The higher education journey of young London residents

July 2015 This report has been developed in partnership with London Councils, Young People's Education and Skills

Report authors: Gary Tindell BSc, MBPsS, University of East London Sheila Weeden, MBA MEd, London Borough of Newham Professor John Storan, University of East London Contents

1 Introduction 2

2 Executive Summary 4

3 Progression to Higher Education in London 6 3.1 Numbers progressing to HE: Time Series 6 3.2 Numbers progressing to HE in 2013/14 by London borough 8 3.3 Student Profile: Age, Gender, Ethnicity 11 3.4 Higher Education Profile: HEIs by group; Most popular HEIs, HEI locations most popular subjects studied, and number of UK undergraduate places per institution 17

4 Achievement 25 4.1 Higher Education Qualifications obtained 25 4.2 Analysis of degree class achieved 26

5 Post-study destinations 29 5.1 Destinations 2012/13 29 5.2 Employment Destinations by Standard Occupational Classification 31 5.3 Employment Destinations by Standard Industrial Classification 33 5.4 Graduates undertaking further study 34 5.5 GIS Maps of Graduate employment locations 35

6 Conclusions 43

7 Appendix 45 A Terms 45 B Bibliography 46 C Methodology 47 D List of Higher Education Institutions by institutional group 49

1. Introduction

This report is the third in a series of reports providing analysis of the higher education (HE) journey of young London residents as they progress from 16-18 institutions on to their higher education study and beyond. The report also looks at achievement at university and graduate employment. Taken together, the three years of reports span a significantly changing period in HE – the year before the increase in tuition fees to a maximum of £9,000 per year; the first year of the higher fees, and the following year. The 2014 report showed the considerable and varied impact of higher tuition fees in London, resulting in a decrease in the number of young people progressing to higher education. This year’s report provides the first indication of the level of recovery and the variability of recovery across London boroughs.

Each year, we aim to incorporate new information into the reports. This year, we will be including new information on care leavers, but due to the complexity of the data, our intention is to publish this as a separate paper later this year.

Using data from the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA), the report focuses on young people aged 18-24 whose home addresses are in London. The most recent data available is for the academic year 2013/14. Time series data back to 2007/08 is also used to illustrate trends over a seven year period.

The data provides information on the progression to higher education of young people in their first year of study at a UK Higher Education Institution (HEI) on a full or part-time, first or undergraduate degree. These students are referred to as ‘young London residents’ throughout this paper.

The report analyses progression using time series data, and examines student characteristics such as age, gender and ethnicity, mode of study, type of HEI attended (institutional group), HE location, and most popular subjects studied as well additional data on student entry qualifications.

The report then goes on to look at the achievement of young London residents who completed higher education qualifications in 2013/14 in terms of the types of higher education qualification obtained, and the degree classification achieved.

The final section of the report examines the outcomes of higher education. This section utilises data from the Destinations of Leavers from Higher Education (DLHE) survey, and the most recent data available is for students who completed their higher education studies by the end of the academic year 2012/13. Students who completed in that year will still be aged 18-24, and the data again identifies students who have home postcodes in London. The initial phase of the DLHE survey is conducted six months after graduation, so it is an early snapshot, and many students will not have settled into employment six months after completing their studies. For those initial non-respondents, a follow-up survey is conducted after a further six months. As it is a survey, the validity of the results are dependent on responses. Nationally, the DLHE response rate is about 80%. One important point is that the DLHE sample is not the same cohort as the progression cohort. This is because the DLHE cohort contains all students who completed their course of study in 2012/13, and students would have had different starting points depending on the length of the qualification they studied.

Using DLHE data enables the report to provide information about student destinations post-completion (employment and/or further study). It further examines employment destinations using the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), which classifies industries and sectors by type and the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) which classifies job roles. This enables the report to provide a picture of the employment of young graduates from London. The data does include some information on salaries, but only 56% of respondents return salary information in the DLHE, so the data only provides a partial picture. Finally, the report provides GIS maps of employment locations by employer postcodes – providing a visual illustration of the early graduate employment destinations in London of the 2012/13 young London resident, UK higher education leavers.

Our primary aim in producing these reports is to assist London local authorities to map the whole of the higher education journey of their young people, and the research aims to not only provide an illustration of that journey, but to also evidence the value of higher education to young people in London in terms of their early graduate employment six months after completing their higher education studies.

Professor John Storan University of East London 2. Executive Summary

The numbers of young London residents progressing to higher education increased steadily for a number of years prior to the introduction of the new student funding regime in 2012/13. The higher tuition fees resulted in 9,000 fewer young people in London accessing higher education - a reduction of 13.3% on the previous year. There has been a 7% recovery across London in 2013/14, but the numbers of young people participating has not quite recovered to the levels in 2008/09. The numbers of 21-24 year olds and part-time students are still declining, and the recovery has been in 18-20 year olds studying on full-time undergraduate degrees.

The picture is more complex at borough level over the seven year period, and the impact of the increased tuition fees in 2012/13 has resulted in fluctuations in the level of recovery in 2013/14 of between -1.2% and +13%. The national picture across the seven year period had been one of increasing young participation, particularly in areas of high socio-economic deprivation however, this is not always the case at London borough level. A number of London boroughs have experienced increases and decreases in their young population, and this is likely to be a contributing factor to the fluctuating participation rates at borough level.

HESA data shows that the largest number of young London students still progress to post-92 universities, although the proportion is declining. More than half progressed to HE from school sixth forms, and the numbers are increasing year on year. Although the vast majority of students are progressing from A Level programmes, there has been a significant increase in the number progressing from other level 3 programmes.

The most popular universities with London residents in 2013/14 were Westminster, Middlesex, Greenwich and Kingston. Even the most popular universities only had 4% or less market share of the young London resident population, which demonstrates the wide range of universities attended overall. Data from 2013/14 suggests that young London residents are accessing a wider range of universities outside of London, with University of Hertfordshire making it into the top five most popular universities for the first time.

The most popular degree subjects in 2013/14 are similar to the most popular nationally; Business Studies, Psychology, Economics and Computer Science, but there have been some changes in popularity in London, with demand for the most popular subjects slowing down, and the re-emergence of more traditional subjects. Achievement has increased in 2013/14, with over 80% of undergraduate students achieving a first degree with Honours. Of these, 52% achieved an upper second class degree, with a further 17% achieving first class degrees. The increase in young London graduates obtaining a First or Upper Second Class degree is an important contributor to the recent growth in full-time employment despite the challenging youth employment market.

Destination data for 2012/13 also shows an improving picture, with just under 49% of students employed in full-time paid work six months after graduation, up from 47% in the previous year. If part-time work, self-employment, and those due to start a job within the next month are taken into account, the employment figure increases to 65%. If employment and further study is taken into account, the figure for young London residents rises to 89%, which is similar to the HEFCE findings for all students at London-based HEIs.

Over 62% of young London resident graduates in 2012/13, who were employed six months after graduation, were working in Professional or Associate Professional & Managerial Occupations. which are traditionally considered to be graduate-level roles. The largest number of graduates were employed in Business and Public Service Associate Professional occupations. There are also a large number employed in Sales Occupations, Health and Administrative Occupations. There has been an increase over the last five years in the numbers employed in Professional, Associate Professional and Sales and Customer Service occupations, with the most significant increase in employment of young London graduates in the Wholesale and Retail Trade, followed by Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities. 3. Progression to higher education in London

3.1 Number of young London residents progressing to higher education

The number of young London residents progressing to higher education increased steadily for three years from 2007/08 before peaking in 2009/10. Although overall numbers decreased in 2010/11 due to government restrictions on university places, the following year saw a recovery to 2009/10 levels. During 2011/12, the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE, 2013) noted that the increase in initial participation by 18 year olds was primarily caused by a significant drop in students deferring their studies in the year prior to the increase in tuition fees in 2012/13. Although this may partially explain some of the decline in young students progressing to higher education, the most striking feature of figure 1 is the magnitude of the reduction in young London residents progressing to higher education, most likely as the result of the introduction of increased tuition fees implemented in 2012/13.

