Crimes detected in England and Wales 2010/11

Paul Taylor and Rupert Chaplin (Editor)

ISSN 1358-510X ISBN 978-1-84987-487-8 July 2011 Acknowledgements

This publication and the accompanying web tables have been prepared by staff in the Crime Statistics Programme, which is part of the Home Office Statistics Unit in Home Office Science.

The author is grateful for the support and assistance of Kathryn Coleman and Paul Robb in the Home Office Statistics Unit. Special thanks are due to Maya Bhudia who coordinated the production of the volume. Thanks also to colleagues who commented on a draft report during quality assurance of this bulletin and to colleagues in the Communications Development Section who assisted in preparing the report.

The author would also like to thank John Flatley, Head of the Crime Statistics Programme and David Blunt, the Home Office Chief Statistician and Head of Profession for Statistics for their support and guidance during the preparation of this report.

Additionally, the author would also like to thank staff in the Policing Data Collection Section in the Home Office and the crime registrars and statistical staff in the police forces of England and Wales.

Further information

Copies of other Home Office publications are available from the Home Office Science Internet pages: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/science-research/research-statistics/

This includes the User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics, a useful reference guide with explanatory notes regarding the issues and classifications that are key to the production and presentation of the crime statistics: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/user-guide-crime-statistics/

The dates of forthcoming publications are pre-announced and can be found via the UK National Statistics Publication Hub: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/index.html

For further information about police recorded crime statistics, please email crimestats@homeoffice.gsi.gov.uk or write to: Home Office Statistics, 5th Floor, Peel Building, 2 Marsham Street, London, SW1P 4DF

Home Office Responsible Statistician David Blunt, Chief Statistician and Head of Profession for Statistics Contact via crimestats@homeoffice.gsi.gov.uk

This statistical bulletin is a National Statistics output produced to the highest professional standards and free from political interference. It has been produced by statisticians working in the Home Office Statistics Unit in accordance with the Home Office’s Statement of Compliance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics, which covers Home Office policy on revisions and other matters. The governance arrangements in the Home Office for statistics were strengthened on 1 April 2008 to place the statistical teams under the direct line management of a Chief Statistician, who reports to the National Statistician with respect to all professional statistical matters.

# Contents

| Section | Page | |-------------------------------|------| | Contents | 5 | | Lists of figures and tables | 6 | | 1 Introduction | 7 | | 2 Detections | 9 | | 2.1 Summary | 9 | | 2.2 Introduction | 9 | | 2.3 Detection numbers and rates | 10 | | 2.4 Detection rates by offence group | 10 | | 2.5 Trends over time | 12 | | 2.6 Trends in methods of detection | 14 | | Tables | 15 | | Notes | 28 | | Bibliography | 29 | List of figures

Figure 2.1 Sanction detection rates by offence group, England and Wales, 2010/11 .................. 11 Figure 2.2 Detection rates in England and Wales, 1988 to 2010/11............................................. 13 Figure 2.3 Detection rates by method, England and Wales, 2002/03 to 2010/11 ...................... 14

List of tables

Table 2a Number of detections and detection rate by offence group, 2009/10 and 2010/11 ........................................................................................................................11 Table 2b Offences detected by offence group and method, 2010/11........................................... 12 Table 1 Sanction detection rates by individual offence, 2009/10 and 2010/11 ......................... 15 Table 2 Sanction detection rates by offence group and selected offence types, 2002/03 to 2010/11 and percentage point change between 2009/10 and 2010/11 .................. 20 Table 3 Number of detections and detection rates by method of detection, 2002/03 to 2010/11 ........................................................................................................................21 Table 4 Detections by offence group and method of detection, 2005/06 to 2010/11 ............... 22 1 Introduction

This bulletin reports on the levels and trends in detections and detection rates recorded by the 43 police forces in England and Wales and the British Transport Police. The bulletin focuses on detections where the offender receives some formal sanction such as being charged or summoned, cautioned, reprimanded or given a final warning. Sanction detections also include Penalty Notices for Disorder (PNDs), warnings for cannabis possession and offences that are asked to be taken into consideration by a court (TICs).

