Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2013/14 Crime Survey for England and Wales

July 2014

## Contents

| Section | Page | |--------------------------|------| | Introduction | 3 | | Conventions used in figures and tables | 5 | | Section 1 | 6 | | Extent and trends in illicit drug use among adults | 6 | | Section 2 | 16 | | Frequency of illicit drug use in the last year | 16 | | Section 3 | 20 | | Illicit drug use by personal, household and area characteristics and lifestyle factors | 20 | | Section 4 | 26 | | Estimates of illicit drug use by ethnicity and sexual orientation | 26 | | Annex | 35 | | Accessibility of drugs | 35 | | Technical annex | 37 | Introduction

This release examines the extent and trends in illicit drug use among a nationally representative sample of 16 to 59 year olds resident in households in England and Wales, and is based on results from the 2013/14 Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW).

The release covers the following topics:

- Extent and trends in illicit drug use among adults, including separate analysis of young adults (16 to 24 year olds);
- Frequency of illicit drug use in the last year;
- Illicit drug use by personal, household and area characteristics and lifestyle factors;
- Estimates of illicit drug use by ethnicity and sexual orientation.

Accessibility of drugs is covered in the Annex.

As population estimates based on the 2011 Census are now available, the Office for National Statistics embarked on a programme of work to re-weight CSEW data using the new estimates. Therefore, drug use estimates from 2001/02 to 2012/13 presented in this publication have been re-weighted using new Census 2011 based population weights. Re-weighting the data in this way has had minimal impact on the drug use estimates. For more detail on the re-weighting programme and the impact on drug use estimates, please see the Technical Annex.

While responsibility for the CSEW transferred to the Office for National Statistics on 1 April 2012, the Home Office has retained responsibility for analysis and publication of this Drug Misuse publication.

Copies of other Home Office publications are available on the Home Office pages of the Gov.uk website: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/series/drug-misuse-declared

The dates of forthcoming publications are pre-announced and can be found via the UK National Statistics Publication Hub: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/index.html

For further information about the CSEW, please email crimestatistics@ons.gsi.gov.uk

Home Office Responsible Statistician

David Blunt, Chief Statistician and Head of Profession for Statistics

Contact via crimestats@homeoffice.gsi.gov.uk The United Kingdom Statistics Authority has designated these statistics as National Statistics, in accordance with the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 and signifying compliance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics. Designation can be broadly interpreted to mean that the statistics: meet identified user needs; are well explained and readily accessible; are produced according to sound methods; and are managed impartially and objectively in the public interest. Once statistics have been designated as National Statistics it is a statutory requirement that the Code of Practice shall continue to be observed.

This statistical bulletin is produced to the highest professional standards and is free from political interference. It has been produced by statisticians working in the Home Office Statistics Unit in accordance with the Home Office’s Statement of Compliance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics, which covers Home Office policy on revisions and other matters. The Home Office Statistics Unit works under the direct line management of the Home Office Chief Statistician, who reports to the National Statistician with respect to all professional statistical matters. From April 2012 publication of Crime Statistics bulletins transferred to the Office for National Statistics. Conventions used in figures and tables

Table abbreviations

‘0’ indicates no response in that particular category, or less than 0.5 per cent (this does not apply when percentages are presented to one decimal point).

‘n/a’ indicates that the question was not applicable or not asked in that particular year.

‘-’ indicates that data are not reported because the unweighted base is fewer than 50.

‘\*\*\*’ indicates that the change is statistically significant at the five per cent level. Where a change over time is not statistically significant this is noted in the text.

Unweighted base

All percentages and rates presented in the tables are based on data weighted to compensate for differential non response. Tables show the unweighted base, which represents the number of people interviewed in the specified group.

Percentages

Row or column percentages may not add to 100 per cent due to rounding.

Most tables present cell percentages where the figures refer to the percentage of adults for which the attribute being discussed applies; the complementary percentage, to add to 100%, is not shown.

A percentage may be quoted in the text for a single category that is identifiable in the tables only by summing two or more component percentages. In order to avoid rounding errors, the percentage has been recalculated for the single category and therefore may differ by one percentage point from the sum of the percentages derived from the tables.

‘No answers’ (missing values)

All analysis excludes don’t know/refusals, unless otherwise specified1.

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1 For example, if 10 people are asked a question and 3 refuse to answer, the figures given relate to the 7 who did answer the question.

1. Extent and trends in illicit drug use among adults

INTRODUCTION

This section covers the extent and trends in illicit drug use among adults aged 16 to 59 measured by the 2013/14 Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW). Also included separately are figures for young adults aged 16 to 24. Figures are presented since 1996 when comparable questions were first included on the survey.

The User Guide to Drug Misuse: Findings from the CSEW provides further details relating to illicit drug use measures.

KEY FACTS

- Around 1 in 11 (8.8%) adults aged 16 to 59 had taken an illicit drug in the last year. However, this proportion more than doubled when looking at the age subgroup of 16 to 24 year-olds (18.9%).

- Levels of last year drug use in 2013/14 were higher than in 2012/13. In 2012/13, 8.1% of 16 to 59 year-olds and 16.2% of 16 to 24 year-olds had taken an illicit drug in the last year. However, these figures were both lower than in 1996.

- Cocaine, ecstasy, LSD and ketamine use increased between 2012/13 and 2013/14. However there were no statistically significant decreases in last year drug use of any individual drug types among 16 to 59 year olds between 2012/13 and 2013/14.

- Around one-third of adults had taken drugs at some point during their lifetime. Of 16 to 59 year olds, 35.6% had reported ever using drugs.

Estimates of illicit drug use among adults from the 2013/14 CSEW can be found in the Illicit drug use among adults tables.

EXTENT AND TRENDS IN OVERALL DRUG USE AND CLASS A DRUG USE

The 2013/14 CSEW shows that (also see Figure 1.1):

- Around 1 in 11 (8.8%) adults aged 16 to 59 had taken an illicit drug (excluding mephedrone) in the last year, which equated to around 2.7 million people. This proportion was an increase compared with 2012/13 (8.1%) but is back to the same level as in 2011/12;

- The overall trend in the proportion of adults taking an illicit drug in the last year has been essentially stable at between 8% and 9% per cent since 2009/10 following a period of decreasing rates from a peak in 2003/04. (Prior to 2003/04 the proportion remained broadly flat at around 12%).

- The proportion of adults aged 16 to 24 taking any drug in the last year was around double the proportion in the 16 to 59 age group, at 18.9%. This was an increase compared with 2012/13 (16.2%) but around the same level as in 2011/12 (19.2%). Survey data can fluctuate from one year to the next and therefore, it is not yet possible to tell whether the increases between 2012/13 and 2013/14 (as detailed below) signal a reverse of the long-term downward trends, or that either the 2012/13 levels were particularly low or the 2013/14 levels particularly high. Indeed, an upturn in the figures was seen 2008/09 but this did not ultimately affect the overall downward trend.

**Figure 1.1: Trends in illicit drug use (excluding mephedrone) in the last year among adults, by age group, 1996 to 2013/14, Crime Survey for England and Wales**

![Graph showing trends in illicit drug use](image)

**Chart notes**

Source: Home Office, [Illicit drug use among adults tables](#): Tables Ext_02 and Ext_05.

Note: For 2001/02 to 2005/06 16 to 24 year-old figures have not been re-weighted based on census 2011 weights as it has not been possible to reproduce the youth boost weights.

Including mephedrone, the proportion of adults aged 16 to 59 taking any illicit drug in the last year was 8.8% in 2013/14 (i.e. no different to the proportion when excluding mephedrone). This was an increase from 8.1% in 2012/13 but a similar level to 2011/12 (9.0%) and 2010/11 (8.8%).

According to the 2013/14 CSEW, 3.1% of adults aged 16 to 59 had taken a Class A drug in the last year, equivalent to 985,000 people. Although this proportion increased from 2.5% in 2012/13, the long-term trend in Class A drug use in the last year for all adults (as shown in Figure 1.1) has been broadly stable over the last few years.

