ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE: SHIRE HILL QUARRY, GLOSSOP, DERBYS.

NGR: SK 0540 9445 MPA: Peak District National Park Authority Planning Ref.: HPK1197168 PCAS Job No.: 808 PCAS Site Code: SHGD11

Report prepared for Mineral Surveying Services Limited

On behalf of Marchington Stone Ltd.,

By, K.D. Francis (BA MIfA)

August-September 2011 Contents

List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... 2 List of Plates ............................................................................................................................. 3 Non-Technical Summary ........................................................................................................ 5 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 6 2.0 Planning Background and Proposals ............................................................................. 6 3.0 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 7 4.0 The Site ......................................................................................................................... 8 4.1 Site Location .............................................................................................................. 8 4.2 Topography and Geology (Plates 1-27) ..................................................................... 9 4.3 Boreholes and Site Investigations ........................................................................... 10 4.4 Site Visit .................................................................................................................. 11 5.0 Archaeological and Historical Background ................................................................... 12 5.1 Undated Archaeological evidence ........................................................................... 14 5.2 Prehistoric (c.500,000 BC – 43 AD) ......................................................................... 14 5.3 Roman (43 AD – 409 AD) ....................................................................................... 14 5.4 Saxon (410 – 1066 AD) ........................................................................................... 15 5.5 Medieval (1066 – 1539 AD) ................................................................................... 16 5.6 Post-medieval (1540 – 1900) ................................................................................ 16 5.7 Modern (1900 - Present) ....................................................................................... 20 5.8 Synthesis of Archaeological Potential ..................................................................... 21 6.0 Heritage Designations .................................................................................................... 22 6.1 Hedgerows, Ancient Woodland .............................................................................. 22 6.2 Conservation Areas ................................................................................................. 23 6.3 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites ....................................................... 23 6.4 Listed Buildings and their Settings ......................................................................... 23 6.5 Historic Parks and Gardens .................................................................................... 23 6.7 Significance of the Heritage Designations ............................................................... 24 7.0 Potential Impact on Archaeological Remains & Cultural Heritage ............................. 24 8.0 Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................................... 24 9.0 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... 25 10.0 Consultations and Searches, etc. ................................................................................ 25 11.0 References and Background Sources ......................................................................... 26 Maps Consulted .............................................................................................................. 28 Web-pages ...................................................................................................................... 29 12.0 Appendices: ................................................................................................................ 30 Appendix 1: Plates ......................................................................................................... 30 Appendix 2: Site walkover grid co-ordinates ................................................................. 44 Appendix 3: The Buildings at Shire Hill Quarry, Glossop ........................................... 45 Appendix 4: DHER Monument Entries within a 1 km radius of the site (DHER) ....... 51 Appendix 5: NMR listings of vertical aerial photographs ............................................. 53 Figures ................................................................................................................................... 54 List of Figures

01. Site location. Site ownership in blue; Site extraction boundary in red. Based on the 1:25,000 OS Explorer map, sheet Ol1.

02. Detailed site plan showing locations of plates and GPS co-ordinates. Original topographic survey by SV Surveying Ltd.

03. Peak District Historic Landscape Character Information relating to the site. Courtesy of PDNPA. Not to scale.

04. DHER Monument records within a 1km radius of the site (courtesy of DCC).

05. Composite aerial view of the site in September 1971 from NMR OS/71463 (frames 62 & 63), EH permission pending.

06. Aerial view of the site in May 1992 from NMR OS/92319 (frame 73), EH permission pending.

07. Shire Hill in 1764 (DRO REF: D3705 18/11). Not to scale.

08. The site in 1876. Extract from the First Edition 25" OS. Sheets II (12) and III (9). Not to scale.

09. The site in 1898. Extract from the Second Edition 25" OS. Sheets II (12) and III (9). Not to scale.

10. The site in 1914. Extract from the Third Edition 25" OS. Sheets II (12) and III (9). Not to scale.

11. The site in 1956. Extract from the 1:10,560 OS. Sheets II (12) and III (9). Scale c. 1:7,500.

12. Detailed topographic plan of the site showing the extent of previous quarrying from historic OS maps and aerial photographs. Scale 1:1250. After SV Surveying Ltd.

© Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the Controller of HM Stationery Office (PCAS Licence No. 100049278). List of Plates

Open Quarry / Extraction Area

1a. View to the east across the open quarry in the 1980s showing the extent of quarry working (Courtesy of David Marchington)

1b. Current view to the east across the open quarry

02. View to the southeast across the open quarry

03. The northern edge of the open quarry, looking west

04. View to the southwest across the open quarry

05. View to the northwest across the SW corner of the open quarry

06. View to the northeast along the face of the open quarry

07. View to the northwest inside the centre of the open quarry

08. View to the northeast inside the centre of the open quarry

09. View east across the spoil terrace in the SE corner of the open quarry

10. View west towards the access road along the southern edge of the open quarry

Eastern Peripheral Zone

11. Dry-stone boundary wall extending into the eastern edge of the site

12. Dry-stone boundary wall covered with quarry spoil on the eastern edge of the site,

13. Dry-stone Revetment wall supporting quarry spoil at the eastern edge of the site

14. The eastern peripheral zone at the NE corner of the site, looking northeast

15. The eastern peripheral zone, looking northwest

South-western Peripheral Zone

16. The south-western peripheral zone, looking southeast

17. The south-western peripheral zone, looking east

18. The south-western peripheral zone, looking west

19. The south-western peripheral zone, looking northwest towards the blast shelter and gun-powder store

20. The remains of the early 20th century ‘chute’ or ‘cutting’, looking southeast Blue Ownership Area

21. View SSE from the southern extent of the south-western peripheral zone into the blue ownership area

22. View southeast across the blue ownership area

23. View west across the blue ownership area in the SW corner of the site

24. View south across the blue ownership area from the SE spoil terrace

25. View west across the access road to the modern lorry run-off within the blue ownership area

26. South-facing section of colluvial / tip deposits inside the blue zone lorry run-off

27. View east into the overgrown blue ownership area from the settlement ponds Non-Technical Summary

Pre-Construct Archaeological Services Ltd (PCAS) was commissioned in July 2011 by Mineral Surveying Services Limited, on behalf of Marchington Stone Ltd., to prepare a revised Archaeology and Cultural Heritage assessment of Shire Hill Quarry, Glossop, Derbyshire (NGR: SK 0540 9445). The assessment, which includes a 1km study radius around the site, has been compiled to inform an Environment Act (1995) Review of Minerals Permissions (ROMP) application for the determination of conditions (Application Number: HPK1197168).

The site’s application area covers a total of 9.24 hectares. A previous assessment conducted on the site in 2008 concluded that the archaeological potential of the site was negligible but failed to adequately evaluate the site. Since the previous assessment and following discussions between Marchington Stone and the Peak District National Park Authority (PDNPA), the proposed scope of quarry works has been revised, resulting in an agreement that no future tree-removal or tipping activities will take place on the site within the former blueline ‘tipping boundary’, other than within a small, designated tipping area already agreed.

This assessment has found that the majority of the redline extraction area (5.235 ha) has been previously disturbed by successive quarrying over the past 200 years. However, the extraction area incorporates two peripheral zones along the eastern (0.322 ha) and south-western (0.625 ha) edges of the site that are potentially destined for future extraction and appear to be partly undisturbed.

A total of 13 Derbyshire Historic Environment Records are listed within the 1km study radius. One of these relates to the post-medieval quarry on Shire Hill, which this assessment has found to have been in operation on the current site, from at least 1811 until the present day.

An intact Bronze Age cremation urn and a Roman coin were found c. 200m to the south-west of the site; and a possible Roman road lies to the north of Shire Hill. The remaining HER records all relate to site-specific post-medieval structures and buildings that would not be directly impacted by the extraction proposals.

Based on the findings of this report and the site walkover, it is concluded that, in accordance with PPS5, some form of archaeological mitigation will probably be required in advance of any future works within the surviving parts of the two peripheral extraction areas. This work could take the form of archaeological monitoring during initial vegetation and soil removal and could be facilitated by means of a planning condition in accordance with the ROMP.

This assessment has been undertaken by Karen Francis BA MIFA of Pre-Construct Archaeological Services Ltd., for Mineral Surveying Services Limited, on behalf of Marchington Stone Ltd. 1.0 Introduction

1.1 Pre-Construct Archaeological Services Ltd (PCAS) was commissioned in July 2011 by Mineral Surveying Services Limited, on behalf of Marchington Stone Ltd., to prepare a revised Archaeology and Cultural Heritage assessment of Shire Hill Quarry, Glossop, Derbyshire (SK 0540 9445) (Fig. 1). The assessment has been compiled in response to a new brief issued by the Senior Conservation Officer for PDNPA (Sept 2011).

1.2 A previous assessment conducted on the site in 2008 by Pre-Construct Archaeology Lincoln (Rowe 2008), concluded that the archaeological potential of the site was negligible but failed to adequately evaluate the site’s archaeological potential (PDNPA 2009).

2.0 Planning Background and Proposals

2.1 This revised Archaeology and Cultural Heritage assessment has been compiled to inform an Environment Act (1995) Review of Minerals Permissions (ROMP) application for the determination of conditions (Application Number: HPK1197168). The report has been requested by the PDNPA’s Mineral Planning Authority as part of the EIA process for inclusion in an environmental statement, to inform and accompany the ROMP application.

2.2 Glossop’s Local Planning Authority is High Peak Borough Council (www.highpeak.gov.uk/). However, the Peak District National Park Authority is the planning authority for archaeological sites within its boundaries. Rural parts of High Peak Borough outside the Peak District National Park are included in High Peak Borough Council’s Local Development Framework (LDF), which contains an adopted Landscape Character Supplementary Planning Document (SPD5, March 2006a).

2.3 Further heritage guidance is provided by PPS5, ‘Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning and the Historic Environment’, which was published by the Government on 23rd March 2010, replacing PPG16 (Archaeology and planning) 1990 and PPG15 (Planning and the historic environment), 1994. The policies in PPS5 are a material consideration that must be taken into account during the planning and development process. Part of Policy HE6.1 of PPS5 states that:

….Where an application site includes, or is considered to have the potential to include, heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where desk-based research is insufficient to properly assess the interest, a field evaluation.

2.4 Since the previous archaeological assessment was conducted in 2008, the proposed scope of quarry works has been revised, following discussions between Marchington Stone and the PDNPA. The original proposed quarry development scheme involved working outside the permitted area of the consent and comprised the removal of trees from a ‘blueline’ woodland area along the southern periphery of the site; followed by spoil tipping. Following the discussions, it has now been agreed that no such activities will take place on the site within the former blueline ‘tipping boundary’, other than within the small designated tipping area already agreed (i.e., on the eastern side of the site’s blueline ownership area, between the quarry floor and the SE corner of the site, with the southern extent of the designated tipping area indicated by the thin red line shown in Fig. 2).