Detailed figures of crimes recorded by the police are reported separately in Crime in England and Wales 2010/11, a copy of which is available at:

http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/hosb1011/

In recent years detections have been the subject of a chapter in the annual crime bulletin. As such these statistics were included in the most recent UK Statistics Authority assessment of compliance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics for Crime Statistics in England and Wales (UK Statistics Authority, 2011). That assessment confirmed the designation of these statistics as National Statistics.

Recorded crime statistics provide important context to detections figures, and are quoted where relevant in this bulletin. However, detections are primarily a measure of police activity, and presenting these statistics in a separate bulletin allows for the Crime in England and Wales bulletin to strengthen its focus on crime and victimisation.

In January 2011, the Home Secretary invited the National Statistician to conduct an independent Review of Crime Statistics for England and Wales. The terms of reference for this review were to consider arrangements for the future publication of crime statistics, to advise on actions to address the recommendations made in the UK Statistics Authority’s report ‘Overcoming Barriers to Trust in Crime Statistics: England and Wales’ (May 2010) and to consider gaps, discrepancies and discontinuities in the current statistics. The National Statistician’s report was published on 6 June 2011 and can be accessed here:

http://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/national-statistician/ns-reports--reviews-and-guidance/national-statistician-s-reviews/national-statistician-s-review-of-crime-statistics.html

A response to the National Statistician’s Review will be published in due course. 2 Detections

2.1 SUMMARY

- There were 4.15 million offences recorded by the police in 2010/11 and 1.15 million crimes detected by means of a sanction detection. The sanction detection rate (i.e. the number of sanctions divided by the number of crimes) was 28 per cent in 2010/11.

- The sanction detection rate in 2010/11 was the same as for the previous year. The number of sanction detections fell by four per cent between 2009/10 and 2010/11. The number of recorded crimes also fell by four per cent in the same period.

- As in previous years, there is a wide variation in sanction detection rates for different types of crime, with a 94 per cent detection rate for drug offences but a rate of just 11 per cent for offences against vehicles.

- Sanction detection rates by offence group remained broadly unchanged between 2009/10 and 2010/11. The exceptions were a one percentage point rise for burglary, a two percentage point fall in other theft offences and a one percentage point fall in fraud and forgery.

- There was a rise of one per cent in the number of offences detected by means of a charge or summons between 2009/10 and 2010/11. There were falls in the number of offences detected by other methods with cautions down 12 per cent, Penalty Notices for Disorder (PNDs) down 16 per cent and Cannabis Warnings down 8 per cent.

2.2 INTRODUCTION

Statistics on crimes recorded by the police that appear in the national crime statistics are based on notifiable offences. These offences include all offences that could possibly be tried by jury (these include some less serious offences, such as minor theft that would not normally be dealt with in this way) plus a few closely related offences, such as assault without injury. For a list of all notifiable offences see Appendix 2 of the User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics.

Detected crime is a term that describes notifiable offences that have been ‘cleared up’ by the police.

Detections can be divided into two categories: sanction and non-sanction detections. The former occurs where the offender receives some formal sanction and the latter occurs in certain circumstances where the offence was cleared up but no further action is taken against an offender, for example, the alleged offender has died (see Notes and Section 3 of the User Guide for more information).

The 43 territorial police forces in England and Wales and the British Transport Police provide the Home Office with aggregate returns on the number of notifiable crimes and number of detections they have recorded each year. It is not possible to link individual detections to individual crimes. The detection rates described in this bulletin are the number of offences recorded as detected in a given year as a proportion of the total number of crimes recorded in the same period.

Detection rates are not a direct measure of police investigative performance and need to be interpreted with care. For example, some of the offences with the highest detection rates are the offences most influenced, in terms of their recorded numbers, by proactive policing to apprehend offenders (for example, drug offences and many of the offences in the ‘other offences’ category). This means that overall detection rates can be influenced by the extent to which police prioritise action against different types of offending. There may also be circumstances in which a crime may be considered ‘solved’ but in which a detection is not claimed – for example, where the police are satisfied that they have identified an offender but the victim is unwilling to cooperate further in an investigation or does not wish for formal action to be taken.

