Longshaw Estate Car Park, Derbyshire: An Archaeological Watching Brief

ARS Ltd Report No.2015/107 OASIS No: archaeol5-217051

Compiled By: Caitlin Halton Archaeological Research Services Ltd Angel House Portland Square Bakewell Derbyshire DE45 1HB

Checked By: Chris Scott MCIfA Tel: 01629814540 admin@archaeologicalresearchservices.com www.archaeologicalresearchservices.com Contents

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 1 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 2 2 LOCATION AND GEOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 2 3 HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND .................................................................... 2 4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 3 5 METHOD STATEMENT ....................................................................................................................... 4 6 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................... 4 7 POTTERY .......................................................................................................................................... 5 8 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................................... 5 9 PUBLICITY, CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT ......................................................................... 6 10 STATEMENT OF INDEMNITY ........................................................................................................... 6 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... 6 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 6 APPENDIX 1- FIGURES .......................................................................................................................... 8 APPENDIX 2- CONTEXT REGISTER ....................................................................................................... 16 APPENDIX 3- WRITTEN SCHEME IF INVESTIGATION ......................................................................... 17 APPENDIX 4- OASIS FORM ................................................................................................................... 22

List of Figures

Figure 1: Site location Figure 2. Plan site excavated Figure 3. South west facing view of car park showing top soil (001) and natural substrate (003). Scale = 1 x 2m. Figure 4. South east facing section of service trench. Scale = 1 x 1m Figure 5. South east facing section of service trench. Figure 6. South east facing section of service trench over the bridge. Scale = 1 x 1m. Figure 7. South east facing section of service trench in front of the den. Scale = 1 x 1m. Figure 8. Service trench over the bridge aligned north east curving east towards the carpark. Scale = 1 x 1m. Figure 9. North west facing section of service trench underneath road/Car park of the Adventure Centre. Scale = 1 x1m. Executive Summary

Project Name: An Archaeological Excavation at Longshaw Estate Car Park, Derbyshire Site Code: LEWCP 15 Planning Authority: Peak District National Park Authority Location: Longshaw Estate, Sheffield Geology: Rossendale Formation- Mudstone and Siltstone sedimentary bedrock formed in the Carboniferous Period. (BGS, 2015) NGR: SK 26620 80058 Date: July 2015

In March and June 2015 Archaeological Research Services Ltd was commissioned by the National Trust to undertake an archaeological watching brief during the refurbishment and extension of Woodcroft car park, Longshaw, Sheffield.

The objective of the watching brief was to ensure that any archaeological features or deposits encountered during the refurbishment of the car park were appropriately recorded and interpreted.

The ground works did not uncover any archaeological features or deposits. Six fragments of 19th- early 20th century pottery, including white stoneware and white earthenware were identified in the top soil. 1 Introduction

1.1 In March and June 2015 Archaeological Research Services Ltd was commissioned by the National Trust to undertake an archaeological watching brief at Longshaw Estate’s Woodcroft car park.

1.2 Planning permission was granted by the Peak District National Park Authority. Condition No. 15 of the planning permission required that:

“The development shall not proceed other than in full accordance with an archaeological watching brief with appropriate salvage, recording and protection provisions that shall be submitted to and approved in writing by the Authority before work commences on site. Reason - To ensure any archaeological interest that may be found on the site is recorded and appropriate action taken to salvage or protect the interests during construction.”

2 Location and Geology

2.1 The Woodcroft car park of Longshaw Estate is located off the A6187 to the north-east of Longshaw Lodge and is centred at SK 426618 380035(Figure 1).

2.2 The underlying geology of the site is comprised of mudstones and siltstones of the Rossendale and Marsden Formations (BGS 2015).

2.3 The soils of the PDA belong to the Wilcocks 1 Soil Association (721c), which are cambic stagnohumic gley soils (SSEW 1983a). These soils form as drift from Palaeozoic sandstone, mudstone and shale and are characterised as ‘slowly permeable seasonally waterlogged fine loamy and fine loamy over clayey upland soils with a peaty surface horizon. Coarse loamy soils affected by groundwater in places. Very acid where not limed’ (SSEW 1983b).

3 Historical and Archaeological Background

3.1 Prehistoric remains in the Peak District are numerous, especially within the moorlands of Hathersage and Totley Moss. Within Longshaw Estate, ring cairns containing urns and human bones have been unearthed to the north of the PDA. Quarrying took place in the area from at least the 15th century, with Yarncliffe Quarry utilizing the natural rock outcrops of the Peaks to make millstones. (National Trust, n.d.)