2.5 The commissioning body has advised that the vast majority of the proposed redline extraction boundary has been previously disturbed by historic quarrying activities: this assessment has focused on establishing the likely extents of all previous quarrying works on the site. However, the redline area incorporates two peripheral zones potentially destined for future extraction that appear to have been subject to a lesser degree of previous disturbance. These zones, located along the south-western and eastern edges of the redline extraction area were surveyed in detail as part of this assessment. The 9.24 hectare application site includes the following quarry surface areas, as defined by the commissioning body:

- Redline extraction boundary: present "open" quarry area: 4.287 ha;
- Redline extraction boundary: south-western peripheral zone: 0.6252 ha;
- Redline extraction boundary: eastern peripheral zone: 0.3225 ha;
- Total Redline extraction boundary = 5.235 ha;
- Blueline former southern tipping boundary (no future impact anticipated) = 2.754 ha.

3.0 Methodology

3.1 A desk-based assessment of the application site, incorporating a 1km radius around it, was undertaken in order to assess the likely existence and importance of any archaeological remains; and the likely impact on any such remains by the extraction proposals. Research for the assessment was conducted during August and September 2011.

3.2 Desk-based research conducted during this assessment comprised an examination of relevant, up-to-date information held by the Derbyshire County Historic Environment Record (DHER), including previously recorded archaeological investigations. In addition, published and unpublished documentary, cartographic bibliographic and photographic sources were examined at the Chesterfield Local Studies Library (CLL). Information pertaining to Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas; and Registered Parks & Gardens was obtained from English Heritage, DHER and various online resources (see Section 11.0).

3.3 In addition to the above, the Peak District National Park Authority (PDNPA) were contacted with a request to access and utilise PDNPA data for the site, including Historic Landscape Character analysis and other recently produced survey data. A copy of all available data for the site was forwarded for examination to PCAS Ltd by the Senior Conservation Officer.

3.4 The information obtained from the various sources was analysed and a map regression exercise undertaken, in order to assess the likely prehistoric and historic land-use of the site. The assessment also incorporated a site visit and detailed walkover survey to identify any unrecorded archaeology, to examine the topography and to record previous and current land use.

3.5 The potential of a site to contain archaeological remains is based upon a consideration of its topography and the distribution and nature of recorded archaeological finds and other sites in the locality. Archaeological potential has been measured as Negligible, Low, Moderate or High. 3.6

At the time of writing there is no nationally agreed method of measuring the relative significance of archaeological sites and monuments. The relative significance of any identified heritage assets have therefore been assessed and described against the following terms:

National

Regional

District

Local Negligible

Monuments that are scheduled and protected (SAMs) under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act (1979), those suitable for scheduling, or considered to be of national importance but not covered by the Secretary of State’s criteria for scheduling. Grade I Listed Buildings. Registered Parks & Gardens Sites listed in the HER or other sources, which are of a reasonably welldefined extent, nature and date and significant examples in the regional/county context. Grade II\* Listed Buildings. Sites listed in the HER or other sources, which are of less well-defined extent, nature and date, and significant examples in the district context. Grade II Listed Buildings. Sites listed in the HER or other sources, which are of low potential or minor importance. Areas in which investigative techniques have produced negative or minimal evidence of antiquity, or where large-scale destruction of deposits has taken place, for example by mineral extraction.

3.7

By drawing together all available archaeological, historical, topographic and land-use information, this assessment enables relevant parties to assess the potential and significance of any heritage assets on, or in the vicinity of, the site and the potential impact of the proposed extraction on those assets.

3.8

This assessment conforms to:    

Planning Policy Statement 5 (PPS5), Planning for the Historic Environment, DCLG / English Heritage 2010; Code of Conduct, Institute of Field Archaeologists 2010; Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-based Assessment, Institute of Field Archaeologists 2008; The Hedgerow Regulations 1997, DoE 1997.

4.0

The Site

4.1

Site Location

4.1.1 The application site on the eastern side of Shire Hill covers a total of 9.24 hectares and is centred on NGR SK 0540 9445. The site, of irregular shape, is located to the northeast of the small town of Glossop, Derbyshire, c. 1.9km from the town’s centre (see Fig. 1). The site lies just inside the Peak District National Park: the western boundary of the park passes immediately west of the site, crossing the western slopes of Shire Hill to encircle the town of Glossop (http://www.visitpeakdistrict.com/).

DBA: Shire Hill Quarry, Glossop, Derbyshire

8

PCAS Ltd., 2011:808 Rev 2

4.1.2 The application site includes a long, surfaced access road that extends north-eastwards from the A57 Woodcock Road. To the east of the site, the A57 becomes the Snake Road that continues though the Peak National Park towards Sheffield. Both Shire Hill and the quarry are visible from the Snake Road when approaching Glossop but the quarry is not visible from the town itself, although Shire Hill is. All of the site’s boundaries are demarcated by post and wire fences, with the southern boundary aligned with the contours of the hill. The site is bordered to the north, south and west by dense, deciduous woodland of varying date. To the east of the site are Mossy Lea Farm and its reservoir; and the rolling hills and high peaks of the Peak District National Park, including by the environmentally-sensitive area (SSSI) of the Dark Peak.

4.1.3 The site’s 5.235 hectare extraction area, i.e. the ‘quarry’, incorporates two small peripheral zones that could potentially be stripped and quarried in the future: an eastern area, located in the northeastern corner of the site; and a south-western, linear area, located along the southern limit of the site’s extraction area.

4.2 Topography and Geology (Plates 1-27)

4.2.1 The Peak District National Park has undergone an Historic Landscape Character Assessment (http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/publications/). The survey places Glossop within the Dark Peak Western Fringe, an area that is more settled and cultivated than the wilder uplands of the Dark Peak itself. The topography of the western fringe is strongly influenced by its underlying geology. This comprises a sequence of shales and gritstones belonging to the Millstone Grit series, which have been variously eroded, resulting in the distinctive rolling topography of the area. The gritstone is overlain by acidic peat and blanket bog and is primarily used for sheep grazing or grouse rearing: the soils on the upper slopes of the gritstone hills are shallow, and in places, impoverished, mineral soils that tend to produce agriculturally poor pasture land. On hill summits the soils often have peaty topsoils, giving rise to patches of enclosed acid grassland and moor, frequently used for rough grazing (HPBC 2006a).

4.2.2 The lack of trees in the western fringe results in a very open landscape with expansive and long-distance views. The moorland landscape is historically unoccupied, although there is some evidence of prehistoric activity. The lowlands of the western fringe have been settled for a long time, with land cultivated for mainly pastoral agriculture; and small-scale quarrying and coal mining taking place. Glossop and Shire Hill form part of the landscape characterised as ‘pastoral valleys with industry’. This is a small-scale settled pastoral landscape situated on the lower valley slopes, with stone-built terraces associated with historic mills, while dispersed outlying farmsteads and small clusters of dwellings are linked by narrow winding lanes (HPBC 2006a).

4.2.3 Shire Hill’s deciduous woodland is recorded as primarily lowland beech and yew woodland, with areas of blanket bog on the summit, the eastern peripheral zone and south-eastern fringe (http://natureonthemap.naturalengland.org.uk/). A small area of lowland mixed deciduous woodland on the south-western edge of the hill relates to an area of Ancient Replanted Woodland mapped by DEFRA. The majority of Shire Hill is also mapped as an area of Ancient and Semi-Natural Woodland, with the exception of the site’s extraction area and the north-eastern quadrant of the hill, which are unclassified (http://magic.defra.gov.uk/). Shire Hill probably formed part of the Royal Hunting Forest during the medieval period could certainly retain areas of ancient woodland. 4.2.4 Appendix 7 of the High Peak Local Plan (Adopted 2005), lists Shire Hill as a Derbyshire Wildlife Site, under Sites of Natural History Importance. Shire Hill, listed as site number HP 050 at SK 048 944, is defined as woodland in Glossop Parish.

4.2.5 The application site, the area of the blueline ‘ownership boundary’ (Fig. 2), is situated on the southern summit and slopes of Shire Hill, ranging from c.307m AOD in the north to c.230m AOD in the south. The underlying solid geology of the summit and higher slopes of Shire Hill, including the area of the site is Kinderscout Grit. This is described as ‘medium- to very coarse-grained sandstone with shale pellets, feldspathic, massive or cross-bedded and frequently pebbly sandstone, shales and sandy shales, siltstone and sandstone with shale. This is subdivided into the Lower and Upper Kinderscout Grits (BGS 1974; http://www.bgs.ac.uk/).

4.2.6 The underlying solid geology of the lower slopes of Shire Hill, including the area between the site boundary and Woodcock Road is the Namurian Age Millstone Grit Group comprising Mudstone, Siltstone and Sandstone. This group is described as ‘fine- to very coarse-grained feldspathic sandstones, interbedded with grey siltstones and mudstones, with subordinate marine shaly mudstone, claystone, coals and seatearths’ (BGS 1974; http://www.bgs.ac.uk/). In 1997 the Building Research Establishment (BRE) recorded Shire Hill sandstone as of Carboniferous Age from the Millstone Grit series (Namurian). It was described as medium-grained, buff to grey in colour with some clay holes. The average block size was c. 1500mm x 800mm x 800mm (http://projects.bre.co.uk/). There are no drift deposits anywhere on Shire Hill. In the valley to the north of the hill are undifferentiated superficial deposits of sand and gravel, locally with lenses of silt, clay or peat (http://www.bgs.ac.uk/).

4.2.7 The area of Shire Hill and the site have been assessed by the PDNPA in terms of their Historic Landscape Character. The associated map (Fig. 3) shows the following:

**Blue-shaded area**

- Overall character: Enclosure of unknown date - with irregular fields;
- Maps used in assessment: 1st ed. 2", 1840 1st ed. 25" OS map, 1880;
- Description: Land enclosed prior to OS 1st edition 2", although the earliest map to show all enclosure boundaries is the OS 1st edition 25" map of 1880.

**Brown shaded area**

- Overall character: Managed Plantations/Woodland;
- Maps used in assessment: 1st ed. 2", 1840 1st ed. 25" OS map, 1880;
- Description: This area was already wooded in 1840, when it formed part of a larger area of woodland covering Shire Hill.

4.3 **Boreholes and Site Investigations**

4.3.1 At the time of writing, no boreholes or other geotechnical investigations are known to have been undertaken on the site. There are no boreholes shown for Shire Hill on the BGS online Borehole Viewer, although a number of boreholes of varying depth have been excavated in the surrounding area in the past (http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/ GeoIndex/). 4.4 Site Visit

4.4.1 The previous archaeological site visit in 2008, reported that, apart from the south-western edge of the site, the original ground surface had been quarried away (Rowe 2008, 5). The south-western edge of the site was under woodland scrub at that time and did not appear to have been subject to topsoil stripping. No earthworks or archaeological remains were observed and no archaeological finds were recovered from the site (Rowe 2008).