Figure 1.1 also shows that the long-term trend in Class A drug use in the last year for adults aged 16 to 24 decreased between the 1996 (9.2%) and 2013/14 (6.2%) surveys. This was due in part to a decline in last year use of ecstasy, LSD and magic mushrooms over the same period (see the next section ‘Extent and trends in individual drug use’). The apparent increase in Class A drug use among 16 to 24 year olds from the 2012/13 survey (4.8%) was not statistically significant, and it is too early to say whether this indicates a change in the long-term downward trend. There have been fluctuations before in this series, notably in 2007/08 and 2008/09. EXTENT AND TRENDS IN INDIVIDUAL DRUG USE

Cannabis

As in previous years, cannabis was the most commonly used drug in the last year, with 6.6% of adults aged 16 to 59 using it last year. As shown in Figure 1.2, this is a similar level to 2012/13 (6.3%), which was the lowest proportion since measurement began in 1996 (when the proportion was 9.4%). The long-term trend shows that the level of last year cannabis use for 16 to 59 year olds fell between 2002/03 and 2009/10, following a period when it was around 10%. Since 2009/10 it has remained essentially stable at between 6 and 7 per cent.

Figure 1.2: Proportion of adults using cannabis in the last year, by age group, 1996 to 2013/14, Crime Survey for England and Wales

Chart notes

Source: Home Office, Illicit drug use among adults tables: Tables Ext_02 and Ext_05.

Note: For 2001/02 to 2005/06 16 to 24 year-old figures have not been re-weighted based on census 2011 weights as it has not been possible to reproduce the youth boost weights.

Similar to the findings for all adults, cannabis was the most commonly used drug in the last year among young adults, with 15.1% of adults aged 16 to 24 using it last year. This was not statistically significantly different from the level in 2012/13 (13.5%), which saw the lowest proportion since measurement began in 1996 (when it was 25.8%, although the peak was 28.2% in 1998). As with the trend for Class A drug use among young people, it is too early to say whether this indicates a change in the long-term downward trend. There have been fluctuations before in this series, notably in 2008/09 and 2009/10.

Powder cocaine

As in recent years, after cannabis, the next most commonly used drug in the last year by adults aged 16 to 59 was powder cocaine (2.4%). As shown in Figure 1.3, the proportion of adults aged 16 to 59 using powder cocaine in the last year was higher than in 2012/13 (1.9%) and is back at the same level as 2009/10 (2.4%). This increase in cocaine use has made a major contribution to the increase in overall drug use between 2012/13 and 2013/14.

Although the proportion of adults reporting using powder cocaine in 2013/14 was much higher than in 1996 (0.6%), usage still remains lower than the peak in 2008/09 (3.0%).

**Figure 1.3: Proportion of adults using powder cocaine in the last year, by age group, 1996 to 2013/14, Crime Survey for England and Wales**

![Graph showing proportion of adults using powder cocaine by age group from 1996 to 2013/14.]

**Chart notes**

Source: Home Office, *Illicit drug use among adults tables*: Tables Ext_02 and Ext_05.

Note: For 2001/02 to 2005/06 16 to 24 year-old figures have not been re-weighted based on census 2011 weights as it has not been possible to reproduce the youth boost weights.

Despite the fall in last year Class A drug use by young adults aged 16 to 24 between 1996 and 2013/14 (see Figure 1.1) there was a statistically significant increase in the use of powder cocaine over the same period (1.3% to 4.2%). However, the apparent increase in cocaine use between 2012/13 and 2013/14 (from 3.0% in 2012/13 to 4.2% in 2013/14) was not statistically significant, and it is too early to say whether this indicates a change in the downward trend observed since peak usage in 2008/09 (6.5%).

The trend since 1996 in cocaine use in the last year for those aged 16 to 24 has followed a similar pattern to that for all adults aged 16 to 59, although the proportions are around twice that of the wider age group. However, in recent years, this gap has closed slightly.

**Ecstasy**

As shown in Figure 1.4, the level of last year ecstasy use by adults aged 16 to 59 rose from a year earlier and was similar in 2013/14 (1.6%) to that seen in 1996 (1.7%). The proportion of 16 to 59 year olds using ecstasy in the last year has remained between 1.2% and 2.1% since measurement began in 1996. Figure 1.4: Proportion of adults using ecstasy in the last year, by age group, 1996 to 2013/14, Crime Survey for England and Wales

Chart notes:

Source: Home Office, Illicit drug use among adults tables: Tables Ext_02 and Ext_05.

Note: For 2001/02 to 2005/06 16 to 24 year-old figures have not been re-weighted based on census 2011 weights as it has not been possible to reproduce the youth boost weights.

The proportion of 16 to 24 year olds reporting ecstasy use in the last year was 3.9%, a non statistically significant increase when compared with 2012/13 (2.9%). Although the long-term trend in last year ecstasy use among young adults is quite erratic (Figure 1.4), use has fallen since the peak in 2001/2 (6.8%).

Other illicit drugs

Looking at changes in individual drug use in the last year between 2012/13 and 2013/14:

- For adults aged 16 to 59, as well as the increases in powder cocaine and ecstasy use (see above) there were statistically significant increases in last year use of LSD (0.2% in 2012/13 to 0.3% in 2013/14) and ketamine (0.4% to 0.6% in 2013/14);

- For young adults aged 16 to 24, there was an increase in the last year use of ketamine between 2012/13 and 2013/14 (0.8% to 1.8%), however no other changes in levels of use of any other drugs were found to be statistically significant.

For adults aged 16 to 59 and young adults aged 16 to 24, there were no statistically significant decreases in last year use between 2012/13 and 2013/14 for any type of drug. Despite some increases between 2012/13 and 2013/14, levels of last year use of most drug types in 2013/14 were not significantly different from 2011/12 levels(^2). It is too soon to tell whether this indicates a possible ‘levelling-off’ of drug-use levels or what the impact will be on the long term-trend.

See ‘Summary of Trends’ table below and Tables Ext_02 and Ext_05 for trends in last year drug use.

Questions on khat have not been asked since the 2011/12 survey, which showed that the proportion of adults using khat in the last year was 0.2%, the same level as in 2010/11. A question on khat was reintroduced to the 2014/15 survey so future estimates will be available.

**LAST YEAR USE OF LEGAL EMERGING DRUGS**

The 2013/14 CSEW asked questions on the last year use of legal emerging drugs salvia and nitrous oxide (these questions were added to the CSEW for the first time in 2012/13):

- 2.3% of adults aged 16 to 59 had taken nitrous oxide in the last year (similar to 2.0% in 2012/13, i.e. not statistically significantly different)
- 0.5% of adults aged 16 to 59 had taken salvia in the last year (a statistically significant increase from 0.3% in 2012/13)

For young adults, aged 16 to 24:

- 7.6% had taken nitrous oxide in the last year (not statistically significantly different from 6.1% in 2012/13)
- 1.8% had taken salvia in the last year (not statistically significantly different from 1.1% in 2012/13)

**LIFETIME USE OF ILLICIT DRUGS**

Respondents are also asked about drugs they have ever used ever, but are considered to be a less reliable measure of current drug use than the last year drug use. Figures on lifetime drug use are also likely to be influenced by other factors, such as an ageing population (i.e. the longer people live, the more likely they are to have taken drugs). Therefore only headline figures on lifetime drug use are presented here. More detail is available in the Illicit drug use among adults tables.

According to the 2013/14 CSEW:

- Around one-third (35.6%) of adults aged 16 to 59 said they had taken an illicit drug (excluding mephedrone) in their lifetime, which equates to around 11.2 million people. This is a similar level to recent years but an increase from 30.4% in 1996;
- The proportion of adults aged 16 to 24 having ever taken an illicit drug was similar to adults aged 16 to 59 (36.3%), equivalent to around 2.2 million young adults and at a similar level to recent years. However, unlike for adults aged 16 to 59, this is a statistically significant fall from 1996 (48.4% for 16 to 24 year-olds);
- 15.4% of all adults aged 16 to 59 and 12.9% of 16 to 24 year olds had taken a Class A drug in their lifetime. The trends in Class A drug use since 1996 for each age group follow similar patterns to use of any illicit drug;

(^2) The only exception was last year use of LSD which increased significantly for the 16 to 59 age group only between 2011/12 and 2013/14. • 12.9% of 16 to 24 year olds had taken a Class A drug in their lifetime (around 791,000 people). This was a decrease from 19.4% in 1996;

• For all adults aged 16 to 59, the drug most commonly reported as ever used was cannabis, with around three-in-ten (29.9%) adults reporting using this drug at some point during their lifetime. Around one-in-ten adults said that they had used amphetamines (11.0%), powder cocaine (9.4%), ecstasy (9.3%) or amyl nitrite (9.1%) in their lifetime;

• For young adults (aged 16 to 24), the drugs most widely used ever were cannabis (30.8%), powder cocaine (9.3%) and ecstasy (9.0%).