3.2 Before the construction of modern roads in the 18th century, the landscape of the moorlands was crossed by numerous braided ways and paved causeways forming direct routes (where the topography of the area allowed) between towns and estates. After many years of use, many of these braided ways became sunken, due to the susceptibility of sandstone and shale to erosion. One such braided hollow way heading from Hathersage to Chesterfield crossed Lawrence Field, to the (south-east) of the PDA (Barnatt 2004, 104). This route became disused by the early 19th century.

3.3 Comprised of 1087 acres of moor and woodland, Longshaw Estate stretches almost down to Grindleford and includes the area around Millstone Edge and Bole Hill. The National Trust obtained the entire estate in 1931. With the estate lies two Grade II Listed Buildings: Longshaw Lodge (NHLE No. 1109833) and the Chapel to Longshaw Lodge (NHLE No. 1335025). Built in 1827 as a shooting box for guests of the Duke of Rutland, Longshaw Lodge has since been used as a hospital for wounded soldiers during WWI and is now private flats, though the National Trust maintains a café and shop for tourists on site. The area of the PDA is utilised as the main car park of the estate, called ‘Woodcroft’. This triangular tract of land appears on maps as early as 1878.

4 Aims and Objectives

4.1 Regional Research Aims and Objectives

4.1.1 Research topics identified in *East Midlands Heritage: An Updated Research Agenda and Strategy for the Historic Environment of the East Midlands* (Knight et al, 2012) applicable to this programme of works include researching regional communications infrastructure and exploring the landscape legacy of rural leisure pursuits.

- The medieval period is important for the study of communication routes, which the physical infrastructure, such as roads, and their associated landscape features, such as hollow-ways, remain little researched (Research Objective 7J, p. 106).

- The 19th century landscape of the midlands provided the locale for fox hunting and other leisure pursuits. Further research into the landscape and social history of these pursuits would allow for the identification of associated small and large-scale landscape features that are largely neglected by the Historic Environment Records (Research Objective 9F, p. 129).

4.2 Watching Brief Objectives

4.2.1 The objective of the watching brief is to ensure that any potential archaeological remains exposed during the groundworks associated with the refurbishment and extension of Woodcroft car park, are fully recorded and interpreted, and that any remains disturbed are recovered.

5 Method Statement

5.1 ARS Ltd provided an archaeologist at all times during the ground-works.

5.2 The investigation was conducted in accordance with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) Code of Conduct (2014a) and Standards and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Briefs (2014b).

5.3 The mechanical excavator used during the ground-works was fitted with a toothless ditching bucket.

5.4 A photographic record was maintained including photographs of the areas of excavation. All images were taken in digital format and contain a graduated photographic scale.

5.5 A single context record systems was used and maintained during the watching brief.

6 Results

The results have been split into two areas of excavation, the car park and the service trench. The service trench ran north east-south west from the car park, along the edge of the previous path, over the bridge, and past the den area leading to the visitor centre (Figure 2).

Car park

6.1 The stripping of the car park revealed a dark loamy brown top soil (001). (001) had a maximum depth of 0.35m and included six fragments of pottery. Below (001), a yellow orangey sandy silty clay with limestone inclusions (003) had an unknown depth and is the natural substrate (Figure 3).

Service trench

6.2 The service trench was c.150m in length and ranged between 0.4-0.5m wide with a maximum depth of 0.55m to the natural horizon (003). The stratigraphic sequence to the bridge (c.50m) comprised of a layer of topsoil (001), consisting of a dark brown silt, with a maximum depth of 0.5m. Below topsoil (001), a mid-brown silty sub soil (002) had an overall thickness of 0.20m. (002) was only visible along the trench at 14-18m. Otherwise (001) overlaid the natural substrate (003) (Figure 5). 6.3 The stratigraphic sequence along and over the bridge to the entrance of the den area, (Figure 6 and 7) comprised of a gravel layer path (004) from the carpark to the walking trails and Visitor centre. Below (004), a layer of topsoil (001) 0.05m thick lay above the natural substrate (003).

6.4 From the western end of the bridge to the road, the stratigraphic sequence comprised of (004) a gravel deposit which overlay a hard-core deposit (005). (005) had a maximum depth of 0.20m. Directly below was a thin layer of top soil (001) (0.03m thickness) and (003) (Figure 7).