4.4.2 A new site inspection was carried out by K. Francis and S. Savage on 22nd September, 2011. During the site visit, a detailed walkover was made of the whole site, with particular attention paid to the two peripheral areas of potential future extraction located along the eastern and south-western edges of the site’s redline extraction boundary (see plates 11-20). All observations were recorded and photographs were taken of the site and surrounding area. A hand-held Garmin GPS was used to accurately map all surface features observed (Fig. 2, Appendix 1: plates and Appendix 2).

4.4.3 The site was accessed via the steep access road leading off the north side of the A57 Woodcock Road. The access road extends in a north-easterly direction from the A57 for approximately 340m, before it reaches the southern extent of the redline extraction boundary (the quarry). The access road is surfaced until it reaches the open quarry area, where it is formed of heavily-compacted spoil (see plates 9 and 10).

4.4.4 The site walkover was greatly facilitated by the guidance of Marchington Stone’s M.D., who was familiar with the topography and layout of the site, its working history; and its buildings and surface features. The site was visited on a fine autumn day with good visibility and good, dry ground conditions. The quarry face had not been worked for some time and was partially covered with green vegetation and scrub (plates 1-8). Elsewhere on the site, particularly along the eastern and southern slopes, vegetation cover was prolific and extensive and comprised tall grasses and scrub; dense, high bracken; heather; young birch-tree strands and mature oak woodland (plates 16, 21, 25, 28). In addition, many parts of the site contained overgrown spoil tips and large boulders and block of quarried stone (plates 14-15). The north-eastern and southern slopes of the site comprised steep inclines and sometimes near-vertical slopes (plates 14-15, 17-18, 22-3). All of the above factors made the detailed site walkover challenging, laborious and in places, dangerous. Despite this, a real attempt was made to examine all parts of the site in detail and to investigate and record all potential archaeological features. Despite all attempts, one small area of the site (the south-eastern boundary within the blue ownership area) was completely inaccessible due to dense scrub, thick woodland and deep, modern machine-cut settlement ponds (plate 27). This area was photographed from its perimeter (plate 28): the current research found that this area had been quarried in the late 20th century (c. 1970 – 1992), and has since been replanted with woodland (see Fig. 12).

4.4.5 The site walkover was undertaken in areas, in order to maximise coverage and to aid the identification and recording of any surface features. The site was nominally divided into the following areas (see Fig. 2):

1. The open quarry forming the majority of the redline extraction area;
2. The eastern peripheral zone within the redline extraction area;
3. The south-western peripheral zone within the redline extraction area;
4. The former southern tipping zone within the blueline ownership area. 4.4.6 A number of surface and buried features were observed and recorded on the site during the site walkover. The first, indicated by the site’s owner, were the remains of a mountain-biking track that had been illegally constructed along the eastern edge of the site, within the eastern peripheral area (and within the Peak National Park’s land to the south and east of the site). The track comprised a well-worn grass track two mud-bonded stone walls; and a wooden barrier, all used as bike obstacle jumps (plate 13). These features (and all others observed on the site) were located using the hand-held GPS (Appendix 2).

4.4.7 The potentially oldest archaeological feature observed during the site visit was a low, dry-stone boundary wall (plates 11 and 12). The wall, which was largely overgrown with vegetation and moss, extended in a north-westerly direction from an area of woodland located to the southeast of the site. It continued into the eastern peripheral zone of the site, where it had been buried beneath modern spoil tips. This wall could potentially be of post-medieval date (see Section 5.7.6). No continuation of the wall was observed at the north-western corner of the site.

4.4.8 A number of features of potentially 20th-century date were observed within the south-western peripheral zone and the blueline ownership area at the southern end of the site. They included the remains of a concrete blast shelter and an associated concrete gun-powder store (Appendix 3). These structures were recorded at the southern edge of the south-western peripheral zone, in the centre of the site. Another feature identified appeared to be the buried remains of a large, linear ‘chute’ or cutting. This feature was located on the steep slope between the existing quarry and the access road. It was aligned northwest/southeast and had a raised bank on its eastern side and a ‘hollow’ centre. Together these were interpreted as a linear tip and the remains of a possible loading chute, by which stone may have been rolled down the hill to the access road, in order to facilitate loading and carting away. This feature does not appear to be recorded on any historic OS maps.

4.4.9 A recent online trail guide document (Glossop Trail No 44), issued by High Peak Borough Council describes the remains of quarry railway sidings and loading bays to the south of the access road. No such remains were identified during the site visit. However, this area (comprising the southern blue ownership area) was completely inaccessible due to dense scrub, thick woodland and deep, modern machine-cut settlement ponds. It is also possible that the railway sidings were situated within the strip of woodland located south of the site and north of Woodcock Road: this land belongs to the Peak Park and was not examined during the site walkover.

4.4.10 No archaeological artefacts were identified or retrieved during the site walkover.

5.0 Archaeological and Historical Background

5.0.1 References to archaeological information contained in the Derbyshire Historic Environment Record are identified in the following paragraphs as ‘DHER’. A total of 13 archaeological records have been recorded within the 1km study radius (there were 11 in 2008) and a summary of this information is shown in Appendix 4. The locations of DHER records are shown in Fig. 4. No other heritage assets such as listed buildings or Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs) are recorded within the 1km study radius (see Section 6.0 below). 5.0.2 The current research has identified a single, previous archaeological intervention in the vicinity of Shire Hill. This was an evaluation conducted to the rear of nos. 2 and 4 Pyegrove (c. 200m west of the site’s access road) at SK 04890 94240. The evaluation was negative and no archaeological remains were found (UMAU1999; http://www.oasis.ac.uk/).

5.0.3 English Heritage’s National Monument Record (NMR) holds 46 vertical aerial photographs for the 1km study radius, dating to between 1953 and 1992 (Appendix 5). Six of these photographs, taken in 1971 (sortie nos. OS/71463 (frames 62 & 63); and 1992, OS/92319 (frames 71 – 74), were selected for closer inspection in 2008 as they provided the largest scales and most suitable angles from which to examine the site. These six photographs were re-examined in 2011 during the current research. When compiled, the 1971 photographs (Fig 5) show a large open quarry on the eastern side of the site, much larger than appears on the 1956 OS map (see below and Fig. 11). The quarry and/or area of topsoil strip and tree removal extends almost as far as the south-eastern corner of the site. In the eastern peripheral zone, none of the land east of grid easting 405450 appears to have been impacted and all of the trees are in place at this time. The south-western peripheral zone within the redline extraction boundary also appears to be intact in 1971 (see Fig. 12).

5.0.4 The re-examined 1992 aerial photographs of Shire Hill show extensive enlargement of the quarry following the 1971 photograph. By 1992, the quarry had extended much further east, impacting almost the whole of the redline extraction area, but with the visible exception of the majority of the south-western peripheral zone (the eastern end of this zone is heavily impacted (see Fig. 12). Further impact in the form of a lorry road is visible in the north-eastern corner of the site, within the eastern peripheral zone (Fig. 6).

5.0.5 A digital copy of another of the NMR’s vertical photographs, taken in July 1966 (sortie no. OS/66172, frame no. unknown) was also forwarded by the PDNPA to PCAS Ltd., for examination in 2011. This photograph shows only the northern two-thirds of Shire Hill, which appears to be rather sparsely wooded; and the northern half of the site, which is quarried to approximately the same extent as the 1956 OS map (see below and Fig. 11). On the summit of the hill is a white feature or structure that may relate to a building in that area first visible on the 1876 edition. The photograph also appears to show the footpaths on the hill and possibly the east/west field boundary crossing the site.

5.0.6 Historically, Shire Hill lay within the Hundred of High Peak. In 1866, Glossop became a borough but Charlesworth appears to have lain just outside the borough boundary. Charlesworth Parish was created in 1894 from the rural part of the parish of Glossop (Bartholomew 1966; http://ukbmd.org.uk/). Kelly’s (1928) records that prior to the Local Government Act of 1894, Glossop Parish comprised seven hamlets, including Charlesworth. Old Glossop was originally a small agricultural settlement, which developed as the medieval market town and administrative centre for Glossopdale; a dispersed agricultural community based around six hillside communities.

5.0.7 The current research has found that Shire Hill Quarry has been exploited for gritstone since at least 1811 (Farey 1811). Historically, the stone was used to create mill-stones and pulp-stones, the latter used in the paper-making industry. More recently, gritstone from the site has been used for block-stone for building and for paving stones and has been exported to Scandinavia and Canada. Marchington Stone acquired the site in 1980 (plate 1a). The quarry has been worked intermittently on a small scale over the past few years (D. Marchington pers. comm.).

5.1 Undated Archaeological evidence 5.1.1 There are no undated monuments recorded on the DHER, either within the proposed extraction site or the 1km study radius.

5.2 Prehistoric (c.500, 000 BC – 43 AD) 5.2.1 There is one Prehistoric record listed on the HER within the 1km study radius. This is a Late Bronze Age cremation contained within a cinerary urn (DHER 3617) found in 1958 at the south-western foot of Shire Hill during construction works for a bungalow at Hurst Croft (Jackson 1968). The urn was recorded at exactly SK 0494 9426, approximately 200m southwest of the site. It was inverted on a layer of charcoal overlying irregularly-placed stones and there were indications of a shallow grave, three feet in diameter and containing brushwood, onto which the urn had been placed (Ramm 1958). The urn contained cremated bones and skull fragments. There were no grave goods, no indications of a mound over the burial or any evidence of other burials on the sloping surface in the vicinity (Jackson 1968; Marsden 1977). A Roman coin of Constantine II (DHER 6104) was found in the garden of the same construction site but not in direct association with the urn (see 5.3 below).

5.2.2 During the prehistoric period much of the Peak District was most likely under woodland and scrub (Scott et. al. 1973, 9). There is some evidence for some early Prehistoric activity in the Glossop area in the form of isolated find-spots of flint tools, including a scatter of Mesolithic material found near Cown Rocks to the south-west of Glossop, c. 4km southwest of the site (Monument no. 306407: http://www.pastscape.org.uk/). Prehistoric activity is also evident from monuments such as burial mounds and stone circles. Limited evidence of later prehistoric activity is visible in the form of defended settlements such as the hill fort at Mam Tor (Sharpe 2005, 17). The Scheduled Monument of Mouselow Castle (SAM No. 23309: Ringwork in Castle Wood), a medieval motte and bailey earthwork, probably occupies the site of an Iron Age hill-fort. During the Iron Age, this site lay within the territory of the Brigantes, the largest tribe in Britain (Sharpe 2005). The Scheduled monument at Mouselow is located c. 2.5km northwest of the site at SK 0278 9548.

