Practitioners: Compared to the working-age population, CJS practitioners are generally less likely to be non-White.

| Population | Police Officers | CPS | MoJ | Magistrates | Judiciary | NOMS | |------------|----------------|-----|-----|-------------|-----------|------| | White | 86% | 94% | 81% | 80% | 89% | 89% | | Non-White | 14% | 6% | 19% | 20% | 11% | 11% |

Reoffending

Of all offenders 29% go on to reoffend, this was slightly higher for Black offenders.

| Ethnicity | White | Black | Other | |-----------|-------|-------|-------| | Reoffending | 25% | 20% | 31% |

Parole Board hearings

White individuals were the most likely to be released from prison following a Parole Board hearing.

| Ethnicity | White | Black | Mixed | Asian | Chinese or Other | |-----------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------------------| | Proportion released | 48% | 50% | 40% | 44% | 44% |

Prisons

There were more Black and Mixed individuals in prison compared to other ethnicities, per 10,000 members of the population aged 15 or over.

| Ethnicity | White | Black | Mixed | Asian | Chinese or Other | |-----------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------------------| | Custody rate | 13 | 47 | 30 | 24 | 16 |

Average Custodial Sentence lengths

Asian and Black defendants received the longest average custodial sentence lengths, possibly associated with variations in offence types between ethnicities.

| Ethnicity | White | Black | Mixed | Asian | Chinese or Other | |-----------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------------------| | Average | 21 months | 23 months | 24 months | 23 months | 25 months |

Conviction ratio

White offenders had the highest conviction ratio, for indictable offences.

| Ethnicity | White | Black | Asian | Mixed | Chinese or Other | |-----------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------------------| | Conviction ratio | 86% | 81% | 81% | 81% | 81% |

Guilty Plea Rate

White defendants were more likely to plead guilty at Crown Court.

| Ethnicity | White | Black | Mixed | Asian | Chinese or Other | |-----------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------------------| | Guilty Plea Rate | 71% | 58% | 64% | 56% | 56% |

Prosecutions

Black and Mixed defendants had the highest number of prosecutions per 1,000 members of the population, for indictable offences.

| Ethnicity | White | Black | Mixed | Asian | Chinese or Other | |-----------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------------------| | Prosecutions | 4 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 13 |

Sentencing

Black and Mixed defendants were more likely to be sentenced per 1,000 members of the population, for indictable offences.

| Ethnicity | White | Black | Mixed | Asian | Chinese or Other | |-----------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------------------| | Sentencing | 4 | 5 | 9 | 4 | 4 |

Police Activity

Both arrest and stop and search rates vary greatly between ethnicities, with the highest rates for Black individuals.

| Ethnicity | White | Black | Mixed | Asian | Chinese or Other | |-----------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------------------| | Arrest rates per 1,000 members of the population | 47 | 16 | 30 | 15 | 15 | | Stop and search rates per 1,000 members of the population | 9 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 2 |

Victims: Perceptions vs. Reality

The Mixed ethnic group were more likely to be victims of crime, despite the relatively low perceived likelihood for this group.

| Ethnicity | White | Black | Asian | Mixed | Chinese or Other | |-----------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------------------| | % of adults who were a victim of one or more personal crimes in the past year | 18 | 28 | 21 | 22 | 26 | | % of adults who believe it is very or fairly likely they would be a victim of crime in the next year | 87% | 6% | 3% | 2% | 2% |

Population ethnic diversity

Population ethnic diversity

| Ethnicity | White | Black | Mixed | Asian | Chinese or Other | |-----------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------------------| | Census 2011 population aged 10+\* | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% |

\*Adapted from data from the Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0

Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2016

England and Wales

Practitioners

| Ethnicity | White | Black | Asian | Mixed | Chinese or Other | |-----------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------------------| | Practitioners | 53% | 44% | 45% | 48% | 31% |

Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2016

England and Wales