Figure 1: Young London residents’ progression to HE 2007/8 – 2013/14

After the significant reduction of 13.3% in the number of young London residents entering HE in 2012/13 there have been signs of recovery in the following year.

There has been a 7.3% increase in the number of young London domiciled residents entering HE, resulting in almost 4,300 additional new entrants in 2013/14.

Table 1: Young Progression to HE

| Year | Number | |---------|--------| | 2007/08 | 60,834 | | 2008/09 | 65,060 | | 2009/10 | 67,388 | | 2010/11 | 65,455 | | 2011/12 | 67,317 | | 2012/13 | 58,381 | | 2013/14 | 62,649 |

1 Young people aged 18-24 with home postcodes in London who progressed to their first year of higher education study on a full or part-time, first or undergraduate degree at a UK HEI. However, the numbers of young Londoners accessing HE is 2,500 less than the numbers undertaking an undergraduate programme in 2008/09.

The introduction of higher tuition fees in 2012/13 resulted in reductions in the numbers of young people undertaking HE study across all London boroughs. These reductions ranged from almost 5% to 20%. In the year following the tuition fee increase (2013/14), with the exception of two boroughs (Lambeth and Waltham Forest), the remaining 31 London local authorities have recorded an increase in the number of young people opting to undertake a HE undergraduate course. These increases range from 1.4% in Hammersmith & Fulham to 13% in Lewisham and Camden.

Figure 2: Young London residents’ progression to HE % year-in-year change

There is no national measure of the HE participation of the 18-24 age group. The two national measurements are ‘young participation’ which is 18 and 19 year olds (POLAR3), and the HEIPR which is 17-30 year olds. The most recent published HEIPR data is for the 2012/13 academic year, and the most recent POLAR data is for 2010/11.

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2 HEFCE 2012b 3 Higher Education Initial Participation Rate (HEIPR), BIS 28.8.2014 3.2 Numbers progressing to Higher Education by London borough

Figure 3 shows the fluctuations at borough level over the seven year period to 2013/14. For many local authorities, the pattern of HE participation is relatively similar and reflects the overall London picture. After three years of growth (2007/08, 2008/09 and 2009/10), there was a minor drop in 2010/11 followed by a return to the previous levels in the following year (2011/12). This was followed by a reduction in 2012/13, with some boroughs dropping far more than others. The impact of the increase in undergraduate tuition fees to a maximum of £9,000 in 2012/13 resulted in an inevitable reduction in young residents progressing to higher education which was clearly evident across London local authorities. The recovery in 2013/14 is encouraging, but again there are different levels of recovery across London boroughs ranging from +13% to -1%.

Over the seven year period there are a number of boroughs that have grown the number of young people continuing study at a University or HE College. The largest increase in participation since 2007/08 by far is in Barking & Dagenham (+27%), followed by Hammersmith & Fulham and Enfield (+9%). The reasons for small increases or small decreases in participation are difficult to disentangle at borough level because of the number of variables involved. Nationally, participation increased most dramatically in areas of high socio-economic deprivation however, this is not necessarily the picture at London borough level, as Tower Hamlets and to a lesser extent, Newham – two of the boroughs in London with high levels of socio-economic deprivation – have not experienced significant increases.

Figure 3: Young London residents’ progression to HE by London borough 2007/8 - 2013/14 This suggests that there are more complex reasons behind the changes in participation rates at borough level over the seven year period. One potential reason could be the changing young population numbers in individual boroughs – both increases and decreases which could influence the participation figures significantly. In some London boroughs, the school age populations are set to increase significantly up until 2024 and more detailed fieldwork would be required to obtain substantial understanding of this particular issue.

Figure 4 shows the overall HE participation of young domiciled residents by borough for the 2013/14 academic year. The boroughs with the largest young populations are unsurprisingly amongst those with the highest numbers of young people progressing to higher education.

Figure 4: Young London residents’ progression to HE in 2013/14 by home borough Figure 5 indicates the annual percentage change in the number of students progressing to University or College in 2013/14 compared to the previous year. After an average 13% drop across London boroughs last year, only two boroughs have recovered a 13% increase. A further seven boroughs have increased by 10%, and eight other boroughs have increased between 1 and 5%. Two boroughs have a decrease in numbers compared to the previous year.

Small decreases at borough level usually represent small numbers of students, so are not always statistically significant. The main issue for many London boroughs is the continuing impact of the increase in tuition fees, which, despite some recovery in 2013/14 has resulted in participation rates being drawn back to the levels achieved five or six years ago.

In Barking & Dagenham, the numbers of students progressing from school sixth forms and sixth form colleges has risen dramatically over the seven year period. Analysis of the data shows a significant increase in the numbers of students with A Levels and other Level 3 qualifications, and tariff scores have also increased significantly over the seven year period. These have clearly been factors in the increases in higher education participation of young people in the borough, as more of them met the entry criteria for universities.

In Waltham Forest, where the numbers decreased by 12.5% in 2012/13 compared to the previous year, 2013/14 data shows a further decrease of 1.2%. In actual numbers, this represents a decrease of almost 300 students in 2013/14 compared to 2011/12. There has been a continued decline in the numbers of young people in the borough progressing to HE from general further education and sixth form colleges, and a partial recovery in those progressing from school sixth forms, however even the school sixth form numbers have not recovered to 2011/12 levels. This shows the continuing and deep impact of the introduction of higher fees in this borough.

In boroughs with smaller numbers of students such as in Kensington & Chelsea, 986 students progressed in 2011/12, and 915 in 2012/13. Numbers have recovered by 3% in 2013/14 to 942, but the difference in student numbers between the two years is only 27 students, which could be partially explained by differences in cohort sizes in any one year. 3.3 Student profile – age on entry

This research is investigating young London residents in higher education aged 18-24 on entry. However, as figure 6 indicates, the overwhelming majority of students will be aged 18-20 on entry (82%) as they will have followed a traditional route from Level 3 qualifications at age 18. This pattern has remained consistent throughout the seven year period 2007/08-2013/14.

The Department for Business Innovation and Skills HEIPR report(^4) states that young people are more likely to participate in HE for the first time at age 18 than at any other age.

There are clear signs of recovery in the number of young Londoners aged under 21 years opting to enter HE. Despite a 13% reduction in the previous year following the increased tuition fees, in 2013/14 there has been an increase of 9.3% in 18-21 year olds electing to study in HE.

(^4) BIS, 2013 The number of 21-24 year olds undertaking HE is still declining although at a much reduced rate. In the year following the introduction of tuition fees, there was a small decline of almost 1% in the number of 21-24 year olds entering HE.

Figure 6: Age on entry 2013/14

Figure 7: Age on entry 2007/08 – 2013/14 Mode of Study

As you would expect, the overwhelming majority of 18-24 year old students’ progress onto full-time first or undergraduate degrees, with only a small percentage choosing part-time study (figure 8). There are clear signs of recovery in the numbers of young London residents opting to study a HE qualification on a full-time basis. Although there was a reduction of just under 11% in 2012/13 as a result of the introduction of tuition fees, there was a recovery in 2013/14 resulting in an increase of almost 9% in the number of students entering full-time HE.

There is however strong evidence of the continuing decline in young Londoners entering HE to study on a part-time basis. In 2013/14, there was a reduction of 10% following on from a much larger reduction of 35% in the previous year.