5.3 Roman (43 AD – 409 AD) 5.3.1 There are two Roman records listed on the DHER within the 1km study radius. These relate to the discovery of a Roman coin and a possible Roman road:

5.3.2 The closest Roman record to the site relates to the discovery of a 4th century coin of Emperor Constantine II (316 – 340), who ruled from 337 to 340 AD (DHER 6104). The coin was found in 1965 during construction of the bungalow where the Bronze Age urn was found (DHER 3617). The coin, found c. 200m to the southwest of Shire Hill was ultimately presented to Buxton Museum (Jackson 1968).

5.3.3 At its closest point, a possible Roman Road known as Doctor Gate (DHER 3636) passes c. 400m to the northeast of the site. The road, possibly a prehistoric track-way that was improved in Roman times and later as a packhorse trail, passes through Charlesworth parish, between Shelf and Coldharbour Moors (Cockerton 1933; Smithard 1911). The route was first recorded in 1627 as ‘Docto Talbotes Gate’ and may have been named after Dr John Talbot, who is said to have resurfaced it (Davies 1999). It formed the Hope to Glossop packhorse route, which was replaced by the Snake Road turnpike in 1821. The road is also reputed to be a Roman road joining the forts at Brough and Glossop, although no secure evidence of a Roman route has been discovered: excavations south of Crookstone found metalling, although it is now known that packhorse routes were often metalled over boggy ground (Dodd 2000, 36-39).

5.3.4 The Doctor Gate road is recorded as Roman road no.711 by Roman road’s researcher Ivan Margary (1973, 363). The road left the north-east gate of the Roman fort of Anavio, located on a spur of high ground on the west side of Brough village, where a major route passed between Buxton and Sheffield. The road then continued north-eastwards on the northern side of the current Snake Road, which follows the valley of the River Ashop. The road then turned sharply westwards at Lady Clough, where a deep cleft containing the Upper North Grain stream runs. A little further west at Doctor’s Gate Culvert, the modern road leaves the Roman road and continues on to Glossop. The Roman road continued in a west-north-westerly direction and is evident as a wide, ragged cutting through the surface peat of the moor (Margery 1973, 363). Excavation of the road showed it to consist of grit-stone slabs with stone kerbs. Just west of Shire Hill, the road dropped down steeply into the valley of the Shell Brook (sic) – shown as the Shelf Brook on modern OS maps. After Mossy Lea Farm, at the rear (north) side of Shire Hill where the valley widens, the Roman road runs in short straight lengths as a terrace 15 feet wide, well away from the stream (Margery 1973, 364).

5.3.5 After reaching Glossop, the Doctor Gate Roman road followed to hillside to reach the small Roman garrison fort of Ardotalia, now a Scheduled Monument (No. 8), known as Melandra Castle, following its rediscovery in 1771 (Hamnett 1899). The fort lies on the western edge of Glossop at SK 0090 9510, c. 4.2km west-north-west of the site. Melandra was built around 78 AD, using a simple earthen rampart with wooden palisade. It was rebuilt in stone during the 2nd century AD but was abandoned a short time later; evidence suggests that there was a general withdrawal of garrisons in Derbyshire at this time. Rescue excavations in the 1960s and ’70s identified a vicus, a civilian settlement associated with the fort, as well as a bath-house (Sharpe 2005, 21). A small number of cremation burials and two possible cremation pyres were also identified. A Roman inhumation was identified in 1841 during improvements to a mill pond. The vicus identified at Melandra forms part of the limited evidence for Roman settlement within the Dark Peak area of Derbyshire, although finds of beehive- and flat quern stones indicate that further settlements are likely to exist but are as yet unidentified (Hart 1981, 105).

5.4 Saxon (410 – 1066 AD)

5.4.1 There are no Saxon monuments recorded on the DHER within the 1km study radius. The only known evidence for early medieval occupation of the Glossop area is in the place-names, which have 7th century origins: all ten townships of Glossop have Anglo-Saxon names and all but one of these are listed in Domesday (Sharpe 2005, 110; Scott et al 1973; Tarbutt 1999; Morris 1977).

5.4.2 In 877 AD the Kingdom of Mercia was dismembered by the Vikings. The East Midlands, including the area of Derbyshire came under the hegemony of the Danes of York until 917 AD (Roffe 1986, 111-113). Prior to Domesday, Glossop was held by Levine. 5.5 Medieval (1066 – 1539 AD)

5.5.1 There are no medieval records listed within the 1km study radius on the DHER (see Appendix 4 and Fig. 4).

5.5.2 In the Domesday Survey of AD 1086, Glossop belonged to the crown, as part of Longdendale, together with several other settlements. In total 12 manors are included in this entry, described as worth 40s before the conquest but as ‘waste’ with woodland only ‘suitable for hunting’ at the time of the survey (Page 1905, 333). This group of settlements, on the edge of the forest that filled the valley, later became the Manor of Glossop (Scott et al. 1973, 41). Charlesworth also belonged to the Crown at the time of Domesday.

5.5.3 The Domesday Survey documents Glossop as Glosop. By 1219 it was recorded as Glotsop, meaning ‘Valley of a man called Glott’, from a combination of the OE personal name and hop meaning ‘valley’ (Mills 1993, 144). There are no interpretations for Shire Hill but other place names incorporating ‘shire’ are derived from the OE Scīr, meaning either ‘shire/district’ or ‘bright/clear’ (ibid.,383). At the time of Domesday, Glossop lay within the Wapentake of Hamenstan (Roffe 1986, 107).

5.5.4 By 1087 AD and throughout the medieval period, the Dark Peak area and Glossopdale formed part of the Royal Forest of the Peak, with settlements on its margins (Sharpe 2005; Davies 1999; Burton 1963). Areas designated as Forest were protected from the local population, although a part of the Forest Laws allowed people to graze their animals at certain times of the year in return for rents.

5.5.5 In 1157, Glossop was included in a grant to the Abbey of Basingwerke in North Wales. At the same time, a charter was granted for a Court, Market and Fair; and the Parish of Glossop was established. In 1308, Robert de Charlesworth gave the abbey 80 acres of arable land in Charlesworth Parish. In 1329 the Abbot obtained a Charter for a Wednesday market and July Fair at Charlesworth (Davies 1999; Sharpe 2005).

5.5.6 In the Lay Subsidy account of 1334, the Domesday settlement of Glossop was assigned to the Derbyshire Wapentake of High Peak. High Peak, first recorded in 1208 AD, seems to have been known as Bakewell Wapentake in the 12th century. One part, or perhaps the whole was called Aselakestou Wapentake: this name is used in connection with Glossop from 1179 (Roffe 1986,105).

5.5.7 In 1433 the Abbot of Basingwerke leased the whole of Glossopdale to John Talbot of Hallam. Prior to this there is no record of secular landowners in Glossop. The dale remained in the Talbot family until at least the end of the 15th century. It is Doctor John Talbot that is said to have partly surfaced the Roman road over the moors- hence the name Doctor Gate (Davies 1999). Basingwerke Abbey was dissolved by Henry VIII in 1536 (Scott et al 1973).

5.6 Post-medieval (1540 – 1900)

5.6.1 There are ten DHER monument records of post-medieval date recorded within the 1km study radius (see Fig. 4).

5.6.2 Shire Hill Quarry is recorded on the HER (DHER 3616) as a post-medieval quarry where extraction was already taking place in the 19th century. This appears to be confirmed by documentary evidence (Farey 1811), which records a quarry on Shire Hill as early as 1811. The HER records that the quarry, centred on SK 052 944, covered an area of c.376m by 215m. On maps, the quarry is visible on the 1st edition, 25" OS map dating to 1876. A revised search of the 19th and early 20th century trade and business directories for the Glossop and Charlesworth areas records a single slate dealer in the town in 1846 (Bagshaw 1846) but there is no reference to any quarries in Glossop, either in 1846 or 1857 (White 1857). By 1870 there were seven stone masons and a stone merchant recorded in Glossop (White 1870; Harrods 1870). Building- and paving-stones were being produced in Glossop in 1922, although Shire Hill is still not named (Kellys 1922).

5.6.3 At Mossy Lea, Charlesworth, stone field drains (DHER 3614) were used to drain the fields in this area, down to the Yellowslacks Brook (Harris 1971, 198). The drains covered an area of c. 358m by 318m and were centred on SK 063 946, c. 700m east of the site, east of what is now Mossy Lea Farm. The farm was probably one of the old farmstead settlements before Glossop became a mill town. The reservoir was built in 1840 by the Duke of Norfolk. Water fed down the valley of Shelf Brook via a ‘goit’, before passing the rear of the former Tanyard (Sharpe 2005).

5.6.4 The remains of a likely post-medieval sheep-dip or sheep-wash (DHER 3615) have also been identified on Shelf Brook, Charlesworth, centred on SK 0616 9438, c. 650m east of the site (Harris 1971, 198). The sheepfold is visible on late 19th century OS maps and survives as a surface feature on maps of the present day. By the end of the 16th century the economy of Glossop was primarily based on sheep products (c. 4,000 sheep were grazed on Glossop lands), as well as cattle breeding and spinning – the latter to produce a rough woollen cloth known as ‘kersey’. It was at this time that the open fields of Glossop began to be enclosed, in order to maximise the agricultural economy of the parish (Scott et al 1973).

5.6.5 A three-storey mill building called Meadow Mills (DHER 6149) is recorded on the DHER at Shepley Street, Old Glossop at SK 044 949, c. 700m northwest of the site. Meadow Mills is the former site of an extremely complex group of six cotton mills and mill-ponds dating from 1784 onwards, on land which had previously been open meadow. The surviving buildings are part of what was known as the ‘New Mill’ in 1852. In later years (1891, 1922) they belonged to S. Rowbottom & Co. The 1881 map (not illustrated) apparently shows Meadow Mills with five mill ponds and names Warth Mill, Water Mill and Meadow Mills, all cotton mills. It also shows a gasometer near Warth Mill and a rope walk to the south of Meadow Mills. The HER records that Meadow Mills is now swamped by the 1980s buildings of Glossop Super Alloys (Fowkes 1984, 21; Hanmer and Winterbottom 1991).

5.6.6 Another cotton mill at Glossop, Hurst Hill Cotton Mill (DHER 6151), located at SK 049 940, c.1km southwest of the site, was a small, two-storey gritstone cotton mill dating to c. 1800-1830. In 1984 the site was occupied by small firms (Fowkes 1984, 21).

5.6.7 Place-name evidence for a former post-medieval tannery is recorded on the Derbyshire HER: the place name ‘The Tanyard’ (DHER 6150) is shown on the first edition OS map of c. 1880 and on all succeeding maps until at least 1924. The possible tannery is recorded at SK 048 948, c. 400m northwest of the site.

