Longshaw Estate, Derbyshire Archaeological Supervision, Recording and Reporting

Written Scheme of Investigation

2017

© Archaeological Research Services Ltd 2017 Angel House, Portland Square, Bakewell, Derbyshire, DE45 1HB www.archaeologicalresearchservices.com

Prepared on behalf of: National Trust Date of compilation: April 2017 Compiled by: Michelle Burpoe Planning Reference: NP/DDD/1215/1202 Local Authority: Peak District National Park Authority Site central NGR: SK 26561, 79955 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 This Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) has been prepared by Archaeological Research Service Ltd (ARS Ltd) for the National Trust. It details a scheme of works for an archaeological supervision, recording and reporting on a proposed development at Longshaw Estate. The development involves construction of a new woodland footpath including bridges to link Woodcroft car park and Longshaw Lodge.

1.2 Planning permission has been granted by the Peak District National Park Authority (PDNPA) to allow for the proposed scheme (NP/DDD/1215/1202). Condition number 5 of the consent requires that:

“5. Prior to the commencement of development, a Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) for archaeological supervision and monitoring shall be submitted to and approved in writing by the National Park Authority. For land that is included within the WSI, no development shall take place other than in accordance with the agreed WSI, which shall include:

♦ The statement of significance and research objectives; ♦ The programme and methodology of site investigation and recording and the nomination of a competent person(s) or organisation to undertake the agreed works; and ♦ The programme for post-investigation assessment and subsequent analysis, publication and dissemination and deposition of resulting material. (The part of the condition shall not be discharged until these elements have been fulfilled in accordance with the programme set out in the WSI.”

1.3 This document comprises the WSI and outlines the nature of the archaeological work to be undertaken by Archaeological Research Services Ltd (ARS Ltd) on behalf of the National Trust at Longshaw Estate in accordance with guidance from the PDNPA Senior Conservation Archaeologist.

2 BACKGROUND

2.1 Site Location and Geology

2.1.1 The site is located within the woodland to the north-east of Longshaw Lodge, centred at NGR SK 26561, 79955 (Figure 1).

2.1.2 The underlying solid geology of the site is comprised of mudstone and siltstone of the Rossendale Formation, sedimentary bedrock formed approximately 313 to 314 million years ago in the Carboniferous Period when the local environment was previously dominated by swamps, estuaries and deltas. This is overlain by superficial head deposits (BGS 2017).

2.1.3 The soils of the site are classified as belonging to the Wilcocks 1 Soil Association (721c), which are cambic stagnohumic gley soils (SSEW 1983). These soils form as drift from Palaeozoic sandstone, mudstone and shale and are characterised as ‘slowly permeable seasonally waterlogged fine loamy and fine loamy over clayey upland soils with a peaty surface horizon. Coarse loamy soils affected by groundwater in places. Very acid where not limed’ (CU 2017).

2.2 Historical and Archaeological Background

2.2.1 Comprised of 1087 acres of moor and woodland, Longshaw Estate stretches almost down to Grindleford and includes the area around Millstone Edge and Bole Hill. The National Trust obtained the entire estate in 1931. Within the estate lies two Grade II Listed Buildings: Longshaw Lodge (NHLE 1109833) and the Chapel to Longshaw Lodge (NHLE 1335025). Built in 1827 as a shooting box for the Duke of Rutland, Longshaw Lodge has since been used as a hospital for wounded soldiers during WWI and is now private flats, though the National Trust maintains a café and shop for tourists on site.

2.2.2 The area of the proposed footpath lies between Woodcroft Car Park and Longshaw Lodge. This area of woodland was part of the wider landscape comprising the setting of Longshaw, designed to serve as a backdrop to increase the drama of the appearance of the Lodge when seen from the opposite site of the valley. The woodland also offered protection to the Lodge from the north and east and gave sheltered walks which themselves offered spectacular views out over the surrounding landscape (National Trust 2015).

3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 Regional Research Aims and Objectives

3.1.1 Research topics identified in the East Midlands Heritage: An Updated Research Agenda and Strategy for the Historic Environment of the East Midlands (Knight et al. 2012) that investigations at the site have potential to address include exploring the landscape legacy of rural leisure pursuits.

♦ The 19th century landscape of the midlands provided the locale for fox hunting and other leisure pursuits. Further research into the landscape and social history of these pursuits would allow for the identification of associated small and large-scale landscape features that are largely neglected by the Historic Environment Records (Knight et al. 2012, 129).

3.2 Archaeological Supervision, Recording and Reporting Aims and Objectives

3.2.1 The principal aim of the programme of archaeological work is to recover and record any potential archaeological remains associated with Longshaw Estate and earlier history/development. Any remains will be recorded and analysed during the course of development as part of an archaeological supervision, recording and reporting.

