been converged, the assigned PCU flows for the separate car, LGV and OGV matrices were converted back to vehicles and saved in a format suitable for input to the EMIGMA database using software written by HFAS. 3.1.1.3 Updating the Assigned Flows with Counts

To improve the accuracy of the road traffic emission estimates, the modelled flows from the converged highway networks were replaced with traffic counts from HFAS’s COUNTS database (Reference 2), for all roads where counts were available. This involved checking the count data and identifying all car, LGV, OGV and bus counts undertaken on the roads represented in the Saturn model between 1 January 2008 and the present day.

The 1st January 2008 was chosen for the earliest count date to exclude older counts that might be unreliable due to changes in travel patterns and traffic flows over time. In total, counts were found for approximately 35 per cent of the links in the simulation network, representing 42 per cent of the network mileage. Most of these were on the busier links, which produce the largest volumes of emissions, as shown in Figure 3.1.

The GMSM models traffic flows on a typical weekday, assumed to be an October average weekday. When more than one count was available for a link, therefore, the count undertaken closest in time to 1st October 2010 was chosen. The selected counts were then factored to the 2010 October average weekday using local count conversion factors developed by HFAS, (Reference 4), and were then copied onto the modelling networks. Finally, the network link speeds were made compatible with the counted link flows using the flow-delay relationships from the traffic model, prior to copying the networks into the EMIGMA database. 3.1.1.4 Bus Speed Factors

The EMIGMA database includes a procedure for applying bus-speed adjustment factors, to allow link speeds for buses to be reduced, to take into account the fact that buses stop more frequently and travel more slowly than other road vehicles.

The bus-speed factors were estimated by comparing observed bus and car journey times on equivalent routes in HFAS’s road traffic journey time databases GMTimes and GMBusTimes (Reference 5). The calculated factors are shown below in Table 3.1.

3.1.1.5 Emission Estimates

Separate estimates of traffic emissions were derived for the following seven pollutants:

- VOCs
- CO
- CO₂ as C³
- NOₓ
- SO₂
- NO₂
- PM₁₀

Please note that emissions of Benzene and Butadiene are no longer estimated since warm-running emission factors for these pollutants are no longer available. A new pollutant has been included: NO₂. Emissions of this pollutant are estimated using factors that describe the proportion of NOₓ emitted as NO₂.

Forecasts were produced by vehicle type and time period for each link in the highway network using:

- the link length
- the link flow by vehicle type (cars, LGVs, OGVs, buses, motorcycles)
- the link speed
- a table describing the composition of the vehicle fleet in terms of vehicle type, emission standard and method of propulsion
- a table giving emission factors by 5 kph speed band.

Information about the fleet composition was obtained from two sources:

- the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) fleet composition projections, (Reference 7), which provide details of the percentage of vehicles complying with different emission standards as well as the petrol/diesel car/LGV split
- details of rigid and articulated heavy goods vehicle flows by road type for 2010 from HFAS’s traffic counts database (GMCOUNTS, Reference 2)

³ To convert from ‘CO₂ as C’ to CO₂ multiply by ( \\frac{44}{12} ) The emission factors were calculated by combining the fleet composition projections with speed emission coefficients from the NAEI website (Reference 14). The calculated factors are shown in Table A2.1-Table A2.16 of Appendix 2. The fleet composition data are shown in Table A2.17.

The emission totals for the modelled hours were expanded to annual totals using the hour-to-period and period-to-day factors shown in Table A2.18. The calculated totals for all road sources are shown in Table 4.1 and for major roads only in Table 4.2, broken down by road type.

Table 4.3 and Table 4.4 present motorway emissions and Table 4.5 presents all major roads emissions broken down by vehicle type. Table 4.6 presents the results broken down by District. Modelled annual vehicle kilometre totals on motorways and other roads are shown in Table 3.2 and Table 3.3. GMTU Report 1654 (Reference 9) contains more detailed information on traffic flows and traffic growth.

Table 3.1

| 2010 Bus Speed Adjustment Factors | |-----------------------------------| | Time Period | Factor | | AM Peak Period | 0.707 | | Off-Peak Period | 0.667 | | PM Peak Period | 0.765 |

Notes

These factors are used to adjust bus speeds, to take into account that buses stop more frequently and travel more slowly than other road vehicles. For example, if a link has a modelled link speed of 20 kph and the bus speed factor is set equal to 0.75, it is assumed that cars, LGVs and OGVs travel at 20 kph along the link, whilst buses travel at 20\*0.75 = 15 kph. Table 3.2

| District | Car | LGV | OGV | Bus | All Motors | |------------|------|------|------|-----|------------| | Bolton | 419 | 73 | 61 | 1.4 | 557 | | Bury | 568 | 103 | 89 | 2.1 | 765 | | Manchester | 478 | 83 | 68 | 1.8 | 633 | | Oldham | 138 | 25 | 20 | 0.6 | 184 | | Rochdale | 620 | 112 | 98 | 2.4 | 836 | | Salford | 850 | 151 | 133 | 3.3 | 1142 | | Stockport | 352 | 63 | 53 | 1.3 | 471 | | Tameside | 291 | 52 | 44 | 1.1 | 390 | | Trafford | 319 | 56 | 43 | 0.9 | 421 | | Wigan | 434 | 76 | 67 | 1.6 | 581 | | Total | 4,471| 795 | 677 | 16.5| 5,979 |

Notes

The all motors figures include motorcycles. Table 3.3

| District | Annual Vehicle Kilometres (Millions) | Car | LGV | OGV | Bus | All Motors | |--------------|--------------------------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|------------| | Bolton | | 889 | 131 | 36 | 13.0| 1,076 | | Bury | | 520 | 69 | 19 | 8.1 | 619 | | Manchester | | 1,341| 177 | 48 | 37.6| 1,614 | | Oldham | | 616 | 91 | 29 | 11.2| 752 | | Rochdale | | 563 | 81 | 24 | 9.1 | 681 | | Salford | | 694 | 115 | 42 | 11.7| 868 | | Stockport | | 926 | 115 | 37 | 11.1| 1,095 | | Tameside | | 566 | 90 | 27 | 9.9 | 697 | | Trafford | | 695 | 92 | 27 | 9.2 | 828 | | Wigan | | 938 | 145 | 52 | 15.2| 1,157 | | Total | | 7,747| 1,105| 342 | 136.1| 9,386 |

Notes

The all motors figures include motorcycles.

3.1.2 Minor Roads Emissions

Minor roads emissions are calculated separately from emissions on major roads, as minor road traffic flows are not available from the GMSM. Instead, emissions on minor roads are calculated using a traffic modelling procedure that makes use of SATURN buffer networks built from information held in the Integrated Transport Network layer (ITN) of the Ordnance Survey’s MasterMap system, and isolated trip matrices formed using trip end totals from the trip matrices used with the GMSM (Reference 11).

Full details of the procedure are given in Reference 11. Briefly, however, the process involves building separate SATURN buffer networks from data held in the ITN for each of the 864 zones within Greater Manchester that are represented in the Saturn model. Any roads in the ITN that are also represented in the GMSM network are then discarded, to leave networks that only contain ‘minor’ roads that are not represented in the countywide model.

Next, centroid connector links, (themselves attached to zones), are coded into each of the ITN minor road networks, so that trips that end in the associated GMSM zone can be loaded onto the network at the points representing junctions of major roads with minor roads, and can be taken off the network at points representing junctions of minor roads with other minor roads, or the terminal points of minor roads. The trips that begin in the GMSM zone are loaded onto the minor road network at the minor road junctions and are taken off the network at the major road junctions, where the minor road network provides access to the major road links represented in the Saturn model. This procedure is reversed for trips that destinate in the GMSM zone.

The assignment matrices that are used with the procedure are formed using trip end totals from the GMSM trip matrices, giving the total number vehicle trips that begin and end in each of the zones represented in the Saturn model.

For each GMSM zone and minor road network in turn, the trips that end in the zone are split equally between the coded internal zones representing the minor road junctions, so that an equal number of trips are taken off the network at each of these points. The origins of these external to internal trips are coded to a single (external) zone representing the major road junctions, (which are coded into the network using multiple centroid connector links), so that the assignment model determines the precise number of trips that are loaded onto the minor road network at each point providing access from the major road system.

A similar approach is adopted for distributing the internal to external trips that begin in the GMSM zones, although in this case the trips that begin in the zones are split equally between the internal minor road zones, so that equal numbers of trips join the minor road network at each of the minor road junctions. All of the trip destinations are coded to the external zone representing the major road junctions, so that the assignment model determines the number trips that leave the minor road network at each of the junctions that provide access to the major road system.

Separate matrices are formed for car, LGV and OGV trips, for each of the three time periods represented by the GMSM. The matrices are assigned to the highway network and the network converged, to provide estimates of traffic speeds and flows on each of the roads represented in the network. The assigned flows are then processed in a similar way to that described for major roads, using the fleet composition, road traffic expansion and speed related emission factors shown in Appendix 2 to calculate annual emission totals for each link.

The calculated minor road emissions are shown in Table 4.7, broken down by vehicle type. Emission totals by District are shown in Table 4.8.

3.1.3 Hot Soaks

Hot soak (or evaporative) emissions are the emissions that result when a hot engine is turned off. Heat from the engine and exhaust system increases the temperature of the fuel in the system that is no longer flowing. Carburettor float bowls are particularly significant source of hot soak emissions.

Hot soak emissions were estimated for cars and LGVs by applying vehicle specific emission factors to trip end totals calculated from the GMSM.

Hourly trip end estimates for petrol and diesel powered vehicles were then estimated using the fleet composition data shown in Table A2.17 of Appendix 2.

The fleet-weighted 2008 hot soak emission factors were obtained from the NAEI website (Reference 14). From these emission factors, new factors for 2010 were estimated by applying the change between 2008 and 2010 of the equivalent warm-running emission factors. The 2010 factors are shown in Table A2.20.

The factors were used to calculate emission totals by hour, which were then expanded to give annual totals using the expansion factors shown in Table A2.18. The calculated totals are shown in Table 4.9, broken down by vehicle type.

3.1.4 Cold Starts

Cold start emissions represent the additional emissions produced by vehicles until they reach their normal operating temperature.

These emissions have been estimated using cold start emission factors (per trip values) from the NAEI website for petrol and diesel cars and LGVS, as shown in Table A2.19. The lack of emission factors for other vehicle types, including OGVs and buses, implies that these vehicles never or rarely experience cold starts. For the majority of such vehicles this is likely to be true, since engines cool slowly and commercial vehicles are used more intensively than cars and light vans. Furthermore, these vehicle types form only a small part of the total vehicle fleet and the relatively small numbers of journeys they make are considerably longer than those made by cars and LGVs.

In earlier versions of the EMIGMA database, all cold start emissions were assumed to arise at the trip’s origin zone centroid, which were then allocated to 1km² grid squares along with the link based major and minor roads emissions described earlier. In practice, however, for most vehicles, their cold start emissions will be spread over the links they traverse until the engine is warm and, in many cases, the majority of these emissions will occur outside the origin zone.

The development of GMSM presented an opportunity to improve the modelling of cold start emissions by making use of a traffic assignment procedure to allow emissions to be allocated to links in the major road network. The procedure uses a traffic assignment option within Saturn that allows trips to be assigned for only part of their routes, defined in terms of distance from their origins. It is possible, therefore, to model the first n metres of a vehicle’s journey, when the engine is still cold. (Our current best estimate of the distance travelled with a cold engine is 1,932m, as described in Reference 12). The modelling procedure correctly accounts for the situation where the nth metre is reached mid-link by loading only a proportion of the trip on the link. For example, if the nth metre point occurs halfway along a link then only half a trip is loaded on to the link. Full details of the procedure are given in Reference 13.

The cold start emissions were estimated for each of the modelled hours and vehicle types represented by the Saturn model, and were then expanded to give annual totals using the expansion factors shown in Table A2.18. The calculated cold start emissions are shown in Table 4.9, broken down by vehicle type. Cold start emissions by District are shown in Table 4.10. 3.1.5 Road Transport Other

There are two other small sources of emissions from road traffic included in the inventory. These are combustion of waste lubricants and emissions from LPG vehicles. Both of these sources are distributed across LAs using estimates of total vehicle kilometres calculated from the NAEI maps of traffic flows. Data from DECC was obtained for the local emissions of CO$\_2$ from these two sources at a district level (Reference 24). The results are shown in Table 4.1. 3.2 Point Sources

The method for collecting, storing and calculating emissions from point source data was completely revised for the 2005 EMIGMA update. Royal Haskoning were commissioned to review the current procedures for calculating industrial emissions and to develop a new system based on traceable and verifiable emission factors. They produced a series of Excel templates, one for each process, and an accompanying handbook (Reference 19). The handbook describes the activities, emissions, emission factors and source of the emission factors for each process. The templates prompt the user to enter the relevant activity data e.g. the amount of output produced as opposed to the amount of input material. The factors are embedded in the templates so the calculated emissions are displayed and can be checked when the activity data is entered. A system for rating the data quality and reliability of both the generic emission factors and the specific industry activity information was introduced, in order to derive a qualitative system for scaling the overall uncertainty. This in turn can be used in future updates to prioritise efforts and resources towards improving the data with the greatest uncertainties. More details can be found in Royal Haskonings final report (Reference 20) and a sample from the handbook can be found in Appendix 8.

Building on the work done by Royal Haskoning, these templates were used as a basis for a web-based data entry system. The new system allows the user to enter and check new sites and processes online from any location. The system has a mapping element that enables the user to locate the site on a map and automatically generate an accurate grid reference. The system administrator can see the current progress of data entry for each district and can add and amend factors and processes, which become immediately available to the user. Appendix 8 contains a sample EMIGMA website data entry screen.

Figure 3.2 shows the locations of all of the point source data. Part A and B processes, boiler and petrol station locations

Key

- Black: Part A Process
- Blue: Part B Process
- Yellow: Boiler
- Red: Petrol Station
- Blue line: District boundary

Drawn By: I Hull Scale: Not applicable Date: 25/06/2013 Figure 3.2 3.3 Rail Sources

The rail data has been updated and recalculated for 2010. Train movement data was obtained from Network Rail from the ACTRAFF database for the period 13th December 2009 to 9th January 2010. ACTRAFF is a database recording the actual traffic movement across the rail network. The data contains the number of movements on each section of track broken down by traction class - locomotives and diesel multiple units (DMU's). Electric multiple units were also included but were not included in the calculations as the electricity data has already been included in section 3.6. The data also included a comprehensive breakdown on the number of wagons, but this data was not used in the emissions calculations as the emissions factors assume an ‘average’ load.

The first step was to draw the rail network in our geographic information system (GIS) broken down by the each of the 398 sections listed in the ACTRAFF data. Factors were obtained from the Rail Emission Model report on the DfT website (Reference 22). The factors are shown in Table A6.1. The 52 train classes from the ACTRAFF data were then allocated the most appropriate factor. The number of movements were factored to 52 weeks and then had the emission factors applied. The emissions were then allocated to the GIS network.

As the emissions factors incorporate an assumed station spacing the calculated emissions on the rail track now contain the emissions at stations, so the station emissions are no longer required. 3.4 Bus Stations

An updated bus station usage file was obtained from the TfGM. The file was based on bus station data for September 2009 and had weekdays, Saturdays and Sundays listed separately. This was more accurate than previous estimates where a typical weekday was factored by 365. It was assumed that bank holidays would be equivalent to Sunday services and that each bus would idle for 5 minutes at the bus station (this is the maximum time that is theoretically allowed). Updated emission factors were then applied for the lowest speed band (i.e. 6km/hr) and emissions calculated. The emission factors from the road update were used, which were obtained from the NAEI website (Reference 14) and are shown in Table A2.16. 3.5 Domestic and Commercial Combustion

The domestic and commercial combustion emissions were both updated and recalculated. Files of 2010 domestic and commercial gas usage were obtained from the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC), Reference 17. The domestic gas usage was broken down by Lower Layer Super Output Area (LLSOA) and the commercial gas usage broken down by Middle Layer Super Output Area (MLSOA). This section describes how the combustion figures were updated.

3.5.1 Domestic Combustion

3.5.1.1 Gas Combustion

The Lower Layer Super Output Area (LLSOA) level gas consumption data was disaggregated proportionally across the 1km² grid.

The emission factors were obtained from the NAEI website (Reference 14) and are shown in Table A3.1.

3.5.1.2 Non-Gas Combustion

Non-gas fuel use was obtained at local authority level from the DECC website (Reference 15). The data is given in tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) which was then converted to kWh using the factor 1 toe=11630 kWh, from the Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2011 (DUKES 2011) (Reference 18). The kWh values were then converted to Megatonnes using a calorific value for coke from DUKES 2011. The appropriate emissions factors, shown in Table A3.2, were obtained from the NAEI website (Reference 14) and applied. The emissions were spread between the LLSOA’s weighted by 2010 mid-year population figures.

The domestic emissions for oil combustion were calculated in an identical method to the solid fuel. The emission factors used are given in Table A3.3.

3.5.2 Commercial Combustion

3.5.2.1 Gas Combustion

The method for distributing the MLSOA commercial gas figures between the 1km grid squares has been revised.

Part A, Part B and boiler gas consumption estimates from the point source data input to the website by the Districts was removed from the relevant DECC MLSOA commercial gas delivery figures to avoid double counting. However, in 17 MLSOAs the total gas use by the point sources (Part A processes etc.) was more than that given in the data from DECC. There could be a number of reasons for this, for example, the gas data returned by the District officers could be incorrect or there could be differences in location between where the gas is metered and where it is used. Where the process data is greater than the DECC data the gas usage in that MLSOA was reset to 0. This is the method used in previous EMIGMA updates. In some cases upto 1.78% of the gas consumption in the DECC data was unallocated. at the local authority level. This gas was allocated between the MLSOAs for that district pro rata to the gas usage in each MLSOA. However, the gas could have been consumed in just one or two of the MLSOAs within that district. The adjusted data was then allocated to the 1km$^2$ grid by using the proportion of commercial building area. The Ordnance Survey (OS) AddressPoint product was used to identify commercial addresses and using these addresses the building extents were selected from the OS MasterMap Topography building layer. The area of the commercial building extents was calculated and proportioned into the 1km grid. The gas was allocated according to these proportions.

The emission factors were obtained from the NAEI website (Reference 14) and are shown in Table A3.4.

3.5.2.2 Non-Gas Combustion

As in previous updates the oil and solid fuel emissions were not estimated for commercial/industrial usage as it was thought (jointly by the Greater Manchester Authorities) that these would be covered, in the majority, by the boiler emissions. 3.6 Electricity Generation

The CO₂ emissions from electricity generation have been calculated as if they arose at the point of use rather than at the power station. Note that there are no power stations within Greater Manchester. Electricity consumption data for 2010 was obtained from the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC), Reference 17. The domestic data was at Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) and the commercial data at Middle Layer Super Output Area (MSOA). The commercial and industrial electricity consumption figures were disaggregated by the commercial building area (see section 3.5.2.1). The CO₂ produced during generation was calculated using the value of 456 tonnes of CO₂ per GWh of electricity supplied. This factor was obtained from DUKES 2012 (Reference 26) and is a composite factor for all sources of electricity generation including nuclear and renewables. 3.7 Aviation

Data for 2010 was supplied by Manchester Airport plc. The data includes ground based aircraft movements and movements up to an altitude of 200m. The data also contains vehicle movements off the public highway including airside traffic. This data has been aggregated to the 1km grid. The emissions, broken down by activity, are available in the accompanying data in the file “Manchester Airport 2010 Data.xls”. Table 3.4 gives the passenger numbers and annual traffic movements for comparison with previous years.