5.6.8 A post-medieval monument record on the DHER relates to a former 19th-century tollhouse (DHER 3639) located on the A57 Woodcock Road at Shire Hill at SK 0555 9431, c. 100m southeast of the site. The two-storey building is constructed of stone and has a blank area on a projecting bay to house a toll board. The house has been extended on the western side and at the rear.

5.6.9 A series of earthworks have been identified from an aerial photograph and identified as ancient field boundaries, although these are recorded as of post-medieval date on the HER (DHER 3646). The boundaries are described as an area of ‘ancient’ field boundaries underlying walls at Lightside, near Glossop, on the east side of Shittern Clough, c. 700m northeast of the site. It is recorded elsewhere that in 1592, the tenant farmers of Glossop enclosed their own lands with dry-stone walls, thereby abolishing the open fields of medieval Glossop (Davies 1999). It was not until the 19th century that concerted efforts were made by parliament to enclose common ground, although there was little freehold land within the parish of Glossop to enclose; this suggests that the Lords of the Manor had already been undertaking this process without an act of parliament (Sharpe 2005, 43).

5.6.10 The remains of a stone trough (DHER 33318) in the form of a rectangular 'kerb' covered with grass, were recorded in 1977 and 1980 in the roadside verge opposite the Royal Oak Public House on Sheffield Road at SK 0492 9417, c. 300m southwest of the site.

5.6.11 A post-medieval boundary stone (DHER 33319) inscribed 'Glossop' and 'Whitfield' was recorded in 1977 beside the gate at the entrance to the Glossop and District Golf Course, along the south side of Hurst Brook at SK 0503 9400, c. 400m southwest of the site. The feature was marked as 'Stone' on late 19th-century maps. The stone lay fallen in 1977 and it is uncertain whether it still survives.

5.6.12 A series of maps dating to 1764 and showing land enclosure in Charlesworth Parish relate to Shire Hill, although it is difficult to relate the maps to the site itself due to a lack of features that can be related with any certainty to modern day maps. The maps are very difficult to decipher but one of the them (Fig. 7) shows the circular ‘Top of Shire Hill’ and, adjacent to it, a strip of irregularly-shaped land parcels named as the following (top to bottom): Moorhouse Bank; George Cote Bank; Nar George Cote Bank; New Sparse(?) Field; and The Long Field Head / Parcel (?) Which fires one Tola..? The map states that, ‘Shire is a C----- Part of this delivered to ------ a draught of 2 pieces of Whitebottom(?) and a piece of Chew Field and parcels (?) of Clough Side nursery and Long ------.

5.6.13 The associated 1764 maps appears to confirm the existence of, ‘2 pieces of land at Whitebottom ------ Nursery and from which the Nursery Wood ----- by James Cooper(?). November 24, 1764’. Also that, ‘Chew Head or Higher Chew held by Thomas Thornelsy(?).’ Two of the maps also show a building called Pye Greave, which almost certainly relates to the farm called ‘Pyegrove’, visible to the immediate west of Shire Hill on late 19th and early 20th-century maps (see Figs. 8, 9 & 10). Despite these 1764 land parcels being unprovenanced here, the maps do show that Shire Hill was under plantation at the end of the 18th century and that in 1764, some areas contained evergreen ‘firs’; and that areas of young nursery woodland were being curated. This correlates with the PDNPA’s HLC survey, which has shown that the whole southwestern corner of the site and the eastern peripheral zone were already wooded in 1840, when they formed part of a larger area of woodland covering Shire Hill (see Fig. 3). The 1764 maps also show that the hill was under multiple ownership and/or tenancy at that time. There is no evidence of stone quarrying visible on the maps. 5.6.14 After 1780, Glossop experienced a great and sustained burst of building on a scale not previously experienced. At this time, the Glossop quarries, which had possibly developed following the extensive farmhouse rebuilding of the 17th century, produced millstones, freestones and flagstones for paving or roofing. In 1803 there were Gritstone quarries in operation at Charlesworth, Hadfield, Simmondley, Whitfield, Chunal and Glossop Low (Davies 1999; Scott et al 1973). In his 3-volume list of Derbyshire quarries published in 1811, John Farey included Charlesworth Quarry in Glossop, as one of the Freestone or ‘Ashler’ quarries in operation at that time containing suitable 3rd Grit deposits (Farey 1811). Farey also makes one mention of Shire Hill, half mile SE of Glossop, as an existing quarry containing 1st or lowest rectangular grit rock (http://books.google.com/books). This strongly suggests that the quarry was being exploited on a significant scale by 1811.

5.6.15 Glossopdale’ had a rich water supply from the streams flowing off Kinder and Bleaklow, including the Shelf Brook; as well as easy access to stone and coal, which all contributed to Glossop becoming a mill town by the end of the 18th century (HPBC 2006b; Smith 1928; Hills 2004; Burgess 1993, 32). In a 75-year period from 1784, the number of textile mills in Glossop rose from 1 to 60 (Christian 1978, 152). To cope with the influx of workers needed, the Duke of Norfolk, as lord of the manor, built a planned settlement to the south of Glossop called Howard Town (Burgess 1993, 32). This planned settlement is now called Glossop and the original settlement is called Old Glossop. In the 1801 census there were 2,759 people in the townships of Glossopdale, a doubling since 1740.

5.6.16 The Glossop to Sheffield Snake Road turnpike was granted under an Act of 1818 and constructed in 1821 (HPBC 2006b, 7; Hickinson and Brown 2004, 47). Prior to the construction of the turnpike, a road existed along the Woodlands Valley; Lord Telford built a new section of road between Glossop and the Doctor Gate Culvert (Sharpe 2005).

5.6.17 By 1821, the Glossop population had almost doubled again to 5,135. This expansion resulted in the extension of local quarries. A map of Glossop dating to 1819 (not illustrated) shows Shire Hill, but there is no quarry visible or road beneath it (Scott et al 1973). Locally quarried coursed and squared-pitched faced gritstone was the predominant walling material used in Glossop for walls, chimneys and boundary walls. Glossop Low Quarry, which was situated c. 1.5km north of Shire Hill, is recorded as being worked in 1813. Shelf Quarry and Mouselow Quarry were both operational in 1840. The decline of stone as a roofing material began in the 1840’s when the railway to Glossop was opened. After this date Welsh slate (which was lighter than grey slate) was brought in cheaply and the number of local quarries began to decline (HPBC 2006b, 27; Smith 1928, 37). A slight resurgence in the use of local stone probably occurred in the 1850s, when the turnpike roads were completed and Glossop underwent a great building programme. This included two massive projects: the construction of a number of reservoirs along the River Etherow; and the building of the second Woodhead Tunnel for the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (Smith 1928, 37). Evidence of this is suggested by the fact that there were 236 Stonemasons and four Quarry Masters listed in Glossop on the 1851 census, although all of the latter were living on the Whitfield side of the Dale. The sled roads from Glossop Low Quarry along which horses hauled the stone survive in Glossop to the present day (HPBC 2006b, 5, 7).

5.6.18 During the cotton famine of the 1860s, many local roads, reservoirs and land reclamation programmes were undertaken in Glossop by the public Works Committee, with added contributions from Lord Howard (Hickinson and Brown 2004, 47). These works would have also required large quantities of building stone. 5.6.19 The 1876, First Edition 25" OS map of Shire Hill (Fig. 8) shows a small active ‘Quarry’ operational within the south-eastern quadrant of the site’s extraction boundary. The eastern extent of this quarry coincides with part of the eastern peripheral zone (see Fig. 2.). A very small square structure is visible in association with the quarry and another, larger L-shaped building can be seen close to the summit of the hill, coinciding with the northern site boundary. The 1876 map also shows the north-easterly continuation of the track or footpath leading from Woodcock Road, extending through the corner of the extraction area. A second, smaller path leads from this road to the quarry face. A third track or footpath leads into the northern edge of the site from the western side of Shire Hill and a fourth leads into the eastern side of the quarry from the eastern edge of the hill. An irregular shaped, east/west field boundary extends across the site and appears to turn 90 degrees southeast, south-west of the quarry face. Two other field boundaries cross the hill outside the area of the site. With the exception of the quarry, the whole site is covered with mixed woodland. At the foot of Shire Hill is a ‘Shooting Cabin’ and there are a number of ‘targets’ to the northeast of the hill, suggesting that it may have been used for hunting at this time.

5.6.20 By 1881 Glossop had survived the cotton famine and had developed into a mature cotton town with a population of around 20,000 people. Many local roads, reservoirs and land reclamation programmes were undertaken at this time by the Public Works Committee, with added contributions from Lord Howard (Hickinson and Brown 2004, 47).

5.6.21 The 1898 Second Edition 25" OS map was only available to view on film during the current research and was very difficult to reproduce (Fig. 9.). The reproduction is rather unclear but shows a much larger ‘Quarry’ on the site that has extended to the southwest since 1876 and removed part of a former field boundary (see figs. 8 & 12). The map shows Shire Hill still under mixed woodland; and the east/west field boundary, footpaths and structures are still in existence. To the north of Shire Hill are the Tanyard and the Meadow Mills mill pond. To the south are Woodcock Road, Woodcockroad Farm and the Royal Oak Inn. To the east are the Shooting Cabin and the Mossy Lea mill pond reservoir; and to the west of Shire Hill is Pyegrove.

5.7 Modern (1900 - Present)

5.7.1 There are no Modern monuments recorded on the DHER, either within the proposed extraction site or the 1km study radius: The post-medieval quarry recorded on the current site, is known to have been in operation from at least 1811 until the present day, although successive quarrying appears to have removed all traces of earlier works and structures within the extraction area, with the possible exception of any surviving features in the south-western or eastern peripheries.

5.7.2 The 1914, third edition 25" OS map (Fig. 10) shows a significant extension to the quarry since the 1898 edition in the form of a large, complex, two-part quarry face (see Fig. 12). The southern-most quarry face is referred to as ‘Old Quarry’ but this area has been enlarged considerably since 1898. The quarry appears to include a number of slopes, tips and at least one structure, although these features have now been subsumed by later quarrying. A linear earthwork extends from the quarry workings down to the access road and the whole area between the two appears modified. The linear feature does not relate to the channel or chute observed in this area during the site visit. The 1914 map shows Shire Hill still under mixed woodland; and the east/west field boundary and footpaths still in existence. The 1921 revision of the 25" OS (not illustrated) shows the same detail as the 1914 map.