Although part-time student numbers have been decreasing generally, the numbers of students studying at part-time and distance learning specialist institutions such as Birkbeck College and The Open University had generally increased over the four years up until 2010/11. They were not immune to the confusion over the funding arrangements for part-time students however, and witnessed reductions of 27% and 37% respectively in 2012/13, and reductions of 16.2% and 1% respectively in 2013/14.

Table 2: Age on Entry to HE: Time-Series

| Age Range | Academic Year | Nos | |-----------|---------------|------| | 20 and under | 2007/08 | 46,283 | | 20 and under | 2008/09 | 49,734 | | 20 and under | 2009/10 | 51,474 | | 20 and under | 2010/11 | 50,961 | | 20 and under | 2011/12 | 54,293 | | 20 and under | 2012/13 | 47,156 | | 20 and under | 2013/14 | 51,530 | | 21-24 | 2007/08 | 14,551 | | 21-24 | 2008/09 | 15,326 | | 21-24 | 2009/10 | 15,914 | | 21-24 | 2010/11 | 14,494 | | 21-24 | 2011/12 | 13,024 | | 21-24 | 2012/13 | 11,225 | | 21-24 | 2013/14 | 11,119 | Gender

Figure 10 shows the gender split of young London residents progressing to HE in 2013/14. The gender split for London is similar to national figures from the HEIPR for the 17-30 age group, where male participation was 45% and female 55%.

The recovery in the numbers of young London residents entering HE is slightly higher for male students (+8%) compared to female entrants (+7%). Analysis of figure 11 clearly shows the almost identical patterns of gender participation in HE over the seven year period. The number of young female London residents peaked in 2009/10 whereas male participation reached its apex in 2011/12, albeit from a much lower base. The gender gap appears to be narrowing, with a difference of over 6,000 in 2007/08 narrowing to a difference of 4,300 in 2013/14. Ethnicity

Almost 39% of young London new entrants to HE identify themselves as white with the next highest proportion being black African students (17%). Although there was a decline of 20% in the numbers of white students in the previous year, there is evidence of a 7% increase in 2013/14. In the year following the introduction of the increased tuition fees, there was an increase in the number of young Londoners ranging from 17% for Bangladeshi students to 3% for Indian and Pakistani students. The only exception to this general increase is Chinese students who recorded a small decline of almost 2% on the previous year.

Figure 12: Ethnic breakdown for young London residents’ progression to HE – Time-Series 2007/08 – 2013/14

Table 3: Ethnicity breakdown (2013/14)

| Ethnicity | Nos | |----------------------------------------|------| | Black or Black British - Caribbean | 3,590| | Black or Black British - African | 10,372| | Other Black background | 746 | | Asian or Asian British - Indian | 5,043| | Asian or Asian British - Pakistani | 2,622| | Asian or Asian British - Bangladeshi | 2,643| | Chinese | 824 | | Other Asian background | 3,954| | Other (including mixed) | 7,844| | Unknown | 773 | | White | 24,238| | Total | 62,649| 3.4 Higher Education Profile

Previous Institution

Figure 13: Previous institution (16-18) by type 2013/14

Figure 13 shows the previous (16-18) institution by type for young London residents who progressed to HE in 2013/14. Over half progressed from school sixth forms (including independent schools) with 20% from FE colleges and 10% from sixth form colleges.

‘Unknown’ students are generally those who studied overseas prior to entering university or whose previous institution is not recorded.

Figure 14: Previous institution (16-18) by type (2007/08 - 2013/14) Figure 14 shows that the largest group of students progressing into higher education in London over the seven year period from 2007/08 to 2013/14 progressed from school sixth forms. They also saw the largest drop in students progressing to HE in 2012/13, and the largest recovery in 2013/14. School sixth forms accounted for over 52% of young London residents progressing to HE in 2013/14, with students from FE Colleges making up just over 20%, and Sixth Form Colleges 9%.

HEI Destinations by University Group

This report uses a common classification of universities by group (see appendix C for explanation)

Universities are grouped by common characteristics such as the Act of Parliament or Charter under which they were established, and their entry criteria. The Russell Group of universities is the only self-designated institutional grouping.

Figure 15 provides a time-series analysis and it clearly shows the impact of the increased tuition fees on post-92 institutions. The drop in student numbers in 2012/13 was felt most strongly by post-92 institutions and pre-92 institutions.

Figure 15: Progression to HE institution group 2007/08 – 2013/14 Figure 16 clearly indicates that the largest number of young London residents progress to post-92 universities - just under half of all entrants in 2013/14. Similar numbers of young London students attend either a Russell Group University or a pre-92 institution (just over 20% each).

Figure 16: Progression to HE institution by type 2013/14 (%)

Figure 17 shows that the post-92 universities have only recovered by 4.5% compared to the previous year, and specialist colleges have seen a further decrease in young London residents. The pre-92 universities and former colleges of HE have experienced a much higher recovery rate, and the Russell Group of universities has seen the largest percentage recovery.

Figure 17: Type of HEI - % change 2012/13 to 2013/14 Some Russell Group and pre-92 institutions have increased their home undergraduate student places for students achieving AAB or higher grades at A Level or equivalent qualifications in the last two years. The government allowed institutions to do this for entrants with AAB grades, and the data shows that universities such as Birmingham, Exeter, Sheffield, York and Cardiff increased their intake of young London residents in 2013/14.

Higher education destinations of young London residents

Figure 18 shows that the HEIs with the highest number of young London-domiciled residents are predominantly based in London. Figure 19 shows that twelve of the top 15 HEIs attended by London residents in 2013/14 are located in London.

There is however a decline of 2% in young people progressing to London HEIs compared to the previous year, and an increase in young people prepared to study in other regions. This is reflective of the number of young London residents progressing to Russell Group institutions outside of London in 2013/14.

The largest numbers studying outside London enrol at HEIs based in the South East, East and East Midland regions, comprising a quarter of all young London new entrants.

One interesting pattern to emerge from the time-series analysis of the location of HEIs is the increase in the number of young London residents electing to study at a Scottish-based HEI, primarily because of the different student funding regime. The HEFCE regional participation report for London(^5) states that London-centric progression is a common feature of young progression to HE for London residents. One of the reasons for this is that by far the largest concentration of higher education in the UK is in London. Of the 133 higher education institutions in England - 91 of which are universities - 39 higher education institutions (HEIs) are based in London. There are twelve universities, nine higher education colleges, and 18 federated colleges and institutes of the University of London.

Figure 18: HEIs by geographical location 2013/14

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(^5) HEFCE, 2012a A 2012 GLA paper on projected demand for HE in London in 2011/12 stated that one in five students in higher education in the UK were enrolled at an institution located in the capital.

Table 4: Market share 2013/14

| Institution | Market Share | |--------------------------------------------------|--------------| | The University of Westminster | 4.0% | | Middlesex University | 3.9% | | The University of Greenwich | 3.8% | | Kingston University | 3.5% | | University of Hertfordshire | 3.1% | | London Metropolitan University | 3.0% | | The University of East London | 3.0% | | London South Bank University | 2.9% | | The City University | 2.3% | | Brunel University | 2.3% |

The institutions with the largest market share have less than 5% each, which shows that young London students attend a wide range of institutions. Even in the most popular institutions, demand has fluctuated over time, as the result of the introduction of the new funding arrangements coupled with some institutions increasing entry requirements. The impact of the increased tuition fees on some institutions and their level of recovery is graphically illustrated in figure 20. Figure 20: Progression to HEIs by institution 2007/08 - 2013/14

Figure 21: Progression to HEIs by institution - % Annual Change 2012/13-2013/14 There have been some changes in the universities with the highest number of young London entrants. The post-92 universities of Westminster, Greenwich and Hertfordshire have all increased their market share in 2013/14 as well as City and Brunel in the pre-92 sector.