3.2.2 The following objective will contribute towards accomplishing this aim. To excavate, where appropriate, and record the nature, extent and date of any buried archaeological remains exposed during the excavation of the new footpath.

4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SUPERVISION, RECORDING AND REPORTING

4.1 Coverage

4.1.1 The site of the archaeological supervision, recording and reporting covers the ground works associated with the construction of the new footpath, which runs between Woodcroft Car Park and Longshaw Lodge (Figure 2).

4.2 Methodology

4.2.1 The archaeological supervision, recording and reporting will be undertaken in accordance with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) Code of Conduct (2014a) and Standards and Guidelines for Archaeological Watching Briefs (2014b). The records will follow standard conventions set out by the Museum of London Archaeological Service (MoLAS) (2002).

4.2.2 ARS Ltd will provide a suitably qualified and experienced archaeologist during ground works on the site who will be fully appraised of the archaeological potential of the site. All relevant ground works will be undertaken by a suitable mechanical excavator fitted with a toothless ditching bucket. The archaeologist will be given the opportunity to stop site work in order to investigate potential archaeological features and adequate time will be allowed for recording any such features.

4.2.3 If significant archaeological features are identified during those works requiring planning approval, the PDNPA Senior Conservation Archaeologist and National Trust Archaeologist will be notified. Regular updates on the progress of works will be provided to both the PDNPA Senior Conservation Archaeologist and the National Trust Archaeologist.

4.2.4 Where archaeological features and/or deposits are identified during the archaeological supervision, recording and reporting, then a sufficient quantity of the said features will be investigated by hand to allow their date, nature and degree of survival to be ascribed.

4.2.5 Any human remains discovered will initially be left in situ and, if removal is deemed necessary, this will be undertaken in accordance with the relevant Ministry of Justice regulations and in discussion with the PDNPA Senior Conservation Archaeologist.

4.2.6 Finds of "treasure" will be reported to the Coroner in accordance with the Treasure Act (DCMS 2008) procedures. The Portable Antiquities Liaison Officer will also be notified.

HM Coroner: Dr. Robert Hunter Finds Liaison Officer: Alastair Willis 5-6 Royal Court Derby Museum and Art Gallery 4.2.7 ARS Ltd will ensure that heavy plant or machinery will not be operated in the immediate vicinity of archaeological remains until the remains have been recorded. Contractors and plant operators will be notified that any observations of archaeological remains must be reported immediately to the archaeologist on site. Regular contact will be ensured between ARS Ltd. and the site project manager to ensure that ARS Ltd. is kept up to date with site works and given the chance to respond appropriately and in line with the PDNPA Senior Conservation Archaeologist requirements.

4.2.8 All site operations will be carried out in a safe manner in accordance with ARS Ltd’s health and safety policy. A risk assessment will be prepared before commencement on site.

4.3 Recording

4.3.1 The site will be accurately tied into the National Grid and located on a 1:2500 or 1:1250 map of the area. The site will be recorded in accordance with CIfA guidance and the ARS Ltd field recording manual.

4.3.2 A full and proper record (written, graphic and photographic as appropriate) will be made for all work, using pro-forma record sheets and text descriptions appropriate to the work. A plan of the excavated areas will be maintained, features noted and section lines recorded. All drawings will be carried out at an appropriate scale and all contexts will be recorded using a single context recording system. Sample representative levels will be taken to record the maximum depth of excavation and/or natural should no archaeological features be uncovered.

4.3.3 For brick structures, the record will include details of brick dimensions and type (handmade/machine-made, plain/frogged), mortar (colour, composition, hardness) and the extent of structures (number of courses, thickness in skins).

4.3.4 The stratigraphy of the site will be recorded even where no archaeological deposits have been identified.

4.3.5 Where stratified deposits are encountered, a ‘Harris’ matrix will be compiled.

4.3.6 All archaeological deposits and features will be recorded with above ordnance datum (AOD) levels.

4.3.7 Site photography will be in high resolution (7 megapixel or greater) colour DSLR photography. Photography will include images of the general site, images of the excavation area and photographs of individual features and groups of features. All photographs will include a suitable photographic scale (where appropriate) and will be recorded on a photographic register with the subject and direction of each image.

5 FINDS PROCESSING AND STORAGE

5.1 All finds processing, conservation work and storage of finds will be carried out in accordance with the CIfA (2014c) Standard and Guidance for the collection, documentation, conservation and research of archaeological materials and the UKIC (1990) Guidelines for the Preparation of Archives for Long-Term Storage.

5.2 Artefact collection and discard policies will be appropriate for the defined purpose in discussion with the National Trust Archaeologist, who will retain and curate the site archive as an addition to the Longshaw Estate collection and archive.