5.7.3 The 1956, 1:10,560 OS map shows a large number of changes to the site since the 1914 and 1921 editions. The most significant change is the size of the open quarry, which has now increased in size majorly since 1876 (see figs. 8 & 12). The working quarry of 1956 extends beyond the site boundary to the north; as well as much further to the southwest, enlarging and subsuming all previous quarry operations. The track or footpath that previously traversed the south-eastern corner of the extraction area has been shortened and re-directed to serve four ancillary buildings or structures. These are all rectangular and of various sizes but all are large in comparison with the quarry: it is possible that they were used for drying or ‘curing’ the fresh stone, in order to harden it (D. Marchington, pers. comm.). There is still a field boundary extending east/west across the extraction area at this time; and the northern and eastern footpaths are still in operation, allowing access into the quarry. Shire Hill is shown as covered with non-coniferous woodland.

5.8 Synthesis of Archaeological Potential

5.8.1 An examination of data provided by the Derbyshire Historic Environment Record; and published and unpublished sources show that 13 archaeological HER records are listed within the 1km study radius (Appendix 4 and Fig. 4). One of these relates to the site itself and records the existence of a stone quarry on the same site, as early as c. 1811. However, a detailed study of the quarry’s development over time, together with the site walkover have revealed that the potential for finding in-situ archaeological remains and/or undisturbed soils on the site is limited to two specific areas (see Fig. 12). It should be observed that the steep lower slopes of these areas make them unlikely to contain remains associated with human occupation but they could conceivably contain landscape or burial features.

5.8.2 One prehistoric DHER record is listed within the 1km study radius. This is a Late Bronze Age cremation burial found c. 200m southwest of the site in 1958. Although only one such burial has been recorded on the Shire Hill, its distinctive topography could have made it a focus for other Prehistoric burials and/or landscape features. On this basis, the potential for finding buried prehistoric remains on undisturbed parts of the site is deemed to be Moderate.

5.8.3 Two Roman DHER records are listed within the 1km study radius. These include a single Roman coin found c. 200m to the southwest of the site, close to where the cremation urn was discovered. The other Roman record is the possible Roman road known as Doctor’s Gate, which passes c. 400m to the northeast of the site. The potential for finding buried Roman remains on undisturbed parts of the site is deemed to be Low to Moderate.

5.8.4 No Saxon DHER records are listed within the 1km study radius. The closest known Saxon activity to the site is in place-name evidence. The potential for buried Saxon remains on the site is therefore considered to be negligible.

5.8.5 No medieval DHER records are listed within the 1km study radius. During the medieval period, the site probably formed part of the Royal Hunting Forest of High Peak and was protected by Forest Law. The potential for finding buried medieval remains within undisturbed parts of the site is therefore considered to be negligible. 5.8.6 Ten post-medieval DHER records are listed within the 1km study radius. Eight of these record site-specific buildings and structures, the closest of which is a former toll house to the southeast of the site. None of these structures would be directly impacted by the extraction proposals. There are records of tenant farmers in Glossop enclosing their lands with dry-stone walls at the end of the 16th century, perhaps suggesting a post-medieval date for the boundary wall located on the eastern edge of the site during the walkover survey. There is also late 19th-century cartographic evidence for quarrying on the site, suggesting that any surviving post-medieval archaeology would almost certainly be associated with Shire Hill Quarry. The potential for post-medieval remains to exist within undisturbed parts of the site is therefore considered to be high.

5.8.7 There are no Modern HER records listed within the site or within the 1km study radius. However, the site walkover has revealed that there is a high potential for Modern remains associated with post-1900 quarrying within undisturbed parts of the site.

6.0 Heritage Designations

6.1 Hedgerows, Ancient Woodland

6.1.1 On the 1st June 1997 the Hedgerows Regulations, 1997 came into force under section 97 of the Environment Act, 1995. There is a strong presumption that ‘important’ hedgerows and other hedgerows, as seen from an archaeological, historical, landscape and wildlife perspective, will be protected and wherever possible incorporated into open space and landscaping proposals for new development. No historic or other hedgerows have been identified on the site: an east/west field boundary of unknown character (possibly a dry-stone wall), is visible on late 18th and early 19th century maps but was probably quarried out in the 1970s (see Fig. 12).

6.1.2 A single dry-stone boundary wall has been identified encroaching onto the eastern edge of the site (see Fig. 2 and Appendix 2). This feature has not been observed on any of the historic maps and unlike hedgerows, there is no general legal protection for dry-stone walls, although some walls fall under the jurisdiction of other legislation due to their location. The 1997 Hedgerows Regulations may apply to bank walls which have a hedgerow on top (http://archive.defra.gov.uk/). The late 16th century record of enclosure by dry-stone walls perhaps suggests an approximate date for the boundary wall identified on the site (Davies 1999).

6.1.3 Ancient woodland is land that has had a continuous woodland cover since at least 1600 AD and may be ancient semi-natural woodland (ASNW), which retains a native tree and shrub cover that has not been planted, although it may have been managed by coppicing or felling and allowed to regenerate naturally, or plantation on ancient woodland sites (PAWS) where the original tree cover has been felled and replaced by planting, often with conifers, and usually over the last century (http://magic.defra.gov.uk/). It is not automatically the case that any ancient woodland is protected.

6.1.4 DEFRA maps the majority of Shire Hill as an area of Ancient and Semi-Natural Woodland; with a small, semi-circular area of Ancient Replanted Woodland on the south-western edge of the hill (http://magic.defra.gov.uk/). The latter area coincides with an area of lowland mixed deciduous woodland recorded by Natural England (http://natureonthemap.naturalengland.org.uk/). The majority of the site’s extraction area and the north-eastern quadrant of the hill do not contain Ancient Woodland (http://magic.defra.gov.uk/), but are recorded as primarily lowland beech and yew. woodland, with areas of blanket bog on the summit, the eastern peripheral zone and south-eastern fringe. Shire Hill probably formed part of the Royal Hunting Forest during the medieval period could certainly retain areas of ancient woodland. The HLC conducted by PDNPA has shown that the whole south-western corner of the site and the eastern peripheral zone were already wooded in 1840, when they formed part of a larger area of woodland covering Shire Hill (see Fig. 3), although this study has shown that some of this woodland has now been removed by 20th century quarrying (see Fig.12).

6.2 Conservation Areas 6.2.1 The site does not fall within the boundaries of any of Glossop’s Conservation Areas (http://www.highpeak.gov.uk/planning/conservation/ca_list.asp). Glossop town centre is covered by four conservation area designations; Norfolk Square, Howard Town Mill, Wren Nest Mill and St James but these are all located some distance from Shire Hill and the site (HPBC 2006b).

6.3 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites 6.3.1 There are no Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs) or Grade I listings within the 1km study radius. The closest scheduled monument to the site is Mouselow Castle (Monument No. 23309: Ringwork in Castle Wood), situated c. 2.5km northwest of the site at SK 0278 9548, between Glossop and Padfield. The second SAM recorded in the Glossop area is the Roman Fort at Melandra Castle (Monument No. 8), located at SK 0090 9510, c. 4km NNW of the site (http://magic.defra.gov.uk/; http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/).

6.4 Listed Buildings and their Settings 6.4.1 This study has found no listed buildings recorded on the DHER or otherwise within the 1km study radius. There are over 80 listed buildings outside the study radius in and around Glossop, all of which are Grade II. The closest listings to the site are three Grade II buildings located approximately 1km due west of the site on the east side of Manor Park Road. Mossy Lea Farm, visible from the eastern site boundary, is not a listed building (http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/).

6.5 Historic Parks and Gardens 6.5.1 There are no Historic Parks and Gardens within the 1km study radius. The closest registered park and garden to the site is the Grade II\* listed Howard Park, located c. 2km northwest of the site, near Higher Dinting. Architect Henry Ernest Milner (1845-1906) designed the park, which opened in 1888 (http://www.highpeak.gov.uk/planning/).

6.6 Areas of Special Interest 6.6.1 Appendix 7 of the High Peak Local Plan (Adopted 2005), lists Shire Hill as a Derbyshire Wildlife Site, under Sites of Natural History Importance. Shire Hill (Site HP 050 at SK 048 944), is defined as woodland in Glossop Parish. 6.7 Significance of the Heritage Designations

6.7.1 No heritage designations of National significance (SAMs / Grade I listings / Registered Parks & Gardens) have been recorded within the 1 km study area.

6.7.2 Previously undeveloped / un-quarried parts of the site contain mature beech and oak trees and other species. These are particularly apparent within the surviving parts of the south-western and eastern peripheral zones and may represent surviving pockets of Ancient Woodland.

6.7.3 The remaining heritage designations within the 1km study radius are considered to be of likely Local to District significance.

7.0 Potential Impact on Archaeological Remains & Cultural Heritage

7.1 This examination of cartographic and documentary sources has shown that the extraction site has been quarried since at least 1811. The site walkover and quarry plan overlay (Fig. 12) have clearly demonstrated that the majority of the site’s extraction area has been previously quarried and that only certain parts of the site’s original land surface survives.

7.2 The impact of further mineral extraction on any archaeological remains surviving on the site would be absolute. Any archaeological remains identified on the site and deemed to be of National significance must be preserved in situ. All other archaeological remains of lesser importance could be preserved by record, in accordance with an approved scheme of archaeological mitigation.

8.0 Conclusions and Recommendations

8.1 In accordance with PPS5, this assessment has drawn together all available historical, archaeological, topographic and land-use information in order to assess the likely potential and significance of any heritage assets on, or in the vicinity of, the site and the potential impact of the proposed extraction on those assets.

8.2 There is one monument entry in the Historic Environment Record that relates directly to historic quarrying within the current extraction area. On the basis of the above findings and assessment, it is considered that the site has the following potential for archaeological remains, within undisturbed parts of the site only (as shown on Fig.12):

| Period | Potential | |--------------|-------------| | Prehistoric | Moderate | | Roman | Low - Moderate | | Saxon | Negligible | | Medieval | Negligible | | Post Medieval| High | | Modern | High |

8.3 There are no heritage assets of National Significance within the 1km study radius. The remaining assets identified within the study radius are deemed to be of Local to District significance and none of these would be directly impacted by future extraction proposals.

8.4 Based on the findings of this report and the site walkover, it is concluded that, in accordance with PPS5, some form of archaeological mitigation will probably be required in advance of any future works within the undisturbed parts of the two peripheral quarry areas identified. This work could take the form of archaeological monitoring during initial vegetation and soil removal and could be facilitated by means of a planning condition in accordance with the ROMP.

9.0 Acknowledgements

Pre-Construct Archaeological Services Ltd. would like to thank Mineral Surveying Services Limited and Marchington Stone Ltd., for this commission.

10.0 Consultations and Searches, etc.

Chesterfield Local Studies Library Derbyshire Historic Environment Record (DHER) Derbyshire Record Office, Matlock (DRO) English Heritage, National Mapping Programme Peak District National Park Authority 11.0 References and Background Sources

(References in grey were examined but are not referred to in the text).