Table 3.4

| Year | Passengers | ATMs | |------|------------|-------| | 2003 | 19,901,403 | 207,037| | 2004 | 21,555,600 | 205,700| | 2005 | 22,106,335 | 234,794| | 2006 | 22,776,337 | 229,717| | 2007 | 22,362,106 | 222,670| | 2008 | 21,087,944 | 204,608| | 2010 | 17,672,241 | 159,070|

Data for 2010 has also been supplied by City Airport Manchester Ltd (Manchester Barton). City airport is business and general aviation airfield for light aircraft and helicopters. The data contains the number of movements and circuits broken down by aircraft weight categories. This is available in the accompanying data in the file “City Airport 2010 Data.xls”. Factors were obtained from Federal Office of Civil Aviation, FOCA, the Swiss aviation authority website (Reference 21) and are shown in Table A4.1. The factors used are the recommended factors for emission inventories and try to take a representative mixture between LTO (Landing and Take-Off), circuit flying and the variation in performance between different aircraft. The factors give the emissions from the aircraft until they reach cruise altitude, which is assumed for light aircraft, to be 3000ft or 1500ft for circuit flying.

Aviation emissions are shown in Table 4.17. 3.8 Area Sources

Data from DEFRA was obtained on the numbers of livestock by a 5km grid for 2010. The emissions for each 5km square were calculated using emission factors from the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guide book – 2006 (Reference 16), which are shown in Table A5.1. The emissions were disaggregated to the 1km grid inversely proportional to the number of addresses from the Ordnance Survey AddressPoint data. This was used as a proxy for the amount of developed land. 3.9 Agricultural Combustion

Data for 2009 was obtained from NAEI for the local emissions of CO$\_2$ mapped to a 1kmx1km grid. The following is an extract from the Local Authority CO2 emissions estimates 2009: Methodology summary (Reference 25).

“The use of oil and solid fuel by agriculture is estimated using IDBR employment data. Other agricultural emissions estimated at the national level are those associated with off-road machinery use and breakdowns of pesticides.

Emissions from off-road machinery use are distributed using arable, pasture and forestry land use data combined with information on the number of hours of use of tractors and other machinery on the different types of land.

Emissions from pesticides applied to crops are distributed using maps of arable land cover.”

The results are shown in Table 4.19 3.10 Land use, land-use change and forestry

Land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) is defined by the United Nations Climate Change Secretariat as "A greenhouse gas inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use, land-use change and forestry activities." (Reference 23)

Data from DECC was obtained for the local emissions of CO₂ at a district level (Reference 24). The results are shown in Table 4.20 4. Results of the 2010 Update

A summary of some of the results of the 2010 update are shown in this section. More information can be obtained from the data held in the GIS tables in the accompanying data.

4.1 Road Transport

Table 4.1 shows a summary of the emissions by all road sources. Table 4.2 to Table 4.6 show the results of the major road emissions broken down road type, vehicle type and District. Table 4.7 and Table 4.8 show the minor road emissions broken down by vehicle type and District. Table 4.9 shows the emissions from cold starts and hot soaks.

Table 4.1

| Pollutant | Motorways | Other Major Roads | Minor Roads | Hot Soaks | Cold Starts | Other | Total | |-----------|-----------|-------------------|-------------|-----------|-------------|-------|-------| | VOCs | 365 | 1154 | 64 | 119 | 851 | | 2553 | | CO | 4478 | 9949 | 556 | 16909 | | | 31892 | | CO₂ as C | 380753 | 564928 | 34527 | | 4934 | | 985142| | NOₓ | 5039 | 6852 | 364 | 621 | | | 12876 | | SO₂ | 6.7 | 8.8 | 0.6 | | | | 16.2 | | Benzene¹ | | | | 0.3 | | | 0.3 | | PM₁₀ | 558 | 788 | 54 | 66 | | | 1467 |

Notes

¹The emissions factors no longer have values for 1,3 butadiene or benzene under warm running conditions.

The sum of the columns may not equal the total due to rounding. Table 4.2

| Pollutant | Motorways | Other Major Roads | Total | |-----------|-----------|-------------------|--------| | VOCs | 365 | 1154 | 1519 | | CO | 4478 | 9949 | 14427 | | CO₂ as C | 380753 | 564928 | 945681 | | NOₓ | 5039 | 6852 | 11890 | | SO₂ | 6.7 | 8.8 | 15.6 | | PM₁₀ | 558 | 788 | 1347 |

Notes

The emissions factors no longer have values for 1,3 butadiene or benzene. The sum of the columns may not equal the total due to rounding.

Table 4.3

| Pollutant | Motor Cycles | Cars | LGVs | OGVs | Buses | Total | |-----------|--------------|------|------|------|-------|--------| | VOCs | 13 | 217 | 37 | 95 | 3 | 365 | | CO | 190 | 3489 | 318 | 471 | 10 | 4478 | | CO₂ as C | 710 | 184555 | 51443 | 141328 | 2717 | 380753 | | NOₓ | 6 | 1657 | 663 | 2638 | 76 | 5039 | | SO₂ | 0.0 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 6.7 | | PM₁₀ | 0 | 332 | 88 | 134 | 3 | 558 |

Notes

The emissions factors no longer have values for 1,3 butadiene or benzene. The sum of the columns may not equal the total due to rounding.

### Table 4.4

**2010 Motorway Emission Totals by District (Tonnes/Year)**

| District | VOCs | CO | CO₂ as C | NOₓ | SO₂ | PM₁₀ | |------------|------|------|----------|------|------|------| | Bolton | 33 | 428 | 35229 | 461 | 0.6 | 52 | | Bury | 47 | 584 | 49504 | 654 | 0.9 | 72 | | Manchester | 39 | 483 | 39878 | 520 | 0.7 | 59 | | Oldham | 12 | 152 | 12018 | 160 | 0.2 | 17 | | Rochdale | 51 | 606 | 53360 | 715 | 1.0 | 78 | | Salford | 70 | 813 | 72248 | 965 | 1.3 | 106 | | Stockport | 29 | 333 | 29429 | 392 | 0.5 | 44 | | Tameside | 25 | 317 | 25535 | 343 | 0.4 | 37 | | Trafford | 25 | 320 | 26100 | 338 | 0.5 | 39 | | Wigan | 35 | 443 | 37453 | 493 | 0.7 | 55 | | Total | 365 | 4478 | 380753 | 5039 | 6.7 | 558 |

**Notes**

The emissions factors no longer have values for 1,3 butadiene or benzene. The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding.

### Table 4.5

**2010 Major Road Emission Totals by Vehicle Type (Tonnes/Year)**

| Pollutant | VOCs | CO | CO₂ as C | NOₓ | SO₂ | PM₁₀ | |-----------|------|------|----------|------|------|------| | Motor Cycles | 84 | 1078 | 133 | 168 | 57 | 1519 | | Cars | 721 | 11629| 1040 | 811 | 226 | 14427| | LGVs | 2339 | 569138| 119622 | 213937| 40645| 945681| | OGVs | 15 | 4408 | 1643 | 4526 | 1298 | 11890| | Buses | 0.0 | 8.7 | 2.1 | 4.1 | 0.7 | 15.6 | | Total | 2 | 886 | 208 | 209 | 42 | 1347 |

**Notes**

The emissions factors no longer have values for 1,3 butadiene or benzene. The sum of the columns may not equal the total due to rounding. Table 4.6

| District | VOCs | CO | CO₂ as C | NOx | SO₂ | PM₁₀ | |------------|------|------|----------|------|------|------| | Bolton | 157 | 1528 | 97585 | 1187 | 1.6 | 141 | | Bury | 120 | 1213 | 85216 | 1071 | 1.4 | 123 | | Manchester | 264 | 2365 | 143523 | 1830 | 2.2 | 197 | | Oldham | 101 | 924 | 57059 | 718 | 0.9 | 81 | | Rochdale | 129 | 1277 | 92628 | 1186 | 1.6 | 135 | | Salford | 177 | 1729 | 125919 | 1641 | 2.2 | 181 | | Stockport | 165 | 1528 | 94412 | 1141 | 1.5 | 134 | | Tameside | 115 | 1079 | 68623 | 874 | 1.1 | 96 | | Trafford | 125 | 1189 | 74354 | 892 | 1.2 | 107 | | Wigan | 168 | 1595 | 106362 | 1350 | 1.8 | 152 | | Total | 1519 | 14427| 945681 | 11890| 15.6 | 1347 |

Notes

The emissions factors no longer have values for 1,3 butadiene or benzene. The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding.

Table 4.7

| Pollutant | Motor Cycles | Cars | LGVs | OGVs | Buses | Total | |---------------|--------------|------|------|------|-------|-------| | VOCs | 5 | 50 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 64 | | CO | 37 | 462 | 39 | 18 | 0 | 556 | | CO₂ as C | 112 | 26340| 4001 | 4074 | 0 | 34527 | | NOₓ | 1 | 196 | 63 | 105 | 0 | 364 | | SO₂ | 0.00 | 0.43 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.60 | | PM₁₀ | 0.1 | 41.8 | 7.8 | 4.2 | 0 | 53.9 |

Notes

The emissions factors no longer have values for 1,3 butadiene or benzene. The sum of the columns may not equal the total due to rounding. Table 4.8

| District | VOCs | CO | CO₂ as C | NOₓ | SO₂ | PM₁₀ | |--------------|------|-----|----------|------|------|------| | Bolton | 6.5 | 56 | 3473 | 36 | 0.06 | 5.4 | | Bury | 4.7 | 41 | 2490 | 25 | 0.04 | 3.9 | | Manchester | 9.7 | 84 | 5225 | 55 | 0.09 | 8.2 | | Oldham | 4.7 | 40 | 2505 | 26 | 0.04 | 3.9 | | Rochdale | 5.1 | 44 | 2823 | 32 | 0.05 | 4.4 | | Salford | 6.0 | 52 | 3284 | 36 | 0.06 | 5.1 | | Stockport | 8.9 | 78 | 4688 | 47 | 0.08 | 7.3 | | Tameside | 4.7 | 41 | 2570 | 28 | 0.04 | 4.0 | | Trafford | 6.7 | 58 | 3575 | 37 | 0.06 | 5.6 | | Wigan | 7.2 | 63 | 3895 | 41 | 0.07 | 6.1 | | Total | 64.1 | 556 | 34527 | 364 | 0.60 | 53.9 |

Notes The emissions factors no longer have values for 1,3 butadiene or benzene. The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding.

Table 4.9

| Pollutant | Cold Starts | Hot Soaks | |-----------|-------------|-----------| | | Cars | LGVs | Total | Cars | LGVs | Total | | VOCs | 805 | 46 | 851 | 115 | 4 | 119 | | CO | 16546 | 363 | 16909 | n/a | n/a | n/a | | NOₓ | 550 | 71 | 621 | n/a | n/a | n/a | | Benzene | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.33 | 0.01 | 0.34 | | PM₁₀ | 45 | 21 | 66 | n/a | n/a | n/a |

Notes n/a – not applicable The emissions factors no longer have values for 1,3 butadiene or benzene under warm running conditions. The sum of the columns may not equal the total due to rounding. Table 4.10

| District | VOCs | CO | NO\\textsubscript{X} | PM\\textsubscript{10} | |------------|------|------|---------------------|---------------------| | Bolton | 90 | 1785 | 66 | 7.1 | | Bury | 57 | 1128 | 41 | 4.3 | | Manchester | 141 | 2805 | 104 | 11.2 | | Oldham | 66 | 1322 | 48 | 5.1 | | Rochdale | 65 | 1281 | 48 | 5.2 | | Salford | 77 | 1510 | 57 | 6.3 | | Stockport | 103 | 2064 | 74 | 7.6 | | Tameside | 69 | 1370 | 51 | 5.5 | | Trafford | 86 | 1719 | 63 | 6.6 | | Wigan | 91 | 1806 | 66 | 7.1 | | Total | 845 | 16790| 617 | 65.9 |

Notes

The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding.

4.2 Point Sources

Table 4.11 shows a summary of the emissions by the various point sources. Table 4.11

| Pollutant | Part A's | Part B's | Boilers | Petrol Stations | Total | |-------------------------|----------|----------|---------|----------------|---------| | Non-Methane VOCs | 862 | 12038 | 93 | 730 | 13722 | | CO | 622 | 189 | 189 | | 1001 | | CO₂ as C | 676416 | 13361 | 166377 | | 856153 | | NOₓ | 425 | 72 | 52 | | 549 | | SO₂ | 87 | 32 | 117 | | 236 | | Benzene | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 3.8 | | PM₁₀ | 83 | 111 | 23 | | 217 | | Hg | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 0 | | Pb | 0 | 1 | 0 | | 1 | | CH₄ | 427 | 4 | 116 | | 547 |

Notes The sum of the columns may not equal the total due to rounding.

4.3 Rail Sources

Table 4.12 shows a summary of the emissions by rail stations and rail tracks.

Table 4.12

| Pollutant | Rail Track Total | |-------------------------|------------------| | Non-Methane VOCs | 46 | | CO | 55 | | CO₂ as C | 49888 | | NOₓ | 489 | | SO₂ | 62 | | PM₁₀ | 14 |

4.4 Bus Stations

Table 4.13 shows a summary of the emissions at bus stations. Table 4.13

| Pollutant | Total | |-----------------|-------| | VOCs | 3.2 | | CO | 11.5 | | CO₂ as C | 2159 | | NOₓ | 67 | | SO₂ | 0.01 | | PM₁₀ | 1.41 |

4.5 Domestic and Commercial Combustion

4.5.1 Domestic Combustion

Table 4.14 shows a summary of the emissions by all forms of domestic combustion (gas, oil and solid fuel).

Table 4.14

| Pollutant | Total | |----------------------------|--------| | Non-Methane VOCs | 166 | | CO | 2541 | | CO₂ as C | 841548 | | NOₓ | 1291 | | SO₂ | 216 | | Benzene | 13 | | PM₁₀ | 49 | | CH₄ | 334 |

4.5.2 Commercial Combustion

Table 4.15 shows a summary of the emissions by all commercial gas combustion. Table 4.15

| Pollutant | Total | |--------------------|-------| | Non-Methane VOCs | 56 | | CO | 349 | | CO₂ as C | 349325| | NOₓ | 1421 | | Benzene | 5 | | PM₁₀ | 22 | | CH₄ | 123 |

4.6 Electricity Generation

Table 4.16 shows the amount of CO₂ (as carbon) emissions for electricity generation at point of use broken down by District.

Table 4.16

| District | Total | |--------------|--------| | Bolton | 129574 | | Bury | 86790 | | Manchester | 338760 | | Oldham | 102202 | | Rochdale | 105564 | | Salford | 134294 | | Stockport | 142837 | | Tameside | 105551 | | Trafford | 177781 | | Wigan | 150041 | | Total | 1473393|

Notes

The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding. CO₂ refers to carbon dioxide as C.

4.7 Aviation

Table 4.17 shows a summary of the emissions by aviation. Table 4.17

| Pollutant | Total | |---------------|-------| | VOCs | 110 | | CO | 811 | | NO\\textsubscript{X} | 383 | | SO\\textsubscript{2} | 17 | | PM\\textsubscript{10} | 5 | | CO\\textsubscript{2} as C | 26562 |

4.8 Area Sources

Table 4.18 shows a summary of the emissions by other area sources.

Table 4.18

| Pollutant | Total | |---------------|-------| | VOCs | 22194 | | CO | 9 | | NO\\textsubscript{X} | 36 | | SO\\textsubscript{2} | 438 | | Benzene | 17 | | 1,3 butadiene | 0 | | PM\\textsubscript{10} | 26 |

4.9 Agricultural Combustion

Table 4.20 shows the amount of CO\\textsubscript{2} (as carbon) emissions for agricultural combustion broken down by District. Table 4.19

| District | Total | |------------|-------| | Bolton | 391 | | Bury | 305 | | Manchester | 92 | | Oldham | 237 | | Rochdale | 389 | | Salford | 102 | | Stockport | 391 | | Tameside | 202 | | Trafford | 168 | | Wigan | 414 | | Total | 2691 |

Notes

The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding. CO₂ refers to carbon dioxide as C.

4.10 Land use, land-use change and forestry

Table 4.20 shows the amount of CO₂ (as carbon) emissions for land use, land-use change and forestry broken down by District. Table 4.20

| District | Total | |--------------|-------| | Bolton | 278 | | Bury | 344 | | Manchester | 687 | | Oldham | 436 | | Rochdale | 725 | | Salford | 5302 | | Stockport | 736 | | Tameside | 507 | | Trafford | 1754 | | Wigan | 1410 | | **Total** | **12180** |

**Notes**

Positive figures indicate net emissions from these sources. The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding. CO₂ refers to carbon dioxide as C.

4.11 Total Emissions

The following tables and figures give the total emissions, in Greater Manchester and each District separately, from all sources and the relative proportions.

### Table 4.21

#### 2010 Total Emissions in Greater Manchester from all sources

| Pollutant | Roads | Rail | Air | Other | Part A's | Part B's | Boilers | Petrol Stations | Combustion | Bus Stations | Total | |-----------|-------|------|-----|-------|---------|---------|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|-------| | | t/yr | % | t/yr| % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | | VOCs | 2553 | 6.6 | 46 | 0.1 | 110 | 0.3 | 22194 | 57.1 | 862 | 2.2 | 12038 | 31.0 | | CO | 31892 | 87.0 | 55 | 0.1 | 811 | 2.2 | 9 | 0.0 | 622 | 1.7 | 189 | 0.5 | | CO₂ as C | 985142| 31.5 | 49888| 1.6 | 26562 | 0.8 | 14871 | 0.5 | 676416 | 21.6 | 13361 | 0.4 | | NOₓ | 12876 | 75.2 | 489 | 2.9 | 383 | 2.2 | 36 | 0.2 | 425 | 2.5 | 72 | 0.4 | | SO₂ | 16 | 1.6 | 62 | 6.3 | 17 | 1.7 | 438 | 44.4 | 87 | 8.8 | 32 | 3.3 | | Benzene | 0.3 | 0.9 | | | 17 | 43.9 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 2 | 5.6 | | PM₁₀ | 1467 | 81.4 | 14 | 0.8 | 5 | 0.3 | 26 | 1.4 | 83 | 4.6 | 111 | 6.2 | | HG | 0.004 | 1.4 | | | 0 | 98.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.0 | | PB | 0.02 | 1.4 | | | 1.4 | 97.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0 | 0 | 1.4 | | Methane | 427 | 78.0 | | | 4 | 0.8 | 116 | 21.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

**Notes**

1. Other includes LULUCF and agricultural combustion
2. The emissions factors no longer have values for benzene under warm running conditions.

The emissions are given in tonnes per year (t/yr) The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding. Figure 4.1 SO₂ Emissions in Greater Manchester

Figure 4.2 NOₓ Emissions in Greater Manchester

Figure 4.3 CO Emissions in Greater Manchester

Figure 4.4 VOCs Emissions in Greater Manchester

Figure 4.5 CO₂ Emissions in Greater Manchester

Figure 4.6 PM₁₀ Emissions in Greater Manchester

### Table 4.22

#### 2010 Total Emissions in Bolton from all sources

| Pollutant | Roads | Rail | Air | Other | Part A’s | Part B’s | Boilers | Petrol Stations | Combustion | Bus Stations | Total | |-----------|-------|------|-----|-------|---------|---------|---------|-----------------|------------|-------------|-------| | | t/yr | % | t/yr| % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | | VOCs | 266 | 9.4 | 4 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 2297 | 81.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 159 | | CO | 3369 | 91.5 | 6 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 9 | 0.3 | 1 | | CO₂ as C | 101628| 43.1 | 3952| 1.7 | 669 | 0.3 | 7527 | 3.2 | 511 | 0.2 | 10541 | | NOₓ | 1289 | 78.0 | 40 | 2.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 0.3 | 79 | 4.8 | 1 | | SO₂ | 2 | 1.5 | 5 | 4.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 48 | 42.9 | 3 | 2.9 | 0 | | Benzene | 0.04 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 42.6 | 0 | 4.8 | 0 | | PM₁₀ | 154 | 89.4 | 1 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 1.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 3 | | HG | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.004 | 41.2 | 0 | 50.5 | 0.00 | 8.3 | 0 | | PB | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.01 | 40.1 | 0 | 21.8 | 0.00 | 38.2 | 0 | | Methane | 263 | 85.1 | 0.19| 0.1 | 3 | 1.1 | 42 | 13.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 309 |

**Notes**

1. Other includes LULUCF and agricultural combustion.
2. The emissions factors no longer have values for benzene under warm running conditions.