University of East London, Kingston University, London South Bank and London Metropolitan University experienced a continued drop in young London entrants in 2013/14.

Higher Education subject of study

The preferred choice of subjects for young London residents is relatively similar to the subject distribution nationally. Business Studies and Psychology remain the two most popular subjects with over 3000 students studying Business and over 2,500 studying Psychology. Figure 22 shows the fifteen most popular subjects but the total number of different named degree subjects studied by London-domiciled new entrants is just over 700. As a consequence, Business Studies and Psychology only account for 5% and 4% of new entrants respectively and Computer Science would only account for just over 3%. The remaining 686 subjects which emphasises the diversity of available academic disciplines represents over 62% of young London residents progressing to higher education in 2013/14.

There is evidence of an increase in 2013/14 in the number of young Londoners across most subjects. Accounting has disappeared from the top ten in 2013/14, and Sport and Exercise Science has entered the top ten. The top ten subjects with the largest increases in 2013/14 are History by period followed by Computer Science, Psychology and Mathematics.

Figure 22: Degree subjects with the highest number of entrants 2013/14

| Subject | Entrants | |--------------------------------|----------| | (N100) Business studies | 3,155 | | (C800) Psychology | 2,573 | | (100) Computer science | 1,927 | | (L100) Economics | 1,790 | | (M200) Law by topic | 1,540 | | (G100) Mathematics | 1,507 | | (V100) History by period | 1,482 | | (C600) Sport & exercise science| 1,436 | | (N200) Management studies | 1,398 | | (L300) Sociology | 1,379 | Qualifications for entry to Higher Education

Entry qualifications will differ significantly across institutions given their mission, status and size. Figure 23 provides an indication of the highest qualification of new entrants.

The pattern of entry qualifications for 2013/14 is similar to the previous year with those entering HE predominantly A/AS level entrants. There are signs of an increase in the number of new entrants with a Level 3 diploma electing to undertake HE study with a 37% increase on the previous year.

Figure 23: Highest qualification on entry to HE in 2013/14

Although the name of the highest qualification is a useful guide to the range of qualifications acceptable for entry to a university or college, it does not by itself provide an indication of the grades required. Figure 24 attempts to remedy this by providing a breakdown of the entry tariff scores of young London residents in 2013/14. The tariff framework has been established to give an equivalent value to a wide range of qualifications, thereby allowing HE institutions to make informed decisions about prospective candidates. The tariff scores are based on 140 points for an ‘A\*’ at GCE A level, 120 points for an ‘A’, 100 points for a ‘B’, 80 points for a ‘C’, 60 points for a ‘D’ and 40 points for a grade ‘E’. These individual A level grades are then aggregated to give an overall tariff score and figure 24 provides an indication of the range of scores required for entry. The distribution of tariff scores is almost normally distributed with the most frequent scores ranging between 240 and 419 points. For a Russell Group institution, the tariff scores required for entry would usually be in excess of 360 points and depending on subject and institution, may be as high as 540. Figure 25 examines the annual percentage change in the numbers of young London students progressing to HE with specific tariff scores. In the previous year, there was a significant reduction in students undertaking undergraduate study with comparatively low tariff scores. In 2013/14 there has been an increase in entrants with tariff scores or 240-360. This is partly due to some institutions raising the level of entry qualifications to recruit more students with AAB or ABB grades – 340 and 320 points respectively. There has also been an increase in higher tariff bands of 420-479, which would generally be required for highly selective courses and by Russell Group universities.

Figure 25: Tariff scores for entry to HE - % Annual change 2012/13 - 2013/14 4. Achievement

4.1 Higher Education Qualification Obtained

Table 5 below, shows the wide range of higher education qualifications achieved by young London residents in 2013/14. Over 80% achieved honours degrees, up from 76% the previous year. The other 20% of students achieved a mixture of undergraduate qualifications, including foundation degrees, combined undergraduate/postgraduate and professional qualifications.

Table 5: Range of higher education qualifications completed by young London residents in 2013/14

| Nos | % | |------|------| | 48,324 | 100.0% | | 38,914 | 80.5% | | 1,960 | 4.1% | | 1,521 | 3.1% | | 1,373 | 2.8% | | 1,062 | 2.2% | | 509 | 1.1% | | 462 | 1.0% | | 436 | 0.9% | | 366 | 0.8% | | 244 | 0.5% | | 190 | 0.4% | | 175 | 0.4% | | 167 | 0.3% | | 161 | 0.3% | | 137 | 0.3% | | 102 | 0.2% | | 100 | 0.2% | 4.2 Analysis of Degree Class Achieved

Over 50% of young London residents that completed their first degree (hons) courses in 2013/14 achieved an upper second class degree, and 17% achieved a first class degree as shown in figure 26. First and upper second class degrees are commonly defined as ‘good degrees’ – meeting the application criteria for postgraduate study and for many large graduate employers. A ‘good degree’ is an important contributor to young graduates gaining employment after completing their undergraduate qualification.

Figure 26: Degree classes achieved 2013/14 Figure 27 provides a time-series analysis of the proportion of ‘good degrees’ awarded to young London graduates since 2007/08.

Figure 27: Proportion of students obtaining a ‘good degree’ (First & Upper Second class honours) – Time-Series

| Year | Proportion | |---------|------------| | 2007/08 | 59.2 | | 2008/09 | 60.4 | | 2009/10 | 60.5 | | 2010/11 | 62.2 | | 2011/12 | 64.5 | | 2012/13 | 66.7 | | 2013/14 | 69.5 |

The proportion of young Londoners achieving a first or upper second class degree has continued to increase with almost 70% of graduates achieving a ‘good degree’.

One of the consequences of this increase in degree performance is that the proportion of young London graduates gaining full-time employment has increased despite difficult and challenging times within the UK economy.

Recent government data shows that the rate of graduate employment has improved nationally. In the quarter Jan-Mar 2015, the employment rate for working age graduates of 87.5% is the highest level seen since the 88.3% recorded in Q4 2007. The unemployment rate of 3.9% for young graduates is the lowest Q1 rate since 2007.

As figure 28 indicates, when the HEI institutional group is taken into account, almost 86% of young London residents completing higher education qualifications in 2013/14 at Russell Group institutions achieved a first or upper second class degree classification compared to 84% the previous year.

Figure 28: Proportion of students obtaining a ‘good degree’ (First & Upper Second class honours) by Type of HEI – 2013/14

| Type of HEI | Proportion | |------------------------------|------------| | Former College of HE | 58.1 | | Post-92 Former Polytechnic | 60.4 | | Pre-92 University | 75.0 | | Russell Group | 85.8 | | Specialist College | 62.6 |

7 BIS/15/304, 2015 Just under 76% of young London residents completing HE qualifications at pre-92 universities achieved ‘good’ degrees, compared to just over 60% at post-92 universities.

This is reflective of the higher prior achievement criteria required for entry to Russell Group and Pre-92 universities compared to post-92 institutions and former colleges of HE.