6.5 At the western extent of the service trench, the stratigraphic sequence was as followed; gravel (004) with a depth of 0.05m, hard-core (005) with a depth of 0.20m, (006) with a depth of 0.15m, topsoil (001) with a depth of 0.05m and the natural substrate (003). (006) consisted of a red silty sand with red brick inclusions with a thickness of 0.15m (Figure 9) and was identified below (005). This is thought to be a demolition layer or potentially, imported material for the construction of the road/car park. Directly below (006) a layer of topsoil (001) that had a depth of 0.05m, lay above the natural substrate.

6.6 No archaeological features or deposits were identified during the ground works for the carpark or service trench.

7 Pottery

7.1 Six fragments of 19th- early 20th century pottery were recovered from (101), including one fragments of a white stoneware jar and fine white earthenware fragments, mainly from plates (one of which was blue-and-white transfer-printed earthenware). The pottery represents utilitarian and refined wares used for storage and consumption of food and drink. The finds are by no means unusual in any respect for a site of this nature; parallels can be formed on most sites in this region producing material of this date.

8 Discussion

8.1 The watching brief was carried out to identify if archaeological remains were exposed during the groundworks associated with the refurbishment and extension of Woodcroft car park. The watching brief revealed no archaeological features or deposits within the development area.

8.2 The small amount of pottery identified in the top soil represents utilitarian and refined wares, used for storage and consumption, which are not unusual for the nature of the site or archaeologically significant. 9 Publicity, Confidentiality and Copyright

9.1 Any publicity will be handled by the client. Archaeological Research Services Ltd will retain the copyright of all documentary and photographic material under the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act (1988).

10 Statement of Indemnity

10.1 All statements and opinions contained within this report arising from the works undertaken are offered in good faith and compiled according to professional standards. No responsibility can be accepted by the author/s of the report for any errors of fact or opinion resulting from data supplied by any third party, or for loss or other consequence arising from decisions or actions made upon the basis of facts or opinions expressed in any such report(s), howsoever such facts and opinions may have been derived.

11 Acknowledgements

11.1 Archaeological Research Services Ltd would like to thank all those who contributed to the outcome of this project, in particular Mark Evans (site manager), Alan Morris of Jager Associates Ltd and Rachael Hall, Richard Vink and Trevor Guyler of the National Trust.

References

British Geological Survey (BGS). 2015. Geology of Britain viewer. Available online at: http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home/html [Accessed 1st July 2015].

Barnatt, J. and Smith, K. 2004. The Peak District: Landscapes through time. Macclesfield: Windgather Press.\]

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA). 2014a. Code of Conduct. Reading: Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA). 2014b. Standard and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Briefs. Reading: Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Knight, D., Vyner, B., and Allen, C. 2012. East Midlands Heritage: An Updated Research Agenda and Strategy for the Historic Environment of the East Midlands. Nottingham. National Trust. N.d. *Longshaw, Burbage and the Eastern moors*. Available at http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/longshaw-burbage-and-the-eastern-moors/history/ [Accessed 1st July 2015]

Soil Survey of England and Wales. 1983a. *Sheet 3: Soils of Midland and Western England*.

Soil Survey of England and Wales. 1983b. *Legend for the 1:250,000 Soil Map of England and Wales*. Appendix 1- Figures Figure 1: Site location Figure 2. Plan site excavated Figure 3. South west facing view of car park showing top soil (001) and natural substrate (003). Scale = 1 x 2m.

Figure 4. South east facing section of service trench. Scale = 1 x 1m Figure 5. South east facing section of service trench. Figure 6. South east facing section of service trench over the bridge. Scale = 1 x 1m.

Figure 7. South east facing section of service trench in front of the den. Scale = 1 x 1m. Figure 8. Service trench over the bridge aligned north east curving east towards the carpark. Scale = 1 x 1m. Figure 9. North west facing section of service trench underneath road/Car park of the Adventure Centre. Scale = 1 x1m.