The emissions are given in tonnes per year (t/yr) The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding. Figure 4.7 SO₂ Emissions in Bolton

Figure 4.8 NOₓ Emissions in Bolton

Figure 4.9 CO Emissions in Bolton

Figure 4.10 VOCs Emissions in Bolton

Figure 4.11 CO₂ Emissions in Bolton

Figure 4.12 PM₁₀ Emissions in Bolton

### Table 4.23

#### 2010 Total Emissions in Bury from all sources

| Pollutant | Roads | Rail | Air | Other | Part A’s | Part B’s | Boilers | Petrol Stations | Combustion | Bus Stations | Total | |-----------|-------|------|-----|-------|---------|---------|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|-------| | | t/yr | % | t/yr| % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | | VOCs | 190 | 7.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 1552 | 59.2 | 585 | 22.3 | 231 | 8.8 | 47 | | CO | 2381 | 86.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 166 | 6.0 | 15 | 0.5 | 16 | | CO₂ as C | 88140 | 34.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 649 | 0.3 | 76135 | 29.9 | 1548 | 0.6 | 1454 | | NOₓ | 1138 | 78.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 0.3 | 80 | 5.5 | 29 | 2.0 | 10 | | SO₂ | 1 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 34 | 28.0 | 32 | 25.8 | 5 | 4.2 | 38 | | Benzene | 0.02 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 48.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.2 | | PM₁₀ | 131 | 79.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.0 | 7 | 4.1 | 16 | 9.5 | 5 | | HG | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 99.5 | 0.001 | 0.5 | 0.19 | | PB | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.011 | 100.0 | 0.01 | | Methane | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.55 | 1.7 | 0 | 0.2 | 32 | 98.1 |

**Notes**

1. Other includes LULUCF and agricultural combustion.
2. The emissions factors no longer have values for benzene under warm running conditions.

The emissions are given in tonnes per year (t/yr) The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding. Figure 4.13 SO₂ Emissions in Bury

Figure 4.14 NOₓ Emissions in Bury

Figure 4.15 CO Emissions in Bury

Figure 4.16 VOCs Emissions in Bury

Figure 4.17 CO₂ Emissions in Bury

Figure 4.18 PM₁₀ Emissions in Bury

### Table 4.24

#### 2010 Total Emissions in Manchester from all sources

| Pollutant | Roads | Rail | Air | Other | Part A’s | Part B’s | Boilers | Petrol Stations | Combustion | Bus Stations | Total | |-----------|-------|------|-----|-------|---------|---------|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|-------| | | t/yr | % | t/yr| % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | | VOCs | 435 | 8.3 | 18 | 0.3 | 107 | 2.0 | 4190 | 80.0 | 6 | 0.1 | 330 | | CO | 5254 | 80.8 | 21 | 0.3 | 715 | 11.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 3 | 0.0 | 142 | | CO₂ as C | 149537| 35.9 | 19409| 4.7 | 26562 | 6.4 | 780 | 0.2 | 1242 | 0.3 | 1279 | | NOₓ | 1989 | 65.1 | 193 | 6.3 | 382 | 12.5 | 1 | 0.0 | 6 | 0.2 | 3 | | SO₂ | 2 | 2.0 | 24 | 20.9 | 17 | 14.8 | 40 | 34.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 17 | | Benzene | 0.06 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 39.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | | PM₁₀ | 216 | 86.1 | 6 | 2.3 | 5 | 1.9 | 5 | 1.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 9 | | HG | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.01 | 100.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | | PB | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | | Methane | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 9 | 11.2 | 69 | 88.5 | 78 |

**Notes**

1. Other includes LULUCF and agricultural combustion.
2. The emissions factors no longer have values for benzene under warm running conditions.

The emissions are given in tonnes per year (t/yr) The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding. Figure 4.19 SO₂ Emissions in Manchester

Figure 4.20 NOₓ Emissions in Manchester

Figure 4.21 CO Emissions in Manchester

Figure 4.22 VOCs Emissions in Manchester

Figure 4.23 CO₂ Emissions in Manchester

Figure 4.24 PM₁₀ Emissions in Manchester

### Table 4.25

#### 2010 Total Emissions in Oldham from all sources

| Pollutant | Roads | Rail | Air | Other | Part A’s | Part B’s | Boilers | Petrol Stations | Combustion | Bus Stations | Total | |-----------|-------|------|-----|-------|---------|---------|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|-------| | | t/yr | % | t/yr| % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | | VOCs | 181 | 8.2 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1897 | 86.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 53 | 2.4 | | CO | 2286 | 90.6 | 6 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 7 | 0.3 | 10 | 0.4 | | CO₂ as C | 59859 | 34.9 | 1070| 0.6 | 673 | 0.4 | 11400 | 6.6 | 1381 | 0.8 | 6750 | 3.9 | | NOₓ | 793 | 77.8 | 10 | 1.0 | 3 | 0.3 | 2 | 0.2 | 12 | 1.1 | 7 | 0.7 | | SO₂ | 1 | 1.2 | 1 | 1.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 48 | 59.9 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 7 | 8.4 | | Benzene | 0.03 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 45.2 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.37 | 2.1 | | PM₁₀ | 90 | 89.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 2.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 2.5 | | HG | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.02 | 99.8 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.2 | | PB | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 96.5 | 0.00 | 3.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | Methane | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.12 | 0.3 | 3 | 7.5 | 34 | 92.2 | 37 | |

**Notes**

1. Other includes LULUCF and agricultural combustion.
2. The emissions factors no longer have values for benzene under warm running conditions.

The emissions are given in tonnes per year (t/yr) The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding. Figure 4.25 SO₂ Emissions in Oldham

Figure 4.26 NOₓ Emissions in Oldham

Figure 4.27 CO Emissions in Oldham

Figure 4.28 VOCs Emissions in Oldham

Figure 4.29 CO₂ Emissions in Oldham

Figure 4.30 PM₁₀ Emissions in Oldham

### Table 4.26

#### 2010 Total Emissions in Rochdale from all sources

| Pollutant | Roads | Rail | Air | Other | Part A’s | Part B’s | Boilers | Petrol Stations | Combustion | Bus Stations | Total | |-----------|-------|------|-----|-------|---------|---------|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|-------| | | t/yr | % | t/yr| % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | | VOCs | 208 | 7.5 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1944 | 69.8 | 10 | 0.4 | 547 | | CO | 2602 | 91.9 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 9 | | CO₂ as C | 95882 | 49.0 | 1386| 0.7 | 1115 | 0.6 | 1000 | 0.5 | 514 | 0.3 | 2727 | | NOₓ | 1266 | 84.0 | 14 | 0.9 | 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 12 | 0.8 | 0 | | SO₂ | 2 | 2.1 | 2 | 2.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 55 | 69.7 | 0 | 0.3 | 2 | | Benzene | 0.03 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 54.8 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0 | | PM₁₀ | 144 | 90.6 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | | HG | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | PB | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | Methane | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |

**Notes**

1. Other includes LULUCF and agricultural combustion.
2. The emissions factors no longer have values for benzene under warm running conditions.

The emissions are given in tonnes per year (t/yr) The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding. Figure 4.31 SO₂ Emissions in Rochdale

Figure 4.32 NOₓ Emissions in Rochdale

Figure 4.33 CO Emissions in Rochdale

Figure 4.34 VOCs Emissions in Rochdale

Figure 4.35 CO₂ Emissions in Rochdale

Figure 4.36 PM₁₀ Emissions in Rochdale

### Table 4.27

#### 2010 Total Emissions in Salford from all sources

| Pollutant | Roads | Rail | Air | Other | Part A’s | Part B’s | Boilers | Petrol Stations | Combustion | Bus Stations | Total | |-----------|-------|------|-----|-------|---------|---------|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|-------| | | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | | VOCs | 269 | 2.8 | 6 | 0.1 | 1905 | 19.9 | 55 | 0.6 | 7237 | 75.8 | 1 | | CO | 3291 | 91.7 | 12 | 0.3 | 78 | 2.2 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | | CO₂ as C | 129852| 52.6 | 6191 | 2.5 | 5404 | 2.2 | 780 | 0.3 | 243 | 0.1 | 6652 | | NOₓ | 1733 | 85.4 | 62 | 3.1 | 1 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | | SO₂ | 2 | 3.9 | 8 | 13.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 34 | 59.9 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | | Benzene | 0.03 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 56.9 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0 | | PM₁₀ | 192 | 90.7 | 2 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.1 | 3 | 1.2 | 8 | | HG | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | | PB | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0012 | 99.0 | 0.0001 | 1.0 | | Methane | 4 | 8.7 | 0 | 0.2 | 2 | 5.6 | 36 | 85.5 | 42 | | |

**Notes**

1. Other includes LULUCF and agricultural combustion.
2. The emissions factors no longer have values for benzene under warm running conditions.

The emissions are given in tonnes per year (t/yr) The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding. Figure 4.37 SO2 Emissions in Salford

Figure 4.38 NOx Emissions in Salford

Figure 4.39 CO Emissions in Salford

Figure 4.40 VOCs Emissions in Salford

Figure 4.41 CO2 Emissions in Salford

Figure 4.42 PM10 Emissions in Salford

### Table 4.28

#### 2010 Total Emissions in Stockport from all sources

| Pollutant | Roads | Rail | Air | Other | Part A’s | Part B’s | Boilers | Petrol Stations | Combustion | Bus Stations | Total | |-----------|-------|------|-----|-------|---------|---------|---------|-----------------|------------|-------------|-------| | | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | | VOCs | 292 | 6.1 | 8 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2318 | 48.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 4803 | | CO | 3670 | 92.8 | 4 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3955 | | CO₂ as C | 99593 | 39.5 | 8947 | 3.6 | 1127 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 131633| | NOₓ | 1262 | 77.3 | 87 | 5.3 | 3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 275 | | SO₂ | 2 | 2.2 | 11 | 15.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 44 | 60.2 | 0 | 0.2 | 16 | | Benzene | 0.04 | 1.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 42.8 | 0 | 0.6 | 4 | | PM₁₀ | 149 | 71.5 | 2 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 1.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | | HG | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | | PB | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0001 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0001| | Methane | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 7.1 | 48 | 92.9 | 51 |

**Notes**

1. Other includes LULUCF and agricultural combustion.
2. The emissions factors no longer have values for benzene under warm running conditions.

The emissions are given in tonnes per year (t/yr) The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding. Figure 4.43 SO2 Emissions in Stockport

Figure 4.44 NOx Emissions in Stockport

Figure 4.45 CO Emissions in Stockport

Figure 4.46 VOCs Emissions in Stockport

Figure 4.47 CO2 Emissions in Stockport

Figure 4.48 PM10 Emissions in Stockport

### Table 4.29

#### 2010 Total Emissions in Tameside from all sources

| Pollutant | Roads | Rail | Air | Other | Part A's | Part B's | Boilers | Petrol Stations | Combustion | Bus Stations | Total | |-----------|-------|------|-----|-------|---------|---------|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|-------| | | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | | VOCs | 199 | 9.4 | 3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 1778 | 84.5 | 8 | 0.4 | 41 | 1.9 | 1 | 0.0 | 58 | 2.7 | 17 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 2105 | | CO | 2490 | 91.2 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 0.1 | 6 | 0.2 | 227 | 8.3 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2730 | | CO₂ as C | 71506 | 41.2 | 3750 | 2.2 | 709 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 6424 | 3.7 | 90936 | 52.4 | 245 | 0.1 | 173570 | | NOₓ | 953 | 78.9 | 35 | 2.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 13 | 1.1 | 7 | 0.6 | 189 | 15.7 | 8 | 0.6 | 1208 | | SO₂ | 1 | 1.6 | 5 | 6.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 36 | 48.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.6 | 14 | 19.1 | 17 | 23.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 74 | | Benzene | 0.03 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 52.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 2.6 | 1 | 41.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | | PM₁₀ | 106 | 83.4 | 1 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 11.3 | 8.9 | 1 | 1.0 | 5 | 4.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 127 | | HG | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 99.6 | 0.00002 | 0.4 | 0.00 | | PB | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.01348 | 96.3 | 0.0005 | 3.7 | 0.0140 | | Methane | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 6.4 | 35 | 93.6 | 37 |

**Notes**

1. Other includes LULUCF and agricultural combustion.
2. The emissions factors no longer have values for benzene under warm running conditions.

The emissions are given in tonnes per year (t/yr) The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding. Figure 4.49 SO₂ Emissions in Tameside

Figure 4.50 NOₓ Emissions in Tameside

Figure 4.51 CO Emissions in Tameside

Figure 4.52 VOCs Emissions in Tameside

Figure 4.53 CO₂ Emissions in Tameside

Figure 4.54 PM₁₀ Emissions in Tameside

### Table 4.30

#### 2010 Total Emissions in Trafford from all sources

| Pollutant | Roads² | Rail | Air | Other¹ | Part A’s | Part B’s | Boilers | Petrol Stations | Combustion | Bus Stations | Total | |-----------|--------|------|-----|--------|---------|---------|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|-------| | | t/yr | % | t/yr| % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | | VOCs | 230 | 8.4 | 1 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 2059 | 75.0 | 185 | 6.7 | 98 | | CO | 2966 | 83.5 | 3 | 0.1 | 18 | 0.5 | 245 | 6.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 69 | | CO₂ as C | 78368 | 9.0 | 1331| 0.2 | 1921 | 0.2 | 565403 | 65.1 | 11 | 0.0 | 69031 | | NOₓ | 992 | 64.4 | 12 | 0.8 | 11 | 0.7 | 106 | 6.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | | SO₂ | 1 | 2.5 | 2 | 3.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 37 | 73.2 | 0 | 0.6 | 0 | | Benzene | 0.03 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 36.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | | PM₁₀ | 119 | 59.9 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 2 | 1.2 | 60 | 30.2 | 5 | 2.4 | 4 | | HG | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | | PB | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | | Methane | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 82 | 60.2 | 54 | 39.8 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 136 |

**Notes**

¹Other includes LULUCF and agricultural combustion.

²The emissions factors no longer have values for benzene under warm running conditions.

The emissions are given in tonnes per year (t/yr)

The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding. Figure 4.55 SO₂ Emissions in Trafford

Figure 4.56 NOₓ Emissions in Trafford

Figure 4.57 CO Emissions in Trafford

Figure 4.58 VOCs Emissions in Trafford

Figure 4.59 CO₂ Emissions in Trafford

Figure 4.60 PM₁₀ Emissions in Trafford

### Table 4.31

#### 2010 Total Emissions in Wigan from all sources

| Pollutant | Roads | Rail | Air | Other | Part A’s | Part B’s | Boilers | Petrol Stations | Combustion | Bus Stations | Total | |-----------|-------|------|-----|-------|---------|---------|---------|----------------|------------|-------------|-------| | | t/yr | % | t/yr| % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | % | t/yr | | VOCs | 279 | 7.1 | 3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 2254 | 57.0 | 12 | 0.3 | 1253 | | CO | 3484 | 78.5 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 191 | 4.3 | 9 | 0.2 | 28 | | CO₂ as C | 110778| 35.5 | 3852| 1.2 | 1824 | 0.6 | 12929 | 4.1 | 7873 | 2.5 | 27856 | | NOₓ | 1457 | 72.5 | 36 | 1.8 | 2 | 0.1 | 153 | 7.6 | 1 | 0.1 | 12 | | SO₂ | 2 | 0.8 | 5 | 2.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 63 | 28.2 | 50 | 22.3 | 26 | | Benzene | 0.04 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 32.6 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.11 | 2.1 | 0 | | PM₁₀ | 166 | 79.7 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 1.3 | 13 | 6.4 | 4 | | HG | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.01 | 99.5 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | PB | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.01 | 90.5 | 0.00 | 2.4 | 0.00 | 7.1 | 0.0 | | Methane | 160 | 65.0 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 10 | 4.1 | 73 | 29.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |

**Notes**

1. Other includes LULUCF and agricultural combustion.
2. The emissions factors no longer have values for benzene under warm running conditions.

The emissions are given in tonnes per year (t/yr) The sum of the rows may not equal the total due to rounding. Figure 4.61 SO₂ Emissions in Wigan

Figure 4.62 NOₓ Emissions in Wigan

Figure 4.63 CO Emissions in Wigan

Figure 4.64 VOCs Emissions in Wigan

Figure 4.65 CO₂ Emissions in Wigan

Figure 4.66 PM₁₀ Emissions in Wigan 5. References

01. Greater Manchester Saturn Model 2010 – Local Model Validation Report GMTU Report 1680, December 2011

02. GMCOUNTS User Guide Version 4.0 GMTU, January 2003

03. Producing Traffic Flows for EMIGMA using SATURN – A Guide GMTU Note 426, June 2007

04. Production Of the CONSTAD Traffic Count Factors GMTU Note 301, May 1995

05. GMTimes User Guide GMTU, January 2003

06. The Greater Manchester Emissions Inventory 2005 Update GMTU Report 1331, July 2007

07. UK Fleet Projections 1996-2025 http://naei.defra.gov.uk/resources/3_9_328_136268_rtp_fleet_projection_base2011_final.xlsx

08. Transport Statistics Great Britain 2008 Edition http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/tsgb

09. Transport Statistics Greater Manchester 2010 GMTU Report 1654, September 2011

10. Speed Emission Factor Coefficients www.naei.org.uk/other/vehicle_emissions_v8.xls

11. Modelling Minor Road Traffic Flows Using SATURN and the Integrated Transport Network GMTU Report 1300, April 2007

12. UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990 to 2005. Annual Report for submission under the Framework Convention on Climate Change. http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/reports/cat07/0704261626_ukghgi-90-05_main_chapters_final.pdf

13. Modelling Cold Starts Emissions Using SATURN GMTU Note 431, August 2007

14. National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory http://naei.defra.gov.uk/data/data-selector

15. Estimates of non gas, non electricity and non road transport fuels at regional and local authority level: 2005, 2006 and 2007 http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/energy_stats/regional/other/other.as px

16. EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2006 http://reports.eea.europa.eu/EMEPCORINAIR4/en/page002.html

17. Middle Layer Super Output Area and Lower Layer Super Output Area electricity and gas estimates https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-energy-climate-change/series/mlsoa-and-ilsoa-electricity-and-gas-estimates

18. Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2011 https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-energy-climate-change/series/digest-of-uk-energy-statistics-dukes

19. Royal Haskoning, November 2006, EMIGMA Industrial Air Pollutant Emissions Sources Emission Factor Handbook, Greater Manchester Transportation Unit

20. Royal Haskoning, November 2006, EMIGMA industrial emissions (point source) database, update on 2004 inventory

21. Federal Office of Civil Aviation FOCA http://www.bazl.admin.ch/fachleute/01169/01174/index.html?lang=en

22. Rail Emission Model AEA Technology, November 2001 http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/rail/researchtech/research/railemissionmodel.pdf

23. Land use, land-use change, and forestry United Nations Climate Change Secretariat glossary. http://unfccc.int/essential_background/glossary/items/3666.php#L

24. Local and regional CO₂ emissions estimates for 2005-2011 http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/11/stats/climate-change/6223-local-and-regional-co2-emissions-estimates-for-200.xls

25. Local Authority CO2 emissions estimates 2009: Methodology summary http://www.decc.gov.uk/media/viewfile.ashx?filepath=11/stats/climate-change/2755-local-and-regional-co2-emissions-ests.pdf&filetype=4&minwidth=true

26. Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2012 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/digest-of-united-kingdom-energy-statistics-dukes-2012-printed-version-excluding-cover-pages Appendices Appendix 1 Maps of emissions from all sources The following figures show maps of emissions from all sources, road transport and electricity generation at point of use.