### SUMMARY OF TRENDS

**Table 1: Summary of trends in last year drug use among adults aged 16 to 59, Crime Survey for England and Wales**

| Compared with when drug questions were added to survey: Between 1996 and 2013/14 | Compared with 10 years ago: Between 2003/04 and 2013/14 | |---|---| | **Increase** | **No change** | **Decrease** | **Increase** | **No change** | **Decrease** | | Any cocaine | Crack cocaine | Hallucinogens | Any cocaine | Ecstasy | | Powder cocaine | Ecstasy | LSD | Powder cocaine | Hallucinogens | | Any Class A drug | Opiates | Magic mushrooms | Crack cocaine | Magic mushrooms | | | Heroin | Amphetamines | LSD | Amphetamines | | | Methadone | Cannabis | Opiates | Cannabis | | | Tranquilisers | Amyl nitrite | Heroin | Amyl nitrite | | | Anabolic steroids | Any stimulant drug | Methadone | Any stimulant drug | | | | Any drug | Tranquilisers | Any drug | | | | | Anabolic steroids | | | | | | Any Class A drug | |

**Compared with last year: Between 2012/13 and 2013/14**

| Increase | No change | Decrease | |---|---|---| | Any cocaine | Crack cocaine | None | | Powder cocaine | Magic mushrooms | | | Ecstasy | Opiates | | | Hallucinogens | Heroin | | | LSD | Methadone | | | Ketamine | Any amphetamine | | | Any Class A drug | Amphetamines | | | Any stimulant drug | Methamphetamine | | | Any drug | Cannabis | | | | Tranquilisers | | | | Anabolic steroids | | | | Amyl nitrite | | | | Mephedrone | |

**Table notes**

Source: Home Office, *Illicit drug use among adults tables*: Table Ext_02.

'Any drug' comprises powder cocaine, crack cocaine, ecstasy, LSD, magic mushrooms, ketamine, heroin, methadone, amphetamines, methamphetamine, cannabis, tranquilisers, anabolic steroids, amyl nitrite, any other pills/powders/drugs smoked.

Where drugs are aggregated into composite groups, these are listed in bold typeface. Details on which drugs are grouped together in these groups can be found in the *User Guide to Drug Misuse: Findings from the CSEW*.

Drugs listed in the increase or decrease columns have seen a statistically significant change in reported usage. Table 2: Summary of trends in last year drug use among adults aged 16 to 24, Crime Survey for England and Wales

| Compared with when drug questions were added to survey: Between 1996 and 2013/14 | Compared with 10 years ago: Between 2003/04 and 2013/14 | |---|---| | **Increase** | **No change** | **Decrease** | **Increase** | **No change** | **Decrease** | | **Any cocaine** | Crack cocaine | Ecstasy | **Any cocaine** | Ecstasy | Crack cocaine | | Powder cocaine | Opiates | Hallucinogens | Powder cocaine | LSD | Hallucinogens | | | Heroin | LSD | LSD | Magic mushrooms | Magic mushrooms | | | Methadone | Amphetamines | Methadone | Amphetamines | Opiates | | | Tranquillisers | Cannabis | Tranquillisers | Cannabis | Heroin | | | Anabolic steroids | Amyl nitrite | Anabolic steroids | Amyl nitrite | Methadone | | | | Any Class A drug | | | Any Class A drug | | | | Any stimulant drug | | | Any stimulant drug | | | | Any drug | | | Any drug |

| Compared with last year: Between 2012/13 and 2013/14 | | |---|---| | **Increase** | **No change** | **Decrease** | | Ketamine | Any cocaine | None | | Any stimulant drug | Powder cocaine | | | Any drug | Crack cocaine | | | | Ecstasy | | | | Hallucinogens | | | | LSD | | | | Magic mushrooms | | | | Opiates | | | | Heroin | | | | Methadone | | | | Any amphetamine | | | | Amphetamines | | | | Methamphetamine | | | | Cannabis | | | | Tranquillisers | | | | Anabolic steroids | | | | Amyl nitrite | | | | Any Class A drug | | | | Mephedrone (Class B) | |

Table notes

Source: Home Office, [Illicit drug use among adults tables](#): Table Ext_05

‘Any drug’ comprises powder cocaine, crack cocaine, ecstasy, LSD, magic mushrooms, ketamine, heroin, methadone, amphetamines, methamphetamine, cannabis, tranquillisers, anabolic steroids, amyl nitrite, any other pills/powders/drugs smoked. Where drugs are aggregated into composite groups, these are listed in bold typeface. Details on which drugs are grouped together in these groups can be found in the User Guide to Drug Misuse: Findings from the CSEW. Drugs listed in the increase or decrease columns have seen a statistically significant change in reported usage. Comparison figures for 2003/04 have not been re-weighted based on 2011 census weights as it has not been possible to reproduce the youth boost weights. 2. Frequency of illicit drug use in the last year

INTRODUCTION

This section investigates levels of frequent drug use, defined as taking any illicit drug more than once a month on average in the last year, among adults aged 16 to 59 and among young adults aged 16 to 24 as measured by the 2013/14 Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW). It also looks at those who took drugs on average once a month in the last year and those who said they had used drugs in the last year but less often than once a month.

The User Guide to Drug Misuse: Findings from the CSEW provides further details relating to illicit drug use measures.

KEY FACTS

- The prevalence of frequent drug use has remained broadly similar over the last three years. In 2013/14, 3.1% of adults aged 16 to 59 were defined as frequent drug users (having taken any illicit drug more than once a month on average in the last year), a slightly higher proportion than in 2012/13 (2.8%) but similar to the 2011/12 proportion (3.2%).

- Young adults were more likely to be frequent drug users than older people. The proportion of young adults aged 16 to 24 classed as frequent drug users (6.6%) was more than twice as high as the proportion of all adults aged 16 to 59 (3.1%) in 2013/14 and represented a statistically significant increase compared with 2012/13 (5.1%).

- There were differences in levels of frequent drug use among respondents with different personal, household and area characteristics. Levels of use of any illicit drug more than once a month on average in the last year were higher among men than women, among those who went to pubs or nightclubs more often and among those who lived in more deprived areas.

- Those who went to nightclubs or pubs more often were more likely to use drugs frequently. Levels of use of any illicit drug more than once a month on average in the last year were higher among those who went to nightclubs four or more times in the last month (10.9%) compared with 2.3% of respondents who had not visited a nightclub in the past month. A similar pattern was found among those visiting pubs more often.

- People living in deprived areas were more likely to be frequent drug users. A larger proportion (4.5%) of respondents who lived in more deprived areas were frequent drug users compared with those who lived in the least deprived areas (2.3%).

DATA TABLES

Estimates of frequent drug use in the last year among adults from the 2013/14 CSEW can be found in the Frequent drug use tables. Historical frequent drug use data can be found in the Extent and trends in illicit drug use tables.

EXTENT OF FREQUENT DRUG USE

Estimates from the 2013/14 CSEW show that 3.1% of adults aged 16 to 59 were defined as frequent drug users, i.e. those that have taken any illicit drug more than once a month on average in the last

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3 20% most and 20% least deprived areas using the English indices of deprivations. year. This was slightly higher than in 2012/13 (2.8%), although the increase was not statistically significant, and is similar to the 2011/12 proportion (3.2%).

Frequent drug users made up 40% of the adults who reported drug use within the last year, a similar proportion to the 2012/13 survey (38%, data not shown). A small proportion (8%) of adults who reported using drugs in the last year said they had used drugs once a month on average, and the remaining 52% said they had used drugs in the last year but less often than once a month.

The proportion of all young adults (i.e. those aged 16 to 24) defined as frequent drug users was over twice as high (6.6%) as the proportion of frequent drug users among all adults aged 16 to 59 (3.1%). However, among young adults who reported taking any drug in the last year, two-fifths (40%) were defined as frequent drug users, the same proportion as among adults aged 16 to 59 who reported taking drugs last year (40%). Similarly to all adults, 7% of 16 to 24 year olds who had used drugs in the last year said they had used them once a month and 53% said they had used them less frequently than once a month.