### Appendix 2- Context Register

| Context No. | Type | Description | |-------------|--------|-------------------------------------------------------| | 001 | Layer | Top soil | | 002 | Layer | Layer of Mid brown loamy silt | | 003 | Layer | Silty sandy clay with Limestone inclusion | | 004 | Layer | Gravel | | 005 | Layer | Hardcore | | 006 | Layer | Demolition/Imported sandy material with brick inclusions | | 007 | Layer | Silty Sand | Appendix 3- Written Scheme if Investigation 1.0 Introduction

1.1 Planning permission has been granted by the Peak District National Park Authority for the refurbishment and extension of Woodcroft car park, Longshaw, Sheffield.

1.2 The archaeological supervision, monitoring and recording will conform to current national guidelines, as set out in the Institute for Archaeologists ‘Standards and guidance for archaeological watching briefs’ (CIFA 1999). All appropriate English Heritage guidelines on archaeological practice will also be followed (www.helm.org/server/show/nav.7740).

1.3 The archaeological supervision, monitoring and recording will be undertaken by Archaeological Research Services on behalf of the National Trust. The work will be overseen by the National Archaeologist for the East Midlands.

2.0 Programme of works

2.1 Full details of the car park refurbishment and extension and redevelopment are detailed in the planning application design and access statement.

3.0 Archaeological Monitoring Requirements

3.1 Archaeological Monitoring and Recording

3.1.1 The objective of the archaeological supervision, monitoring and recording is to ensure that any archaeological features, exposed during the ground works(^1) associated with the refurbishment and extension of Woodcroft car park are fully recorded and interpreted, and that any remains disturbed are recovered.

(^1) Ground works include topsoil stripping, excavation of drainage and all other service trenches. 3.1.2 Archaeological Research Services will be responsible for ensuring that they maintain a good line of communication with the National Trust and the main contractors undertaking the on-site works.

3.1.3 The mechanical excavator used during the ground-works will be fitted with a toothless ditching bucket unless agreed otherwise with the National Trust Archaeologist (i.e. in the case of the removal of hard surfaces).

3.1.4 The on-site archaeologist will, in conjunction with the National Trust Archaeologist, determine the frequency of the archaeological monitoring.

3.1.5 Any archaeological features or deposits encountered during the works, must, following cleaning and investigation be recorded contextually, drawn in plan and section at appropriate scales and photographed in colour (digital format is acceptable). The archaeologist will be afforded adequate time by the main contractor to confirm the identification of archaeological remains and to make an assessment of the potential significance of the remains and the impact of continued development work.

3.1.6 Accurate scale drawings (plan and section) will be produced at an appropriate scale (usually 1:20 or 1:50) of any archaeological features/deposits and/or a ‘natural’ profile to illustrate the site soil stratigraphy. Where appropriate a base plan will also be produced, at an appropriate scale, to map any archaeological features/deposits or finds concentrations. OD heights will be included on all section drawings.

3.1.7 In the unlikely event that human remains be encountered they should be left in situ and only removed if absolutely necessary. The contractor must comply with all statutory consents and licences regarding the exhumation and reinterment of human remains. The National Trust Archaeologist, Police and Coroner must be informed if it is suspected that the remains have been buried for less than 50 years.

3.1.8 If any artefactual material is recovered during the archaeological monitoring, analysis of the material will be completed by the relevant specialists. If the objects are deemed to be unstable they will be assessed by the National Trust Conservator and appropriate works will be undertaken.

3.1.9 Upon completion of site work the contractor will compile a post-excavation report of their findings. This report must include a brief non-technical summary of the project; a description of the site location, topography and geology; a brief account of the archaeological and historical background of the site; description and analysis of the fieldwork; discussion and conclusions of the findings, including consideration of the importance of the findings on a local, regional and national basis; any specialist reports; a summary table of the archaeological contexts encountered including descriptions and interpretations; geo-referenced location plans at an appropriate scale; plan and section drawings of any significant features and deposits at an appropriate scale; colour photographs including general views and appropriate records of significant features and deposits; acknowledgements and bibliography of sources used.

3.1.10 All aspects of the investigation must be conducted in accordance with the Institute of Field Archaeologist’s ‘Code of Conduct, the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Recording’ (1999). 4.0 General Requirements of the Archaeological Contractor

4.1 The Contractor will be fully responsible for developing and operating a safe system of working. A full site specific Risk Assessment must be in place and approved by the National Trust prior to commencement of any work. The Contractor must abide by the health and safety regulations of the main site contractor. Please note as such that this may include a health and safety induction with the main contractor.

4.2 The Contractor will observe National Trust bye-laws at all times when on site. A full copy of this document will be sent to the appointed Contractor, and should be signed and returned by them prior to the commencement of work on site.