Figure A1.1 Total emissions of NO\\textsubscript{X} in 2010 Figure A1.2 Total emissions of CO\\textsubscript{2} in 2010 Figure A1.3 Total emissions of SO\\textsubscript{2} in 2010 Figure A1.4 Total emissions of VOCs in 2010 Figure A1.5 Total emissions of PM\\textsubscript{10} in 2010 Figure A1.6 Total emissions of CO in 2010 Figure A1.7 Total emissions of Benzene in 2010 Figure A1.8 Emissions of NO\\textsubscript{X} in 2010 from road transport Figure A1.9 Emissions of CO\\textsubscript{2} in 2010 from road transport Figure A1.10 Emissions of VOCs in 2010 from road transport Figure A1.11 Emissions of PM\\textsubscript{10} in 2010 from road transport Figure A1.12 Emissions of CO in 2010 from road transport Figure A1.13 Emissions of CO\\textsubscript{2} in 2010 from electricity generation at point of use Total emissions of NOx in 2010

| Tonnes/sq km/yr of NOx | Key | |------------------------|-----| | 100 and above | 'A' class roads | | 50 to 100 | Motorways | | 30 to 50 | Emigma grid boundary | | 20 to 30 | District boundary | | 5 to 20 | | | 0 to 5 | |

© Crown copyright and database rights 2013 Ordnance Survey 100022610. Use of this data is subject to terms and conditions: You are granted a non-exclusive, royalty free, revocable licence solely to view the Licensed Data for non-commercial purposes for the period during which Transport for Greater Manchester makes it available; you are not permitted to copy, sub-license, distribute, sell or otherwise make available the Licensed Data to third parties in any form; and third party rights to enforce the terms of this licence shall be reserved to Ordnance Survey. Total emissions of CO2 in 2010

| Tonnes/sq km/yr of CO2 | Key | |------------------------|-----| | 25000 and above | 'A' class roads | | 10000 to 25000 | Motorways | | 5000 to 10000 | Emigma grid boundary | | 2500 to 5000 | District boundary | | 1000 to 2500 | | | 0 to 1000 | |

© Crown copyright and database rights 2013 Ordnance Survey 100022610. Use of this data is subject to terms and conditions: You are granted a non-exclusive, royalty free, revocable licence solely to view the Licensed Data for non-commercial purposes for the period during which Transport for Greater Manchester makes it available; you are not permitted to copy, sub-license, distribute, sell or otherwise make available the Licensed Data to third parties in any form; and third party rights to enforce the terms of this licence shall be reserved to Ordnance Survey. Total emissions of SO2 in 2010

| Tonnes/sq km/yr of SO2 | Key | |------------------------|-----| | 10 and above | 'A' class roads | | 2.5 to 10 | Motorways | | 1 to 2.5 | Emigma grid boundary | | 0.6 to 1 | District boundary | | 0.4 to 0.6 | | | 0 to 0.4 | |

© Crown copyright and database rights 2013 Ordnance Survey 100022610. Use of this data is subject to terms and conditions: You are granted a non-exclusive, royalty free, revocable licence solely to view the Licensed Data for non-commercial purposes for the period during which Transport for Greater Manchester makes it available; you are not permitted to copy, sub-license, distribute, sell or otherwise make available the Licensed Data to third parties in any form; and third party rights to enforce the terms of this licence shall be reserved to Ordnance Survey. Total emissions of VOCs in 2010

| Tonnes/sq km/yr of VOCs | Key | |-------------------------|-----| | 100 and above | 'A' class roads | | 50 to 100 | Motorways | | 30 to 50 | Emigma grid boundary | | 20 to 30 | District boundary | | 10 to 20 | | | 0 to 10 | |

© Crown copyright and database rights 2013 Ordnance Survey 100022610. Use of this data is subject to terms and conditions: You are granted a non-exclusive, royalty free, revocable licence solely to view the Licensed Data for non-commercial purposes for the period during which Transport for Greater Manchester makes it available; you are not permitted to copy, sub-license, distribute, sell or otherwise make available the Licensed Data to third parties in any form; and third party rights to enforce the terms of this licence shall be reserved to Ordnance Survey. Total emissions of PM10 in 2010

| Tonnes/sq km/yr of PM10 | Key | |-------------------------|-----| | 10 and above | 'A' class roads | | 5 to 10 | Motorways | | 3 to 5 | Emigma grid boundary | | 2 to 3 | District boundary | | 1 to 2 | | | 0 to 1 | |

© Crown copyright and database rights 2013 Ordnance Survey 100022610. Use of this data is subject to terms and conditions: You are granted a non-exclusive, royalty free, revocable licence solely to view the Licensed Data for non-commercial purposes for the period during which Transport for Greater Manchester makes it available; you are not permitted to copy, sub-license, distribute, sell or otherwise make available the Licensed Data to third parties in any form; and third party rights to enforce the terms of this licence shall be reserved to Ordnance Survey. Total emissions of CO in 2010

| Tonnes/sq km/yr of CO | Key | |-----------------------|-----| | 100 and above | 'A' class roads | | 80 to 100 | Motorways | | 60 to 80 | Emigma grid boundary | | 40 to 60 | District boundary | | 20 to 40 | | | 0 to 20 | |

© Crown copyright and database rights 2013 Ordnance Survey 100022610. Use of this data is subject to terms and conditions: You are granted a non-exclusive, royalty free, revocable licence solely to view the Licensed Data for non-commercial purposes for the period during which Transport for Greater Manchester makes it available; you are not permitted to copy, sub-license, distribute, sell or otherwise make available the Licensed Data to third parties in any form; and third party rights to enforce the terms of this licence shall be reserved to Ordnance Survey. Total emissions of Benzene in 2010

- 0.5 and above
- 0.12 to 0.43
- 0.05 to 0.12
- 0.02 to 0.05
- 0.01 to 0.02
- 0 to 0.01

Key

- 'A' class roads
- Motorways
- Emigma grid boundary
- District boundary

© Crown copyright and database rights 2013 Ordnance Survey 100022610. Use of this data is subject to terms and conditions: You are granted a non-exclusive, royalty free, revocable licence solely to view the Licensed Data for non-commercial purposes for the period during which Transport for Greater Manchester makes it available; you are not permitted to copy, sub-license, distribute, sell or otherwise make available the Licensed Data to third parties in any form; and third party rights to enforce the terms of this licence shall be reserved to Ordnance Survey. Emissions of NOx in 2010 from road transport

| Tonnes/sq km/yr of NOx | 'A' class roads | Motorways | Emigma grid boundary | District boundary | |------------------------|-----------------|-----------|----------------------|------------------| | 50 and above | | | | | | 30 to 50 | | | | | | 20 to 30 | | | | | | 10 to 20 | | | | | | 5 to 10 | | | | | | 0 to 5 | | | | |

Key

© Crown copyright and database rights 2013 Ordnance Survey 100022610. Use of this data is subject to terms and conditions: You are granted a non-exclusive, royalty free, revocable licence solely to view the Licensed Data for non-commercial purposes for the period during which Transport for Greater Manchester makes it available; you are not permitted to copy, sub-license, distribute, sell or otherwise make available the Licensed Data to third parties in any form; and third party rights to enforce the terms of this licence shall be reserved to Ordnance Survey. Emissions of CO2 in 2010 from road transport

Tonnes/sq km/yr of CO2

- 5000 and above
- 2500 to 5000
- 1000 to 2500
- 500 to 1000
- 250 to 500
- 0 to 250

Key

- 'A' class roads
- Motorways
- Emigma grid boundary
- District boundary

© Crown copyright and database rights 2013 Ordnance Survey 100022610. Use of this data is subject to terms and conditions: You are granted a non-exclusive, royalty free, revocable licence solely to view the Licensed Data for non-commercial purposes for the period during which Transport for Greater Manchester makes it available; you are not permitted to copy, sub-license, distribute, sell or otherwise make available the Licensed Data to third parties in any form; and third party rights to enforce the terms of this licence shall be reserved to Ordnance Survey. Emissions of VOCs in 2010 from road transport

| Tonnes/sq km/yr of VOCs | 'A' class roads | Motorways | Emigma grid boundary | District boundary | |-------------------------|-----------------|-----------|----------------------|------------------| | 10 and above | | | | | | 5 to 10 | | | | | | 2.5 to 5 | | | | | | 1 to 2.5 | | | | | | 0.5 to 1 | | | | | | 0 to 0.5 | | | | |

Key

© Crown copyright and database rights 2013 Ordnance Survey 100022610. Use of this data is subject to terms and conditions: You are granted a non-exclusive, royalty free, revocable licence solely to view the Licensed Data for non-commercial purposes for the period during which Transport for Greater Manchester makes it available; you are not permitted to copy, sub-license, distribute, sell or otherwise make available the Licensed Data to third parties in any form; and third party rights to enforce the terms of this licence shall be reserved to Ordnance Survey. Emissions of PM10 in 2010 from road transport

| Tonnes/sq km/yr of PM10 | 'A' class roads | Motorways | Emigma grid boundary | District boundary | |-------------------------|-----------------|-----------|----------------------|------------------| | 5 and above | | | | | | 3 to 5 | | | | | | 2 to 3 | | | | | | 1 to 2 | | | | | | 0.5 to 1 | | | | | | 0 to 0.5 | | | | |

Key

© Crown copyright and database rights 2013 Ordnance Survey 100022610. Use of this data is subject to terms and conditions: You are granted a non-exclusive, royalty free, revocable licence solely to view the Licensed Data for non-commercial purposes for the period during which Transport for Greater Manchester makes it available; you are not permitted to copy, sub-license, distribute, sell or otherwise make available the Licensed Data to third parties in any form; and third party rights to enforce the terms of this licence shall be reserved to Ordnance Survey. Emissions of CO in 2010 from road transport

Key

- 'A' class roads
- Motorways
- Emigma grid boundary
- District boundary

Tonnes/sq km/yr of CO

- 100 and above
- 80 to 100
- 60 to 80
- 40 to 60
- 20 to 40
- 0 to 20

© Crown copyright and database rights 2013 Ordnance Survey 100022610. Use of this data is subject to terms and conditions: You are granted a non-exclusive, royalty free, revocable licence solely to view the Licensed Data for non-commercial purposes for the period during which Transport for Greater Manchester makes it available; you are not permitted to copy, sub-license, distribute, sell or otherwise make available the Licensed Data to third parties in any form; and third party rights to enforce the terms of this licence shall be reserved to Ordnance Survey. Emissions of CO2 in 2010 from electricity generation at point of use

Tonnes/sq km/yr of CO2

- 5000 and above
- 2500 to 5000
- 1500 to 2500
- 500 to 1500
- 100 to 500
- 0 to 100

Key

- 'A' class roads
- Motorways
- Emigma grid boundary
- District boundary

© Crown copyright and database rights 2013 Ordnance Survey 100022610. Use of this data is subject to terms and conditions: You are granted a non-exclusive, royalty free, revocable licence solely to view the Licensed Data for non-commercial purposes for the period during which Transport for Greater Manchester makes it available; you are not permitted to copy, sub-license, distribute, sell or otherwise make available the Licensed Data to third parties in any form; and third party rights to enforce the terms of this licence shall be reserved to Ordnance Survey. Appendix 2 Emission Factors and Road Traffic Expansion factors

The following tables show the emission factors and road traffic expansion factors used during the update of the road source data.(^1)(^2)

Table A2.1 Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Motor Cycles Table A2.2 Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Petrol Cars Table A2.3 Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Diesel Cars Table A2.4 Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Petrol LGVS Table A2.5 Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Diesel LGVS Table A2.6 Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Rigid HGVS Table A2.7 Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Articulated HGVS Table A2.8 Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Buses Table A2.9 Non-Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Motor Cycles Table A2.10 Non-Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Petrol Cars Table A2.11 Non-Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Diesel Cars Table A2.12 Non-Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Petrol LGVS Table A2.13 Non-Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Diesel LGVS Table A2.14 Non-Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Rigid HGVS Table A2.15 Non-Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Articulated HGVS Table A2.16 Non-Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Buses Table A2.17 Fleet Composition Data Table A2.18 Road Traffic Expansion Factors Table A2.19 Fleet-Weighted Cold Start Emission Factors Table A2.20 Fleet-Weighted Hot Soak Emission Factors

______________________________________________________________________

(^1) The VOCs speed emission factors for cars, LGVs, OGVs and buses include methane.

(^2) The NAEI website does not provide fleet composition data for motorcycles, or speed emission factor coefficients for SO(\_2), although road transport represents only a minor source of UK sulphur emissions. As an alternative, the speed emission factors for motorcycles and SO(\_2) have been estimated using the drive-cycle factors from Reference 11, applying the urban driving factors for speeds up to 60 kph and the motorway factors for speeds greater than 60 kph. Table A2.1

2010 Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Motorcycles (g/km)

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{X} | PM\\textsubscript{10} | CO | VOCs\\textsuperscript{1} | |---------------|-----------------|-----------------|----|-----------------| | 5 | 0.202649 | 0.022723 | 19.824550 | 2.953431 | | 10 | 0.174012 | 0.022723 | 14.741310 | 2.424955 | | 15 | 0.148975 | 0.022723 | 12.101150 | 2.005996 | | 20 | 0.129490 | 0.022723 | 10.375840 | 1.676924 | | 25 | 0.115492 | 0.022723 | 9.196727 | 1.420682 | | 30 | 0.106639 | 0.022723 | 8.397955 | 1.22619 | | 35 | 0.102564 | 0.022723 | 7.879108 | 1.070323 | | 40 | 0.102927 | 0.022723 | 7.570322 | 0.953455 | | 45 | 0.107431 | 0.022723 | 7.420132 | 0.863583 | | 50 | 0.115823 | 0.022723 | 7.390159 | 0.794015 | | 55 | 0.127895 | 0.022723 | 7.452274 | 0.739633 | | 60 | 0.143474 | 0.022723 | 7.568000 | 0.696727 | | 65 | 0.162421 | 0.022723 | 7.781190 | 0.662830 | | 70 | 0.184625 | 0.022723 | 8.028942 | 0.636549 | | 75 | 0.209995 | 0.022723 | 8.326649 | 0.617399 | | 80 | 0.238456 | 0.022723 | 8.683110 | 0.605639 | | 85 | 0.269943 | 0.022723 | 9.098491 | 0.602104 | | 90 | 0.304390 | 0.022723 | 9.583509 | 0.608039 | | 95 | 0.341733 | 0.022723 | 10.148630 | 0.624934 | | 100 | 0.381894 | 0.022723 | 10.805280 | 0.654353 | | 105 | 0.424783 | 0.022723 | 11.565070 | 0.697774 | | 110 | 0.470284 | 0.022723 | 12.439010 | 0.756420 | | 115 | 0.518257 | 0.022723 | 13.436730 | 0.831091 |

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{2} | CO\\textsubscript{2} as C | SO\\textsubscript{2}\\textsuperscript{2} | |---------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------| | 5 | 0.008110 | 86.8457 | 0.00043 | | 10 | 0.006960 | 72.0855 | 0.00043 | | 15 | 0.005960 | 60.7511 | 0.00043 | | 20 | 0.005180 | 52.2034 | 0.00043 | | 25 | 0.004620 | 45.8897 | 0.00043 | | 30 | 0.004270 | 41.3372 | 0.00043 | | 35 | 0.004100 | 38.1477 | 0.00043 | | 40 | 0.004120 | 35.9912 | 0.00043 | | 45 | 0.004300 | 34.5999 | 0.00043 | | 50 | 0.004630 | 33.7631 | 0.00043 | | 55 | 0.005120 | 33.3202 | 0.00043 | | 60 | 0.005740 | 33.1556 | 0.00043 | | 65 | 0.006500 | 33.1925 | 0.00059 | | 70 | 0.007390 | 33.3869 | 0.00059 | | 75 | 0.008400 | 33.7219 | 0.00059 | | 80 | 0.009540 | 34.2016 | 0.00059 | | 85 | 0.010800 | 34.8454 | 0.00059 | | 90 | 0.012180 | 35.6819 | 0.00059 | | 95 | 0.013670 | 36.7429 | 0.00059 | | 100 | 0.015280 | 38.0588 | 0.00059 | | 105 | 0.016990 | 39.6488 | 0.00059 | | 110 | 0.018810 | 41.5196 | 0.00059 | | 115 | 0.020730 | 43.6589 | 0.00059 |

### Table A2.2

#### 2010 Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Petrol Cars (g/km)

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{X} | PM\\textsubscript{10} | CO | VOCs\\textsuperscript{1} | |---------------|---------------------|---------------------|----|------------------------| | 5 | 0.289336 | 0.068736 | 8.563249 | 0.902668 | | 10 | 0.242448 | 0.065840 | 4.244569 | 0.444498 | | 15 | 0.233512 | 0.064908 | 2.818607 | 0.293212 | | 20 | 0.224186 | 0.064475 | 2.114763 | 0.218634 | | 25 | 0.213676 | 0.064246 | 1.700967 | 0.174714 | | 30 | 0.204430 | 0.064125 | 1.434480 | 0.146097 | | 35 | 0.196840 | 0.064068 | 1.254930 | 0.126201 | | 40 | 0.191100 | 0.064056 | 1.132621 | 0.111737 | | 45 | 0.187187 | 0.064076 | 1.051349 | 0.100881 | | 50 | 0.184918 | 0.064123 | 1.001567 | 0.092544 | | 55 | 0.184045 | 0.064193 | 0.977321 | 0.086037 | | 60 | 0.184323 | 0.064285 | 0.974744 | 0.080907 | | 65 | 0.186185 | 0.064396 | 0.991287 | 0.076846 | | 70 | 0.189795 | 0.064528 | 1.025302 | 0.073637 | | 75 | 0.194124 | 0.064681 | 1.075819 | 0.071126 | | 80 | 0.199144 | 0.064856 | 1.142438 | 0.069201 | | 85 | 0.204865 | 0.065056 | 1.225277 | 0.067777 | | 90 | 0.211332 | 0.065281 | 1.324965 | 0.066791 | | 95 | 0.218624 | 0.065534 | 1.442656 | 0.066191 | | 100 | 0.226865 | 0.065818 | 1.580062 | 0.065936 | | 105 | 0.236225 | 0.066137 | 1.739490 | 0.065990 | | 110 | 0.246934 | 0.066492 | 1.923900 | 0.066318 | | 115 | 0.259287 | 0.066888 | 2.136951 | 0.066887 |