As reported in the previous section (Extent and trends in illicit drug use among adults), cannabis was the most prevalent drug taken in the last year among adults aged 16 to 59 (6.6% had used cannabis in the last year) and among those aged 16 to 24 (15.1%). Of those 16 to 59 year olds who had used drugs in the previous year, 76% reported taking cannabis (80% among those aged 16 to 24).

As shown in Figure 2.1, of those aged 16 to 59 reporting use of cannabis during the last year, 43% reported frequent use of this drug (i.e. they had taken it more than once a month on average in the last year). The equivalent proportion for young adults aged 16 to 24 was similar at 41%. Only 7% of adults aged 16 to 59 who had used cannabis in the last year, had used it just once a month. This figure was 6% among 16 to 24 year olds. In contrast, respondents were less likely to use class A drugs frequently – for example, only 14% of 16 to 59 year olds reporting using cocaine more often than once a month.

Figure 2.1: Proportion of users of each individual drug type who were frequent or less frequent users of that specific drug, 16 to 59 year olds, 2013/14 Crime Survey for England and Wales

Chart notes:

Source: Home Office, Illicit drug use among adults tables: Tables Ext_02 and Ext_05. TRENDS IN FREQUENT DRUG USE

There has been a decrease in frequent drug use among 16 to 24 year olds since measurement began in the 2002/03 survey (from 11.6% to 6.6% of this population). As shown in Figure 2.2, there was a general downward trend between 2003/04 (12.4%) and 2007/08 (7.3%). The trend was broadly flat between 2007/08 and 2011/12, and following a fall in 2012/13, returned to a similar level in 2013/14. Questions on frequency of drug use in the last year were first completed by all adults aged 16 to 59 in the 2009/10 survey and the proportion of frequent drug users in this age group has been relatively consistent at around 3%.

Figure 2.2: Proportion of 16 to 24 and 16 to 59 year olds classified as frequent drug users, 2002/03 to 2013/14, Crime Survey for England and Wales

Chart notes

Source: Home Office, Illicit drug use among adults tables: Table Ext_02 and Ext_05.

From 2012/13 figures include frequent users of mephedrone only. However, these numbers are so small that excluding them from the 2012/13 and 2013/14 figures does not change the proportions to one decimal place.

Data for 2010/11 are not available; see the Technical annex section for more information.

FREQUENT DRUG USE BY SELECTED PERSONAL, HOUSEHOLD AND AREA CHARACTERISTICS

The proportion of frequent drug users varied by personal and area characteristics. For example:

- Levels of use of any illicit drug more than once a month on average in the last year were higher among men than women in 2013/14. Men were three times as likely as women to report frequent drug use in the last year (4.8% and 1.5% respectively). • Around 10.9% of respondents who had been to a nightclub four or more times in the last month were frequent drug users. This compares with 2.3% of respondents who had not visited a nightclub in the past month.

• Similarly, those who visited pubs more frequently were more likely to be frequent drug users (9.2% of those who had been to the pub nine times or more in the past month), compared with those who hadn’t visited a pub in the past month (2.4%).

• A larger proportion (4.5%) of respondents who lived in more deprived areas(^4) were frequent drug users compared with those who lived in the least deprived areas (2.3%).

• The likelihood of frequent drug use in the last month tended to decrease as household income rose; 6.2% of respondents with an annual household income of under £10,000 reported frequent drug use, decreasing to 1.5% of respondents with a total household income of £50,000 or more.

Similar relationships were also found for those who said they used drugs once a month and for those who said they used drugs in the last year but less often than once a month.

A full breakdown of drug use by personal, area and household characteristics appears in Frequent drug use tables F_03 and F_04.

(^4) 20% most and 20% least deprived areas using the English indices of deprivations. 3. Illicit drug use by personal, household and area characteristics and lifestyle factors

INTRODUCTION

This section presents findings from the 2013/14 Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) on levels of illicit drug use over the last year by age, gender, frequency of nightclub and pub/wine bar visits, alcohol consumption and some area characteristics. Illicit drug use by additional personal, household and area characteristics are included in the Illicit drug use by demographics tables but are not commented on here.

The User Guide to Drug Misuse: Findings from the CSEW provides further details relating to illicit drug use measures and definitions.

KEY FACTS

- **Younger people are more likely to take drugs than older people.** The level of any drug use in the last year was highest among 16 to 19 year olds (19.3%). The level of drug use was much lower in the oldest age group covered by this part of the survey (1.5% of 55 to 59 year olds).

- **The average age of drug users has risen since 1996.** The average age of people using an illicit drug in the last 12 months has increased from 26.6 years in 1996 to 29.3 years in 2013/14. This age increase is also reflected in the change in the distribution of ages of drug users between these two survey years. It is also likely to reflect the ageing population in England and Wales.

- **Men are more likely to take drugs than women.** Around one-in-eight (11.8%) men had taken an illicit drug in the last year, according to the 2013/14 CSEW, compared with 5.8% of women.

- **People living in urban areas reported higher levels of drug use than those living in rural areas.** Around a tenth (9.3%) of people living in urban areas had used any drug compared with 6.5% of those living in rural areas.

- **Higher levels of drug use are associated with increased frequency of visits to pubs, bars and nightclubs.** For example, use of any class A drug in the 12 months prior to interview was around 8 times higher among those who had visited a nightclub at least four times in the past month (17.1%) compared with those who had not visited a nightclub in the past month (2.0%). A similar pattern was found for those visiting pubs and bars more frequently.

DATA TABLES

Estimates of last year illicit drug use by personal, household and area characteristics and lifestyle factors from the 2013/14 CSEW, alongside long-term trends for certain characteristics, can be found in the Illicit drug use by demographics tables.

EXTENT AND TRENDS IN ILLICIT DRUG USE BY AGE GROUP

As shown in previous years, the level of any drug use in the last year was highest among the youngest age groups; 19.3% of 16 to 19 year olds and 18.7% of 20 to 24 year olds reported any drug use in the last year. Levels of illicit drug use then decreased as age increased, from 13.0% of those aged 25 to 29 to 1.5% of 55 to 59 year olds. Between the 1996 and 2013/14 CSEW last year use of any illicit drug fell overall, due in large part to the declines in illicit drug use among 16 to 24 year olds (as shown in Figure 3.1) for the most prevalent drug types (cannabis, ecstasy, amphetamines and hallucinogens). Over the same period, there have been increases in any drug use among 45 to 54 year olds (from 1.9% to 3.5%). These have primarily been driven by increases in the use of cannabis, although use of this drug among these age groups is still relatively low compared to younger age groups. Compared with estimates from the 2012/13 CSEW, it appears any drug use in the last year has increased among those aged under 45 years. However, none of the changes in any drug use for those aged 44 years and below were statistically significant.

Class A drug use was highest among 20 to 29 year olds with 7.7% of 20 to 24 year olds and 5.9% of 25 to 29 year olds reporting use of these types of drugs in the last year. The overall use of Class A drugs has remained largely stable since 1996, peaking in 2008/9 at 3.8%, and falling to 3.1% in 2013/14.

**AGE PROFILE OF LAST YEAR DRUG USERS**

The average age of people using an illicit drug in the last 12 months has increased from 26.6 years in 1996 to 29.3 years in 2013/14. This age increase is also reflected in the change in the distribution of ages of drug users between these two survey years, as shown in Figure 3.2.

The proportion of last year drugs users aged 16 to 24 has fallen from 49.2% in 1996 to 42.0% in 2013/14, as shown in Figure 3.2. Conversely, the proportion of drug users aged 45 to 59 has increased from 4.6% in 1996 to 11.3% in 2013/14. This is likely to be due to a number of factors, including the 1996 population of drug users ageing and continuing to use drugs, relatively fewer new young users taking up drugs, increased take up of drugs by older people than in 1996, or a combination of these.

Figure 3.2: Age breakdown of people who had used any illicit drug in the last 12 months, for selected survey years, Crime Survey for England and Wales

Chart notes

Source: Home Office, Illicit drug use by demographics tables: Table D_11a.

A similar, but more pronounced, pattern is also shown in the age profile of class A drugs users in Figure 3.3. The proportions of drug users in the youngest age groups have decreased between 1996 and 2013/14, while the proportions in age groups between 25 and 54 have increased over the same period.