5.3 Bulk finds which are not discarded will be washed and, with the exception of animal bone, marked. Marking and labelling will be indelible and irremovable by abrasion. Bulk finds will be appropriately bagged, boxed and recorded. This process will be carried out no later than one month after the end of the excavation.

5.4 All small finds will be recorded as individual items and appropriately packaged (e.g. lithics in self-sealing plastic bags and ceramic in acid-free tissue paper). Fragile objects will be specially packaged and textile, painted glass and coins stored in appropriate specialist systems. This process will be carried out within two days of the small find being excavated.

5.5 During and after the excavation all objects will be stored in appropriate packaging materials and storage conditions to ensure minimal deterioration and loss of information (including controlled storage, correct packaging, and regular monitoring, immediate selection for conservation of vulnerable material). All storage will have appropriate security provision.

5.6 The deposition and disposal of artefacts will be agreed with the National Trust.

5.7 All retained artefacts and ecofacts will be cleaned and packaged in accordance with the requirements of the National Trust.

6 REPORT

6.1 Following completion of the archaeological works ARS Ltd will produce a report which will include:

- Non-technical executive summary
- Introductory statement
- Aims and purpose of the project
- Methodology
- A location plan showing excavated areas and archaeological features with respect to nearby fixed structures and roads Illustrations of all archaeological features with appropriately scaled and geo-referenced hachured plans and sections

An objective summary statement of results

Conclusions

Supporting data – tabulated or in appendices

Index to archive and details of archive location

References

Statement of intent regarding publication

Confirmation of archive transfer arrangements

A copy of the WSI and OASIS form.

6.2 A digital draft of the report resulting from the archaeological supervision, recording and reporting will be supplied to the PDNPA Senior Conservation Archaeologist and the National Trust Archaeologist for comment before the report is finalised within four weeks of the completion of the fieldwork.

6.3 Following approval of the report, ARS Ltd will supply the National Trust with four hard copies and four digital copies of the final report.

6.4 One digital copy of the report in PDF/A format will be deposited by ARS Ltd with the PDNPA Historic Sites, Buildings and Monuments Record (HSBMR) and one bound copy of the final report accompanied by a digital copy of the report in PDF/A format, on disk, will be deposited with the Derbyshire Historic Environment Record (HER). A copy of the report will be uploaded as part of the OASIS record for online access via the Archaeological Data Service (see section 9.2 below).

7 MONITORING ARRANGEMENTS

7.1 The project will be initiated in consultation the National Trust Archaeologist and notice will be given at least one week prior the commencement of works to the PDNPA Senior Conservation Archaeologist.

Natalie Ward Senior Conservation Archaeologist Peak District National Park Authority Aldern House Baslow Road Bakewell Derbyshire DE45 1AE Tel: 01629 816243

7.2 ARS Ltd will liaise with the PDNPA Senior Conservation Archaeologist at regular intervals throughout the course of the work. In all instances the National Trust Archaeologist will be updated at regular intervals on the progress of the works. 7.3 All reasonable access will be afforded to the PDNPA Senior Conservation Archaeologist, or her representative, for the purposes of monitoring the archaeological mitigation.

8 **TIMETABLE, STAFFING AND RESOURCES**

8.1 The outline timetable for the works is as follows. This will be updated by email as the project progresses.

| Proposed Commencement Date | Task | |----------------------------|-------------------------------------------| | W/c 17th April 2017 | Watching brief | | W/c 1st May 2017 | Watching brief report and archive |

8.2 The Project Manager for the watching brief will be Tony Brennan, Operations Manager at ARS Ltd. The Fieldwork Project Officer will be Caitlin Halton or Tristan Wilson, Archaeological Officers at ARS Ltd.

8.3 Specialist analyses will be carried out by appropriately qualified specialists as detailed subject to availability.

- Flint and prehistoric pottery: Dr Clive Waddington MCIfA or Dr Robin Holgate MCIfA
- Romano-British pottery: Ruth Leary or Ian Rowlandson
- Samian Ware: Dr Gwladys Monteil
- Medieval and post-medieval pottery: Dr Chris Cumberpatch or Dr Robin Holgate MCIfA
- Clay pipes, glass and metalwork: Mike Wood MCIfA
- Plant macrofossils and charcoals: Luke Parker
- Human and animal bone: Milena Grzybowska
- Radiocarbon dating: Prof Gordon Cook (SUERC)
- Finds conservation: Vicky Garlick (Durham University)

9 **ARCHIVE DEPOSITION**

9.1 **Deposition Guidelines**

9.1.1 All materials arising from these archaeological works will be supplied to the National Trust in standard archiving boxes upon completion of the project. The National Trust will assume responsibility for the archiving of this material and accessioning it into the Longshaw Estate collection and archive. Copies of the submitted final report will be deposited with the Derbyshire HER and the PDNPA HSBMR. 9.1.2 High resolution digital photographs would, in discussion with the PDNPA’s Senior Conservation Archaeologist, be submitted to the Archaeological Data Service (ADS) digital archive repository with the associated photographic registers and metadata. The digital archive will be prepared in line with current best practice outlined in *Archaeology Data Service/Digital Antiquity Guides to Good Practice* (ADS/Digital Antiquity 2011).