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{2} | CO\\textsubscript{2} as C | SO\\textsubscript{2}\\textsuperscript{2} | |---------------|---------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------| | 5 | 0.010726 | 168.062192 | 0.000722 | | 10 | 0.008890 | 97.604491 | 0.000722 | | 15 | 0.008572 | 74.102024 | 0.000722 | | 20 | 0.008239 | 62.396062 | 0.000722 | | 25 | 0.007866 | 55.454858 | 0.000722 | | 30 | 0.007541 | 50.934497 | 0.000722 | | 35 | 0.007281 | 47.830444 | 0.000722 | | 40 | 0.007093 | 45.640431 | 0.000722 | | 45 | 0.006976 | 44.085421 | 0.000722 | | 50 | 0.006922 | 42.997990 | 0.000722 | | 55 | 0.006923 | 42.271598 | 0.000722 | | 60 | 0.006968 | 41.835217 | 0.000722 | | 65 | 0.007071 | 41.639673 | 0.000673 | | 70 | 0.007237 | 41.649844 | 0.000673 | | 75 | 0.007431 | 41.839971 | 0.000673 | | 80 | 0.007650 | 42.190737 | 0.000673 | | 85 | 0.007894 | 42.687369 | 0.000673 | | 90 | 0.008165 | 43.318377 | 0.000673 | | 95 | 0.008465 | 44.074691 | 0.000673 | | 100 | 0.008797 | 44.949054 | 0.000673 | | 105 | 0.009166 | 45.935591 | 0.000673 | | 110 | 0.009580 | 47.029496 | 0.000673 | | 115 | 0.010047 | 48.226799 | 0.000673 | Table A2.3

2010 Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Diesel Cars (g/km)

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{X} | PM\\textsubscript{10} | CO | VOCs\\textsuperscript{1} | |---------------|----------------|----------------|----|-----------------| | 5 | 1.900327 | 0.127480 | 0.836106 | 0.188120 | | 10 | 1.026703 | 0.100322 | 0.418250 | 0.099552 | | 15 | 0.899070 | 0.091646 | 0.278873 | 0.069988 | | 20 | 0.807259 | 0.087555 | 0.209108 | 0.055175 | | 25 | 0.736019 | 0.085287 | 0.167181 | 0.046262 | | 30 | 0.678674 | 0.083933 | 0.139169 | 0.040299 | | 35 | 0.631835 | 0.083107 | 0.119103 | 0.036022 | | 40 | 0.593606 | 0.082624 | 0.104000 | 0.032798 | | 45 | 0.562850 | 0.082381 | 0.092202 | 0.030277 | | 50 | 0.538855 | 0.082319 | 0.082716 | 0.028248 | | 55 | 0.521164 | 0.082400 | 0.074908 | 0.026576 | | 60 | 0.509481 | 0.082601 | 0.068358 | 0.025173 | | 65 | 0.503629 | 0.082905 | 0.062772 | 0.023976 | | 70 | 0.503512 | 0.083302 | 0.057942 | 0.022941 | | 75 | 0.509109 | 0.083784 | 0.053717 | 0.022035 | | 80 | 0.520467 | 0.084348 | 0.049981 | 0.021235 | | 85 | 0.537708 | 0.084992 | 0.046646 | 0.020522 | | 90 | 0.561045 | 0.085719 | 0.043645 | 0.019881 | | 95 | 0.590814 | 0.086532 | 0.040924 | 0.019301 | | 100 | 0.627536 | 0.087441 | 0.038441 | 0.018772 | | 105 | 0.672017 | 0.088456 | 0.036160 | 0.018288 | | 110 | 0.725555 | 0.089593 | 0.034053 | 0.017843 | | 115 | 0.790349 | 0.090870 | 0.032098 | 0.017430 |

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{2} | CO\\textsubscript{2} as C | SO\\textsubscript{2}\\textsuperscript{2} | |---------------|----------------|----------------|----------------| | 5 | 0.749046 | 113.559234 | 0.000752 | | 10 | 0.406028 | 76.260245 | 0.000752 | | 15 | 0.361516 | 62.743814 | 0.000752 | | 20 | 0.326828 | 55.298449 | 0.000752 | | 25 | 0.298283 | 50.381850 | 0.000752 | | 30 | 0.274291 | 46.813250 | 0.000752 | | 35 | 0.254055 | 44.086609 | 0.000752 | | 40 | 0.237134 | 41.948903 | 0.000752 | | 45 | 0.223266 | 40.259566 | 0.000752 | | 50 | 0.212286 | 38.934257 | 0.000752 | | 55 | 0.204091 | 37.919305 | 0.000752 | | 60 | 0.198614 | 37.178929 | 0.000752 | | 65 | 0.195815 | 36.688358 | 0.000678 | | 70 | 0.195675 | 36.429898 | 0.000678 | | 75 | 0.198190 | 36.390574 | 0.000678 | | 80 | 0.203373 | 36.560653 | 0.000678 | | 85 | 0.211257 | 36.932695 | 0.000678 | | 90 | 0.221893 | 37.500911 | 0.000678 | | 95 | 0.235368 | 38.260732 | 0.000678 | | 100 | 0.251810 | 39.208502 | 0.000678 | | 105 | 0.271423 | 40.341261 | 0.000678 | | 110 | 0.294535 | 41.656589 | 0.000678 | | 115 | 0.321709 | 43.152485 | 0.000678 |

### Table A2.4

#### 2010 Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Petrol LGVs (g/km)

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{x} | PM\\textsubscript{10} | CO | VOCs\\textsuperscript{1} | |---------------|---------------------|---------------------|----|------------------------| | 5 | 1.020082 | 0.076850 | 43.602661 | 2.152068 | | 10 | 0.576121 | 0.073894 | 21.046869 | 1.138742 | | 15 | 0.575714 | 0.072939 | 13.666799 | 0.802718 | | 20 | 0.575934 | 0.072493 | 10.080402 | 0.635529 | | 25 | 0.574545 | 0.072256 | 8.011714 | 0.535717 | | 30 | 0.575080 | 0.072129 | 6.702396 | 0.469603 | | 35 | 0.577474 | 0.072068 | 5.827675 | 0.422835 | | 40 | 0.581652 | 0.072052 | 5.225337 | 0.388282 | | 45 | 0.587525 | 0.072070 | 4.805397 | 0.362007 | | 50 | 0.594994 | 0.072115 | 4.513974 | 0.341658 | | 55 | 0.603955 | 0.072184 | 4.316874 | 0.325747 | | 60 | 0.614306 | 0.072275 | 4.191388 | 0.313289 | | 65 | 0.627246 | 0.072386 | 4.121878 | 0.303619 | | 70 | 0.643389 | 0.072519 | 4.097259 | 0.296282 | | 75 | 0.660786 | 0.072674 | 4.109497 | 0.290981 | | 80 | 0.679437 | 0.072853 | 4.152664 | 0.287542 | | 85 | 0.699340 | 0.073057 | 4.222340 | 0.285894 | | 90 | 0.720501 | 0.073289 | 4.315210 | 0.286067 | | 95 | 0.742922 | 0.073553 | 4.428795 | 0.288180 | | 100 | 0.766612 | 0.073850 | 4.561267 | 0.292451 | | 105 | 0.791582 | 0.074095 | 4.655611 | 0.299600 | | 110 | 0.817845 | 0.074371 | 4.761854 | 0.309449 | | 115 | 0.831462 | 0.074680 | 4.879370 | 0.322479 |

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{2} | CO\\textsubscript{2} as C | SO\\textsubscript{2}\\textsuperscript{2} | |---------------|---------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------| | 5 | 0.039712 | 267.209210 | 0.000934 | | 10 | 0.022411 | 144.391649 | 0.000934 | | 15 | 0.022432 | 104.096106 | 0.000934 | | 20 | 0.022478 | 84.457535 | 0.000934 | | 25 | 0.022469 | 73.108254 | 0.000934 | | 30 | 0.022532 | 65.930287 | 0.000934 | | 35 | 0.022664 | 61.162847 | 0.000934 | | 40 | 0.022862 | 57.929201 | 0.000934 | | 45 | 0.023124 | 55.745629 | 0.000934 | | 50 | 0.023446 | 54.325005 | 0.000934 | | 55 | 0.023824 | 53.487521 | 0.000934 | | 60 | 0.024254 | 53.116037 | 0.000934 | | 65 | 0.024779 | 53.132057 | 0.000947 | | 70 | 0.025422 | 53.481980 | 0.000947 | | 75 | 0.026112 | 54.128869 | 0.000947 | | 80 | 0.026850 | 55.047295 | 0.000947 | | 85 | 0.027634 | 56.220005 | 0.000947 | | 90 | 0.028466 | 57.635704 | 0.000947 | | 95 | 0.029346 | 59.287525 | 0.000947 | | 100 | 0.030273 | 61.171978 | 0.000947 | | 105 | 0.031248 | 62.908477 | 0.000947 | | 110 | 0.032272 | 64.832499 | 0.000947 | | 115 | 0.032786 | 66.947141 | 0.000947 |

### Table A2.5

#### 2010 Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Diesel LGVs (g/km)

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{X} | PM\\textsubscript{10} | CO | VOCs\\textsuperscript{1} | |---------------|---------------------|---------------------|----|------------------------| | 5 | 2.340887 | 0.246635 | 2.125479 | 0.420903 | | 10 | 1.290486 | 0.162240 | 1.066012 | 0.209164 | | 15 | 1.190722 | 0.134588 | 0.717006 | 0.139148 | | 20 | 1.101745 | 0.121097 | 0.545616 | 0.104565 | | 25 | 1.022614 | 0.113284 | 0.445271 | 0.084158 | | 30 | 0.952915 | 0.108346 | 0.380450 | 0.070843 | | 35 | 0.892441 | 0.105096 | 0.335928 | 0.061582 | | 40 | 0.841073 | 0.102953 | 0.304092 | 0.054858 | | 45 | 0.798741 | 0.101601 | 0.280714 | 0.049828 | | 50 | 0.765402 | 0.100859 | 0.263257 | 0.045987 | | 55 | 0.741027 | 0.100621 | 0.250105 | 0.043013 | | 60 | 0.725999 | 0.100825 | 0.240183 | 0.040691 | | 65 | 0.719105 | 0.101440 | 0.232745 | 0.038874 | | 70 | 0.721540 | 0.102458 | 0.227259 | 0.037457 | | 75 | 0.732904 | 0.103888 | 0.223334 | 0.036362 | | 80 | 0.753198 | 0.105759 | 0.220678 | 0.035531 | | 85 | 0.782430 | 0.108113 | 0.219067 | 0.034920 | | 90 | 0.820614 | 0.111013 | 0.218326 | 0.034495 | | 95 | 0.867770 | 0.114537 | 0.218319 | 0.034230 | | 100 | 0.923930 | 0.118781 | 0.218935 | 0.034102 | | 105 | 0.989145 | 0.123862 | 0.220885 | 0.034096 | | 110 | 1.063493 | 0.129919 | 0.221696 | 0.034196 | | 115 | 1.067494 | 0.137113 | 0.223708 | 0.034392 |

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{2} | CO\\textsubscript{2} as C | SO\\textsubscript{2}\\textsuperscript{2} | |---------------|---------------------|--------------------------|------------------------| | 5 | 0.952297 | 225.105062 | 0.000937 | | 10 | 0.525243 | 122.554511 | 0.000937 | | 15 | 0.485183 | 88.957791 | 0.000937 | | 20 | 0.449215 | 72.707153 | 0.000937 | | 25 | 0.417113 | 63.478947 | 0.000937 | | 30 | 0.388778 | 57.832441 | 0.000937 | | 35 | 0.364161 | 54.295369 | 0.000937 | | 40 | 0.343234 | 52.135318 | 0.000937 | | 45 | 0.325982 | 50.950189 | 0.000937 | | 50 | 0.312394 | 50.504382 | 0.000937 | | 55 | 0.302464 | 50.654337 | 0.000937 | | 60 | 0.296188 | 51.311300 | 0.000937 | | 65 | 0.293562 | 52.421275 | 0.001292 | | 70 | 0.294587 | 53.953574 | 0.001292 | | 75 | 0.299262 | 55.893937 | 0.001292 | | 80 | 0.307588 | 58.240241 | 0.001292 | | 85 | 0.319566 | 60.999718 | 0.001292 | | 90 | 0.335200 | 64.187101 | 0.001292 | | 95 | 0.354495 | 67.823359 | 0.001292 | | 100 | 0.377459 | 71.934808 | 0.001292 | | 105 | 0.404105 | 76.552475 | 0.001292 | | 110 | 0.434453 | 81.711643 | 0.001292 | | 115 | 0.436131 | 87.451500 | 0.001292 | Table A2.6

2010 Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Rigid HGVs (g/km)

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{X} | PM\\textsubscript{10} | CO | VOCs\\textsuperscript{1} | |---------------|---------------------|---------------------|-----|------------------------| | 5 | 15.172736 | 0.412129 | 3.464281 | 0.794969 | | 10 | 9.776897 | 0.340210 | 2.539315 | 0.585001 | | 15 | 8.505249 | 0.291502 | 1.953023 | 0.440051 | | 20 | 7.096489 | 0.260059 | 1.587641 | 0.347328 | | 25 | 6.171630 | 0.237768 | 1.31694 | 0.283202 | | 30 | 5.520664 | 0.221394 | 1.144137 | 0.237498 | | 35 | 5.042433 | 0.209219 | 1.004729 | 0.204469 | | 40 | 4.681165 | 0.200177 | 0.901529 | 0.180450 | | 45 | 4.403059 | 0.193557 | 0.826631 | 0.163002 | | 50 | 4.186097 | 0.188868 | 0.774387 | 0.150496 | | 55 | 4.015074 | 0.185758 | 0.740502 | 0.141861 | | 60 | 3.878966 | 0.183974 | 0.721541 | 0.136405 | | 65 | 3.769441 | 0.183314 | 0.714584 | 0.133657 | | 70 | 3.679971 | 0.183604 | 0.716970 | 0.133235 | | 75 | 3.605278 | 0.184664 | 0.726096 | 0.134712 | | 80 | 3.540973 | 0.186283 | 0.739236 | 0.137498 | | 85 | 3.483323 | 0.188192 | 0.753374 | 0.140713 | | 90 | 3.472299 | 0.190041 | 0.765052 | 0.143074 | | 95 | 3.472299 | 0.190041 | 0.765052 | 0.143074 | | 100 | 3.472299 | 0.190041 | 0.765052 | 0.143074 | | 105 | 3.472299 | 0.190041 | 0.765052 | 0.143074 | | 110 | 3.472299 | 0.190041 | 0.765052 | 0.143074 | | 115 | 3.472299 | 0.190041 | 0.765052 | 0.143074 |

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{2} | CO\\textsubscript{2} as C | SO\\textsubscript{2}\\textsuperscript{2} | |---------------|---------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------| | 5 | 1.929674 | 427.156400 | 0.004040 | | 10 | 1.241701 | 328.983443 | 0.004040 | | 15 | 1.080513 | 275.894838 | 0.004040 | | 20 | 0.902896 | 244.184813 | 0.004040 | | 25 | 0.787066 | 220.702597 | 0.004040 | | 30 | 0.706071 | 201.841900 | 0.004040 | | 35 | 0.646957 | 186.477513 | 0.004040 | | 40 | 0.602600 | 174.231604 | 0.004040 | | 45 | 0.568693 | 164.924406 | 0.004040 | | 50 | 0.542440 | 158.380219 | 0.004040 | | 55 | 0.521913 | 154.362607 | 0.004040 | | 60 | 0.505713 | 152.563444 | 0.004040 | | 65 | 0.492787 | 152.616799 | 0.003434 | | 70 | 0.482306 | 154.125244 | 0.003434 | | 75 | 0.473601 | 156.692794 | 0.003434 | | 80 | 0.466111 | 159.961570 | 0.003434 | | 85 | 0.459361 | 163.650650 | 0.003434 | | 90 | 0.458062 | 167.596273 | 0.003434 | | 95 | 0.458062 | 167.596273 | 0.003434 | | 100 | 0.458062 | 167.596273 | 0.003434 | | 105 | 0.458062 | 167.596273 | 0.003434 | | 110 | 0.458062 | 167.596273 | 0.003434 | | 115 | 0.458062 | 167.596273 | 0.003434 | Table A2.7

2010 Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Articulated HGVs (g/km)

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{X} | PM\\textsubscript{10} | CO | VOCs\\textsuperscript{1} | |---------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----|-----------------| | 5 | 22.925674 | 0.511677 | 2.868146 | 0.852177 | | 10 | 15.099933 | 0.404763 | 2.108011 | 0.611516 | | 15 | 13.182067 | 0.339015 | 1.613747 | 0.447781 | | 20 | 10.960969 | 0.298888 | 1.302853 | 0.345451 | | 25 | 9.429895 | 0.271008 | 1.085754 | 0.276649 | | 30 | 8.307716 | 0.250538 | 0.928095 | 0.229136 | | 35 | 7.454928 | 0.235164 | 0.812207 | 0.195901 | | 40 | 6.791599 | 0.223579 | 0.727340 | 0.172455 | | 45 | 6.266920 | 0.214964 | 0.666297 | 0.155824 | | 50 | 5.845891 | 0.208766 | 0.623975 | 0.144062 | | 55 | 5.502787 | 0.204586 | 0.596616 | 0.135942 | | 60 | 5.217665 | 0.202119 | 0.581334 | 0.130735 | | 65 | 4.974356 | 0.201104 | 0.575793 | 0.128015 | | 70 | 4.759255 | 0.201294 | 0.577936 | 0.127488 | | 75 | 4.560554 | 0.202424 | 0.585761 | 0.128832 | | 80 | 4.367739 | 0.204187 | 0.597114 | 0.131534 | | 85 | 4.171248 | 0.206214 | 0.609487 | 0.134739 | | 90 | 4.130720 | 0.208045 | 0.619838 | 0.137095 | | 95 | 4.130720 | 0.208045 | 0.619838 | 0.137095 | | 100 | 4.130720 | 0.208045 | 0.619838 | 0.137095 | | 105 | 4.130720 | 0.208045 | 0.619838 | 0.137095 | | 110 | 4.130720 | 0.208045 | 0.619838 | 0.137095 | | 115 | 4.130720 | 0.208045 | 0.619838 | 0.137095 |

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{2} | CO\\textsubscript{2} as C | SO\\textsubscript{2}\\textsuperscript{2} | |---------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------| | 5 | 2.837611 | 710.088851 | 0.005454 | | 10 | 1.874031 | 531.494555 | 0.005454 | | 15 | 1.642917 | 453.695303 | 0.005454 | | 20 | 1.375419 | 411.447240 | 0.005454 | | 25 | 1.190988 | 377.652735 | 0.005454 | | 30 | 1.055750 | 346.754180 | 0.005454 | | 35 | 0.952947 | 318.411653 | 0.005454 | | 40 | 0.872983 | 293.534828 | 0.005454 | | 45 | 0.809747 | 273.060278 | 0.005454 | | 50 | 0.759015 | 257.552377 | 0.005454 | | 55 | 0.717660 | 247.103718 | 0.005454 | | 60 | 0.683242 | 241.360311 | 0.005454 | | 65 | 0.653767 | 239.604376 | 0.004289 | | 70 | 0.627541 | 240.865937 | 0.004289 | | 75 | 0.603080 | 244.049774 | 0.004289 | | 80 | 0.579053 | 248.071016 | 0.004289 | | 85 | 0.554240 | 251.995811 | 0.004289 | | 90 | 0.549082 | 255.185108 | 0.004289 | | 95 | 0.549082 | 255.185108 | 0.004289 | | 100 | 0.549082 | 255.185108 | 0.004289 | | 105 | 0.549082 | 255.185108 | 0.004289 | | 110 | 0.549082 | 255.185108 | 0.004289 | | 115 | 0.549082 | 255.185108 | 0.004289 | Table A2.8

2010 Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Buses (g/km)