From April 2011 the Home Office has been receiving data (supplied on a voluntary basis) on crimes ‘cleared up’ by the application of a form of Restorative Justice (RJ). RJ includes formal action such as the Youth Restorative Disposal administered by trained practitioners as well as less formal community-based resolutions where the offender has made an admission and the victim is satisfied that such a resolution may be used. This may amount to an apology to the victim or agreement to carry out some activity such as repairing damage caused.

2.3 DETECTION NUMBERS AND RATES

In 2010/11, 4.15 million offences were recorded by the police and 1.15 million offences were detected by means of one of the sanction detection methods (see Notes). The sanction detection rate in 2010/11 was 28 per cent, the same as for the previous year. The overall number of offences recorded by the police fell by four per cent between 2009/10 and 2010/11 with a corresponding fall of four per cent in the total number of sanction detections (Table 2a).

The overall sanction detection rate was 28 per cent in 2010/11 with detections by means of a charge or summons accounting for 16 per cent and cautions accounting for a further 6 per cent (Table 2b). Compared with 2009/10, the actual number of offences detected fell for all the detection methods with the exception of charge and summons, reflecting the overall fall in the number of offences recorded. However, there were some differences in trends for the different types of disposal used to detect crimes. The number of offences detected by charge or summons was up by 1 per cent whilst the contribution to the overall detection rate due to this disposal type was actually up by 0.9 percentage points. The number of cautions was down by 12 per cent and its contribution to the detection rate was down by 0.5 percentage points (Table 3).

The disposal method showing the largest percentage fall between 2009/10 and 2010/11 was PNDs (down 16% with a 0.3 percentage point decrease in its contribution to the detection rate). Another notable decline was in offences detected by the issuing of a Cannabis Warning, which fell by eight per cent (0.1 percentage point decrease in its contribution to the detection rate) (Table 3).

There have been considerable changes in the use of Cannabis Warnings since the introduction of police powers to issue PNDs for cannabis possession came into effect on 26 January 2009. There were 1,037 PNDs issued for drug offences in 2008/09 compared with 14,570 in 2010/11. Over the same period, Cannabis Warnings fell from 107,241 in 2008/09 to 80,658 in 2010/11. Possession of cannabis and other drug offences generally only come to light as a result of police activity and the detection rate for drug offences is always high (ranging between 94 and 95 per cent in the last five years)(Table 4).

Less than one per cent of all detections comprised non-sanction detections. However, there has been a marked rise in the number of recorded non-sanction detections since 2008/09, accounted for by special arrangements that allow some forces piloting Youth Restorative Disposals (YRDs) to record them under this category. Non-sanction detections have risen from 2,906 in 2008/09 to 6,934 in 2010/11 (Table 3). The eight pilot forces account for two-thirds of all non-sanction detections recorded in 2010/11 (see Notes and Section 3 of the User Guide).

2.4 DETECTION RATES BY OFFENCE GROUP

The pattern of variation in detection rates by offence group was consistent with previous years. Within the various offence groups, the detection rate remained highest for drug offences. This reflects the fact that in a high proportion of these cases the offence only comes to light when the police apprehend an offender. In addition, it is reasonably simple to clear up a crime of cannabis possession (the largest category of drug offence) by issuing a Cannabis Warning to the offender, which may be done immediately without requiring a visit to a police station. In contrast, detection rates are lower for crimes such as offences against vehicles, where the offence generally only comes to light some time after it has been committed and the offender/s have left the scene. Such offences are more challenging to investigate and detect and these factors should be kept in mind when comparing differences in rates between offence groups. The sanction detection rates for each of the main offence groups in 2010/11 can be seen in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Sanction detection rates by offence group, England and Wales, 2010/11

Table 2a summarises the numbers and rates of sanction detections by key offence groups for the last two years (see also Table 1 for a detailed breakdown). The majority of the main offence groups showed little or no change, for example, burglary (up 0.5 of a percentage point) or ‘Other theft offences’ (down 1.8 percentage points).

