WRITTEN SCHEME OF INVESTIGATION FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS, BURNTWOOD QUARRY

Site Location: Burntwood Quarry NGR: SK 2680 6665 Proposal: Re-opening of quarry Prepared for: Chatsworth Estate Status of WSI: Approved (4/2/14) Date of WSI: January 2014 Planning Consent: Consent granted NP/DDD/0513/0392 17/12/13

1 SUMMARY 1.1 Chatsworth Estate has been granted permission to re-open a stone quarry to provide stone for repairs and conservation at Chatsworth House. 1.2 This Written Scheme of Investigation for archaeological mitigation at Burntwood Quarry has been prepared in response to Conditions 1 & 2 of the planning consent. The work will be carried out in accordance with the Brief and this WSI, and according to the principles of the Institute for Archaeology (IfA) Code of Conduct and all relevant standards and guidance.

2 AIMS 2.1 The aims of the investigation are: • To monitor vegetation removal from the quarry floor and areas where spoil will be deposited in order to identify any new features • To survey and evaluate (if required) any new features identified during the vegetation clearance • To monitor the topsoil clearance of the extraction area • To excavate archaeologically the deposits which will be removed for the bat roost ‘cool room’

3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS 3.1 The investigations will comprise the following elements: • Archaeological watching brief on vegetation removal over the features which are to be covered with quarry spoil • Archaeological watching brief on the extraction area (above the quarry face) • Excavation of bat roost ‘cool room’ • Contingency - feature survey (if additional features are identified during vegetation clearance) • Contingency - excavate up to a total of 60 sq metres (maximum 4 trenches) across new features (if identified during vegetation clearance) • Reporting of all elements

3.2 A pre-start meeting must be held with the PDNPA Conservation Archaeologist prior to any site works commencing. The purpose of the meeting is to: • Agree the proposed timetable/phasing of archaeological and quarry works, working practices and contact details/roles to facilitate effective communication. • Agree which areas will be subject to spoil tipping; these areas may need to be marked out on the ground by the quarry operator • Agree an appropriate method of tree clearance in the area for the bat roost • Agree best working practice to safeguard archaeological features which are not due to be covered by spoil – a written document may need to be prepared (to form a separate piece of work to be commissioned)

4 WATCHING BRIEF

4.1 A watching brief will monitor the removal of vegetation to determine whether unrecorded features are present. Depending upon the methods employed and the duration of the work, the watching brief may be intermittent; this will be established with the PDNPA Conservation Archaeologist once the vegetation methodology is clear.

4.2 If any vulnerable features are observed, these will be marked out temporarily on the ground so that any vehicles and machinery can avoid tracking across the area.

4.3 A watching brief will also be carried out on the soil strip of the extraction area (above the quarry face). This will be continuous; an archaeologist will be present during all soil stripping activity.

5 EARTHWORK SURVEY

5.1 An earthwork survey was carried out as part of the evaluation in 2013. At this stage there was a fair amount of evergreen vegetation and some areas were not suitable for survey. If during the watching brief additional features are observed, additional measured survey will take place to record these features.

5.2 The measured survey will be carried out using a total station and will conform to Level 2 standard as defined in Understanding the Archaeology of Landscapes: a guide to good recording practice (English Heritage 2007).

5.3 Survey control must relate to the previous survey and tied into the national grid and Ordnance Survey datum. All identified features will be surveyed. Where earthwork monuments are encountered, observed bank heights and ditch depths will be recorded; profiles across the earthworks will also be surveyed. Horizontal survey interval will vary according to the complexity of the earthworks being surveyed, but should be sufficient to recover an accurate record of the character of the earthworks. The interval between points will normally be no more than 1m on the upstanding earthworks. Where earthworks have strongly directional components a greater spacing in the direction parallel to those components will be used as appropriate to meet the objectives of the survey.

5.4 Each identified site will be recorded in the following way: • location will be recorded with an NGR reference centred on the monument, along with the parish, district and county information • the monument/feature will be classified using the English Heritage thesaurus of monument types • the extents of the monument/feature will be surveyed accurately on the OS National Grid, directional information will be recorded for ridge and furrow, track ways, and avenues • photography of the monument/feature will be undertaken to complement the survey • details of site ownership and current land use will be noted • condition of the monument/feature will be investigated and noted • any local features that do not appear on the OS map will be recorded • if required, survey control will incorporate permanent features, to enable later revisions or to aid with grid re-establishment for any future survey work.

6 EXCAVATION

6.1 The footprint of the bat roost ‘cool room’ will be marked out by the client and will be excavated archaeologically, to the base of layers containing archaeological deposits (or potential archaeological deposits). The cool room will eventually be 3m deep; the client will continue the excavations once the layers of potential archaeology have been removed.