The average age of people using class A drugs increased from 24 years in 1996 to 28.7 years in 2013/14. Although class A drug users are younger on average than users of any illicit drug, the gap in average age appears to be closing (e.g. in 1996 there was a 2.6 year difference between average age of any illicit drug users compared with any class A drug users; in 2013/14 this fell to 0.6 years difference between average age of any illicit drug users compared with any class A drug users). Figure 3.3: Age breakdown of people who had used any class A drug in the last 12 months, for selected survey years, Crime Survey for England and Wales

Chart notes

Source: Home Office, Illicit drug use by demographics tables: Table D_11b.

EXTENT AND TRENDS IN ILLICIT DRUG USE BY GENDER

Levels of illicit drug use during the last year were higher among men than women in 2013/14, a pattern that has been seen since 1996. Around one-in-eight (11.8%) men had taken an illicit drug in the last year, compared with around one-in-seventeen women (5.8%). According to the 2013/14 survey, men were more than twice as likely to report use of cannabis in the last year as women (9.1% of men had used cannabis in the last year, compared with 4.1% of women), as well as powder cocaine and ecstasy among other drugs, as shown in Figure 3.4. In 2013/14, the use of any Class A drug in the last year increased among men compared with 2012/13 (from 3.6% to 4.4%), and was driven by increased powder cocaine use (usage prevalence of this drug increased from 2.7% to 3.3% of men).

Over the longer term, between 1996 and 2013/14, there have been falls in use of hallucinogens, amphetamines, cannabis and any drug, but an increase in the use of powder cocaine, among both men and women.

**EXTENT AND TRENDS IN ILLICIT DRUG USE BY LIFESTYLE FACTORS**

Illicit drug use varied by lifestyle factors such as frequency of nightclub visits, pub/wine bar visits and alcohol consumption.

As shown in previous years, levels of drug use in the last year increased with the frequency of nightclub visits and pub/wine bar visits. For example, in 2013/14, among adults aged 16 to 59:

- Use of any class A drug in the 12 months prior to interview was around 8 times higher among those who had visited a nightclub at least four times in the past month (17.1%) compared with those who had not visited a nightclub in the past month (2.0%);

- This was driven by last year use of ecstasy, which was around 15 times higher among those who had visited a nightclub at least four times in the past month (11.9%) compared with those who had not visited a nightclub in the past month (0.8%);

- Similarly, powder cocaine use was around 13 times higher among those who had visited a pub or bar at least nine times in the last month (11.4%) than those who had not visited a pub or bar at all in the last month (0.8%).

As shown in Figure 3.5, in 2013/14, as frequency of alcohol consumption increased, so did last year drug use. Adults aged 16 to 59 who reported drinking alcohol three or more days per week in the last month were around twice as likely to have used any illicit drug (11.9%) and four times more likely to have used a Class A drug (5.6%) in the last year than those who reported drinking less than once a month (including non-drinkers) (5.5% for any drug and 1.2% for any Class A drug).

**Figure 3.5: Proportion of 16 to 59 year olds reporting use of individual drugs in the last year by frequency of alcohol consumption, 2013/14 Crime Survey for England and Wales**

**Chart notes**

Source: Home Office, *Illicit drug use by demographics tables*: Table D_01.

**EXTENT AND TRENDS IN ILLICIT DRUG USE BY AREA CHARACTERISTICS**

In the 2013/14 CSEW, levels of any drug use in the last year varied by area characteristics. For example:

- Use of any drug, any Class A drug and any stimulant drug, was higher among those living in urban areas compared with those living in rural areas. For example, 9.3% of people living in urban areas had used any drug compared with 6.5% of those living in rural areas.

- There was variation in drug use by Output Area Classification. Those living in areas classified as ‘City living’, ‘Multicultural’ or ‘Constrained by circumstances’ were more likely to have used any drug (14.7%, 10.8% and 10.5% respectively) than those living in other types of areas (e.g. 5.6% of those living in ‘Countryside’ areas). Use of any Class A drug was higher among those living in ‘City living’ (6.5%) and ‘Multicultural’ (4.7%) areas compared to other types, such as ‘Countryside’ areas (1.2%).

- Use of any drug was almost twice as high among those living in flats, maisonettes or bedsits (13.6%) compared with those living in a house (7.9%).

4. Estimates of illicit drug use by ethnicity and sexual orientation

INTRODUCTION

This section presents findings on levels of illicit drug use of 16 to 59 year olds by ethnicity and sexual orientation. The commentary for the analysis focuses on last year drug use of any drug (excluding mephedrone) as this is the best indicator available to measure patterns of recent drug use.

Typically, around one-in ten respondents who completed the self-completion module in each year identified themselves as being from a background other than White. Estimates of illicit drug use are routinely broken down by a high level(^5) ethnic group classification (see Illicit drug use by demographics tables). However, in order to provide estimates of drug use among more specific minority ethnic groups, the findings presented in this chapter use combined data from the 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14 CSEWs (the ‘combined dataset’). The resulting larger sample size means it is possible to provide estimates of drug use for a more detailed breakdown of ethnic groups than would be possible using one year’s worth of survey data.

Similar analysis was last carried out on a combined dataset based on the 2006/07, 2007/08 and 2008/09 surveys and was published in Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2009/10 British Crime Survey.

Estimates of use of illicit drugs ever, along with estimates of last year use, are available by ethnic group in the Illicit drug use among adults by ethnicity and sexual orientation tables.

The self-completion module of the CSEW, which covers more sensitive topics such as illicit drug use, also includes an additional question asking respondents about their sexual orientation. A relatively small proportion (around 3%) of self-completion module respondents in each year identified themselves as gay, lesbian or bisexual(^6). Therefore, similarly to estimates for ethnicity, the findings presented in this chapter use combined data from the 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14 CSEW in order to provide more robust estimates of use of individual drugs by sexual orientation broken down by gender. Figures and commentary are based on analysis of respondents’ drug use in the last year.

Similar analysis was last carried out on a combined 2007/08 and 2008/09 dataset and published in Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2009/10 British Crime Survey(^7).

The User Guide to Drug Misuse: Findings from the CSEW provides further details relating to illicit drug use measures and definitions, and the Technical Annex gives more detail on the three-year combined dataset.

KEY FACTS

- **Adults from mixed ethnic backgrounds were the most likely to have taken any illicit drug in the last year compared with adults from other ethnic groups.** Adults from Asian or Asian British ethnic backgrounds generally had the lowest levels of last year drug use.

- **Last year cannabis use was highest among adults from a mixed ethnic background than for adults from other ethnic groups.** The overall mixed ethnic group had a higher prevalence of last

______________________________________________________________________

(^5) White; mixed; Asian or Asian British; black or black British; Chinese or other ethnic group.

(^6) The sexual orientation question on the CSEW does not ask respondents if they identify as transgender.

(^7) The self-completion module has included a question asking respondents about their sexual orientation since the 2007/08 survey, so when previous analysis was published it was only possible to combine two-years’ worth of data. year cannabis use than any other group (13.8%), for example when compared with adults from a white background (7.0% overall).

- Gay or bisexual adults were more likely to have taken any illicit drug in the last year than heterosexual adults. In particular, gay or bisexual men were the group most likely to have taken any illicit drug in the last year (33.0% had taken drugs in the last year), with higher levels of illicit drug use than gay or bisexual women (22.9%) and heterosexual men (11.1%).

DATA TABLES

Estimates of drug use by ethnicity and sexual orientation based on the combined dataset (2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14 CSEW) can be found in the Ethnicity and sexual orientation tables.

ESTIMATES OF ILLICIT DRUG USE BY ETHNICITY

Illicit drug use by ethnicity

Overall, those from mixed ethnic backgrounds generally had the highest level of any drug use in the last year (17.1% of this group had taken drugs in the last year), compared with other ethnic groups. Within the mixed ethnic group, the general pattern was that adults from mixed-white/black Caribbean backgrounds had the highest level of drug use, although compared with other mixed ethnic groups the differences were not statistically significant (likely due to the small number of respondents in each group).

Proportions taking drugs within the more specific mixed ethnic groups ranged between 13.8% and 21.2% (as shown in Figure 4.1). Adults identifying as mixed-white/black Caribbean had statistically significantly higher levels of drug use than any other non-mixed ethnic groups (21.2%, compared with, for example, white-British, 9.0%). Figure 4.1: Illicit drug use in the last year among adults, by ethnic group, 2011/12 to 2013/14 combined CSEW dataset

Chart notes

Source: Home Office, Illicit drug use among adults by ethnicity and sexual orientation tables: Table Eth_01.