As previously mentioned, students are likely to have entered higher education at Russell Group or pre-92 universities with high tariff points gained from studying 3+ A Levels and achieving at least AAB or ABB grades. 5. Post-study destinations

This section utilises data from the Destinations of Leavers from Higher Education (DLHE) survey, and the most recent data available is for students who completed their higher education studies by the end of the academic year 2012/13. The survey underwent a significant revision in 2011/12 with a number of new questions asked and changes to existing ones. As a consequence, the time-series data is only for two years. Students who completed in 2012/13 will still be aged 18-24, and the data again identifies students who have home postcodes in London. The DLHE survey is initially conducted six months after graduation, so it is an early snapshot, and many students will not have settled into employment six months after completing their studies. A follow-up survey is conducted after a further six months on those graduates who did not respond on the first occasion. Nationally, the DLHE response rate in 2012/13 was 78%. One important point is that the DLHE sample is not the same cohort as the progression cohort. This is because the DLHE cohort contains all students who completed their course of study in 2012/13, and students would have had different starting points depending on the length of the qualification they studied.

5.1 Employment destinations of young London residents 2012/13

The DLHE data for 2012/13 shows that over 49% of students were employed in full-time paid work six months after graduation – an increase of 2% compared to the previous year. If part-time work, primarily in work but also studying and those due to start a job within the next month are taken into account, the employment figure increases to just under 68%. Graduate unemployment was 8.7%, a significant improvement on the 11% unemployment rate in the previous year.

Figure 29: Destinations of young London residents completing higher education qualifications in 2012/13

| Destination | Percentage | |--------------------------------------------------|------------| | Full-time work | 49.3% | | Part-time work | 15.1% | | Full-time study | 14.8% | | Unemployed | 8.7% | | Other | 4.7% | | Primarily studying and also in work | 3.0% | | Primarily in work and also studying | 2.3% | | Part-time study | 1.1% | | Due to start work | 1.0% | One of the new questions asked in the 2011/12 DLHE survey relates to the contractual basis for those young graduates in employment. In conjunction with the destination data, it provides a far greater level of detail than has previously been available. Figure 30 provides a breakdown of the contractual basis of those in employment and indicates that there has been little change since last year. In 2012/13, 54% of young London resident graduates were employed on a permanent or open-ended contract and a further 23% were employed on fixed-term contracts. Those young graduates who are either self-employed or starting up a business equate to just under 7%.

Figure 30: The contractual basis of young London residents in employment in 2012/13

The DLHE destination data also includes some information on starting salaries, with just over 56% disclosing their salary. Although this provides only a partial picture, for young graduates in full-time jobs, the typical starting salary would be between £20,000-£30,000 annually and for part-time jobs, the salary would typically be less than £15,000. 5.2 Employment destinations by Standard Occupational Classification

The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) is available at different levels, with Level 1 depicted in figure 32 providing a broad picture of occupational classes, and Level 2 SOC in Table 6 providing a more detailed picture of the employment destinations of the employed cohort of young London domiciled graduates of 2012/13.

Figure 32 indicates that there has been little change from the previous year, with almost 62% of young London resident graduates in 2012/13 who were employed six months after graduation, working in Professional or Associate Professional & Managerial Occupations. These occupations would be classified as ‘graduate level’ jobs.

Table 6 show that the largest number of graduates are employed in Business and Public Service Associate Professional occupations. There are also a large number of recent graduates employed in Sales Occupations and in Professional and Associate Professional roles associated with Health and Social Welfare, Teaching, Research and Science & Technology. In addition, there are also large numbers employed in Culture, Media and Sports Occupations, which is not entirely surprising as London is a major employment hub for the Cultural and Creative Industries. Figure 32: Employment Destinations by Standard Industrial Classification, Level 1 2012/13

Table 6: Standard Occupational Classification Level 2 (2012/13)

| Occupation | Nos | |-------------------------------------------------|------| | Business and Public Service Associate Occupations | 4,266| | Sales Occupations | 3,152| | Health Professionals | 2,652| | Administrative Occupations | 2,093| | Business, Media and Public Service Professionals | 1,966| | Culture, Media and Sports Occupations | 1,699| | Caring Personal Service Occupations | 1,450| | Teaching and Educational Professionals | 1,406| | Science, Research, Engineering and Technology Professionals | 1,377| | Elementary Administration and Service Occupations | 1,146| | Corporate Managers and Directors | 591 | | Science, Engineering and Technology Associate Professionals | 576 | | Customer Service Occupations | 574 | | Health and Social Care Associate Professionals | 554 | | Secretarial and Related Occupations | 514 | | Other Managers and Proprietors | 341 | | Leisure, Travel and Related Personal Service Occupations | 294 | | Textiles, Printing and Other Skilled Trades | 140 | | Protective Service Occupations | 79 | | Transport and Mobile Machine Drivers and Operatives | 61 | | Skilled Metal, Electrical and Electronic Trades | 53 | | Skilled Construction and Building Trades | 43 | | Process, Plant and Machine Operatives | 37 | | Elementary Trades and Related Occupations | 26 | | Skilled Agricultural and Related Trades | 10 | 5.3 Employment destinations by Standard Industrial Classification

Similar to the SOC, the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) is available at different levels, with Level 1 depicted in figure 33 providing a broad picture of industrial sectors, and Level 2 SIC in Table 7 providing a more detailed picture of the employment destinations of the employed cohort of young London domiciled graduates of 2012/13.

The largest proportion of young London domiciled graduates from 2012/13 who were employed, were working in the Wholesale and Retail trade. Approximately, one-in-every five recent graduates were working in this sector (the largest employment sector in the UK), although a proportion of these are likely to be employed in professional or managerial roles.

The second largest group were working primarily within the public sector. These jobs were located in Human Health and Social Welfare industries, Professional Scientific industries, or the Education sector.

Table 7 provides a detailed breakdown at the second Level of the SIC. It clearly reinforces the large numbers employed in the retail trade, human health activities and education. The large numbers employed in health and education reflects the high public sector employment in London.

Figure 33: Employment Destinations by Standard Industrial Classification, Level 1 2012/13 Table 7: Standard Industrial Classifications Level 2 (2012/13)

| SIC Level 2 | Nos | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------| | Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles | 4,334| | Education | 2,988| | Human health activities | 2,869| | Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding | 1,026| | Food and beverage service activities | 930 | | Legal and accounting activities | 886 | | Social work activities without accommodation | 807 | | Employment activities | 772 | | Public administration and defence; compulsory social security | 673 | | Computer programming, consultancy and related activities | 655 | | Advertising and market research | 610 | | Other professional, scientific and technical activities | 553 | | Creative, arts and entertainment activities | 551 | | Motion picture, video and television programme production, sound recording | 516 | | and music publishing activities | | | Sports activities and amusement and recreation activities | 448 | | Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis | 416 | | Activities of head offices; management consultancy activities | 414 | | Real estate activities | 387 | | Publishing activities | 363 | | Office administrative, office support and other business support activities | 327 | | Activities of membership organisations | 287 | | Construction of buildings | 265 | | Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security| 229 | | Accommodation | 220 | | Activities auxiliary to financial services and insurance activities | 214 |

5.4 Graduates undertaking further study

In addition to information about graduate employment, the DLHE survey also includes a series of questions relating to graduates opting to undertake further study. The destinations data shown in figure 29 suggests that just over 21% of young London graduates choose to undertake further study.

Figure 34 provides a breakdown by the type of qualification young London graduates have chosen to study. As you would expect, almost 70% of young London graduates elect to study for a postgraduate (Masters Degree, MPhil/PhD) degree or a professional qualification.

The remaining 30% have opted to study for a first degree or other qualifications. These graduates are most likely to have previously studied on foundation programmes or sub-degrees and are looking to convert their qualification into an honours degree. 5.5 GIS Maps of 2012/13 Graduate Employment Locations

The employer heatmaps presented below and on the following pages indicate the employment locations of young London resident graduates who gained their higher education qualifications in 2012/13 and progressed to employment within six months of graduating. DLHE data has been overlaid onto Google Maps to show areas with the largest numbers employed.