Bagshaw. 1846. Gazetteer and Directory of Derbyshire.

Bartholomew, J. & Sons. 1966. Gazetteer of the British Isles. Edinburgh.

Best, K. and Russell, O. 2007. A Journey through Glossop past and present from Dinting Arches to Derbyshire Level. Glossop & District Heritage Trust.

BGS 1974 British Geological Survey; England and Wales, Solid and Drift: Glossop, Sheet 86. Scale 1: 50,000.

Burgess, J. 1993. A History of Derbyshire. Carlisle

Burton, I.E. 1963. The Royal Forest of the Peak.

Christian, R. 1978 Derbyshire. Batsford

Cockerton, R W. 1933. 'The Doctors Gate', The Derbyshire Countryside. Volume 3, pp 19-20, 39-40.

Cox, J C. 1905. VCH Derby., Vol.1, 1905, p.260; 392.

Davies, P. 1999. Annals of Glossop: the years 1-2,000 AD. Glossop Heritage Centre.

Dodd, A., E. & E. M. 2000. Peakland Roads & Trackways.

Farey, J. 1811. A General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire, Volume 1. With Introduction by Trevor D. Ford and Hugh S. Torrens. (Peak District Mines Historical Society, 1989. Reprint of 1811 Edition).

Fowkes, D. 1984. Derbyshire Industrial Archaeology - A Gazetteer of Sites. Part I. Borough of High Peak. p 21.

Garney, M. 2002. Memories of Glossopdale and Longdendale. Churnet Valley Books.

Hamnett, R. 1899. Melandra Castle, Derbyshire. DA&NHJ: Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History Society Journal: XXI (21),16.

Hanmer, J & Winterbottom, D. 1991. The Book of Glossop. Barracuda Books.

Harris, H. 1971. Industrial Archaeology of the Peak District. 198

Harrods. 1870. Directory of Derbyshire.

Hart, C. R. 1981. The North Derbyshire Archaeological Survey to AD 1500. North Derbyshire Archaeological Trust. Hickinson, S.M. and Brown, M. H. 2004. *Images of England: Glossop, Volume 2*. Tempus.

Hills, R. 2004. *Glossop: the rise and fall of a textile town, 1790-1950*. Manchester Statistical Society.

HPBC: High Peak Borough Council. March 2006a. *Landscape Character Supplementary Planning Document* (SPD5, March 2006). Local Development Framework.

HPBC: High Peak Borough Council. March 2006b. *Glossop Conservation Area Character Appraisal Supplementary Planning Document*. Local Development Framework 3. Adopted March 2006

Jackson, J.W. 1968. ‘A Large Cinerary Urn and Roman Coin found at Glossop’. *Derbyshire Archaeological Journal* 88: 96-7.

Jeayes, I. H. 1906. *Derbyshire Charters*.

Kellys 1922. *Directory of Derbyshire*.

Kellys 1928. *Directory of Derbyshire*.

Kellys 1899. *Directory of Derbyshire*.

Kirke, Henry. 1866. *The Antiquities of Derbyshire, being a lecture delivered at the Mechanics’ Institution, Chapel-en-le-Frith*. Glossop: D. Woodhead,

Lee, A. K., Clarke, R. and McKenna, S. 1991. *The Ancient Parish of Glossop Index Probate Documents*. Derbyshire Family History Society.

Margary, I.D. 1973. *Roman Roads in Britain* (3rd edn). London: John Baker.

Marsden, B. 1977. *The Burial Mounds of Derbyshire*.

Mee, A. 1974. *The King’s England: Derbyshire*.

Mills, A.D. 1993. *Dictionary of English Place Names* (Oxford University Press).

Morris, J., 1977. *Domesday Book 28: Derbyshire*. Chichester: Phillimore.

Page, W. 1905 *Victoria County History of Derbyshire; Volume 1*. Victoria County History Series.

PDNPA: Peak District National Park Authority. 2006-2011. *Management Plan*

PDNPA. 30 Nov. 2009. *Schedule to Marchington Stone Ltd*.

PDNPA. (Updated to July 2010). *Local Development Framework – Evidence Base. Peak District National Park Core Strategy Submission Version Minerals Background Paper*. 2009. *Mineral Strategic Action Plan*.

Preston, F.L. 1957. A Probable Roman Road at Hope, Derbyshire. *Hunter Archaeological Society Transactions*: 7, 269. Ramm, H G. 1958. *East Midland Archaeological Bulletin*, Vol. 1.

Roffe, D. 1986. ‘The Origins of Derbyshire’, *Derbyshire Archaeological Journal* 106, (1986), 102-22.

Rowe, E. 2008. *Shire Hill Quarry, Glossop, Derbyshire: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment*. PCA Job No. 477.

Scott, J., Smith, J. P. and Winterbottom, D. 1973. *Glossop; Dale, Manor and Borough* Glossop and District Historical Society

Sharpe, N. T. 2005. *Glossop Remembered*. Landmark Publishing.

Smith, J. H. 1928. *The people of Glossop in 1851 and 1881: report of the Glossop Local History Study Group*. Glossop: Glossop & District Historical Society, 2001.

Smith, J. H. 1980. *I Remember: reminiscences of Glossop before the First World War* Glossop & District Historical Society.

Smithard, W. 1911. ‘Notes on the Roman roads called Batham Gate and Doctor Gate’, *DA&NHJ: Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History Society Journal*: Vol. 33, 95-100.

Tarbutt, G. 1999. *A History of Derbyshire*. Merton Priory Press.

Town & County Directories. 1930-31. 1857. *Derbyshire District and Trade Directory*.

UMAU: University of Manchester Archaeological Unit. 1999. *Land to the Rear of 2 and 4 Pyegrove: an archaeological assessment*. Unpublished site report.

Watkin, W. T. 1886. *DA&NHJ: Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History Society Journal*: 8, 212.

White. 1857. *History and Gazetteer of Derbyshire*.

White. 1870. *History and Gazetteer of Derbyshire*.

*Maps Consulted*

1876 First Edition 25” OS. Sheets II (12) and III (9).

1881. Ordnance Survey. OS County Series, 1st edition, scale 1:2500 (c. 25" to one mile). Sheet II.12.

1882. Ordnance Survey. OS County Series, 2nd edition (1st revision), scale 1:2500 (c. 25" to one mile). Sheets II (12) and III (9).

1914 Third Edition OS. Scale 1:2500 (c. 25" to one mile). Sheets II (12) and III (9).

1956, 1:10,560 OS. Sheets II (12) and III (9) 2002. Ordnance Survey. Scale 1:25,000 Explorer. Sheet OL1: Peak District, Dark Peak area.

Web-pages

http://www.andrewspages.dial.pipex.com/ http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyviewer/ http://www.brockhole.co.uk/\_\_data/assets/pdf_file/0004/91219/mineralsstrategy.pdf http://www.derbyshire.net/ http://www.englishheritagearchives.org.uk/ http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/protection/process/national-heritage-list-for-england/. http://www.explorebritain.info/ http://www.genuki.org.uk/ http://www.glossopheritage.co.uk/ www.highpeak.gov.uk/ http://magic.defra.gov.uk http://www.oasis.ac.uk/ http://www.peakdistrictinformation.com/ http://www.peaklandheritage.org http://projects.bre.co.uk/ConDiv/stonelist/stonelist.html http://ukbmd.org.uk/ http://www.wirksworth.org.uk/ 12.0 Appendices:

Appendix 1: Plates

Open Quarry Area

1a. View to the east across the open quarry in the 1980s showing the extent of quarry working (courtesy of David Marchington)

1b. Current view to the east across the open quarry 2. View to the southeast across the open quarry

03. The northern edge of the open quarry, looking west

04. View to the southwest across the open quarry

05. View to the northwest across the SW corner of the open quarry

06. View to the northeast along the face of the open quarry

07. View to the northwest inside the centre of the open quarry

08. View to the northeast inside the centre of the open quarry

09. View east across the spoil terrace in the SE corner of the open quarry

10. View west towards the access road along the southern edge of the open quarry

Eastern peripheral zone

11. Dry-stone boundary wall extending into the eastern edge of the site

12. Dry-stone boundary wall covered with quarry spoil on the eastern edge of the site

13. Dry-stone Revetment wall supporting quarry spoil (and wooden mountain-bike jump) at the eastern edge of the site

14. The eastern extension area at the NE corner of the site, looking northeast

15. The eastern peripheral zone, looking northwest South-western peripheral zone

16. The south-western peripheral zone, looking southeast

17. The southern extension area, looking east

18. The south-western peripheral zone, looking west

19. The south-western peripheral zone, looking NW towards the blast shelter and gun-powder store

20. The remains of the early 20th century ‘chute’ or ‘cutting’, looking southeast

Blue ownership area

21. View SSE from the southern extent of the south-western peripheral zone (marked by red tape) into the blue ownership area

22. View southeast across the blue ownership area

23. View west across the blue ownership area in the SW corner of the site

24. View south across the blue ownership area from the SE spoil terrace

25. View southwest across the access road to the modern lorry run-off within the blue ownership area

26. South-facing section of colluvial / tip deposits inside the blue zone lorry run-off

27. View east into the overgrown blue ownership area from the settlement ponds

### Appendix 2: Site walkover grid co-ordinates

| Co-ord No. | Feature description | Easting | Northing | |------------|----------------------------------------------------------|---------|----------| | 1 | Mountain-bike track: centre of wooden jump | 05443 | 94466 | | 2 | Mountain-bike track: low revetment wall | 05448 | 94454 | | 3 | Mountain-bike track: centre of dry-stone wall jump (N) | 05450 | 94442 | | 4 | Mountain-bike track: centre of dry-stone wall jump (S) | 05458 | 94419 | | 5 | Mountain-bike track: centre of grass trackway | 05447 | 94435 | | 6 | Dry-stone boundary wall: north-western terminus | 05453 | 94434 | | 7 | Dry-stone boundary wall: south-eastern terminus | 05480 | 94422 | | 8 | Blast shelter: centre | 05217 | 94366 | | 9 | Blast shelter: SW corner | 05215 | 94365 | | 10 | Blast shelter: SE corner | 05216 | 94363 | | 11 | Gun-powder store: centre | 05220 | 94366 | | 12 | Modern wagon run-off cutting: western terminus | 05209 | 94312 | | 13 | Modern wagon run-off cutting: eastern terminus | 05244 | 94312 | | 14 | Gun-powder store: SW corner | 05220 | 94365 | | 15 | Gun-powder store: SE corner | 05221 | 94364 | | 16 | 20th-century loading channel / cutting: western edge | 05253 | 94370 | | 17 | 20th-century loading channel / cutting: eastern edge (north) | 05262 | 94374 | | 18 | 20th-century loading channel / cutting: eastern edge (centre) | 05260 | 94362 | | 19 | 20th-century loading channel / cutting: eastern edge (south) | 05259 | 94350 | Appendix 3: The Buildings at Shire Hill Quarry, Glossop

The Quarry Floor Buildings

The extant buildings on the quarry floor comprise a modern flat-roofed weighbridge building constructed of breeze block, and a recent portal-frame structure used as storage. These structures are the product of the most recent quarrying activity on the site.

