Copyright Act 1911: Also known as the Imperial Copyright Act since it applied across the British Empire, with local adaptation as required. It brought together and rationalised the law on copyright which had previously been set out in many different statutes as well as previously being a part of the common law. It also enabled the UK to ratify the latest version of the Berne Convention, the principal (and at that time the only) international treaty on copyright. It came into force on 1 July 1912.

References Enrolled statute (1&2 Geo 5 c46) in C 65/6288, see s18. Not freely available online.

Treasury minute of 31 July 1912: This set out the terms for the publication of Crown copyright material by commercial companies. It drew attention to the fact that publication of any work by the Crown itself made that work Crown copyright.

References T 243/10

Official War artists: At the beginning of both World Wars, many artists were commissioned to create artistic works relating to or inspired by the War. All such artists assigned their copyrights to the Crown. After the end of each War, the resulting works were distributed to galleries and museums in the UK and the Commonwealth. Recipient institutions in the UK were given delegated authority by the Controller of HMSO to license the use of the works they had received.

References STAT 14/138 - There is a complete list of Second World War recipient institutions and works in T 162/744, file E40396/2

BBC v Wireless League Gazette Publishing [1926] LR Ch 433: In 1926, the BBC sued for infringement of its rights in the listings of radio programmes in the Radio Times. The Wireless League Gazette argued that the contents of the Radio Times were Crown copyright, but the court held that they were copyright of the BBC. Although the BBC was licensed to broadcast by the Postmaster General it was not operating under the direction or control of the Crown.

References Report published in the 1926 volume of Chancery cases in the Law Reports Series at page 433.

Book of Common Prayer and King James Bible: These are subject to perpetual protection in the UK (only) under the Royal prerogative. The Queen’s Printer (the Cambridge University Press in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and the Scottish Bible Board in Scotland) has letters patent giving it sole authority to publish and license the use of the texts. In addition, the university presses of Oxford and Cambridge have their own letters patent authorising them to publish both works. These works are out of copyright elsewhere in the world. Advice on them was given to HM Treasury by HMSO in 1927.

References STAT 14/32; LO 3/1413 Ministry of Information: Prior to the Second World War, most Crown copyright was handled centrally by HMSO. However, during the War the Ministry of Information took over responsibility for a range of public information documents. Following the War, the Ministry of Information, then the Central Office of Information, took over responsibility under a delegation of authority from the Controller of HMSO for licensing government information services material, including film and photographs for use by the press.

Copyright Act 1956: This updated the Copyright Act 1911. The definition of Crown copyright was narrowed so that it applied to works first published by the Crown, not to all works published by the Crown regardless of whether they had previously been published by someone else. The Act came into force on 1 June 1957. Enrolled Act (4&5 Eliz2 c74) at C 65/6734, see s39.

References Online at: www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1956/74/section/39/enacted

Treasury minute 9 January 1958: This updated the guidance on publication of Crown material in line with the Copyright Act 1956 and advised on the Crown copyright status of works commissioned by the Crown from private sector authors and bodies.

References T 243/32

Copyright and Designs Law: Whitford Committee report, 1977: By the mid-1970s the Copyright Act 1956 was getting out of date and Mr Justice Whitford, a High Court judge who had handled many prominent copyright cases, was asked to make recommendations. One conclusion in his report was that the definition of Crown copyright was flawed and that in any case there was no need for special provision for the Crown: it could have protection in the same way as any other employer. Only the first part of this conclusion was adopted in the subsequent legislation.

References Published as Cmnd 6732, see para 600.

Ironside v Attorney General [1988] RPC 197: In 1971 the Crown had commissioned designs for the new decimal coinage from Ironside. The Royal Mint then issued not only circulating currency but also proof sets and Ironside sued on the basis that the proof sets were unlicensed. The court held that the designs were Crown copyright not only because they had been commissioned but also because the designs were first published in newspapers at the end of an embargo. The commissioning and the publication were both held to be under the direction or control of the Crown.