The heatmap does not work well at London level, as the circles are too large, but the heatmap provides an interesting snapshot at sub-regional level.

The relative size of the circle reflects the number of graduates in employment in each postcode area, so the larger circles denote larger numbers employed.

To give an indication of the number of jobs in each postcode, Table 9 on page 43 provides a breakdown of young London graduates obtaining employment by the location of their employer. As you would expect, the large employment clusters in the City/central London and Canary Wharf are clearly evident. Figure 35: London employment map

Figure 36: East London postcodes Figure 37: East Central Postcodes

Figure 38: North London postcodes Figure 39: North West London postcodes

Figure 40: South East London postcodes Figure 41: South West London postcodes

Figure 42: Other South West London postcodes Table 8: Number of young London graduates employment by postcode

| Location of employment for young graduates (No.) | London Postcode | Location of employment for young graduates (No.) | London Postcode | Location of employment for young graduates (No.) | London Postcode | Location of employment for young graduates (No.) | London Postcode | |-------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------------------------------------------------|-----------------| | E1 | 377 | N1 | 316 | SE15 | 53 | W1 | 64 | | E1W | 31 | N2 | 21 | SE16 | 42 | W1B | 104 | | E2 | 79 | N3 | 33 | SE17 | 16 | W1C | 196 | | E3 | 45 | N4 | 47 | SE18 | 96 | W1D | 121 | | E4 | 52 | N5 | 30 | SE19 | 17 | W1F | 110 | | E5 | 18 | N6 | 15 | SE20 | 7 | W1G | 50 | | E6 | 100 | N7 | 72 | SE21 | 20 | W1H | 36 | | E7 | 49 | N8 | 34 | SE22 | 24 | W1J | 80 | | E8 | 95 | N9 | 46 | SE23 | 23 | W1K | 49 | | E9 | 52 | N10 | 28 | SE24 | 11 | W1S | 86 | | E10 | 51 | N11 | 21 | SE25 | 21 | W1T | 184 | | E11 | 83 | N12 | 39 | SE26 | 20 | W1U | 80 | | E12 | 37 | N13 | 18 | SE27 | 9 | W1W | 113 | | E13 | 57 | N14 | 29 | SE28 | 23 | W2 | 189 | | E14 | 460 | N15 | 40 | SW1A | 69 | W3 | 85 | | E15 | 107 | N16 | 35 | SW1E | 80 | W4 | 136 | | E16 | 81 | N17 | 55 | SW1H | 78 | W5 | 176 | | E17 | 102 | N18 | 61 | SW1P | 93 | W6 | 21 | | E18 | 17 | N19 | 47 | SW1V | 54 | W7 | 11 | | E20 | 132 | N20 | 30 | SW1W | 84 | W8 | 96 | | EC1 | 6 | N21 | 12 | SW1X | 132 | W9 | 29 |

Figure 43: West London postcodes

Figure 44: West Central postcodes Table 8: Number of young London graduates 2012/13 employment by postcode group

| London Postcode Group | Location of employment for young graduates (No.) | |-----------------------|--------------------------------------------------| | LONDON (E) | 2,031 | | LONDON (EC) | 1,840 | | LONDON (N) | 1,099 | | LONDON (NW) | 1,156 | | LONDON (SE) | 1,827 | | LONDON (SW) | 1,242 | | LONDON (SW)1 | 809 | | LONDON (W) | 2,567 | | LONDON (WC) | 1,407 | Table 9: Number of young 2012/13 London graduates employment by postcode

| London Postcode | Location of employment for young graduates (No.) | London Postcode | Location of employment for young graduates (No.) | London Postcode | Location of employment for young graduates (No.) | London Postcode | Location of employment for young graduates (No.) | |----------------|-----------------------------------------------|----------------|-----------------------------------------------|----------------|-----------------------------------------------|----------------|-----------------------------------------------| | E1 | 377 | N1 | 316 | SE15 | 53 | W1 | 64 | | E1W | 31 | N2 | 21 | SE16 | 42 | W1B | 104 | | E2 | 79 | N3 | 33 | SE17 | 16 | W1C | 196 | | E3 | 45 | N4 | 47 | SE18 | 96 | W1D | 121 | | E4 | 52 | N5 | 30 | SE19 | 17 | W1F | 110 | | E5 | 18 | N6 | 15 | SE20 | 7 | W1G | 50 | | E6 | 100 | N7 | 72 | SE21 | 20 | W1H | 36 | | E7 | 49 | N8 | 34 | SE22 | 24 | W1J | 80 | | E8 | 95 | N9 | 46 | SE23 | 23 | W1K | 49 | | E9 | 52 | N10 | 28 | SE24 | 11 | W1S | 86 | | E10 | 51 | N11 | 21 | SE25 | 21 | W1T | 184 | | E11 | 83 | N12 | 39 | SE26 | 20 | W1U | 80 | | E12 | 37 | N13 | 18 | SE27 | 9 | W1W | 113 | | E13 | 57 | N14 | 29 | SE28 | 23 | W2 | 189 | | E14 | 460 | N15 | 40 | SW1A | 69 | W3 | 85 | | E15 | 107 | N16 | 35 | SW1E | 80 | W4 | 120 | | E16 | 81 | N17 | 55 | SW1H | 78 | W5 | 136 | | E17 | 102 | N18 | 61 | SW1P | 93 | W6 | 176 | | E18 | 17 | N19 | 47 | SW1V | 54 | W7 | 21 | | E20 | 132 | N20 | 30 | SW1W | 84 | W8 | 96 | | EC1 | 6 | N21 | 12 | SW1X | 132 | W9 | 29 | | EC1A | 156 | N22 | 70 | SW1Y | 75 | W10 | 67 | | EC1M | 65 | NW1 | 395 | SW2 | 37 | W11 | 66 | | EC1N | 88 | NW2 | 72 | SW3 | 99 | W12 | 212 | | EC1R | 52 | NW3 | 122 | SW4 | 61 | W13 | 33 | | EC1V | 139 | NW4 | 123 | SW5 | 29 | W14 | 64 | | EC1Y | 50 | NW5 | 72 | SW6 | 133 | WC1 | 5 | | EC2 | \<5 | NW6 | 67 | SW7 | 66 | WC1A | 59 | | EC2A | 186 | NW7 | 29 | SW8 | 52 | WC1B | 38 | | EC2M | 165 | NW8 | 42 | SW9 | 68 | WC1E | 51 | | EC2N | 68 | NW9 | 71 | SW20 | 32 | WC1H | 28 | | EC2R | 63 | NW10 | 137 | SW1 | 3 | WC1N | 64 | | EC2V | 79 | NW11 | 26 | SW10 | 70 | WC1R | 23 | | EC2Y | 49 | SE1 | 833 | SW11 | 101 | WC1V | 75 | | EC3A | 71 | SE2 | 14 | SW12 | 33 | WC1X | 68 | | EC3M | 92 | SE3 | 29 | SW13 | 20 | WC2 | \<5 | | EC3N | 39 | SE4 | 24 | SW14 | 16 | WC2A | 581 | | EC3P | \<5 | SE5 | 117 | SW15 | 96 | WC2B | 70 | | EC3R | 35 | SE6 | 28 | SW16 | 64 | WC2E | 120 | | EC3V | 44 | SE7 | 24 | SW17 | 147 | WC2H | 99 | | EC4 | \<5 | SE8 | 26 | SW18 | 86 | WC2N | 66 | | EC4A | 136 | SE9 | 40 | SW19 | 173 | WC2R | 58 | | EC4M | 57 | SE10 | 117 | | | | | | EC4N | 42 | SE11 | 32 | | | | | | EC4R | 62 | SE12 | 21 | | | | | | EC4V | 54 | SE13 | 104 | | | | | | EC4Y | 44 | SE14 | 36 | | | | | 6 Conclusions

Although participation rates in London improved in 2013/14, they have not recovered from the severe impact of the higher tuition fees introduced in 2012/13. Across London, there is a variable picture of recovery, with some boroughs recovering a significant percentage, and some other boroughs with either small percentages of recovery and others still reducing further. Overall, the numbers participating in London in 2013/14 was below 2008/09 levels. We note with concern that the impact is still being felt by 21-24 year olds and part-time students, where numbers are still declining, and that this might be an area for further research. Given the declining numbers of 21-24 year olds in HE, it is even more important that young people have the opportunity to access higher education at age 18 or 19, as they are less likely to progress to HE once they pass that age.