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{x} | PM\\textsubscript{10} | CO | VOCs\\textsuperscript{1} | |---------------|-----------------|-----------------|----|-----------------| | 5 | 22.560696 | 0.476956 | 3.88315 | 1.076287 | | 10 | 14.408233 | 0.378218 | 2.921148 | 0.676062 | | 15 | 11.420293 | 0.322640 | 2.166207 | 0.498813 | | 20 | 9.304952 | 0.289706 | 1.710294 | 0.409770 | | 25 | 7.965020 | 0.266555 | 1.390238 | 0.348672 | | 30 | 7.023882 | 0.249213 | 1.170134 | 0.300815 | | 35 | 6.323386 | 0.236031 | 1.014079 | 0.262435 | | 40 | 5.783351 | 0.226098 | 0.898277 | 0.232435 | | 45 | 5.357465 | 0.218744 | 0.807449 | 0.209992 | | 50 | 5.016236 | 0.213388 | 0.732534 | 0.193899 | | 55 | 4.739372 | 0.209501 | 0.668859 | 0.182558 | | 60 | 4.512003 | 0.206614 | 0.614507 | 0.174240 | | 65 | 4.322638 | 0.204362 | 0.568771 | 0.167463 | | 70 | 4.161994 | 0.202526 | 0.530657 | 0.161432 | | 75 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 | | 80 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 | | 85 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 | | 90 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 | | 95 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 | | 100 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 | | 105 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 | | 110 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 | | 115 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 |

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{2} | CO\\textsubscript{2} as C | SO\\textsubscript{2}\\textsuperscript{2} | |---------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------| | 5 | 2.892043 | 732.078111 | 0.004844 | | 10 | 1.838106 | 474.179046 | 0.004844 | | 15 | 1.449784 | 344.418152 | 0.004844 | | 20 | 1.178996 | 279.240436 | 0.004844 | | 25 | 1.009526 | 240.220732 | 0.004844 | | 30 | 0.891376 | 214.550652 | 0.004844 | | 35 | 0.803745 | 196.740887 | 0.004844 | | 40 | 0.736198 | 184.046782 | 0.004844 | | 45 | 0.682781 | 174.943530 | 0.004844 | | 50 | 0.639754 | 168.516245 | 0.004844 | | 55 | 0.604584 | 164.182728 | 0.004844 | | 60 | 0.575446 | 161.554846 | 0.004844 | | 65 | 0.550957 | 160.363891 | 0.003652 | | 70 | 0.530018 | 160.417930 | 0.003652 | | 75 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 | | 80 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 | | 85 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 | | 90 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 | | 95 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 | | 100 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 | | 105 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 | | 110 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 | | 115 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 |

### Table A2.9

#### 2010 Non-Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Motorcycles (g/km)

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{x} | PM\\textsubscript{10} | CO | VOCs\\textsuperscript{1} | |---------------|-----------------|-----------------|----|-----------------| | 5 | 0.187811 | 0.027148 | 16.334771 | 2.784528 | | 10 | 0.166712 | 0.027148 | 13.474568 | 2.354904 | | 15 | 0.151294 | 0.027148 | 11.666837 | 2.015895 | | 20 | 0.141045 | 0.027148 | 10.462515 | 1.750719 | | 25 | 0.135344 | 0.027148 | 9.633485 | 1.544918 | | 30 | 0.133632 | 0.027148 | 9.100206 | 1.386188 | | 35 | 0.135426 | 0.027148 | 8.791800 | 1.264212 | | 40 | 0.140317 | 0.027148 | 8.655186 | 1.170492 | | 45 | 0.147966 | 0.027148 | 8.650686 | 1.098185 | | 50 | 0.158091 | 0.027148 | 8.749551 | 1.041928 | | 55 | 0.170463 | 0.027148 | 8.932205 | 0.997679 | | 60 | 0.184897 | 0.027148 | 9.166771 | 0.962541 | | 65 | 0.201240 | 0.027148 | 9.507748 | 0.934600 | | 70 | 0.219366 | 0.027148 | 9.894735 | 0.912757 | | 75 | 0.239167 | 0.027148 | 10.351213 | 0.896555 | | 80 | 0.260542 | 0.027148 | 10.883328 | 0.886017 | | 85 | 0.283391 | 0.027148 | 11.498700 | 0.881478 | | 90 | 0.307603 | 0.027148 | 12.205232 | 0.883414 | | 95 | 0.333051 | 0.027148 | 13.09925 | 0.892275 | | 100 | 0.359581 | 0.027148 | 13.917699 | 0.908320 | | 105 | 0.384218 | 0.027148 | 14.791694 | 0.925059 | | 110 | 0.411586 | 0.027148 | 15.807659 | 0.950414 | | 115 | 0.442468 | 0.027148 | 16.979994 | 0.984767 |

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{2} | CO\\textsubscript{2} as C | SO\\textsubscript{2}\\textsuperscript{2} | |---------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------| | 5 | 0.007512 | 60.159449 | 0.000434 | | 10 | 0.006668 | 50.016274 | 0.000434 | | 15 | 0.006052 | 42.340132 | 0.000434 | | 20 | 0.005642 | 36.643187 | 0.000434 | | 25 | 0.005414 | 32.509674 | 0.000434 | | 30 | 0.005345 | 29.590257 | 0.000434 | | 35 | 0.005417 | 27.596382 | 0.000434 | | 40 | 0.005613 | 26.294637 | 0.000434 | | 45 | 0.005919 | 25.501106 | 0.000434 | | 50 | 0.006324 | 25.075725 | 0.000434 | | 55 | 0.006819 | 24.916638 | 0.000434 | | 60 | 0.007396 | 24.954554 | 0.000434 | | 65 | 0.008050 | 25.147102 | 0.000593 | | 70 | 0.008775 | 25.473188 | 0.000593 | | 75 | 0.009567 | 25.927352 | 0.000593 | | 80 | 0.010422 | 26.514120 | 0.000593 | | 85 | 0.011336 | 27.242366 | 0.000593 | | 90 | 0.012304 | 28.119663 | 0.000593 | | 95 | 0.013322 | 29.146641 | 0.000593 | | 100 | 0.014383 | 30.311346 | 0.000593 | | 105 | 0.015369 | 31.501792 | 0.000593 | | 110 | 0.016463 | 32.882498 | 0.000593 | | 115 | 0.017699 | 34.446587 | 0.000593 |

### Table A2.10

#### 2010 Non-Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Petrol Cars (g/km)

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{x} | PM\\textsubscript{10} | CO | VOCs\\textsuperscript{1} | |---------------|---------------------|---------------------|----|------------------------| | 5 | 0.289336 | 0.068736 | 8.563249 | 0.902668 | | 10 | 0.242448 | 0.065840 | 4.244569 | 0.444498 | | 15 | 0.233512 | 0.064908 | 2.818607 | 0.293212 | | 20 | 0.224186 | 0.064475 | 2.114763 | 0.218634 | | 25 | 0.213676 | 0.064246 | 1.700967 | 0.174714 | | 30 | 0.204430 | 0.064125 | 1.434480 | 0.146097 | | 35 | 0.196840 | 0.064068 | 1.254930 | 0.126201 | | 40 | 0.191100 | 0.064056 | 1.132621 | 0.111737 | | 45 | 0.187187 | 0.064076 | 1.051349 | 0.100881 | | 50 | 0.184918 | 0.064123 | 1.001567 | 0.092544 | | 55 | 0.184045 | 0.064193 | 0.977321 | 0.086037 | | 60 | 0.184323 | 0.064285 | 0.974744 | 0.080907 | | 65 | 0.186185 | 0.064396 | 0.991287 | 0.076846 | | 70 | 0.189795 | 0.064528 | 1.025302 | 0.073637 | | 75 | 0.194124 | 0.064681 | 1.075819 | 0.071126 | | 80 | 0.199144 | 0.064856 | 1.142438 | 0.069201 | | 85 | 0.204865 | 0.065056 | 1.225277 | 0.067777 | | 90 | 0.211332 | 0.065281 | 1.324965 | 0.067911 | | 95 | 0.218624 | 0.065534 | 1.442656 | 0.066191 | | 100 | 0.226865 | 0.065818 | 1.580062 | 0.065936 | | 105 | 0.236225 | 0.066137 | 1.739490 | 0.065990 | | 110 | 0.246934 | 0.066492 | 1.923900 | 0.066318 | | 115 | 0.259287 | 0.066888 | 2.136951 | 0.066887 |

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{2} | CO\\textsubscript{2} as C | SO\\textsubscript{2}\\textsuperscript{2} | |---------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------| | 5 | 0.010726 | 168.062192 | 0.000722 | | 10 | 0.008890 | 97.604491 | 0.000722 | | 15 | 0.008572 | 74.102024 | 0.000722 | | 20 | 0.008239 | 62.396062 | 0.000722 | | 25 | 0.007866 | 55.454858 | 0.000722 | | 30 | 0.007541 | 50.934497 | 0.000722 | | 35 | 0.007281 | 47.830444 | 0.000722 | | 40 | 0.007093 | 45.640431 | 0.000722 | | 45 | 0.006976 | 44.085421 | 0.000722 | | 50 | 0.006922 | 42.997990 | 0.000722 | | 55 | 0.006923 | 42.271598 | 0.000722 | | 60 | 0.006968 | 41.835217 | 0.000722 | | 65 | 0.007071 | 41.639673 | 0.000673 | | 70 | 0.007237 | 41.649844 | 0.000673 | | 75 | 0.007431 | 41.839971 | 0.000673 | | 80 | 0.007650 | 42.190737 | 0.000673 | | 85 | 0.007894 | 42.687369 | 0.000673 | | 90 | 0.008165 | 43.318377 | 0.000673 | | 95 | 0.008465 | 44.074691 | 0.000673 | | 100 | 0.008797 | 44.949054 | 0.000673 | | 105 | 0.009166 | 45.935591 | 0.000673 | | 110 | 0.009580 | 47.029496 | 0.000673 | | 115 | 0.010047 | 48.226799 | 0.000673 |

### Table A2.11

#### 2010 Non-Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Diesel Cars (g/km)

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{x} | PM\\textsubscript{10} | CO | VOCs\\textsuperscript{1} | |---------------|-----------------|-----------------|----|-----------------| | 5 | 1.900327 | 0.127480 | 0.836106 | 0.188120 | | 10 | 1.026703 | 0.100322 | 0.418250 | 0.099552 | | 15 | 0.899070 | 0.091646 | 0.278873 | 0.069988 | | 20 | 0.807259 | 0.087555 | 0.209108 | 0.055175 | | 25 | 0.736019 | 0.085287 | 0.167181 | 0.046262 | | 30 | 0.678674 | 0.083933 | 0.139169 | 0.040299 | | 35 | 0.631835 | 0.083107 | 0.119103 | 0.036022 | | 40 | 0.593606 | 0.082624 | 0.104000 | 0.032798 | | 45 | 0.562850 | 0.082381 | 0.092202 | 0.030277 | | 50 | 0.538855 | 0.082319 | 0.082716 | 0.028248 | | 55 | 0.521164 | 0.082400 | 0.074908 | 0.026576 | | 60 | 0.509481 | 0.082601 | 0.068358 | 0.025173 | | 65 | 0.503629 | 0.082905 | 0.062772 | 0.023976 | | 70 | 0.503512 | 0.083302 | 0.057942 | 0.022941 | | 75 | 0.509109 | 0.083784 | 0.053717 | 0.022035 | | 80 | 0.520467 | 0.084348 | 0.049981 | 0.021235 | | 85 | 0.537708 | 0.084992 | 0.046646 | 0.020522 | | 90 | 0.561045 | 0.085719 | 0.043645 | 0.019881 | | 95 | 0.590814 | 0.086532 | 0.040924 | 0.019301 | | 100 | 0.627536 | 0.087441 | 0.038441 | 0.018772 | | 105 | 0.672017 | 0.088456 | 0.036160 | 0.018288 | | 110 | 0.725555 | 0.089593 | 0.034053 | 0.017843 | | 115 | 0.790349 | 0.090870 | 0.032098 | 0.017430 |

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{2} | CO\\textsubscript{2} as C | SO\\textsubscript{2}\\textsuperscript{2} | |---------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------| | 5 | 0.749046 | 113.559234 | 0.000752 | | 10 | 0.406028 | 76.260245 | 0.000752 | | 15 | 0.361516 | 62.743814 | 0.000752 | | 20 | 0.326828 | 55.298449 | 0.000752 | | 25 | 0.298283 | 50.381850 | 0.000752 | | 30 | 0.274291 | 46.813250 | 0.000752 | | 35 | 0.254055 | 44.086609 | 0.000752 | | 40 | 0.237134 | 41.948903 | 0.000752 | | 45 | 0.223266 | 40.259566 | 0.000752 | | 50 | 0.212286 | 38.934257 | 0.000752 | | 55 | 0.204091 | 37.919305 | 0.000752 | | 60 | 0.198614 | 37.178929 | 0.000752 | | 65 | 0.195815 | 36.688358 | 0.000678 | | 70 | 0.195675 | 36.429898 | 0.000678 | | 75 | 0.198190 | 36.390574 | 0.000678 | | 80 | 0.203373 | 36.560653 | 0.000678 | | 85 | 0.211257 | 36.932695 | 0.000678 | | 90 | 0.221893 | 37.500911 | 0.000678 | | 95 | 0.235368 | 38.260732 | 0.000678 | | 100 | 0.251810 | 39.208502 | 0.000678 | | 105 | 0.271423 | 40.341261 | 0.000678 | | 110 | 0.294535 | 41.656589 | 0.000678 | | 115 | 0.321709 | 43.152485 | 0.000678 |

### Table A2.12

#### 2010 Non-Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Petrol LGVs (g/km)

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{x} | PM\\textsubscript{10} | CO | VOCs\\textsuperscript{1} | |---------------|---------------------|---------------------|----|------------------------| | 5 | 1.020082 | 0.076850 | 43.602661 | 2.152068 | | 10 | 0.576121 | 0.073894 | 21.046869 | 1.138742 | | 15 | 0.575714 | 0.072939 | 13.666799 | 0.802718 | | 20 | 0.575934 | 0.072493 | 10.080402 | 0.635529 | | 25 | 0.574545 | 0.072256 | 8.011714 | 0.535717 | | 30 | 0.575080 | 0.072129 | 6.702396 | 0.469603 | | 35 | 0.577474 | 0.072068 | 5.827675 | 0.422835 | | 40 | 0.581652 | 0.072052 | 5.225337 | 0.388282 | | 45 | 0.587525 | 0.072070 | 4.805397 | 0.362007 | | 50 | 0.594994 | 0.072115 | 4.513974 | 0.341658 | | 55 | 0.603955 | 0.072184 | 4.316874 | 0.325747 | | 60 | 0.614306 | 0.072275 | 4.191388 | 0.313289 | | 65 | 0.627246 | 0.072386 | 4.121878 | 0.303619 | | 70 | 0.643389 | 0.072519 | 4.097259 | 0.296282 | | 75 | 0.660786 | 0.072674 | 4.109497 | 0.290981 | | 80 | 0.679437 | 0.072853 | 4.152664 | 0.287542 | | 85 | 0.699340 | 0.073057 | 4.222340 | 0.285894 | | 90 | 0.720501 | 0.073289 | 4.315210 | 0.286067 | | 95 | 0.742922 | 0.073553 | 4.428795 | 0.288180 | | 100 | 0.766612 | 0.073850 | 4.561267 | 0.292451 | | 105 | 0.791582 | 0.074095 | 4.655611 | 0.299600 | | 110 | 0.817845 | 0.074371 | 4.761854 | 0.309449 | | 115 | 0.831462 | 0.074680 | 4.879370 | 0.322479 |

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{2} | CO\\textsubscript{2} as C | SO\\textsubscript{2}\\textsuperscript{2} | |---------------|---------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------| | 5 | 0.039712 | 267.209210 | 0.000934 | | 10 | 0.022411 | 144.391649 | 0.000934 | | 15 | 0.022432 | 104.096106 | 0.000934 | | 20 | 0.022478 | 84.457535 | 0.000934 | | 25 | 0.022469 | 73.108254 | 0.000934 | | 30 | 0.022532 | 65.930287 | 0.000934 | | 35 | 0.022664 | 61.162847 | 0.000934 | | 40 | 0.022862 | 57.929201 | 0.000934 | | 45 | 0.023124 | 55.745629 | 0.000934 | | 50 | 0.023446 | 54.325005 | 0.000934 | | 55 | 0.023824 | 53.487521 | 0.000934 | | 60 | 0.024254 | 53.116037 | 0.000934 | | 65 | 0.024779 | 53.132057 | 0.000947 | | 70 | 0.025422 | 53.481980 | 0.000947 | | 75 | 0.026112 | 54.128869 | 0.000947 | | 80 | 0.026850 | 55.047295 | 0.000947 | | 85 | 0.027634 | 56.220005 | 0.000947 | | 90 | 0.028466 | 57.635704 | 0.000947 | | 95 | 0.029346 | 59.287525 | 0.000947 | | 100 | 0.030273 | 61.171978 | 0.000947 | | 105 | 0.031248 | 62.908477 | 0.000947 | | 110 | 0.032272 | 64.832499 | 0.000947 | | 115 | 0.032786 | 66.947141 | 0.000947 |

### Table A2.13

#### 2010 Non-Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Diesel LGVs (g/km)

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{x} | PM\\textsubscript{10} | CO | VOCs\\textsuperscript{1} | |---------------|-----------------|-----------------|----|-----------------| | 5 | 2.340887 | 0.246635 | 2.125479 | 0.420903 | | 10 | 1.290486 | 0.162240 | 1.066012 | 0.209164 | | 15 | 1.190722 | 0.134588 | 0.717006 | 0.139148 | | 20 | 1.101745 | 0.121097 | 0.545616 | 0.104565 | | 25 | 1.022614 | 0.113284 | 0.445271 | 0.084158 | | 30 | 0.952915 | 0.108346 | 0.380450 | 0.070843 | | 35 | 0.892441 | 0.105096 | 0.335928 | 0.061582 | | 40 | 0.841073 | 0.102953 | 0.304092 | 0.054858 | | 45 | 0.798741 | 0.101601 | 0.280714 | 0.049828 | | 50 | 0.765402 | 0.100859 | 0.263257 | 0.045987 | | 55 | 0.741027 | 0.100621 | 0.250105 | 0.043013 | | 60 | 0.725999 | 0.100825 | 0.240183 | 0.040691 | | 65 | 0.719105 | 0.101440 | 0.232745 | 0.038874 | | 70 | 0.721540 | 0.102458 | 0.227259 | 0.037457 | | 75 | 0.732904 | 0.103888 | 0.223334 | 0.036362 | | 80 | 0.753198 | 0.105759 | 0.220678 | 0.035531 | | 85 | 0.782430 | 0.108113 | 0.219067 | 0.034920 | | 90 | 0.820614 | 0.111013 | 0.218326 | 0.034495 | | 95 | 0.867770 | 0.114537 | 0.218319 | 0.034230 | | 100 | 0.923930 | 0.118781 | 0.218935 | 0.034102 | | 105 | 0.989145 | 0.123862 | 0.220885 | 0.034096 | | 110 | 1.063493 | 0.129919 | 0.221696 | 0.034196 | | 115 | 1.067494 | 0.137113 | 0.223708 | 0.034392 |