6.2 If new earthworks are identified during the vegetation strip which need further investigation, up to 60 sq m (a maximum of four trenches) will be excavated; this will be agreed with the client and the PDNPA Conservation Archaeologist beforehand.

6.3 Overburden such as turf, topsoil or other superficial fill materials will be removed by a machine fitted with a toothless bucket. Mechanical excavation equipment will be used judiciously, under archaeological supervision down to the top of archaeological deposits, or the natural subsoil, whichever appears first. If archaeology is present machining will cease and excavation will normally proceed by hand. Where deep homogenous deposits, or deposits such as rubble infills, are encountered, these may be carefully removed by machine, after consultation with the PDNPA planning archaeologist.

6.4 The use of mechanical, air-powered, or electrical excavation equipment may also be appropriate for removing deep intrusions (e.g. modern brick and concrete floors or footings) or through deposits to check that they are of natural origin, after consultation with the PDNPA planning archaeologist. The machine will not be used to cut arbitrary sondages down to natural deposits.

6.5 The areas will be sufficiently cleaned by hand to enable potential archaeological features to be identified and recorded; areas without archaeological features will be recorded as sterile and no further work will take place in these areas. The stratigraphy of each trench will be recorded on a trench record sheet even where no archaeological features are identified.

6.6 All archaeological features will be fully excavated and recorded using standardised pro forma record sheets. Plans, sections and elevations will be drawn as appropriate and a comprehensive photographic record will be made.

6.7 Archaeological deposits will be planned at a basic scale of 1:50, with individual features requiring greater detail being planned at a scale of 1:20. Larger scales will be utilised as appropriate. Cross-section of features will be drawn to a basic scale of 1:10 or 1:20 depending on the size of the feature. All drawings will be related to Ordnance Datum. Where it aids interpretation, structural remains will also be recorded in elevation. 6.8 Each context will be described in full on a pro forma context record sheet in accordance with the accepted context record conventions. Each context will be given a unique number. These field records will be checked and indexes compiled.

6.9 Photographs of work in progress and post-excavation of individual and groups of features will be taken. This will include general views of entire features and of details such as sections as considered necessary. The photographic record will comprise 35mm format colour slides and black and white film. Digital photography may be used in addition, but will not form any part of the formal site archive. All site photography will adhere to accepted photographic record guidelines.

6.10 All finds will be collected and handled following the guidance set out in the IfA guidance for archaeological materials. Unstratified material will not be kept unless it is of exceptional intrinsic interest. Material discarded as a consequence of this policy will be described and quantified in the field. Finds of particular interest or fragility will be retrieved as Small Finds, and located on plans. Other finds, finds within the topsoil, and dense/discrete deposits of finds will be collected as Bulk Finds, from discrete contexts, bagged by material type. Any dense/discrete deposits will have their limits defined on the appropriate plan.

6.11 All artefacts and ecofacts will be appropriately packaged and stored under optimum conditions, as detailed in the RESCUE/UKIC publication First Aid for Finds, and recording systems must be compatible with the recipient museum. All finds that fall within the purview of the Treasure Act (1996) will be reported to HM Coroner according to the procedures outlined in the Act, after discussion with the client and the local authority.

6.12 Other samples will be taken, as appropriate, in consultation with ArcHeritage specialists and the English Heritage Regional Science Advisor, as appropriate (e.g. dendrochronology, soil micromorphology, monolith samples, C14, etc.). Samples will be taken for scientific dating where necessary for the development of subsequent mitigation strategies. Material removed from site will be stored in appropriate controlled environments.

6.13 In the event of human remains being discovered during the evaluation these will be left in-situ, covered and protected, in the first instance. The removal of human remains will only take place in compliance with environmental health regulations and following discussions with, and with the approval of, the Ministry of Justice. If human remains are identified, the Ministry of Justice and the PDNPA planning archaeologist will be informed immediately. An osteoarchaeologist will be available to give advice on site.

- If disarticulated remains are encountered, these will be identified and quantified on site. If trenches are being immediately backfilled, the remains will be left in the ground. If the excavations will remain open for any length of time, disarticulated remains will be removed and boxed, for immediate reburial by the Church.
- If articulated remains are encountered, these will be excavated in accordance with recognised guidelines (see 7.10) and retained for assessment.
- Any grave goods or coffin furniture will be retained for further assessment.

6.14 Where a licence is issued, all human skeletal remains must be properly removed in accordance with the terms of that licence. Where a licence is not issued, the treatment of human remains will be in accordance with the requirements of Civil Law, IfA Technical Paper 13 (1993) and English Heritage guidance (2005).