There is evidence of significantly more students from level 3 programmes other than A Level progressing to university, and of more students progressing to university with higher tariff scores. This is likely to be a result of many universities recognising the increasing numbers of applicants with BTEC Level 3 Diplomas and Extended Diplomas, and the increase in tariff scores is likely to be the result of the impact of the government policy to allow universities to recruit unlimited numbers of home undergraduate students with AAB or ABB grades or equivalent, whilst restricting the numbers of students with lower tariff scores that universities can recruit.

Whilst post-92 universities are still the most popular group of universities, their market share is declining. There are several likely reasons for this: Firstly, the majority are charging fees of £9,000 per year – the maximum allowed for all universities in England. Secondly, in general, most courses at post-92 universities have lower entry grade requirements than those at pre-92 and Russell Group universities. This means that post-92 universities with course entry grades lower than ABB are being restricted on the numbers they can recruit, and pre-92 and Russell Group universities who do generally have course entry grade requirements of ABB or above are able to recruit increasing numbers. This is borne out in this report by the increasing numbers at pre-92 and Russell Group universities in 2013/14. There has been an increase of 1,000 students from London progressing to Russell Group universities, which can only be achieved if these universities increase their numbers. It has been noticeable that the majority of the increases at Russell Group universities are for those outside of London who have large out of town campuses where physical teaching space is easier to increase than it is for London institutions. Traditionally, the largest numbers of places have been available in post-92 universities, which also generally tend to have a more local recruitment pattern. The pre-92 and Russell Group universities have considerably smaller number of places available, and have a national recruitment pattern – thus London students are competing for smaller numbers of places with students from across the country.

Although London students still primarily study in London, there is evidence of a changing pattern emerging, with more students prepared to travel further afield to attend a Russell Group university, and more students studying at universities outside of London.

Undergraduate achievement is continuing to improve, with over 80% of students in 2013/14 achieving a bachelors degree with honours. The importance of first degrees as a route to employment is reflected through the most popular degree subject choices of Business Studies, Psychology and Economics, although there is some evidence of the influence of the growth in students studying A Levels in facilitating subjects which is reflected in a slowing down of popularity of degrees in Business Studies, Economics and Accounting and growth in traditional subjects such as Mathematics and History. Computer Science remains one of the most popular subjects, and is growing in popularity year on year. Sports and Exercise Science is also emerging as one of the most popular degree subjects for young London residents. With over two-thirds of all young London residents achieving a first or upper second class degrees in 2013/14, it is encouraging to see that destinations data from the previous year showing over 65% in employment six months after graduation. If employment and further study is taken into account, the figure for young London residents rises to 89%, which is similar to the HEFCE findings for all students at London-based HEIs, and also reflects government figures showing growth in graduate employment rates.

A picture is beginning to emerge from the data of young London residents’ success in achieving good degrees which provide access to higher-level jobs in London in growth occupational areas, and early graduate careers.

London has long been acknowledged as an area of high graduate employment compared to other regions, and the projection of the growth in the number of Professional, Managerial, Associate Professional and Technical jobs, and a move towards a knowledge-based service economy is already reflected in the employment figures for young London graduate residents who moved into employment in 2012/13. As well as growth in these occupational areas, there is also significant young graduate employment in Business and Public Service Occupations, Sales, and Health. Although, the destinations data is an early snapshot of graduate employment six months after graduation, it does present a positive picture of the value gained from degree study by young London residents. 7. Appendix

Appendix A. Explanation of terms

Post-92 HE institutions – Universities that were established by legislation, and awarded degree awarding powers by the Privy Council under the terms of the Further & Higher Education Act 1992. They are generally known as ‘new’ universities, and the majority developed from former polytechnics.

Pre-92 HE institutions - Ancient universities and those established by Royal Charter. This group also contains Russell Group institutions – a group of 20 of the top selecting universities who have styled themselves ‘The Russell Group’.

Specialist colleges of higher education generally specialise in particular subjects or groups of subjects, often vocationally oriented.

Former colleges of HE have primarily been granted their own degree awarding powers since 2000, and now have university titles. They previously taught HE programmes, but their degrees were validated and awarded by partner universities.

Sixth Form Colleges are colleges specialising in teaching 16-19 year olds, primarily on full-time, Level 3 A Level & Vocational courses.

FE colleges are general further education colleges, which teach across the age ranges from 16 upwards. Colleges generally teach 16-18 year olds separately from adults, but a few courses have mixed age ranges, with some young people studying on adult education courses. FE colleges generally tend to focus more on vocational provision and subjects and less on A Level provision. They generally offer progression routes to Level 3 for students who have not achieved Level 2 qualifications, and often for 19 year olds who wish to study A Levels or full-time Level 3 programmes.

Level 3 is A Level or equivalent.

The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 2012/13 is a common classification of occupational information for the United Kingdom. Within the context of the classification jobs are classified in terms of their skill level and skill content. It is used for career information to labour market entrants, job matching by employment agencies and the development of government labour market policies.

The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 2012/13 is used by Govt and the Office for National Statistics in classifying business establishments and other statistical units by the type of economic activity in which they are engaged. The classification provides a framework for the collection, tabulation, presentation and analysis of data, and its use promotes uniformity. In addition, it can be used for administrative purposes and by non-government bodies as a convenient way of classifying industrial activities into a common structure.

UG – Undergraduate

PG – Postgraduate Appendix B: Bibliography

BIS (Department of Business, Innovation and Skills) (2013) ‘Initial Participation Rates in Higher Education: Academic Years 2006/07-2011/12 (Provisional)’, BIS/ONS

BIS (Department of Business, Innovation and Skills) (2014) ‘Participation Rates in Higher Education: Academic Years 2006/07-2012/13 (Provisional)’, BIS/ONS

BIS 2015 15/304 ‘Graduate Labour Market Statistics’ Jan-Mar 2015

GLA Intelligence Unit (2012) ‘Projected Demand for Places at Higher Education Institutions in London’ Intelligence Update 13, GLA, 2012

HEFCE (2012a) ‘Regional Profiles of Higher Education 2009-10’, HEFCE 2012/07

HEFCE (2012b) ‘Polar 3: Young Participation Rates in Higher Education’, HEFCE 2012/26

HEFCE (2013) ‘Trends in young participation in higher education’, HEFCE 2013/28 Appendix C: Methodology

Aims of the research This research was conducted to develop an understanding of the pattern of progression to higher education of London young residents aged 18-24 and their achievement and progression on completion of higher education qualifications into employment or other destinations, including further study. The report maps trends and patterns in participation over the seven year period 2007/08 – 2013/14, and graduate employment from 2011/12-2012/13

This paper is a case study of the participation of London young residents, and the findings are therefore specific to London apart from instances where the findings mirror the findings of national research.