References Published in the 1988 volume of the Reports of Patent Cases (itself a Crown copyright series) at page 197. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act: This statute, which has since been heavily amended, updated copyright law, in particular to take account of the development of computing. Crown copyright was given a new definition that was much more precise, was closer to the provision for other employers and gave no automatic right to works published by the Crown. Crown copyright is now applied to works created by Her Majesty or by an officer or servant of the Crown in the course of his duties. Crown copyright thus applies to, for instance, the works of civil and diplomatic servants, members of the armed forces, judges, police officers and government ministers. The Act came into force on 1 August 1989.

References Enrolled statute in C 65/7161, see s163 Online at www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/163

Carol Anne Tullo: The first female Controller of HMSO, appointed by letters patent of 1 September 1997. The letters patent give personal authority over all Crown copyright material and all Crown-owned copyright material (ie material in which the copyright has been assigned to the Crown). Carol Tullo also has separate letters patent, dated 20 August 2001, giving similar authority over Crown database rights. No government department or agency owns Crown or Crown-owned copyrights.

Crown database right introduced 1997: The EU is alone in the world in providing a 'sui generis' (meaning 'of its own kind', ie unrelated to any other right) right resulting from a substantial investment in the creation, verification or presentation of the contents of a database. This is distinct from any copyright in the design of the database itself and from any copyright in the individual items in the database. The owner is the 'maker' of the database, and the Crown is the maker of a database created by an officer or servant of the Crown in the course of his duties. The UK’s regulations implement a directive of 1996.

References SI 1997/3032 reg 14(2) at www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1997/3032/contents/made

White Paper, The Future Management of Crown copyright, 1999: Some types of Crown copyright work were to be made freely available for re-use under a waiver of copyright, notably legislation and unpublished public records. Standardised licensing terms for the use of most other Crown material were to be offered.

References Published as Cm4300

Click-use licence: Introduced in 2001 as the default standard licensing terms for the majority of Crown copyright material. The terms were published online and a user needed only to register in order to be covered by them.

References www.hmso.gov.uk/copyright/licences/click-use-home2.htm

Information Fair Trader Scheme, 2002: This sets out the principles governing all licensing of Crown copyright and Crown-owned copyright material and provides an avenue of redress for re-users. It applies primarily to those departments and agencies that have been given delegated authority by the Controller to issue their own licences. Some non-Crown bodies have also joined the scheme.

References www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/ifts.htm HRH the Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers [2007] 2 All ER 139, [2006] ECDR 244: The Daily Mail published extracts from the personal journals of the Prince of Wales, written while he was representing the Queen at the handover of Hong Kong to China. The Daily Mail asserted that the journals were Crown copyright because the Prince was standing in for the Queen. The court held that the definition of Crown copyright applied to Her Majesty herself but not to anyone representing her unless he or she was an officer or servant of the Crown. The Prince was neither the Queen nor one of her officers or servants.

References Court of Appeal judgment published in volume 2 of 2007 All England Law Reports at page 139, earlier High Court judgment published in 2006 volume of European Copyright and Design Reports at page 244

HMSO and Ordnance Survey v Green Amps, 2007-2008: Green Amps employed a person who had use of a student’s password that gave access to some of the mapping of Ordnance Survey under a licence to the student’s university. It used this access to acquire a copy of the entire set of Digimap data and proposed to exploit it commercially in the production and sale of energy from wind turbines. OS secured an injunction against Green Amps.

References Available only online at: (Court of Appeal, refusal of permission to appeal) www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2008/588.html and (High Court) www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Ch/2007/2755.html

OS revenue: Ordnance Survey publishes its revenue from licensing for 2009/10 as £98,164, down from £102,357 the previous year, showing how valuable copyright licensing of Crown copyright material can be, how dependent OS is on licensing income, and the benefit to the UK taxpayer in not having to finance the work of OS from taxes.

References View OS annual report and accounts at www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/aboutus/reports/annualreport/09-10/os_annual_report_and_accounts_2010.pdf

Open Government Licence introduced 2010: This has replaced both the waivers of Crown copyright and the click-use licence. Standard licensing terms are available online which cover the majority of Crown copyright and Crown-owned copyright material. There is no requirement on the user to register or to apply for a licence.

References www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/

Hoffman v Drug Abuse Resistance Education (UK) (DARE), 2012: The Department of Health published a document on its website that was in privately-owned copyright, but failed to indicate this. DARE reproduced the document, assuming that it must be Crown copyright, and so infringed.

References Available only online at: http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWPCC/2012/2.html