7 SPECIALIST ANALYSIS

7.1 The stratigraphic information, artefacts, soil samples, and residues will be assessed as to their potential and importance for further analysis and study. The material will be quantified (counted and weighted). Specialists will undertake analysis of the material where required. Appropriately detailed specialist reports will be included in the report.

7.2 Materials considered vulnerable should be selected for stabilisation after specialist recording. Where intervention is necessary, consideration must be given to possible investigative procedures (e.g. glass composition studies, residues on or in pottery, and mineral-preserved organic material). Allowance will be made for preliminary conservation and stabilization of all objects and a written assessment of long-term conservation and storage needs will be produced. Once assessed, all material will be packed and stored in optimum conditions, in accordance with Watkinson and Neal (1998), IfA (2007) and Museums and Galleries (1992).

7.3 All finds will be cleaned, marked and labelled as appropriate, prior to analysis. For ceramic assemblages, any recognised local pottery reference collections and relevant fabric Codes will be used.

7.4 Allowance will be made for the recovery of material suitable for scientific dating and contingency sums will be made available to undertake such dating, if necessary. This will be decided in consultation with the PDNPA planning archaeologist.

8 REPORT & ARCHIVE PREPARATION

8.1 Upon completion of the site work, a report will be prepared to include the following:

a) A non-technical summary of the results of the work.

b) An introduction which will include the planning reference number, grid reference and dates when the fieldwork took place.

c) An account of the methodology and detailed results of the operation, describing structural data, archaeological features, associated finds and environmental data, and a conclusion and discussion.

d) A selection of photographs and drawings, including a detailed plan of the site accurately identifying the areas monitored, trench locations, hachured earthwork plan, selected feature drawings, and selected artefacts, and phased feature plans where appropriate.

e) Specialist artefact and environmental reports where undertaken, and a context list/index.

f) Details of archive location and destination (with accession number, where known), together with a context list and catalogue of what is contained in that archive.

g) A copy of the key OASIS form details

h) Copies of the Brief and WSI

i) Additional photographic images may be supplied on a CDROM appended to the report

8.2 Three copies of the report will be submitted to the commissioning body. A bound and digital copy of the report will be submitted direct to the Peak District National Park for planning purposes, and subsequently for inclusion into the HER.

8.3 A field archive will be compiled consisting of all primary written documents, plans, sections and photographs. Catalogues of contexts, finds, soil samples, plans, sections and photographs will be produced. ArcHeritage will liaise with the Chatsworth House Archives prior to the commencement of fieldwork to establish the detailed curatorial requirements of the museum and discuss archive transfer and to complete the relevant museum forms. The relevant museum curator would be afforded access to visit the site and discuss the project results.

8.4 The owner of the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in the information and documentation arising from the work, would grant a licence to the Local Authority and the museum accepting the archive to use such documentation for their statutory functions and provide copies to third parties as an incidental to such functions. Under the Environmental Information Regulations (EIR), such documentation is required to be made available to enquirers if it meets the test of public interest. Any information disclosure issues would be resolved between the client and the archaeological contractor before completion of the work. EIR requirements do not affect IPR.

8.5 Upon completion of the project an OASIS form will be completed at http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/oasis/.

9 POST EXCAVATION ANALYSIS & PUBLICATION

9.1 Allowance will be made for the preparation and publication in a local and/or national journal of a short summary on the results of the evaluation and of the location and material held within the site archive.

9.2 The results of the work will be publicised locally e.g. by presenting a paper at the Derbyshire Day and talking to local societies, as appropriate.

9.3 A summary report accompanied by illustrations will be presented in digital format for publication in the appropriate volume of Archaeology and Conservation in Derbyshire.

10 HEALTH AND SAFETY

10.1 Health and safety issues will take priority over archaeological matters and all archaeologists will comply with relevant Health and Safety Legislation.

10.2 A Risk Assessment will be prepared prior to the start of site works.

11 PRE-START REQUIREMENTS

11.1 The client will be responsible for ensuring site access has been secured prior to the commencement of site works, and that the perimeter of the site is secure.

11.2 The client will provide ArcHeritage with up to date service plans and will be responsible for ensuring services have been disconnected, where appropriate.

11.3 The client will mark out the location of the bat roost, including the exact location of the area for the cool room.

12 REINSTATEMENT

12.1 Following excavation and recording the spoil from the trenches will be backfilled unless requested otherwise. The backfill material will be levelled and compressed as far as possible with the mechanical excavator bucket, but will not be compressed to a specification. ArcHeritage are not responsible for reinstating any surfaces, including reseeding, unless specifically commissioned by the client who will provide a suitable specification for the work. Large stones etc which have been removed during the excavation will be set aside, and not backfilled.