Methodology The paper uses quantitative data purchased from HESA, (Higher Education Statistics Agency). The progression and achievement data is derived from the annual HESA student return supplied to HESA by all UK-based HEIs (Higher Education Institutions). The HESA student return is a complete record of every student engaged in HE study in an academic year. The data is validated by HESA, and subject to rigorous data quality checks.

The full technical data specification is available here: http://www.hesa.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_studrec&Itemid=232&mnl=12051

The destinations data is derived from the DLHE – The DLHE survey covers full-time and part-time qualifiers who were of UK and other EU domicile at the point of entry, it excludes those domiciled outside the EU. The survey includes those qualifiers who completed their programmes during the academic year 2011/12, that is, the period 1 August 2011 to 31 July. In 2011/12, 411,005 qualifiers provided information about their destinations.

The full technical data specification is available here: http://www.hesa.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2903&Itemid=161

The specification for the data was provided by UEL, and the data purchased by Continuum at UEL. Data analysis and reporting was conducted by UEL and the London Borough of Newham. To assist in analysis, UEL imported the data into their business intelligence reporting tool, QlikView, for data visualisation and analytical purposes.

The data analysed in this report is for young people aged 18-24, studying full or part-time, on undergraduate or first degrees. The latest available data is for students who entered higher education (HE) during the 2013/14 academic year. The data classifies students by their home postcode, and is aggregated at borough level and regional level. Time series data is available from 2007/08, and the report therefore includes time series analysis over a seven year period. In these instances, the data shows students entering HE in those years.

DLHE data is from the 2012/13 academic year, the most recent survey available.

Where the number of students is five or less, it is displayed as \<5, as this is a HESA data protection requirement. Where the data is drilled down to look at sub-groups, the numbers are not always statistically relevant due to the small numbers of students involved, so actual student numbers are reported next to the percentage where this occurs. We have classified the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) into groups of institutions using commonly used groupings(^8). The institutional groupings are correct for the 2013/14 academic year:

- **Russell Group** – The Russell Group of 24 research-intensive universities
- **Pre-92** – Ancient universities and those established by Royal Charter, excluding the 20 Russell Group institutions
- **Post-92** – Universities established under the F&HE Act 1992
- **Specialist institutions** – University Colleges specialising in specific subjects such as Art or music
- **Former Colleges of HE** – Universities granted degree awarding powers since 2000

A full explanation of terms and a list of the HE institutions in each category are provided in Appendix D.

The reason universities are classified in this way is to group universities with similar entry criteria and characteristics.

Data is primarily reported directly from the HESA data, but where appropriate, references have been made to other data to evidence prior attainment when making a case for choice based primarily on prior academic achievement. Other national studies are also referred to, where they have utilised quantitative data in order to place some of the findings related to London students into a national HE context. The report also refers to other qualitative studies on student choice to provide a perspective on potential reasons for student HE choices apart from prior academic attainment.

Students studying on courses in further education colleges (FECs), which are franchised from HEIs, are already included in HESA data and the DLHE survey. But the DLHE survey now includes directly funded HE students at FECs. These results form part of FECs’ wider information set published on the Unistats web-site, and have been included in the Key Information Set from September 2012. Data for students from FECs directly funded from the start of the 2012/13 academic year are now included in the HESA student record, but are not yet available as separately reported institutions in the HESA dataset.

______________________________________________________________________

(^8) These groupings are common terminology within the HE sector.

### Appendix D: List of HEIs by institutional group

| Post-92 institutions | Pre-92 institutions | The Russell Group of Universities | |----------------------|---------------------|----------------------------------| | Kingston University | The Open University | King's College London | | The University of Greenwich | Brunel University | The University of Nottingham | | The University of Westminster | The City University | University College London | | Middlesex University | Birkbeck College | The University of Manchester | | The University of East London | The University of Kent | The University of Leeds | | London Metropolitan University | Goldsmiths College | The University of Bristol | | London South Bank University | The University of Sussex | The University of Oxford | | University of Hertfordshire | The University of Essex | The University of Warwick | | The University of West London | Royal Holloway and Bedford New College | The University of Cambridge | | The University of Brighton | The University of Surrey | The University of Southampton | | The University of Portsmouth | Loughborough University | The University of Birmingham | | University of Bedfordshire | The University of Reading | Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine | | Coventry University | The University of East Anglia | The University of Sheffield | | The Nottingham Trent University | The University of Leicester | The University of Oxford | | Anglia Ruskin University | The School of Oriental and African Studies | The University of Cambridge | | De Montfort University | The University of Hull | The University of Sheffield | | Bournemouth University | The University of Bath | The University of Liverpool | | University of the West of England, Bristol | Aston University | The University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne | | Oxford Brookes University | The University of Keele | Cardiff University | | The University of Northampton | Swansea University | The University of Glasgow | | Birmingham City University | The University of Bradford | The Queen's University of Belfast | | The Manchester Metropolitan University | The University of Bradford | Queen Mary, University of London | | The University of Plymouth | The University of Lancaster | The University of Durham | | Leeds Metropolitan (Beckett) University | The University of St Andrews | The University of Exeter | | Staffordshire University | The School of Pharmacy | The University of York | | Bath Spa University | Aberystwyth University | | | Sheffield Hallam University | The University of Aberdeen | | | The University of Lincoln | Cardiff Metropolitan University | | | University of Derby | Bangor University | | | Teesside University | The University of Salford | | | The University of Wolverhampton | Institute of Education | | | The University of Central Lancashire | University of Wales Trinity | | | University of Glamorgan | Saint David | | | University of Gloucestershire | Heriot-Watt University | | | Liverpool John Moores University | The University of Dundee | | | The University of Northumbria at Newcastle | University of Ulster | | | The University of Huddersfield | The University of Stirling | | | The University of Sunderland | The University of Strathclyde | | | The University of Buckingham | | | | The University of Bolton | | | | The University of Wales, Newport | | | | Edinburgh Napier University | | | | University of Abertay Dundee | | | | The Robert Gordon University | | | | Glasgow Caledonian University | | | | Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh | | | | The University of the West of Scotland | | | | Specialist HEIs | Former Colleges of HE | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------| | University of the Arts, London | 0031 Roehampton University | | University for the Creative Arts | 0039 St Mary's University College, Twickenham | | St George's Hospital Medical School | 0012 Canterbury Christ Church University | | Ravensbourne | 0009 Buckinghamshire New University | | The Arts University Bournemouth | 0037 Southampton Solent University | | Conservatoire for Dance and Drama | 0021 The University of Winchester | | University College Birmingham | 0082 The University of Chichester | | The Royal Veterinary College | 0038 University of Cumbria | | Central School of Speech and Drama | 0017 Falmouth University | | Heythrop College | 0011 University of Chester | | Rose Bruford College | 0210 University Campus Suffolk | | Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance | 0046 The University of Worcester | | Writtle College | 0016 Edge Hill University | | Norwich University of the Arts | 0013 York St John University | | Guildhall School of Music and Drama | 0023 Liverpool Hope University | | Glasgow School of Art | 0018 Harper Adams University | | Leeds College of Music | 0040 Leeds Trinity University | | The Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts | 0091 Swansea Metropolitan University | | Royal College of Music | 0087 Glyndr University | | Courtauld Institute of Art | 0014 University of St Mark and St John | | Leeds College of Art | 0028 Newman University | | Royal Academy of Music | 0007 Bishop Grosseteste University | | Royal Northern College of Music | 0196 University of the Highlands and Islands | | Royal Agricultural University | 0092 Trinity University College | | Edinburgh College of Art | | | Royal Conservatoire of Scotland | | | Dartington College of Arts | | | SRUC | |

Note: This list includes universities attended by London young residents, grouped according to their HE charter and is not necessarily a full comprehensive list of all UK HEIs.