Table 2a Number of detections and detection rate by offence group, 2009/10 and 2010/11

| Offence Group | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | % change | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | % change | Sanction detection rate (%) | |--------------------------------------|---------|---------|----------|---------|---------|----------|-----------------------------| | Violence against the person | 871,419 | 821,957 | -5.7 | 387,348 | 365,375 | -5.7 | 44.5 | | Sexual offences | 54,355 | 54,982 | 1.2 | 16,237 | 16,465 | 1.4 | 29.9 | | Robbery | 75,105 | 76,179 | 1.4 | 15,382 | 15,684 | 2.0 | 20.5 | | Burglary | 540,660 | 522,640 | -3.3 | 68,788 | 69,365 | 0.8 | 12.7 | | Offences against vehicles | 494,894 | 449,681 | -9.1 | 52,474 | 49,757 | -5.2 | 10.6 | | Other theft offences | 1,037,325 | 1,078,727 | -4.0 | 251,116 | 241,971 | -3.6 | 24.2 | | Fraud and forgery | 152,241 | 145,841 | -4.2 | 37,040 | 34,596 | -6.6 | 24.3 | | Criminal damage | 806,647 | 701,003 | -13.1 | 108,474 | 96,230 | -11.3 | 13.4 | | Drug offences | 235,596 | 232,216 | -1.4 | 221,204 | 217,270 | -1.8 | 93.9 | | Other offences | 70,130 | 66,871 | -4.6 | 48,316 | 46,338 | -4.1 | 68.9 | | Total | 4,338,372 | 4,150,097 | -4.3 | 1,206,379 | 1,153,051 | -4.4 | 27.8 |

England and Wales, Recorded crime In all of the offence groups (except drug offences), the greatest proportion of offences detected was by means of a charge or summons. A large number of drug offences are detected by means of a Cannabis Warning, which can be issued to the offender immediately (although the number detected by this method was only slightly higher than the number of charges and summons). Detections where an offender asks for offences to be taken into consideration are most prominent in burglaries and offences against vehicles. An offence is deemed to be taken into consideration if the offender admits the crime and asks for it to be taken into consideration by a court (TIC) and where there is additional verifiable information linking that offender to the crime. There remains a very low use of non-sanction detections across all crime types (Table 2b).

### Table 2b Offences detected by offence group and method, 2010/11

| Offence group | Total recorded crime | Total sanction detections | Charge/summons | Cautions | TICs | PNDs | Cannabis Warnings | Non-sanction detections | |-------------------------------|----------------------|---------------------------|----------------|----------|------|------|------------------|-------------------------| | Violence against the person | 821,957 | 365,375 | 240,304 | 97,392 | 194 | 27,485 | n/a | 2,505 | | Sexual offences | 54,982 | 16,465 | 14,103 | 2,264 | 90 | 8 | n/a | 109 | | Robbery | 76,179 | 15,684 | 14,647 | 360 | 677 | 0 | n/a | 13 | | Burglary | 522,640 | 69,365 | 38,010 | 3,437 | 27,901 | 17 | n/a | 59 | | Offences against vehicles | 449,681 | 49,757 | 23,248 | 3,785 | 22,709 | 15 | n/a | 47 | | Other theft offences | 1,078,727 | 241,971 | 145,041 | 44,302 | 14,985 | 37,643 | n/a | 2,603 | | Fraud and forgery | 145,841 | 34,596 | 23,708 | 6,636 | 4,168 | 84 | n/a | 190 | | Criminal damage | 701,003 | 96,230 | 57,927 | 28,813 | 3,446 | 6,044 | n/a | 1,212 | | Drug offences | 232,216 | 217,270 | 79,211 | 42,690 | 141 | 14,570 | 80,658 | 132 | | Other offences | 66,871 | 46,338 | 38,891 | 7,091 | 146 | 210 | n/a | 64 | | **Total** | **4,150,097** | **1,153,051** | **675,090** | **236,770** | **74,457** | **86,076** | **80,658** | **6,934** |