4.3 The Contractor will liaise fully with the National Trust’s Project Manager regarding access and agreed times of work.

4.4 The Contractor will note that the National Trust will retain copyright over all products from this investigation, while fully acknowledging the originators rights of recognition.

5.0 Monitoring arrangements and Publication

5.1 The project will be initiated in consultation the National Trust Archaeologist and the Project Manager, who can be contacted for guidance during the course of site works. Any problems or unexpected discoveries should be reported immediately to the National Trust Archaeologist. The National Trust Archaeologist will inform the Peak District National Park Authority’s Senior Conservation Archaeologist should any unexpected discoveries be made during the excavations. An appropriate course of action will then be determined by the Project Manager, the National Trust Archaeology and the Peak Park’s Senior Conservation Archaeologist.

5.2 A digital draft of the report resulting from the monitoring must be supplied to the National Trust and the Peak Park for comment before the report is finalised. It is expected that the draft report for comment will be submitted within four weeks of the completion of the fieldwork. The National Trust will comment upon the draft report within two weeks of the date of receipt.

5.3 Archaeological Research Services will be responsible for completing and submitting an OASIS record.

5.3 Archaeological Research Services will supply the National Trust with four hard copies and four digital copies of the final report. Archaeological Research Services will be responsible for depositing copies of the final report with the Peak District National Park Authority and Sheffield City Council HER.

6.0 Archive deposition

6.1 All materials arising from this survey will be supplied to the National Trust in standard archiving boxes upon completion of the project. The National Trust will assume responsibility for the archiving of this material, either in regional or central filing systems. 7.0 Insurance coverage

7.1 The Contractor will carry public liability insurance to the value of not less than £2 million. Proof of this is required prior to the commencement of any works on site.

8.0 Contacts

Rachael Hall Archaeologist National Trust Hardwick Consultancy Office The Croft Doe Lea Chesterfield S44 5QJ

Mobile: 07920028298 Rachael.Hall@nationaltrust.org.uk

Richard Vink Project Manager National Trust Dark Peak Estate Edale End Hope Valley Sheffield S33 6RF

Office: 01433 670905 Richard.Vink@nationaltrust.org.uk Appendix 4- Oasis Form OASIS DATA COLLECTION FORM: England

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OASIS ID: archaeol5-217051

Project details

Project name: An Archaeological Watching Brief at Longshaw Estate Car Park, Derbyshire.

Short description of the project: In March and June 2015 Archaeological Research Services Ltd was commissioned by Peak District National Park Authority to undertake an archaeological watching brief for the refurbishment and extension of Woodcroft car park, Longshaw Sheffield. The ground works did not uncover any archaeological features or deposits. There was no residual artefacts retrieved from the top soil.

Project dates: Start: 17-03-2015 End: 25-06-2015

Previous/future work: No / No

Type of project: Recording project

Site status: National Trust land

Current Land use: Woodland 6 - Parkland

Monument type: NONE None

Significant Finds: NONE None

Investigation type: "Watching Brief"

Prompt: Planning condition

Project location

Country: England

Site location: DERBYSHIRE DERBYSHIRE DALES HATHERSAGE Longshaw Estate

Study area: 0.99 Hectares

Site coordinates: SK 26620 80058 53.3165120153 -1.60037223558 53 18 59 N 001 36 01 W Point

Project creators

Name of Organisation: Archaeological Research Services Ltd

Project brief originator: Archaeological Research Services Ltd

Project design originator: Archaeological Research Services Ltd Project director/manager: Chris Scott Project supervisor: Caitlin Halton

**Project archives**

| Physical Archive Exists? | No | |--------------------------|----| | Digital Archive recipient | National Trust | | Digital Contents | "none" | | Paper Archive recipient | National Trust | | Paper Contents | "none" |

**Project bibliography 1**

| Publication type | Grey literature (unpublished document/manuscript) | |------------------|--------------------------------------------------| | Title | An Archaeological Watching Brief at Longshaw Estate Car Park, Derbyshire | | Author(s)/Editor(s) | Archaeological Research services Ltd | | Date | 2015 | | Issuer or publisher | Archaeological Research Services Ltd | | Place of issue or publication | Bakewell |

Entered by: Caitlin Halton (caitlin@archaeologicalresearchservices.com) Entered on: 7 July 2015

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