As these results are taken from the combined dataset, these will not match the figures presented in Section 3: Illicit drug use by personal, household and area characteristics and lifestyle factors.

Mixed ethnic groups also had the highest levels of Class A drug use in the last year.

The most prevalent drug among each of the ethnic groups was cannabis. The overall mixed ethnic group had a higher prevalence of last year cannabis use than any other group (13.8% overall, ranging from 8.9% for mixed-white/black African to 16.0% mixed-white/black Caribbean), for example when compared with adults from a white background (7.0% overall).

Adults from the Asian or Asian British and Chinese or other ethnic groups generally had the lowest levels of last year drug use. Levels were similar among those identifying as Asian-Indian (3.2%), Asian-Pakistani (3.4%), Asian-Bangladeshi (4.0%) and Chinese (4.0%).

Within black or black British backgrounds, those from a black-Caribbean background had higher levels of cannabis and any drug use in the last year (8.0% and 8.9% respectively) than adults with a black-African background (2.8% and 3.9% respectively). Illicit drug use by ethnicity and gender

Overall prevalence of drug use among men in the general population is around twice as high as for women (see Demographics section). Similarly, for all ethnic backgrounds the difference in drug use between men and women was statistically significant except in the Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese and black African groups (see Figure 4.2).

Figure 4.2: Illicit drug use in the last year among adults, by ethnic group and gender, 2011/12 to 2013/14 combined CSEW dataset

Chart notes

Source: Home Office, Illicit drug use among adults by ethnicity and sexual orientation tables; Table Eth_01.

Note: due do small sample sizes it is not possible to show figures for men within 'Mixed – white/black African' and 'Other black background'.

As white British adults made up the vast majority of respondents, it is unsurprising that levels of last year use of any illicit drug for white British men (12.3%) were around twice as high as for white British women (5.8%), i.e. similar to the whole population.

Levels were also around twice as high for men than for women in the overall 'mixed' (24.5% of men, 10.4% of women) and 'Asian or Asian British' (4.6% of men, 2.0% of women) groups, and within these high-level groups, men from 'any other mixed' background had four times (26.1% men, 7.1% women) and 'other Asian' backgrounds five times (5.8% men, 1.2% women) the levels for women of the same ethnic background.

'Black or black British' men had around three times the level of last year drug use as women from the same ethnic background (9.0% men, 3.2% women) and in particular black Caribbean men had around five-times the last year drug use as black Caribbean women (16.5% men, 3.4% women).

Illicit drug use by ethnicity, standardised by age

Levels of illicit drug use are known to be higher among younger adults, so the age profile of the different ethnic groups is likely to affect drug use estimates for adults within those groups (see Table The higher level of drug use among adults from a mixed ethnic group may reflect the younger age profile of these individuals. To illustrate, around half (53%) of the high-level mixed ethnic group were aged between 16 and 29 (mean age 31.1), whereas in the general population the proportion of adults aged 16 to 29 was lower at around one third (31%) (mean age 37.5).

‘Age-standardisation’ can be used to adjust rates and take into account the age profile of the ethnic groups (see Technical Annex for more detail). Standardising the drug use rates in this way means that many of the differences observed between groups disappear, which suggests that age, not ethnicity, is the key driver of differences between groups.

As with the non-standardised analysis, the age-standardised level of last year drug use in mixed ethnic backgrounds remained higher than in other high-level groups (white; black or black British; Asian or Asian British; Chinese or Other). However, the difference between mixed and other groups was not as large, in particular when compared with white backgrounds which had the second highest rate.

Looking at the more detailed mixed backgrounds (see Figure 4.3), the overall age-standardised picture was again similar to the non-standardised analysis. The higher level of drug use among the mixed-white/black Caribbean group remains evident, although as with the non-standardised analysis this was not statistically significantly different from the mixed-white/black African or ‘any other mixed’ ethnic groups.

Standardising the drug use rates in this way means that many of the differences observed between groups disappear, which suggests that age, not ethnicity, is the key driver of differences between groups.

Figure 4.3: Age-standardised and non-standardised illicit drug use in the last year among adults, by ethnic group, 2011/12 to 2013/14 combined CSEW dataset

Chart notes Source: Home Office, Illicit drug use among adults by ethnicity and sexual orientation tables; Table Eth_07.

Defined here as the age group 16 to 59. ESTIMATES OF ILLICIT DRUG USE BY SEXUAL ORIENTATION

Of the respondents in the combined dataset, 97% reported that they were heterosexual or straight; 2% gay or lesbian and 1% bisexual. Analysis presented here combines adults who identified as being gay or lesbian with those who were bisexual, i.e. 3% of the respondents in total.

Illicit drug use by sexual orientation

Overall, gay or bisexual adults were more likely to have taken illicit drugs in the last year (28.4% had taken drugs in the last year) compared with heterosexual adults (8.1%). This higher prevalence of last year drug use among gay or bisexual adults was also true for any Class A drug (10.0% for gay or bisexual adults compared with 2.7% of heterosexual adults) and across most drug types: powder cocaine, ecstasy, hallucinogens, amphetamines, methamphetamine, cannabis, tranquilisers, ketamine and amyl nitrite (see Figure 4.4).

Figure 4.4: Illicit drug use in the last year among adults, by drug type and sexual orientation, 2011/12 to 2013/14 combined CSEW dataset

![Chart showing illicit drug use by sexual orientation and drug type](chart.png)

Chart notes

Note: Drugs shown are those that had been taken by at least 0.5% of the general population in the last year.

Source: Home Office, Illicit drug use among adults by ethnicity and sexual orientation tables: Table Sex_Pref_01.

Illicit drug use by sexual orientation and gender

As shown in Figure 4.5, the higher drug use prevalence among gay/bisexual adults also remained when making comparisons within gender. One-third (33.0%) of gay/bisexual men had used drugs in the last year, which was around three times higher than the proportion of last year drug use by heterosexual men (11.1%). This reflects higher levels of use of the majority of individual drugs asked about, i.e. powder cocaine, ecstasy, amphetamines, methamphetamine, cannabis, tranquillisers, ketamine and amyl nitrite. The greatest difference was detected in the use of amyl nitrite in the last year by gay or bisexual men compared with heterosexual men (14.7% and 0.8% respectively).

Last year use of any drug among gay/bisexual women was around four times higher than for heterosexual women (22.9% and 5.1% respectively). Far higher levels of last year cannabis use among gay or bisexual women (17.5% compared with 3.8%) explained much of this difference, however last year prevalence of powder cocaine, ecstasy, hallucinogens, amphetamines, tranquillisers, ketamine and amyl nitrite were also higher among gay/bisexual females than heterosexual females.

Illicit drug use – comparison of gay/bisexual men with gay/bisexual women

Overall prevalence of drug use among men in the general population is around twice as high as for women (see Demographics section) and, as mentioned above, 97% of respondents reported that they were heterosexual or straight. It is therefore not surprising that heterosexual men had higher levels of last year drug use than heterosexual women for all drug types asked about.

Similarly, gay/bisexual men reported overall higher levels of last year drug use than gay/bisexual women for both any illicit drug and any Class A drug (33.0% and 12.3% for men compared with 22.9% and 7.2% for women). Also, levels of amyl nitrite use in the last year were around five-times greater for gay or bisexual men (14.7%) than for gay or bisexual women (3.2%). However, there was more similarity in levels of use of certain drugs when comparing genders (see Figure 4.6). For example, a similar proportion of gay or bisexual men (20.1%) and gay or bisexual women (17.5%) had used cannabis in the last year (see Figure 4.6).

Amyl nitrite is well known as an aid to anal intercourse. Figure 4.6: Illicit drug use in the last year among gay or bisexual adults, by drug type and gender, 2011/12 to 2013/14 combined CSEW dataset

Chart notes

Note: Drugs shown are those that had been taken by at least 0.5% of the gay or bisexual population in the last year

Source: Home Office, Illicit drug use among adults by ethnicity and sexual orientation tables: Table Sex_Pref_01.

Compared with gay or bisexual women, gay or bisexual men had statistically significantly higher levels of last year use of the following illicit drugs:

- amyl nitrite (gay/bisexual men: 14.7%, gay/bisexual women: 3.2%),
- cocaine powder (gay/bisexual men: 9.9%, gay/bisexual women: 4.5%),
- ecstasy (gay/bisexual men: 7.7%, gay/bisexual women: 4.6%)
- ketamine (gay/bisexual men: 4.2%, gay/bisexual women: 1.5%).