A modern diesel tank to the west of this group was partially constructed on a heavily weathered concrete block wall which had a short return on its south side, perhaps representing the remains of a larger building, the return being the western jamb of a large door opening.

A small brick-built store building is present to the immediate south of the portal-frame structure, and may represent an explosives store from the 1940s or 1950s.

These structures are considered to be of negligible archaeological significance. On the southern slope of the site, two small concrete structures have survived, and were interpreted as a blast shelter and black powder store.

**The Blast Shelter** (NGR SK 05217 94366) This was of shuttered concrete construction, built into the slope on the north side. The concrete contained rounded gritstone aggregate, 20-50mm in size, probably derived from the quarry, and was generally 0.22m (8 ½") in thickness, but the south wall was heavier (the concrete here being 0.28m (11") thick).

The building was rectangular in plan (1.68m E-W (5ft 6ins) and 1.64m N-S) with a pitched roof (height at ridge 6ft) and a recessed double door opening on the south side. Clear evidence of 5" vertical shuttering was visible in the surface of the concrete on the interior of the building and its southern face, while horizontal 6" shuttering was employed on the upper parts of the east and west sides. The roof was no longer intact.

The shuttering of the roof itself still survived as stubs of ¾" x 5½" tongue and grooved boards remained in a horizontal groove at the eaves.

The door opening was 1.11m (43½") in width and 1.22m (4ft) in height. The doors are likely to have been externally hung and of ledged timber construction as demonstrated by the remains of iron hinges on both sides of the opening along with recesses for the ledges of the doors. A series of dowel holes above the lintel and three rectangular hollows near the ridge suggest some sort of porch structure may have been present on the south side of the building.

Small rectangular window openings were present in the east and west sides: these measured 0.24m x 0.115m (9½" x 4½") (east) and 0.255m x 0.1m (10" x 4") (west) and appear to have been created within the concrete shuttering.

The remains of stone walls approximately 0.25m (10") in thickness were present outside of the concrete structure of the blast shelter on its east and west sides. The original height of these walls (now only surviving to a maximum of 4 courses on the west side) was clear from the remaining concrete structure, as this had utilised them as external shuttering. It is possible that the stone walls represent the presence of an earlier blast shelter here. The Black Powder Store (NGR SK 05220 94366) Some 3m to the east of the blast shelter a further small concrete structure was present, interpreted as a black powder store.

This had the appearance of a concrete cube partly built into the slope (exterior dimensions: 0.89m (35") East-West, 0.79m (31") North-South and 0.76m (30") in height).

It was open to the south side, and could be seen to contain a ¼" iron box recessed 4½" into the south side; the concrete structure cast around it.

Like the blast shelter, this structure was of shuttered concrete construction, and clearly displayed the imprint of the shuttering boards used in its construction (6¼" – 7" vertical shuttering on southern face, 5¾" – 6” horizontal shuttering on east and west sides). The iron box had interior dimensions of 0.33m (13”) East-West x 0.38m (15”) North-South x 0.38m (15”) in height and was clearly re-used: the upper corner on the west side being rounded.

A 0.51m (20”) wide and 0.16m (14”) high stone platform was present to the south of this structure which was of concreted gritstone construction. Further tumbled gritstone present to the east and west side of the platform was suggestive of original flanking walls, but too little survived to be confident if this represented part of the extant concrete structure or evidence of an earlier one.

The accomplished shuttered concrete construction of these structures, coupled with their proximity to a quarry access recorded on the 1914 six-inch Ordnance Survey map and seen some 30m to the east, suggests that they belong to a phase of quarry activity in the early part of the twentieth century.

### Appendix 4: DHER Monument Entries within a 1 km radius of the site (DHER)

| DHER No. | NMR No. | NGR | Distance from Extraction Area (site) | Site Description | Period | |----------|---------|-----|-------------------------------------|------------------|--------| | 3617 | MDR654 | SK 0494 9426 (point) | c. 200m SW | An inverted Late Bronze Age cinerary urn containing cremated remains was found in 1958 during the building of a bungalow at Hurst Croft on the south slopes of Shire Hill | Prehistoric: Late Bronze Age (2350 BC - 701 BC) | | 3636 | MDR706 | SK 076 940 (MBR: 2921m x 1337m) | c. 400m NE | Possible route of Doctor Gate (a possible Roman road with prehistoric origins between Shelf and Coldharbour Moors, through Charlesworth Parish.) | Roman (43 AD - 409 AD) | | 6104 | MDR650 | SK 0494 9425 (point) | c. 200m SW | A bronze of Constantine II was found in October 1958 during excavations for a bungalow on the south slope of Shire Hill, Glossop, near the site of Bronze Age urn (DHER 3617) but not associated with it. | Roman (43 AD - 409 AD) | | 3614 | MDR702 | SK 063 946 (MBR: 358m x 318m) | c. 700m E | Stone field drains that were used to drain the land at Mossy Lee, Charlesworth. | Post-medieval (1540 AD - 1900 AD) | | 3615 | MDR703 | SK 0616 9438 | c. 650m E | The remains of a sheep-wash at Shelf Brook, marked as 'sheepfold' on late 19th century OS maps. | Post-medieval (1540 AD - 1900 AD) | | 3616 | MDR704 | SK 052 944 (MBR: 376m x 215m) | 0m (Site) | Shire Hill Quarry (the current site) has 19th century or earlier origins. | Post-medieval (1540 AD - 1900 AD) | | 3639 | MDR700 | SK 0554 9431 (MBR: 14m x 10m) | c. 100m SE | Former Toll House, a 19th century, 2-storey toll house at Woodcock Road, Shire Hill. | Post-medieval (1800 AD - 1899 AD) | | 3646 | MDR634 | SK 058 954 (MBR: 406m x 393m) | c. 700m NE | Earthworks identified on an aerial photograph and identified as ancient field boundaries. Consists of an area of ancient field boundaries underlying walls at Lightside, near Glossop, on the east side of Shittern Clough. | Post Medieval (1540 AD? to 1800 AD?) | | 6149 | MDR690 | SK 044 949 (MBR: 424m x 278m) | c. 700m NW | Meadow Mills: former 3-storey cotton mill complex of six mills dating from 1784 onwards. Now swamped by modern buildings. The surviving buildings are part of what was known as the "New Mill" in 1852, | Post-medieval (1780 AD - 1900 AD) | | Code | MBR/MDR | Grid Ref | Distance | Description | Date Range | |-------|---------|----------|----------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------| | 6150 | MDR691 | SK 048 948 (MBR: 130m x 109m) | c. 400m NW | Possible former tannery, as indicated by the place name "the Tanyard" on the 1st edition 1880 OS map and on all succeeding maps until at least 1924. | Post-medieval (1540 AD - 1800 AD) | | 6151 | MDR692 | SK 049 940 (MBR: 126m x 68m) | 1 km SW | Hurst Hill Cotton Mill, a small early 19th century two-storey gritstone cotton mill. | Post-medieval (1800 AD - 1830 AD) | | 33318 | MDR12809 | SK 0492 9417 (point) | c. 300m SW | The remains of a roadside trough on Sheffield Road, recorded in 1977 and 1980 | Post Medieval - 1800 AD to 1900 AD | | 33319 | MDR12810 | SK 0503 9400 (point) | c. 400m SW | Boundary stone inscribed 'Glossop' and 'Whitfield' recorded in 1977 - uncertain whether it survives | Post Medieval - 1800 AD to 1900 AD |

## Appendix 5: NMR listings of vertical aerial photographs

| Sortie Number | Start Frame | End Frame | National Grid Start | Reference End | Date Flown | |---------------|-------------|-----------|---------------------|---------------|------------| | RAF/58/1094 | 241 | 243 | SK059941 | SK045941 | 21-Apr-53 | | MAL/67096 | 30 | 32 | SK048938 | SK043938 | 07-Dec-67 | | MAL/67096 | 44 | 44 | SK047934 | SK047934 | 07-Dec-67 | | MAL/67096 | 57 | 59 | SK048943 | SK043943 | 07-Dec-67 | | OS/66172 | 169 | 172 | SK042939 | SK060940 | 21-Jul-66 | | OS/66172 | 187 | 189 | SK045950 | SK057950 | 21-Jul-66 | | OS/70379 | 238 | 241 | SK042949 | SK062950 | 23-Sep-70 | | OS/71463 | 27 | 31 | SK058950 | SK045950 | 05-Sep-71 | | OS/71463 | 58 | 61 | SK046936 | SK058937 | 05-Sep-71 | | OS/71463 | 62 | 65 | SK058943 | SK046943 | 05-Sep-71 | | OS/92319 | 71 | 74 | SK043947 | SK058946 | 18-May-92 | | OS/92319 | 76 | 79 | SK060940 | SK045940 | 18-May-92 | | OS/92320 | 17 | 20 | SK044931 | SK060931 | 18-May-92 | Figures Fig. 1. Site location. Site ownership in blue; Site extraction boundary in red. Based on the 1:25,000 OS Explorer map, sheet Ol1. © Crown copyright. All rights reserved. PCAS licence No. 100049278. Fig. 2. Detailed site plan showing locations of plates and GPS co-ordinates. Scale 1:1250. Original topographic survey by SV Surveying Ltd. Fig. 3. Peak District Historic Character Landscape Information relating to the site. Courtesy of PDNPA. Not to Scale. Fig. 4. DHER records within a 1km study radius of the site (courtesy of DCC). Fig. 5. Composite aerial view of the site in September 1971 from NMR OS/71463 (frames 62 and 63). Fig. 6. Aerial view of the site in May 1992 from NMR OS/92319 (frame 73) Fig. 7. Shire Hill in 1764 showing ownership divisions, plantation and nursery woodland. DCRO Ref.: D3705/18/9. Original scale and orientation unknown. Fig. 8. The site in 1876. Extract from the First Edition 25" OS, sheets II(2) and III(9), (not to scale) Fig. 9. The site in 1898. Extract from the Second Edition 25" OS, sheets II(2) and III(9), (not to scale) Fig. 10. The site in 1914. Extract from the Third Edition 25" OS, sheets II(2) and III(9), (not to scale) Fig. 11. The site in 1956. Extract from the 1:10,560 OS, sheet SK 09 SE (scale c. 1:7,500) Fig. 12. Detailed topographic plan of the site showing the extent of previous quarrying from historic OS maps and aerial photographs. Scale 1:1250. After SV Surveying Ltd.