13 TIMETABLE & STAFFING

13.1 The fieldwork will be carried out in accordance with the client’s timetable. For safety and access reasons it will be preferable to schedule the vegetation clearance and watching brief first, and earthwork survey (if required) and excavations to follow. Reporting will be completed within six weeks of completion of fieldwork, unless specialist reports are awaited.

13.2 Staff available for this work are as follows:

- Site monitoring and excavation - Project Archaeologist/Assistant
- Archaeological Surveyor - Tudur Davies/Marcus Abbott
- Head of Artefact Research - Dr Ailsa Mainman
- Human Remains - Malin Holst (York Osteoarchaeology Ltd) & Rebecca Storm (University of Bradford)
- Palaeoenvironmental remains – Dr Jennifer Miller
- Head of Curatorial Services - Christine McDonnell
- Finds Researcher - Nicky Rogers
- Post-medieval Pottery – Dr David Barker
- Medieval Pottery Researcher - Anne Jenner
- Finds Officers - Geoffrey Krause & Rachel Cubitt
- Archaeometallurgy & Industrial Residues - Dr Rod Mackenzie & Dr Roger Doonan
- Conservation - Ian Panter

14 MONITORING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELDWORK

14.1 As a minimum requirement, Peak District National Park Authority will be given a minimum of one week’s notice of work commencing on site, and will be afforded the opportunity to visit the site during and prior to completion of the on-site works so that the general stratigraphy of the site can be assessed and to discuss the requirement any further phases of archaeological work. ArcHeritage will notify Peak District National Park Authority of any discoveries of archaeological significance so that site visits can be made, as necessary. Any changes to this agreed WSI will only be made in consultation with Peak District National Park Authority.

14.2 With the client’s agreement illustrated notices will be displayed adjacent to a public right of way to explain the nature of the works.

15 COPYRIGHT

15.1 ArcHeritage retain the copyright on this document.

16 KEY REFERENCES

Brown, D. H. 2007. Archaeological Archives: a guide to best practice in creation, compilation, transfer and curation. IfA/AAA Department for Communities and Local Government 2010 Planning Policy Statement 5: planning for the Historic Environment.

English Heritage. 2001. *Archaeometallurgy*. Centre for Archaeology Guidelines.

English Heritage. 2002. Environmental Archaeology. A guide to the theory and practice of methods from sampling and recovery to post-excavation.

English Heritage. 2002. With Alidade and Tape – graphical and plane table survey or archaeological earthworks.

English Heritage. 2003. Where on Earth are We? The Global Positioning System (GPS) in archaeological field survey.

English Heritage. 2004. Geoarchaeology: using earth sciences to understand the archaeological record.

English Heritage. 2005 Guidance for Best Practice for Treatment of Human Remains Excavated from Christian Burial Grounds in England.

English Heritage. 2006. Guidelines on the x-radiography of archaeological metalwork.

English Heritage. 2006b. Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment: The MoRPHE Project Managers’ Guide.

English Heritage. 2007. Understanding the Archaeology of Landscape – a guide to good recording practice

English Heritage. 2008. Investigative Conservation.

Institute for Archaeologists. 1993. Technical paper No 13 by McKinley, J. I., and C. Roberts. *Excavation and post-excavation treatment of cremated and inhumed human remains*.

Institute for Archaeologists. 2007. Archaeological Archives: A guide to best practice in creation, compilation, transfer and curation by D.H. Brown.

Institute for Archaeologists. 2008. Standard and Guidance for the Collection, Documentation, Conservation and Research of Archaeological Materials.

Institute for Archaeologists. 2008. Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation

Museum and Galleries Commission. 1992. Standards in the museum care of archaeological collections.

RCHMS. 1999. ‘Recording Archaeological Field Monuments – a descriptive specification.

Standing Conference of Archaeological Unit Managers (SCAUM). 2007. *Health and Safety in Field Archaeology*

Neal, V., and D. Watkinson (eds). 1998. *First Aid for Finds: practical guide for archaeologists*. United Kingdom Institute for Conservation of Historic & Artistic Works, Archaeology Section; 3rd Revised Edition.

See also the HELM website for a full list of English Heritage Guidance documents.

http://www.helm.org.uk/server/show/nav.19701 ArcHeritage is a trading name of York Archaeological Trust. The Trust undertakes a wide range of urban and rural archaeological consultancies, surveys, evaluations, assessments and excavations for commercial, academic and charitable clients. We manage projects, provide professional advice and fieldwork to ensure a high quality, cost effective archaeological and heritage service. Our staff have a considerable depth and variety of professional experience and an international reputation for research, development and maximising the public, educational and commercial benefits of archaeology. Based in York, Sheffield, Nottingham and Glasgow the Trust’s services are available throughout Britain and beyond.