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{2} | CO\\textsubscript{2} as C | SO\\textsubscript{2}\\textsuperscript{2} | |---------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------| | 5 | 0.952297 | 225.105062 | 0.000937 | | 10 | 0.525243 | 122.554511 | 0.000937 | | 15 | 0.485183 | 88.957791 | 0.000937 | | 20 | 0.449215 | 72.707153 | 0.000937 | | 25 | 0.417113 | 63.478947 | 0.000937 | | 30 | 0.388778 | 57.832441 | 0.000937 | | 35 | 0.364161 | 54.295369 | 0.000937 | | 40 | 0.343234 | 52.135318 | 0.000937 | | 45 | 0.325982 | 50.950189 | 0.000937 | | 50 | 0.312394 | 50.504382 | 0.000937 | | 55 | 0.302464 | 50.654337 | 0.000937 | | 60 | 0.296188 | 51.311300 | 0.000937 | | 65 | 0.293562 | 52.421275 | 0.001292 | | 70 | 0.294587 | 53.953574 | 0.001292 | | 75 | 0.299262 | 55.893937 | 0.001292 | | 80 | 0.307588 | 58.240241 | 0.001292 | | 85 | 0.319566 | 60.999718 | 0.001292 | | 90 | 0.335200 | 64.187101 | 0.001292 | | 95 | 0.354495 | 67.823359 | 0.001292 | | 100 | 0.377459 | 71.934808 | 0.001292 | | 105 | 0.404105 | 76.552475 | 0.001292 | | 110 | 0.434453 | 81.711643 | 0.001292 | | 115 | 0.436131 | 87.451500 | 0.001292 |

### Table A2.14

#### 2010 Non-Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Rigid HGVs (g/km)

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{X} | PM\\textsubscript{10} | CO | VOCs\\textsuperscript{1} | |---------------|---------------------|---------------------|----|------------------------| | 5 | 15.172736 | 0.412129 | 3.464281 | 0.794969 | | 10 | 9.776897 | 0.340210 | 2.539315 | 0.585001 | | 15 | 8.505249 | 0.291502 | 1.953023 | 0.440051 | | 20 | 7.096489 | 0.260059 | 1.587641 | 0.347328 | | 25 | 6.171630 | 0.237768 | 1.31694 | 0.283202 | | 30 | 5.520664 | 0.221394 | 1.144137 | 0.237498 | | 35 | 5.042433 | 0.209219 | 1.004729 | 0.204469 | | 40 | 4.681165 | 0.200177 | 0.901529 | 0.180450 | | 45 | 4.403059 | 0.193557 | 0.826633 | 0.163002 | | 50 | 4.186097 | 0.188868 | 0.774387 | 0.150496 | | 55 | 4.015074 | 0.185758 | 0.740502 | 0.141861 | | 60 | 3.878966 | 0.183974 | 0.721541 | 0.136405 | | 65 | 3.769441 | 0.183314 | 0.714584 | 0.133657 | | 70 | 3.679971 | 0.183604 | 0.716970 | 0.132335 | | 75 | 3.605278 | 0.184664 | 0.726096 | 0.134712 | | 80 | 3.540973 | 0.186283 | 0.739236 | 0.137498 | | 85 | 3.483323 | 0.188192 | 0.753374 | 0.140713 | | 90 | 3.472299 | 0.190041 | 0.765052 | 0.143074 | | 95 | 3.472299 | 0.190041 | 0.765052 | 0.143074 | | 100 | 3.472299 | 0.190041 | 0.765052 | 0.143074 | | 105 | 3.472299 | 0.190041 | 0.765052 | 0.143074 | | 110 | 3.472299 | 0.190041 | 0.765052 | 0.143074 | | 115 | 3.472299 | 0.190041 | 0.765052 | 0.143074 |

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{2} | CO\\textsubscript{2} as C | SO\\textsubscript{2}\\textsuperscript{2} | |---------------|---------------------|--------------------------|-----------------| | 5 | 1.929674 | 427.156400 | 0.004040 | | 10 | 1.241701 | 328.983443 | 0.004040 | | 15 | 1.080513 | 275.894838 | 0.004040 | | 20 | 0.902896 | 244.184813 | 0.004040 | | 25 | 0.787066 | 220.702597 | 0.004040 | | 30 | 0.706071 | 201.841900 | 0.004040 | | 35 | 0.646957 | 186.477513 | 0.004040 | | 40 | 0.602600 | 174.231604 | 0.004040 | | 45 | 0.568693 | 164.924406 | 0.004040 | | 50 | 0.542440 | 158.380219 | 0.004040 | | 55 | 0.521913 | 154.362607 | 0.004040 | | 60 | 0.505713 | 152.563444 | 0.004040 | | 65 | 0.492787 | 152.616799 | 0.003434 | | 70 | 0.482306 | 154.125244 | 0.003434 | | 75 | 0.473601 | 156.692794 | 0.003434 | | 80 | 0.466111 | 159.961570 | 0.003434 | | 85 | 0.459361 | 163.650650 | 0.003434 | | 90 | 0.458062 | 167.596273 | 0.003434 | | 95 | 0.458062 | 167.596273 | 0.003434 | | 100 | 0.458062 | 167.596273 | 0.003434 | | 105 | 0.458062 | 167.596273 | 0.003434 | | 110 | 0.458062 | 167.596273 | 0.003434 | | 115 | 0.458062 | 167.596273 | 0.003434 | Table A2.15

2010 Non-Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Articulated HGVs (g/km)

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{X} | PM\\textsubscript{10} | CO | VOCs\\textsuperscript{1} | |---------------|-----------------|-----------------|----|-----------------| | 5 | 22.925674 | 0.511677 | 2.868146 | 0.852177 | | 10 | 15.099933 | 0.404763 | 2.108011 | 0.611516 | | 15 | 13.182067 | 0.339015 | 1.613747 | 0.447781 | | 20 | 10.960969 | 0.298888 | 1.302853 | 0.345451 | | 25 | 9.429895 | 0.271008 | 1.085754 | 0.276649 | | 30 | 8.307716 | 0.250538 | 0.928095 | 0.229136 | | 35 | 7.454928 | 0.235164 | 0.812207 | 0.195901 | | 40 | 6.791599 | 0.223579 | 0.727340 | 0.172455 | | 45 | 6.266920 | 0.214964 | 0.666297 | 0.155824 | | 50 | 5.845891 | 0.208766 | 0.623975 | 0.130735 | | 55 | 5.502787 | 0.204586 | 0.596616 | 0.135942 | | 60 | 5.217665 | 0.202119 | 0.581334 | 0.130735 | | 65 | 4.974356 | 0.201104 | 0.575793 | 0.128015 | | 70 | 4.759255 | 0.201294 | 0.577936 | 0.127488 | | 75 | 4.560554 | 0.202424 | 0.585761 | 0.128832 | | 80 | 4.367739 | 0.204187 | 0.597114 | 0.131534 | | 85 | 4.171248 | 0.206214 | 0.609487 | 0.134739 | | 90 | 4.130720 | 0.208045 | 0.619838 | 0.137095 | | 95 | 4.130720 | 0.208045 | 0.619838 | 0.137095 | | 100 | 4.130720 | 0.208045 | 0.619838 | 0.137095 | | 105 | 4.130720 | 0.208045 | 0.619838 | 0.137095 | | 110 | 4.130720 | 0.208045 | 0.619838 | 0.137095 | | 115 | 4.130720 | 0.208045 | 0.619838 | 0.137095 |

| Speed km/hour | NO\\textsubscript{2} | CO\\textsubscript{2} as C | SO\\textsubscript{2}\\textsuperscript{2} | |---------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------| | 5 | 2.837611 | 710.088851 | 0.005454 | | 10 | 1.874031 | 531.494555 | 0.005454 | | 15 | 1.642917 | 453.695303 | 0.005454 | | 20 | 1.375419 | 411.447240 | 0.005454 | | 25 | 1.190988 | 377.652735 | 0.005454 | | 30 | 1.055750 | 346.754180 | 0.005454 | | 35 | 0.952947 | 318.411653 | 0.005454 | | 40 | 0.872983 | 293.534828 | 0.005454 | | 45 | 0.809747 | 273.060278 | 0.005454 | | 50 | 0.759015 | 257.552377 | 0.005454 | | 55 | 0.717660 | 247.103718 | 0.005454 | | 60 | 0.683242 | 241.360311 | 0.005454 | | 65 | 0.653767 | 239.604376 | 0.004289 | | 70 | 0.627541 | 240.865937 | 0.004289 | | 75 | 0.603080 | 244.049774 | 0.004289 | | 80 | 0.579053 | 248.071016 | 0.004289 | | 85 | 0.554240 | 251.995811 | 0.004289 | | 90 | 0.549082 | 255.185108 | 0.004289 | | 95 | 0.549082 | 255.185108 | 0.004289 | | 100 | 0.549082 | 255.185108 | 0.004289 | | 105 | 0.549082 | 255.185108 | 0.004289 | | 110 | 0.549082 | 255.185108 | 0.004289 | | 115 | 0.549082 | 255.185108 | 0.004289 | Table A2.16

2010 Non-Motorway Speed Emission Factors for Buses (g/km)

| Speed km/hour | NOx | PM$\_{10}$ | CO | VOCs$^1$ | |---------------|-------|-----------|-------|----------| | 5 | 22.560696 | 0.476956 | 3.888315 | 1.076287 | | 10 | 14.408233 | 0.378218 | 2.921148 | 0.676062 | | 15 | 11.420293 | 0.322640 | 2.166207 | 0.498813 | | 20 | 9.304952 | 0.289706 | 1.710294 | 0.409770 | | 25 | 7.965020 | 0.266555 | 1.390238 | 0.348672 | | 30 | 7.023882 | 0.249213 | 1.170134 | 0.300815 | | 35 | 6.323386 | 0.236031 | 0.98277 | 0.232435 | | 40 | 5.783351 | 0.226098 | 0.898277 | 0.209992 | | 45 | 5.357465 | 0.218744 | 0.807449 | 0.193899 | | 50 | 5.016236 | 0.213388 | 0.732534 | 0.182558 | | 55 | 4.739372 | 0.209501 | 0.668859 | 0.174240 | | 60 | 4.512003 | 0.206614 | 0.614507 | 0.167463 | | 65 | 4.322638 | 0.204362 | 0.568771 | 0.161432 | | 70 | 4.161994 | 0.202526 | 0.530657 | 0.156517 | | 75 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 | | 80 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 | | 85 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 | | 90 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 | | 95 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 | | 100 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 | | 105 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 | | 110 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 | | 115 | 4.022280 | 0.201090 | 0.497412 | 0.156517 |

| Speed km/hour | NO$\_2$ | CO$\_2$ as C | SO$\_2^2$ | |---------------|--------|-------------|----------| | 5 | 2.892043 | 732.078111 | 0.004844 | | 10 | 1.838106 | 474.179046 | 0.004844 | | 15 | 1.449784 | 344.418152 | 0.004844 | | 20 | 1.178996 | 279.240436 | 0.004844 | | 25 | 1.009526 | 240.220732 | 0.004844 | | 30 | 0.891376 | 214.550652 | 0.004844 | | 35 | 0.803745 | 196.740887 | 0.004844 | | 40 | 0.736198 | 184.046782 | 0.004844 | | 45 | 0.682781 | 174.943530 | 0.004844 | | 50 | 0.639754 | 168.516245 | 0.004844 | | 55 | 0.604584 | 164.182728 | 0.004844 | | 60 | 0.575446 | 161.554846 | 0.004844 | | 65 | 0.550957 | 160.363891 | 0.003652 | | 70 | 0.530018 | 160.417930 | 0.003652 | | 75 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 | | 80 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 | | 85 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 | | 90 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 | | 95 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 | | 100 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 | | 105 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 | | 110 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 | | 115 | 0.511723 | 161.576210 | 0.003652 |

### Table A2.17

#### 2010 Fleet Composition Data

| Vehicle Type | Emission Standard | Percentage | |--------------|-------------------|------------| | Petrol Cars | Pre-Euro I | 0.35 | | | Euro I (Cat OK) | 2.49 | | | Euro I (Failed Cat) | 0.53 | | | Euro II (Cat OK) | 12.56 | | | Euro II (Failed Cat) | 2.61 | | | Euro III (Cat OK) | 39.65 | | | Euro III (Failed Cat) | 0.50 | | | Euro IV (Cat OK) | 36.82 | | | Euro IV (Failed Cat) | 0.44 | | | Euro V (Cat OK) | 4.03 | | | Euro V (Failed Cat) | 0.03 | | % by engine size | < 1.4 | 41.28 | | | 1.4 - 2.0 | 45.71 | | | > 2.0 | 13.01 | | % Petrol Cars | Motorways | 56.01 | | | Other Roads | 65.62 | | Diesel Cars | Pre-Euro I | 0.08 | | | Euro I | 1.47 | | | Euro II | 5.29 | | | Euro III | 27.14 | | | Euro III + particulate trap | 5.06 | | | Euro IV | 43.15 | | | Euro IV + particulate trap | 10.79 | | | Euro V (Cat OK) | 6.98 | | | Euro V (Failed Cat) | 0.04 | | % by engine size | < 1.4 | 7.72 | | | 1.4 - 2.0 | 61.96 | | | > 2.0 | 30.32 | | % Diesel Cars | Motorways | 43.99 | | | Other Roads | 34.38 | | Petrol LGV | Pre-Euro I | 3.55 | | | Euro I (Cat OK) | 4.90 | | | Euro I (Failed Cat) | 1.03 | | | Euro II (Cat OK) | 28.46 | | | Euro II (Failed Cat) | 5.88 | | | Euro III (Cat OK) | 26.14 | | | Euro III (Failed Cat) | 4.55 | | | Euro IV (Cat OK) | 23.35 | | | Euro IV (Failed Cat) | 2.14 | | % Petrol LGVs | | 4.11 | | Diesel LGV | Pre-Euro I | 0.26 | | | Euro I | 0.74 | | | Euro II | 7.38 | | | Euro III | 27.18 | | | Euro IV | 64.45 | | % Diesel LGVs | | 95.89 | | Rigid HGVs | Pre-Euro I | Euro I | Euro II | Euro III | Euro IV | Euro V | SCR | EGR | |------------|------------|--------|---------|----------|---------|-------|-----|-----| | | | 0.00 | 0.49 | 10.41 | 41.42 | 25.82 | 21.86 | 75.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | Artic HGVs | Pre-Euro I | Euro I | Euro II | Euro III | Euro IV | Euro V | SCR | EGR | | | | 0.00 | 0.06 | 2.69 | 30.69 | 31.57 | 35.00 | 47.93 | | | | | | | | | | | | Buses | Pre-Euro I | Euro I | Euro II | Euro III | Euro IV | Euro V | SCR | EGR | | | | 0.97 | 1.75 | 16.64 | 42.98 | 18.76 | 18.90 | 75.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | Motorcycles| Motorways | 0.44 | | | | | | | | | Other Roads| 0.72 | | | | | | |

**Notes**

The traffic flows that are input to EMIGMA do not include motorcycles. Motorcycle flows are treated as additional volumes, expressed as a percentage of the input car flows.

The Petrol/Diesel splits for cars and LGVs have been obtained from NAEI Reference 7).

The Rigid/Articulated HGV percentages are used to convert from assigned OGV flows to Rigid/Artic HGV volumes, by road type.

### Table A2.18

#### 2010 EMIGMA Road Traffic Expansion Factors

| | Motorways | Other Roads | |----------------------|-----------|-------------| | | AM Peak | Off-Peak | PM Peak | AM Peak | Off-Peak | PM Peak | | Cars/Motorcycles | 2.758 | 9.552 | 2.750 | 2.584 | 9.467 | 2.763 | | LGVS | 3.269 | 9.552 | 3.037 | 3.056 | 9.467 | 3.090 | | OGVS | 3.129 | 9.552 | 3.113 | 3.041 | 9.467 | 3.278 | | Buses | 3.190 | 9.552 | 3.268 | 2.848 | 9.467 | 3.125 |

#### Weekday to Saturday/Sunday/Bank Holiday Factors

| | Motorways | Other Roads | |----------------------|-----------|-------------| | Weekday Off-Peak Period - Saturday | 1.300 | 1.433 | | Weekday Off-Peak Period - Sunday | 1.176 | 1.200 | | Weekday Off-Peak Period – Bank Holiday | 1.176 | 1.200 |

#### Day Factors

| | | |----------------------|------------| | Average Weekday – Annual Weekdays | 253 | | Saturday – Annual Saturdays | 52 | | Sunday – Annual Sundays | 52 | | Bank Holiday – Annual Bank Holidays | 8 |

#### Notes:

AM peak period = 0700-1000\
PM peak period = 1600-1900\
Off-peak period = 0000-0700 + 1000-1600 + 1900-2400

### Table A2.19

#### 2010 Fleet-Weighted Cold Start Emission Factors (g/trip)

| Vehicle Type | Pollutant | Factor | |--------------|-----------|---------| | Petrol Car | NMVOCs | 0.809950| | | CO | 17.721149| | | NO\\textsubscript{X} | 0.381775| | | PM\\textsubscript{10} | - | | Diesel Car | NMVOCs | 0.107670| | | CO | 0.175649| | | NO\\textsubscript{X} | 0.397301| | | PM\\textsubscript{10} | 0.091409| | Petrol LGV | NMVOCs | 1.595620| | | CO | 33.738465| | | NO\\textsubscript{X} | 0.546397| | | PM\\textsubscript{10} | - | | Diesel LGV | NMVOCs | 0.204554| | | CO | 0.721359| | | NO\\textsubscript{X} | 0.401770| | | PM\\textsubscript{10} | 0.127562|

**Notes:**

2010 cold start emission factors were not available at the time the 2010 EMIGMA update was carried out. 2010 factors were therefore estimated by applying the percentage change in warm running emission factors (at a speed of 40 kph) to an updated set of 2008 cold start factors supplied by the NAEI in March 2011.

### Table A2.20

#### 2010 Fleet-Weighted Hot Soak Emission Factors (g/trip)

| Vehicle Type | Pollutant | Factor | |--------------|-----------|---------| | Petrol Car | NMVOCs | 0.128242| | Petrol LGV | NMVOCs | 0.000219|

**Notes:**

2010 hot soak factors were not available at the time the 2010 EMIGMA update was carried out. 2010 factors were therefore estimated by applying the percentage change in warm running emission factors (at a speed of 40 kph) to an updated set of 2008 cold start factors supplied by the NAEI in March 2011. Appendix 3 Emission Factors for Domestic and Commercial Combustion

The following tables show the comparison of the 2007 to 2008 emission factors used for the calculation of the domestic and commercial combustion.