Additionally, no gay or bisexual women said that they had taken methamphetamine, (gay/bisexual men: 1.1%), crack cocaine (gay/bisexual men: 0.8%), or anabolic steroids (gay/bisexual men: 0.8%).

Illicit drug use by sexual orientation, standardised by age (within gender)

The higher level of illicit drug use among gay/bisexual adults in general may be due, at least in part, to the younger age profile of individuals identifying themselves as in this group. Around one third (31%) of the heterosexual population(^\\text{10}) (mean age 37.6) is aged between 16 and 29; the equivalent proportion of those identifying themselves as gay or bisexual (mean age 33.0) is almost half (46%).

Additionally, 55% of gay/bisexual respondents were male compared to 50% of the heterosexual population. As levels of illicit drug use are known to be higher among younger adults, and also among men (see Demographics section), the higher levels of drug use among gay or bisexual adults may be explained, at least in part, by the age and sex profile of this group.

Age-standardisation was used to adjust rates within sexual orientation and gender groups to take into account the younger age profile of gay or bisexual adults and see whether sexual orientation was the key driver of differences between groups (see the Technical Annex for further details). However, age-standardising the drug use rates shows that the variations observed between heterosexual and gay or

(^{10}) Defined as adults aged between 16 and 59 for this analysis. bisexual adults remain after controlling for the differing age and gender distributions, indicating that levels of drug use are relatively higher among gay or bisexual adults than heterosexual adults (see Figure 4.7).

Figure 4.7: Age-standardised and non-standardised use of any illicit drug in the last year among adults, by sexual orientation and gender, 2011/12 to 2013/14 combined CSEW dataset

Chart notes

Source: Home Office, Illicit drug use among adults by ethnicity and sexual orientation tables: Table Sex_Pref_01.

The differences in level of drug use between heterosexual and gay/bisexual men and heterosexual and gay/bisexual women were still apparent when standardised for age (see technical annex for details on age-standardisation).

However, the difference in age profile between heterosexual and gay/bisexual women was more pronounced than the difference between heterosexual and gay/bisexual men (31% of heterosexual females are aged between 16 and 29, whereas 51% of gay/bisexual females are in the same age bracket(^\\text{11})). This means that age-standardisation had a greater effect for gay/bisexual women than gay/bisexual men, so once estimates of last year drug use are standardised by age the differences between heterosexual and gay/bisexual adults were less pronounced for women than for men.

(^{11}) The difference is slightly less marked for men: 31% of heterosexual men are aged between 16 and 29 compared with 42% of gay/bisexual men. Annex: Accessibility of drugs

Findings presented here are from the 2013/14 Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) on the source from which the most recent drugs taken were obtained, the location where they were obtained (i.e. where the drugs were bought by, or given to, the individual) and the location where they were subsequently taken.

These findings are similar to those reported in Drug misuse: findings from the 2012 to 2013 CSEW, and so this section has not been included as a full chapter. Full accessibility statistics for selected personal and area characteristics from the 2013/14 CSEW can be found in the Accessibility of drugs tables.

The analysis is based only on those adults aged 16 to 59 who said they had taken drugs in the 12 months previous to interview. The results in this section will be heavily influenced by use of cannabis, as this was the most prevalent drug used in the last year (see Extent and trends in illicit drug use among adults). It was not possible to carry out separate analysis by drug type.

KEY FACTS

- **Last year drug users most commonly sourced their drugs from someone well known to them.** Over half (57%) of adults aged 16 to 59 who had taken drugs in the last 12 months said that the last drugs they had used were obtained from someone well known to them who was not a family member, for example a friend, work colleague or neighbour. Just under a quarter (22%) had obtained their drugs from a dealer, while just 4% had obtained their drugs from a family member.

- **A very small proportion of drugs were sourced from the Internet.** Only 1% of adults who had used drugs in the last 12 months sourced the last drugs they took from the Internet.

- **Drugs were mostly sourced from a domestic setting.** Just over a half (51%) of adults (who had used drugs in the last 12 months) were in a domestic setting when they obtained the last drugs they took, i.e. their own home or someone else’s home. The remaining half had obtained them at other locations in roughly equal proportions, namely at a bar or pub (10%), at a club, party or rave (11%), on the street/in a park/outdoor area (14%) or somewhere else (14%).

- **The majority of last year drug users took drugs in a domestic setting.** Almost two-thirds of adults (62%) had been in a domestic setting (i.e. at their home or someone else’s home) the last time they took drugs. Almost a quarter (23%) took the drugs at a pub, bar, club, party or rave (i.e. typically late night venues), while 6% took them in an outside location (e.g. the street, park or other outdoor area).

- **Last year drug users were most likely to take drugs in the same location as they obtained them.** As shown in Figure A1, of those adults who obtained the drugs they last took at home, 93% took the drugs at home as well. This is true of most locations, in particular at a club, party or rave (96%), with the exception of those who obtained their drugs in an outside location. Although 35% of these adults also took the drugs in an outside location, just over a third (34%) took them at home instead. Figure A1: Where drugs were taken by where they were obtained the last time they were taken, 2013/14 CSEW

| Where taken | At home | At someone else's home | At a bar or pub | At a club, party or rave | On the street, in a park, or other outdoor area | Somewhere else | |----------------------|---------|------------------------|-----------------|--------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|----------------| | At home | 93 | 19 | 12 | 0 | 34 | 17 | | At someone else's home | 3 | 74 | 12 | 2 | 14 | 12 | | At a bar or pub | 2 | 2 | 68 | 1 | 5 | 5 | | At a club, party or rave | 1 | 3 | 5 | 96 | 8 | 3 | | On the street, in a park, or other outdoor area | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 35 | 7 | | Somewhere else | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 57 | | **Total** | **100** | **100** | **100** | **100** | **100** | **100** |

*Unweighted base* 243 485 150 138 155 189

**Table notes**

Source: Home Office, *Accessibility of drugs tables*: Table A_04. DATA QUALITY AND INTERPRETING THE FIGURES

The Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) provides estimates of illicit drug use among adults aged 16 to 59 within the general household population of England and Wales. As such, the CSEW provides an effective measure of the more commonly used drugs for which the majority of users are contained within this population. As a household survey, the CSEW does not cover groups such as the homeless, or those living in institutions such as prisons, who have potentially high rates of drug use, and problematic drug users who are unable to take part in an interview.

Figures presented from the CSEW are only for adults aged between 16 and 59 as this is the age range of the self-completion module of the CSEW where necessarily these sensitive questions on illicit drug use are asked.

The 2013/14 survey provides estimates of illicit drug use among adults over two time periods: ever in their lifetime and in the last year. Information on both measures is provided for the extent of drug use and is contained in the tables for this section. However, the discussion on trends is based on last year use, which is deemed the most reliable measure of recent drug use.

Only increases or decreases between years that are statistically significant at the 5% level (and are therefore likely to be real) are described as changes within the text; in the tables these changes are identified by asterisks (see the User Guide to Drug Misuse: Findings from the CSEW for more information).

Mephedrone

A question on mephedrone use in the last year was added to the 2010/11 CSEW to gather information about the extent of its use in the general population. Legislation was passed on 16 April 2010 under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 to control mephedrone as a Class B substance.

From 2012/13, mephedrone has been included in an overall ‘Any drug (inc. mephedrone)’ use measure, for the years 2010/11 to 2013/14. This measure has been presented alongside the existing ‘Any drug’ measure, to allow for comparability over a longer time period.

From next year, mephedrone will be included in the ‘Any drug’ measure as standard.

Frequent drug use

In the context of this release, frequent drug use is defined as using the same illicit drug more than once a month on average during the last year.

Questions on frequency of use in the last year have been asked of 16 to 24 year olds since the 2002/03 CSEW and were first completed by all adults aged 16 to 59 in 2009/10. These questions were rotated out of the 2010/11 questionnaire and added in again from the 2012/13 CSEW onwards.

Personal, household and area characteristics

The CSEW collects a rich set of information on the personal, household and area characteristics as well as lifestyle factors of adults that are used to explore differences in illicit drug use. While these discrete relationships provide useful information, it should be noted that these factors often interact and caution should be taken when drawing conclusions; for example, marital status is strongly age-related and different ethnic groups have different age profiles (e.g. Mixed ethnic groups tend to have younger age profiles than White ethnic groups). This can be addressed to some extent using age-standardisation (see the ‘Ethnicity and sexual orientation’ section below).