| Detection rate (%) | | | | | | | | | |-------------------------------|----------------------|---------------------------|----------------|----------|------|------|------------------|-------------------------| | Violence against the person | 44.5 | 29.2 | 11.8 | 0.0 | 3.3 | n/a | 0.3 | | | Sexual offences | 29.9 | 25.7 | 4.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | n/a | 0.2 | | | Robbery | 20.6 | 19.2 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.0 | n/a | 0.0 | | | Burglary | 13.3 | 7.3 | 0.7 | 5.3 | 0.0 | n/a | 0.0 | | | Offences against vehicles | 11.1 | 5.2 | 0.8 | 5.1 | 0.0 | n/a | 0.0 | | | Other theft offences | 22.4 | 13.4 | 4.1 | 1.4 | 3.5 | n/a | 0.2 | | | Fraud and forgery | 23.7 | 16.3 | 4.6 | 2.9 | 0.1 | n/a | 0.1 | | | Criminal damage | 13.7 | 8.3 | 4.1 | 0.5 | 0.9 | n/a | 0.2 | | | Drug offences | 93.6 | 34.1 | 18.4 | 0.1 | 6.3 | 34.7 | 0.1 | | | Other offences | 69.3 | 58.2 | 10.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | n/a | 0.1 | | | **Total** | **27.8** | **16.3** | **5.7** | **1.8** | **2.1** | **1.9** | **0.2** | |

1. Offences asked to be taken into consideration by a court.
2. Penalty Notices for Disorder (PNDs).
3. Includes data on Youth Restorative Disposals (YRDs) submitted to the Home Office as non-sanction detections from pilots in eight police force areas (Avon and Somerset, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Metropolitan, Norfolk, North Wales and Nottinghamshire).

n/a Not applicable.

### 2.5 TRENDS OVER TIME

Figure 2.2 shows the overall detection rate since 1988 and the sanction detection rate since 2002/03. Detection rates fell in the period between 1988 and 1993. In 1998/99, the recorded crime series was extended and the Home Office Counting Rules amended. In addition, in 1999/00, further guidance was issued which tightened the circumstances in which a detection could be recorded. All of these changes led to a decline in detection rates. Sanction detections are now the preferred measure of detection, with these disposals being limited to circumstances in which some form of sanction is taken against an offender.

Following the introduction of National Crime Recording Standard (NCRS) in April 2002, sanction detection rates remained stable between 2002/03 and 2003/04. The rates then rose in successive years between 2004/05 and 2007/08 with an increase of two to three percentage points per year and have remained stable since (Figure 2.2). This rise coincided with the introduction of Cannabis Warnings and PNDs nationally in 2004/05 and the greater emphasis by central government on raising the proportion of crimes detected and the setting of national targets. In 2010/11, 4 per cent of offences were detected by PNDs and Cannabis Warnings combined, a fall from a peak of 4.7 per cent in 2007/08 (Table 3).

Table 2 presents trend information by offence group. Key findings include the following:

- Comparing 2002/03 with 2010/11, the overall sanction detection rate has risen from 19 per cent to 28 per cent. The rate rose between 2002/03 and 2007/08 and has been broadly steady since then.

- The biggest difference in sanction detection rates between 2002/03 and 2010/11 was for violence against the person. The rate in 2002/03 was 36 per cent and peaked at 49 per cent in 2007/08 before falling back to 44 per cent in 2010/11. The rise can partly be accounted for by the national introduction of PNDs in 2004/05. At the time of peak usage of PNDs in 2006/07 and 2007/08, these disposals made a seven percentage point contribution to the overall detection rate for violence against the person (Table 4).

- Detection rates for drugs and ‘Other offences’ have remained relatively high since 2002/03. This reflects the fact that many of these offences come to light as a result of an offender being apprehended.