9.1.3 Copyright on the deposited material will either be assigned to the archive, or the archive will be licensed to use the material, in perpetuity; this licence would allow the archive to reproduce material, including for use by third parties, with the copyright owner suitably acknowledged.

9.1.4 At the start of work (immediately before fieldwork commences) an OASIS online record [http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/oasis/](http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/oasis/) will be initiated and key fields completed on Details, Location and Creators forms. All parts of the OASIS online form will be completed for submission to the HER. This will include an uploaded .pdf version of the entire report (a paper copy will also be included within the archive).

9.1.5 Written confirmation of the archive transfer arrangements, including a date (confirmed or projected) for the transfer, will be included as part of the final report.

9.1.6 The PDNPA’s Senior Conservation Archaeologist will be notified of the final deposition of the archive.

10 **GENERAL ITEMS**

10.1 **Health and Safety**

10.1.1 All work will be carried out in accordance with The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. Specific health and safety policies exist for all our workplaces and all staff employed will be made aware of the policy and any relevant issues. The particular risks involved with this project will be assessed, recorded and relevant mitigation measures put in place as part of a full risk assessment, which will be compiled in advance of fieldwork and will be read and signed by all on-site operatives. ARS Ltd retains Peninsula as its expert health and safety consultants.

10.2 **Insurance Cover**

10.2.1 ARS Ltd has full insurance cover for employee liability (£10 million) public liability (£5 million), professional indemnity (£2 million) and all-risks cover.

10.3 **Community Engagement**

10.3.1 In consultation with National Trust staff, any opportunities for engaging visitors in any archaeological finds during the course of the works should be explored, for example guided site tour and/or dissemination of information via ARS Ltd’s and the Longshaw Estate’s websites and local media.

10.4 **Changes to the Written Scheme of Investigation** 10.4.1 Changes to the approved methodology or programme of works will only be made with prior written approval of the PDNPA Senior Conservation Archaeologist and the National Trust Archaeologist.

10.5 Publication

10.5.1 If significant archaeological remains are recorded, a summary of the project with, if appropriate, selected drawings, illustrations and photographs will be prepared for publication in online, journal or monograph form as appropriate. Additional popular articles will also be produced for local and/or national magazines as appropriate. The final form of the publication is to be agreed with the planning archaeologist and the client dependent on the results of the fieldwork.

10.6 Publicity and Copyright

10.6.1 Any publicity will be handled by the client. The national Trust will retain the copyright of all documentary and photographic material under the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act (1988).

11 References

Archaeology Data Service/Digital Antiquity. 2011. Guides to Good Practice.

British Geological Survey. 2017. Geology of Britain Viewer. Available online at: http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html [Accessed 6th April 2017].

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) 2014a. Code of Conduct. Reading, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA). 2014b. Standard and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Briefs. Reading, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. 2014c. Standard and Guidance for the collection, documentation, conservation and research of archaeological materials. Reading, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. 2014d. Standard and Guidance for the creation, compilation, transfer and deposition of archaeological archives. Reading, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Cranfield University. 2017. The Soils Guide. Available online at: http://landis.org.uk [Accessed 6th April 2017].

Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG). 2012. Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the Historic Environment. London, The Stationery Office.

Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) 2008. The Treasure Act 1996 Code of Practice (England and Wales). Knight, D., Vyner, B., Allen, C., 2012. *East Midlands Heritage: An Updated Research Agenda and Strategy for the Historic Environment of the East Midlands*. Buxton, University of Nottingham, York Archaeological Trust.

Museum of London Archaeological Services (MoLAS). 2002. *Site Manual*. London, Museum of London.

National Trust. 2015. *Woodland Path: Woodcroft to the Hub Longshaw Estate. Planning Support Statement*.

Society of Museum Archaeologists 1993. *Selection, Retention and Dispersal of Archaeological Collections. Guidelines for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland*. London: Society of Museum Archaeologists.

Soil survey of England and Wales. 1983. *Legend for the 1:250,000 Soil Map of England and Wales*.

United Kingdom Institute for Conservation. 1990. *Guidelines for the Preparation of Archives for Long-Term Storage*. FIGURES