It is also worth noting that where sub-group sizes are small, quite large apparent differences between groups may not be statistically significant.

**Location and source of drugs**

Since the 2010/11 CSEW, adults who had used any illicit drug in the last year were asked more detailed questions about the location and source of obtaining drugs the last time they had taken drugs. New questions were added in 2011/12 to ask drug-taking adults how easy they found it to obtain illegal drugs and for non-drug-taking adults, how easy they thought it would be. These questions were removed in 2012/13 and replaced with questions on where adults who had taken drugs in the last year were when they last took them. These questions were included again in 2013/14 and results are presented as an Annex.

**Ethnicity and sexual orientation**

**Ethnicity**

In 2011/12, respondents were asked to which of six ethnic groups they considered they belonged to (White; Mixed; Asian or Asian British; Black or Black British; Chinese; another ethnic group) and then asked a follow-up about the more detailed ethnic group.

In 2012/13 and 2013/14 respondents were asked to choose one option on a card that best described their ethnic group or background. This included the options ‘Irish’ and ‘Gypsy or Irish Traveller’ which have been included in ‘another White Background’ and ‘Arab’ that has been included in ‘another ethnic group’ as these detailed groups were not available in 2011/12.

The achieved sample size of those who provided sufficient information to calculate ‘any drug use’ in the last year from the combined three-year CSEW dataset (2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14) was 70,619. This comprises 62,660 respondents who identified themselves as White (86%); 850 who reported being of Mixed (1%) ethnic background; 3,807 who described themselves as Asian or Asian British (8%); 2,240 as Black or Black British (3%) and 1,062 as Chinese or other (2%) ethnic group. For a full breakdown of the proportion of adults within ethnic groups in this population, see Annex Table 1.

**Standardised prevalence of drug use by ethnicity**

Age-standardisation adjusts rates to take into account the age profile of the population under study and is regularly used in the analysis of morbidity and mortality statistics. This is because the age structure of the population could directly affect statistics such as mortality rates, for example it may be that a high number of deaths in an area could be due, at least in part, to a large proportion of older people in the population. In a similar way, drug use rates are known to be higher among younger adults, and also among men, hence high levels of drug use among ethnic groups may be explained, at least in part, by the age and sex profile of the group.

The age-standardised rates are provided in Table Eth_07 as an indication of comparable levels across different groups. Due to the difference in age profile between the ethnic groups, and the known gender difference in drug use, age-standardised estimates of drug use prevalence within sex were created.

Standardising the drug use rates in this way means that many of the differences observed between groups disappear, which suggests that age, not ethnicity, is the key driver of differences between groups. Sexual orientation

The sexual orientation question is only asked if respondents complete the module on the laptop themselves, not if they agree to an interviewer completing the survey on their behalf or, of course, if they refuse to complete the module. As with any self-completion survey, respondents can choose to not to answer a particular question.

Again, not all respondents provide answers to all the drug use questions (although item non-response is low). In total, the combined achieved sample size of those who responded to the sexual orientation question and also provided sufficient information to calculate ‘any drug use’ in the last year was 67,282. Of these, 1,732 adults aged 16 to 59 identified themselves as gay, lesbian or bisexual.

Standardised prevalence of drug use in the last year by sexual orientation

The age-standardised rates are provided in Table Sex_Pref_03 as an indication of comparable levels across different groups. Due to the difference in age profile between the different sexual orientation groups, age-standardised estimates of drug use prevalence within sex were created.

Standardising the drug use rates in this way shows that most of the variations observed between groups remain after controlling for the differing age distributions, indicating that levels of drug use are relatively higher among gay or bisexual adults than heterosexual adults.

RE-WEIGHTING THE CSEW

The Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) uses population estimates in calibration weighting, which is designed to make adjustments for known differentials in response rates between different regions and different age by sex sub-groups (for more information on calibration weighting see the User Guide to Crime Statistics for England and Wales).

Given that population estimates based on the 2011 Census are now available, ONS embarked on a programme of work to re-weight CSEW data using the new estimates. As such, CSEW estimates from 2001/02 to 2012/13 have been re-weighted using the new 2011 Census-based population estimates. For more detail on the re-weighting of CSEW data, please see the methodological note ‘Presentational and methodological improvements to National Statistics on the Crime Survey for England and Wales’ published by the ONS.

Since the drug use estimates presented in this publication use data from the CSEW, estimates from 2001/02 to 2012/13 for 16 to 59 year olds have therefore been re-weighted using the new Census 2011 based population weights.

The effect of re-weighting on drug use estimates for 16 to 59 year olds

The re-weighting of the CSEW data back to 2001/02 has had minimal impact on the drug use estimates in terms of the proportion of 16 to 59 years olds who have taken drugs in the last year. These estimates have changed by no more than 0.2 percentage points when compared with the original weights and the overall trend remains unaffected, as shown in Figure T1. Although the affect on the estimated proportion of drug users has been minimal, there has been a greater affect on the estimated number of drug users. This is unsurprising given that these figures are directly based on population estimates. For example, the 2012/13 Drug Misuse publication estimated around 2.7m people had used any drug in the last 12 months. However, using updated Census-based population figures, this estimate is now around 2.5m.

The effect of re-weighting on drug use estimates for 16 to 24 year olds

Between 2001/02 and 2008/09, the CSEW included a boost sample of young adults in order to further improve the accuracy of illicit drug use estimates among 16 to 24 year olds. As these survey years included this youth boost sample, estimates for 16 to 24 year olds have been re-weighted in a slightly different way, but are still based on Census 2011 weights.

Estimates from the 2001/02 to 2005/06 CSEWs for 16 to 24 year olds have not been re-weighted to account for the youth boost, as it has not been possible to reproduce the youth boost weights for inclusion in this publication.

However, it was possible to re-weight estimates for 16 to 24 year olds from the 2006/07 to 2012/13 CSEWs to take into account the youth boost sample.

The different ways in which the CSEW data for drug use estimates have been weighted are shown in Table T1. The ticks in Table T1 show which weighting specification has been used in the trends presented in ‘Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2013/14 Crime Survey for England and Wales’ publication. Table T1: How CSEW drug use estimates have been weighted, 1996 to 2013/14 CSEW

| | 1996 | 1998 | 2000 | 2001/02 | 2002/03 | 2003/04 | 2004/05 | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | 2011/12 | 2012/13 | 2013/14 | |----------|------|------|------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Original weights | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | Census 2011 weights | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | Census 2011 weighted youth boost | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Figure T2 shows the trend in the proportion of 16 to 24 year olds using any drug in the past year, back to 1996, using the original data, re-weighted Census data and re-weighted youth boost data.

From 2008/09 onwards the trend shown using the original data and re-weighted census data are almost identical. Between 2006/07 and 2008/09 it is clear that using the youth boost estimates gives very similar results to the original estimates. Estimates back to 2001/2 calculated using re-weighted Census data (but without the youth boost weights) give a slightly more erratic trend, due to the smaller sample sizes, but the trend is very similar to that found using the original weights.

Figure T2: Estimates of the proportion of 16 to 24 year olds reporting the use of any drug in the last year, using different weights, 1996 to 2013/14 CSEW

While the estimates are slightly different where the youth boost weights were unavailable (up to 1.5 percentage points difference), the overall trend is unaffected and the re-weighted estimates since 2008/09 are within 0.2 percentage points of those estimates based on the original weights.

OTHER DATA SOURCES

Public Health England (PHE) publishes information annually on the age, sex and ethnicity of clients aged 18 years and over in drug treatment contact in England in its annual report Statistics from the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS). The latest report is available online at: http://www.nta.nhs.uk/statistics.aspx

Statistics on Drug Misuse: England, 2013 are published by the Health and Social Care Information Centre and are available online at: http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB12994

National and regional estimates of the prevalence of opiate and/or crack cocaine use are published by the National Treatment Agency (now Public Health England). Latest figures are available for 2011/12 online at: http://www.nta.nhs.uk/facts-prevalence.aspx

The Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England – 2013 report includes extensive information around first drug use for 11 to 15 year olds and is available online at: http://www.hscic.gov.uk/pubs/sdd13