Table A3.1 Domestic Gas Combustion Emission Factors

| Pollutant | Factor (kilotonne per Megatherm fuel consumed) | Factor (kilotonne per kWh fuel consumed) | |---------------|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------| | | 2007 | 2008 | 2010 | 2007 | 2008 | 2010 | | CO₂ | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 5.12E-08 | 5.12E-08 | 5.12E-08 | | CH₄ | 5.28E-04 | 5.28E-04 | 5.30E-04 | 1.80E-11 | 1.80E-11 | 1.81E-11 | | CO | 3.25E-03 | 3.25E-03 | 3.20E-03 | 1.11E-10 | 1.11E-10 | 1.09E-10 | | NO | 1.06E-05 | 1.06E-05 | 1.10E-05 | 3.62E-13 | 3.62E-13 | 3.75E-13 | | NOₓ as NO₂ | 7.30E-03 | 7.30E-03 | 2.30E-04 | 2.49E-10 | 2.49E-10 | 7.85E-11 | | NMVOCs | 2.34E-04 | 2.34E-04 | 2.40E-04 | 7.98E-12 | 7.98E-12 | 8.19E-12 | | C₆H₆ | 2.10E-05 | 2.10E-05 | 2.10E-05 | 7.17E-13 | 7.17E-13 | 7.17E-13 | | PM₁₀ | 5.28E-05 | 5.28E-05 | 5.30E-05 | 1.80E-12 | 1.80E-12 | 1.81E-12 |

Notes

Using 1 therm = 105.506MJ = 29.307kWh, 1 megatherm = 29.307e6 kWh

### Table A3.2

**Domestic Coke Combustion Emission Factors**

| Pollutant | Emission factor (kilotonne per Megatonne fuel consumed) | 2007 | 2008 | 2010 | |-----------------|--------------------------------------------------------|------|------|------| | CO₂ | | 800 | 800 | 850 | | CH₄ | | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | | CO | | 119 | 119 | 120 | | NO | | 0.117| 0.117| 0.12 | | NOₓ as NO₂ | | 3 | 3 | 3 | | NMVOCs | | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | | C₆H₆ | | 0.217| 0.217| 0.22 | | PM₁₀ | | 3 | 3 | 3 | | SO₂ | | 16 | 16 | 15 |

### Table A3.3

**Domestic Oil Combustion Emission Factors**

| Pollutant | Emission factor (kilotonne per Megatonne fuel consumed) | 2007 | 2008 | 2010 | |-----------------|--------------------------------------------------------|------|------|------| | CO₂ | | 879 | 879 | 880 | | CH₄ | | 0.433| 0.433| 0.43 | | CO | | 0 | 0 | 0 | | NO | | 0.0262| 0.0262| 0.026 | | NOₓ as NO₂ | | 0 | 0 | 0 | | NMVOCs | | 0.142| 0.142| 0.14 | | C₆H₆ | | 0.0071| 0.0071| 0.0069 | | PM₁₀ | | 0 | 0 | 0 | | SO₂ | | 17 | 17 | 15 | Table A3.4

| Pollutant | Factor (kilotonne per Megatherm fuel consumed) | Factor (kilotonne per kWh fuel consumed) | |-----------------|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------| | | 2007 | 2008 | 2010 | 2007 | 2008 | 2010 | | CO₂ | 1.5 | 1.48 | 1.50 | 5.12E-08 | 5.04E-08 | 5.12E-08 | | CH₄ | 5.28E-04 | 5.28E-04 | 5.30E-04 | 1.80E-11 | 1.80E-11 | 1.81E-11 | | CO | 1.36E-03 | 1.36E-03 | 1.50E-03 | 4.64E-11 | 4.63E-11 | 5.12E-11 | | NO | 1.06E-05 | 1.06E-05 | 1.10E-05 | 3.62E-13 | 3.60E-13 | 3.75E-13 | | NOₓ as NO₂ | 5.91E-03 | 5.91E-03 | 6.10E-03 | 2.02E-10 | 2.02E-10 | 2.08E-10 | | NMVOCs | 2.34E-04 | 2.34E-04 | 2.40E-04 | 7.98E-12 | 7.98E-12 | 8.19E-12 | | C₆H₆ | 2.13E-05 | 2.13E-05 | 2.10E-05 | 7.27E-13 | 7.25E-13 | 7.17E-13 | | PM₁₀ | 8.06E-05 | 8.06E-05 | 9.60E-05 | 2.75E-12 | 2.75E-12 | 3.28E-12 |

Notes

Using 1 therm = 105.506MJ = 29.307kWh, 1 megatherm = 29.307e6 kWh Appendix 4 Emission Factors for Light Aircraft and Helicopters

Table A5.1 shows the emission factors used for the calculation of the emissions from light aircraft and helicopters from City Airport Manchester

Table A4.1

| Aircraft Weight categories | Aircraft assumed | Engine Assumed | Combined Emission Factor g/LTO | |----------------------------|------------------|----------------|-------------------------------| | Aircraft upto 450kg (Microlights) | - | Rotax 912 | 46.8 940 33 | | Aircraft 451kg - 1200kg | - | Lycoming IO-360-A1B6 | 102 4922 5 | | Helicopters < 1200kg (Piston) | Enstrom 280c | HIO-360 | 102 6591 14 | | Helicopters > 1200kg (Turbine) | Eurocopter AS 350 Ecureuil | Arriel 1B | 294 375 129 |

Notes

LTO refers to Landing and Take Off Appendix 5 Emission Factors for Agriculture

Table A5.1 shows the emission factors used for the calculation of the methane emissions from livestock

Table A5.1

| Description | Enteric Fermentation | Manure Management | Combined Emission Factor | |-------------|----------------------|-------------------|-------------------------| | Dairy cows | 100 | 14 | 114 | | Other cattle| 48 | 6 | 54 | | Pigs | 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | | Sheep | 8 | 0.19 | 8.19 | | Goats | 5 | 0.12 | 5.12 | | Poultry | Not relevant | 0.078 | 0.078 |

Notes

Emission factors in kilograms of CH₄ per animal Appendix 6 Emission Factors for Rail

Table A6.1 shows the emission factors for each train class. These were obtained from the Rail Emission Model report on the DfT website (Reference 22).

Table A6.1

| Train type (class) | CO₂ | SO₂ | VOCs | CO | PM₁₀ | NOₓ | |-------------------|------|------|------|------|------|------| | Class 37 | 11270| 14.3 | 12.1 | 24.5 | 5.1 | 51.8 | | Class 47 | 16723| 21.3 | 30.8 | 26.1 | 5.1 | 80.1 | | Class 56 | 21441| 27.3 | 21.6 | 43.2 | 5.1 | 129.6| | Class 58 | 21441| 27.3 | 11.6 | 22.5 | 5.1 | 103.5| | Class 60 | 20154| 25.7 | 10.4 | 21.6 | 4.7 | 129.6| | Class 66 | 19147| 24.4 | 17.3 | 6.8 | 2.9 | 120 | | Class 67 | 9277 | 11.8 | 10.6 | 3.8 | 1.6 | 66.7 | | Class 47+7 passenger coaches | 9764 | 12.4 | 11.1 | 39.9 | 5.1 | 127.6| | Class 101 (1PC + 1TC) | 2606 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 26.5 | | Class 116 (2PC + 0TC) | 2420 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 24.6 | | Class 117 (2PC + 1TC) | 3351 | 4.3 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 1.1 | 34.1 | | Class 121 (1PC + 0TC) | 1564 | 2 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 15.9 | | Class 122 (1PC + 0TC) | 1713 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 17.4 | | IC125 (2PC) | 12170| 31 | 29.1 | 56.2 | 17 | 194.8| | Class 141/1 (2PC + 0TC) | 2085 | 2.7 | 2 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 21.2 | | Class 143/6 (2PC + 0TC) | 2011 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 2 | 0.7 | 20.5 | | Class 144 (2PC + 0TC) | 1862 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 18.9 | | Class 144 (3PC + 0TC) | 2606 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 26.5 | | Class 150 (3PC + 0TC) | 3202 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 1.1 | 32.6 | | Class 153/0 (1PC + 0TC) | 1415 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 14.4 | | Class 156 (2PC + 0TC) | 2234 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 22.7 | | Class 156 (3PC + 0TC) | 2904 | 3.7 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 1 | 29.5 | | Class 158/0 (2PC + 0TC) | 2793 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 28.4 | | Class 158/0 (3PC + 0TC) | 3723 | 4.7 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 1.2 | 37.9 | | Class 159/0 (3PC + 0TC) | 3723 | 4.7 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 1.2 | 37.9 | | Class 165 (2PC + 0TC) | 1824 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 18.6 | | Class 165 (3PC + 0TC) | 2979 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 3 | 1 | 30.3 | | Class 166/0 (3PC + 0TC) | 2979 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 3 | 1 | 30.3 | | Class 221 (1PC + 3TC) | 2594 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 8.2 | 0.9 | 26.8 | | Siemens future diesel 3 car unit | 5570 | 7.1 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 1.8 | 56.7 |

Notes

Emission factors in g/km HFAS Report 1750

June 2013

Appendix 7 Associated Files Table A7.1 shows the associated files that are available for Local Authority use only.

Table A7.1 Associated Files

Associated Files

ESRI\\Rail\\RailLinks2010_polyline.shp

ESRI\\Roads\\MinorRoadEmissions2010ByGrid_region.prj

ESRI\\Rail\\RailLinks2010_polyline.shx

ESRI\\Roads\\RoadTotal_rectangle.shp

ESRI\\Rail\\RailLinks2010_polyline.dbf

ESRI\\Roads\\RoadTotal_rectangle.shx

ESRI\\Rail\\RailLinks2010_polyline.prj

ESRI\\Roads\\RoadTotal_rectangle.dbf

ESRI\\area\\other10_rectangle.shp

ESRI\\Roads\\RoadTotal_rectangle.prj

ESRI\\area\\other10_rectangle.shx

ESRI\\Roads\\RoadTotal_region.shp

ESRI\\area\\other10_rectangle.dbf

ESRI\\Roads\\RoadTotal_region.shx

ESRI\\area\\other10_rectangle.prj

ESRI\\Roads\\RoadTotal_region.dbf

ESRI\\Roads\\ShapedMajorAWT2010_polyline.shp

ESRI\\Roads\\RoadTotal_region.prj

ESRI\\Roads\\ShapedMajorAWT2010_polyline.shx

ESRI\\Totals\\totalff_rectangle.shp

ESRI\\Roads\\ShapedMajorAWT2010_polyline.dbf

ESRI\\Totals\\totalff_rectangle.shx

ESRI\\Roads\\ShapedMajorAWT2010_polyline.prj

ESRI\\Totals\\totalff_rectangle.dbf

ESRI\\Roads\\ColdStartEmissions2010ByGrid_rectangle.shp

ESRI\\Totals\\totalff_rectangle.prj

ESRI\\Roads\\ColdStartEmissions2010ByGrid_rectangle.shx

ESRI\\Combustion\\solidFuel_dom2010_rectangle.shp

ESRI\\Roads\\ColdStartEmissions2010ByGrid_rectangle.dbf

ESRI\\Combustion\\solidFuel_dom2010_rectangle.shx

ESRI\\Roads\\ColdStartEmissions2010ByGrid_rectangle.prj

ESRI\\Combustion\\solidFuel_dom2010_rectangle.dbf

ESRI\\Roads\\ColdStartEmissions2010ByGrid_region.shp

ESRI\\Combustion\\solidFuel_dom2010_rectangle.prj

ESRI\\Roads\\ColdStartEmissions2010ByGrid_region.shx

ESRI\\Combustion\\gas_com2010_rectangle.shp

ESRI\\Roads\\ColdStartEmissions2010ByGrid_region.dbf

ESRI\\Combustion\\gas_com2010_rectangle.shx

ESRI\\Roads\\ColdStartEmissions2010ByGrid_region.prj

ESRI\\Combustion\\gas_com2010_rectangle.dbf

ESRI\\Roads\\HotSoakEmissions2010ByGrid_rectangle.shp

ESRI\\Combustion\\gas_com2010_rectangle.prj

ESRI\\Roads\\HotSoakEmissions2010ByGrid_rectangle.shx

ESRI\\Combustion\\gas_dom2010_rectangle.shp

ESRI\\Roads\\HotSoakEmissions2010ByGrid_rectangle.dbf

ESRI\\Combustion\\gas_dom2010_rectangle.shx

ESRI\\Roads\\HotSoakEmissions2010ByGrid_rectangle.prj

ESRI\\Combustion\\gas_dom2010_rectangle.dbf

ESRI\\Roads\\HotSoakEmissions2010ByGrid_region.shp

ESRI\\Combustion\\gas_dom2010_rectangle.prj

ESRI\\Roads\\HotSoakEmissions2010ByGrid_region.shx

ESRI\\Combustion\\oil_dom2010_rectangle.shp

ESRI\\Roads\\HotSoakEmissions2010ByGrid_region.dbf

ESRI\\Combustion\\oil_dom2010_rectangle.shx

ESRI\\Roads\\HotSoakEmissions2010ByGrid_region.prj

ESRI\\Combustion\\oil_dom2010_rectangle.dbf

ESRI\\Roads\\MajorRoadEmissions2010_polyline.shp

ESRI\\Combustion\\oil_dom2010_rectangle.prj

ESRI\\Roads\\MajorRoadEmissions2010_polyline.shx

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\ReadMe.txt

ESRI\\Roads\\MajorRoadEmissions2010_polyline.dbf

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\petrol_point.shp

ESRI\\Roads\\MajorRoadEmissions2010_polyline.prj

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\petrol_point.shx

ESRI\\Roads\\MajorRoadEmissions2010ByGrid_rectangle.shp

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\petrol_point.dbf

ESRI\\Roads\\MajorRoadEmissions2010ByGrid_rectangle.shx

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\petrol_point.prj

ESRI\\Roads\\MajorRoadEmissions2010ByGrid_rectangle.dbf

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\boiler_point.shp

ESRI\\Roads\\MajorRoadEmissions2010ByGrid_rectangle.prj

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\boiler_point.shx

ESRI\\Roads\\MajorRoadEmissions2010ByGrid_region.shp

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\boiler_point.dbf

ESRI\\Roads\\MajorRoadEmissions2010ByGrid_region.shx

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\boiler_point.prj

ESRI\\Roads\\MajorRoadEmissions2010ByGrid_region.dbf

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\parta_point.shp

ESRI\\Roads\\MajorRoadEmissions2010ByGrid_region.prj

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\parta_point.shx

ESRI\\Roads\\MinorRoadEmissions2010ByGrid_rectangle.shp

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\parta_point.dbf

ESRI\\Roads\\MinorRoadEmissions2010ByGrid_rectangle.shx

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\parta_point.prj

ESRI\\Roads\\MinorRoadEmissions2010ByGrid_rectangle.dbf

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\partb_point.shp

ESRI\\Roads\\MinorRoadEmissions2010ByGrid_rectangle.prj

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\partb_point.shx

ESRI\\Roads\\MinorRoadEmissions2010ByGrid_region.shp

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\partb_point.dbf

ESRI\\Roads\\MinorRoadEmissions2010ByGrid_region.shx

ESRI\\Confidential - Point sources\\partb_point.prj

ESRI\\Roads\\MinorRoadEmissions2010ByGrid_region.dbf

ESRI\\Bus stations\\BusStationData2010_point.shp

Page 106

Appendix 8 Sample from the EMIGMA website and Emission Factor Handbook The following pages give a sample screenshot from the EMIGMA data entry website and sample pages from the EMIGMA Industrial Air Pollutant Emissions Sources Emission Factor Handbook (Reference 19). Emigma point sources: 2010 update

Submissions for All authorities

Edit submission

Basics site: My Factory (My factory House, Factory Lane, Anyshire) process: Combustion: Combustion

location: X-coordinate 384636.000 Y-coordinate 397984.000 last updated: 12/11/2012 by Emigma Administration

Emission factor calculations Emission rates, measured in kt/Mt are taken from NAEI. Emissions, E, are calculated using the formula E=EF\*M, where EF is the emission factor and M is the amount of fuel consumed.

Emission factor rating B Natural Gas

Monitoring and stack details Enter emissions in grammes per second

Annual Emissions from Environment Agency Pollution Inventory

Emission Results (t) Method for calculating results use Emission factor calculations

Overall rating A

Debugging information submissionID status 0 6 PG 2/03 ELECTRICAL, CRUCIBLE AND REVERBERATORY FURNACES

PG /NOTE: PG2/03 Electrical, Crucible and Reverberatory Furnaces

PPC SECTOR: 2.2 SNAP CODE: 030302

6.1 Activities included

This chapter refers to emissions from electric arc (under 7 tonnes), induction, crucible, resistance and reverberatory furnaces in which iron, steel or ferrous alloys are melted, refined, held or poured. This chapter also covers the melting of nickel and cobalt alloys, except for nickel alloy processes with a furnace, bath or vessel with a designed holding capacity of 5 tonnes or more.

This chapter also covers emissions from the pouring of metal into a ladle and metal treatments undertaken in the furnace or ladle. These treatments include nodularisation with magnesium to produce ductile iron and carburisation using a carbon source.

Refining ladles are refractory lined containers specially designed for treating the molten metal outside the melting furnace. They can be equipped with a heating system (electric arc or induction).

Nodularisation is the addition to the melt of an alloy containing magnesium. It produces a ductile iron by promoting the formation of graphite in the nodular or spheroidal form. White magnesium oxide fume is produced. There is a choice of techniques which should meet the emission requirements depending upon the process specific circumstances; they include:

i) a Tundish cover for the ladle, ii) use of totally enclosed flow through treatment boxes. iii) magnesium addition in the mould, iv) use of magnesium - containing wire feed process. v) collection of the emission followed by arrestment in a bag filtration system.

6.2 Emissions

The key emissions from these processes that constitute pollution for the purposes of the Pollution Prevention and Control Regulations 2000 are those consisting of particulate matter, metallurgical fume and products of combustion.

Particulate Matter

The following parts of the process may give rise to particulate matter in the form of dust:

- Transfer of potentially dusty materials including charge material.
- Handling of dross and ash in non ferrous processes.
- Furnace charging and tapping operations. Other pollutants

The following parts of the process may give rise to other pollutants:

- Charging, melting, metal treatment and pouring may give rise to metallurgical fume emissions.
- Smoke arises in the event of poor (or incomplete) combustion.
- Smoke may arise from contaminants such as oil or paint burning off the scrap.

6.3 Emission Factor

Source of Emission Factor: UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory

Emission Factor Used: “Iron and Steel (Electric Arc Furnaces)”

Description: This emission factor covers emissions of by-products of combustion due to oxidation of organic matter in scrap material fed to electric arc furnaces.

Units: Kilotonne of pollutant / Mt material produced

Note: There are separate PG notes which cover hot and cold blast cupolas and rotary furnaces (PG2/5), and zinc and zinc alloy processes (PG2/7). There are separate chapters which cover casting, grinding and fettling, finishing and other foundry operations. See Table 6.2 Error! Reference source not found.. IF THE PROCESS IS COVERED BY 2 OR MORE PG NOTES ENSURE AN EMIGMA SPREADSHEET IS COMPLETED FOR EACH NOTE.

Table 6.1 Emission Factors Electrical, crucible and reverberatory furnaces

| Pollutant Factor | CO₂ as C | CH₄ | CO | NO | NO₂ | SO₂ | NMVOC | Hg | Pb | Benzene | |------------------|---------|-----|----|----|-----|-----|-------|----|----|---------| | | 3.6 | 0.01| 1.25| 0.005| 0.2 | 0.09| 0.0000553| 0.00587| 0.16| 0.01 |

Table 6.2 Chapter References

| PG Note | Title | Refer to Chapter | |---------|--------------------------------------------|------------------| | PG2/4 | Iron, Steel and Non-Ferrous Metal Foundry Processes | 7 | | PG2/6a | Processes Melting and Producing Aluminium and its Alloys | 8 | | PG2/6b | Processes Melting and Producing Magnesium and its Alloys | 9 | | PG2/8 | Copper and Copper Alloy Processes | 10 | 6.4 Emission Factor Rating

The emission factor rating for PG2/3 Electrical, crucible and reverberatory furnaces is C.

6.5 Weakest Aspects/Priority Areas For Improvement In Current Methodology

Emission Factor/s

The NAEI has not provided information on how the emission factors for Iron and Steel (Electric Arc Furnaces) have been derived.

EMIGMA

Historically data entered in EMIGMA did not differentiate between raw material and material produced. Data entered must relate to the amount of metal melted per annum.

6.6 Checklist

The checklist in Appendix 1 should be used in conjunction with the information in this chapter to ensure that data is entered correctly into EMIGMA.

### Authors

Ian Hull, Tony Morris, Ian Hagyard

### Contact

| Email | Telephone | |-------------|-------------| | ian.hull@tfgm.com | 0161 244 1454 |

### Version History

| Version | Change | Reason for Change | Date | |---------|--------------|----------------------------|------------| | 0.1 | Draft | | June 2013 | | 0.2 | Proof reading changes | | October 2013 | | 1.0 | Version 1.0 | No change from 0.2 | May 2014 |