Compared with 2002/03, sanction detection rates were higher in 2010/11 for all the main offence groups with the exception of sexual offences (down by two percentage points) and ‘Other offences’ (down by one percentage point). The Sexual Offences Act 2003, introduced in May 2004, altered the definitions of sexual offences and may have influenced the detection rate. Within sexual offences, sanction detection rates for the rape of a female were down six percentage points when comparing 2002/03 with 2010/11. Rape offences are known to be under-reported and steps are being taken to encourage more victims to report offences. Additionally, over the past two years forces have reported taking some additional steps to improve their recording of rape and other sexual offences. 2.6 TRENDS IN METHODS OF DETECTION

Figure 2.3 shows the shift away from non-sanction detections as a result of the new rules in 2007/08, which significantly limited the occasions for which such disposals could be applied. Several forces had already made the decision to move away from non-sanction detection even prior to the formal change in rules. The largest proportion of disposal method by sanction detection is accounted for by a charge or summons followed by cautions. The chart also illustrates the increase in the issuing of PNDs and Cannabis Warnings since their introduction nationally in 2004/05, although both of these methods have showed decreases since 2007/08 (see Table 3 for further detail).

The proportion of offences detected by charge or summons in 2010/11 was 16 per cent compared with 13 per cent in 2002/03, while the detection rate by cautions was 6 per cent in 2010/11 compared with 4 per cent in 2002/03. The shift in the use of non-sanction detection is also illustrated (from a 5% detection rate in 2002/03 to 0.2% in 2009/10) (Table 3).

Table 4 shows the number of detections and the detection rate by offence group and method of detection between 2005/06 and 2010/11. The proportion of offences detected by charge or summons remained stable for the majority of the main offence groups. Notable exceptions were the charge or summons detection rates for violence against the person offences, which increased from 25 per cent in 2005/06 to 29 per cent in 2010/11 and robbery, which rose from 16 per cent in 2005/06 to 19 per cent in 2010/11.

While the overall sanction detection rate for drug offences was 94 per cent in 2010/11, there have been considerable changes in the method of detection in recent years, in part reflecting changes to police powers over time.

- The proportion of drug offences dealt with by the issue of a caution fell from 23 per cent in 2005/06 to 18 per cent in 2010/11.
- The use of Cannabis Warnings increased from their introduction in 2004/05 to a peak in 2007/08 when 45 per cent of all drug offences were detected by this method. Since then the use of Cannabis Warnings has fallen to 35 per cent in 2010/11.
- PNDs for cannabis possession have been available since January 2009 and in 2009/10, 13,490 were issued. This figure has risen to 14,750 in 2010/11 and is thought to have contributed to the fall in Cannabis Warnings issued. | Offence | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | % point change in sanction detection rate between 2009/10 and 2010/11 | |------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------------------------------------------------------------| | | Number of offences | Number of sanction detections | Sanction detection rate % | Number of offences | Number of sanction detections | Sanction detection rate % | | 1 Murder | 618 | 533 | 86 | 642 | 530 | 83 | -4 | | 4.1 Manslaughter | 591 | 432 | 73 | 525 | 415 | 79 | 6 | | 4.2 Infanticide | 3 | 0 | - | 3 | 2 | - | - | | 2 Attempted murder | 296 | 268 | 91 | 209 | 202 | 97 | 6 | | 4.3 Intentional destruction of viable unborn child | 36 | 32 | - | 25 | 29 | - | - | | 4.4 Causing death by careless or inconsiderate driving | 188 | 169 | 90 | 170 | 182 | 107 | 17 | | 5A Inflicting grievous bodily harm (GBH) with intent | 22,792 | 10,908 | 48 | 19,474 | 9,897 | 51 | 3 | | 5B Use of substance or object to endanger life | 416 | 158 | 38 | 372 | 143 | 38 | 0 | | 5C Possession of items to endanger life | 331 | 133 | 40 | 328 | 121 | 37 | -3 | | 8F Inflicting grievous bodily harm (GBH) without intent | 16,483 | 6,521 | 40 | 15,117 | 6,190 | 41 | 1 | | 8H Racially or religiously aggravated inflicting GBH without intent | 224 | 85 | 38 | 188 | 92 | 49 | 11 | | 37.1 Causing death by aggravated vehicle taking | 5 | 2 | - | 14 | 10 | - | - | | 4.7 Causing or allowing death of a child or vulnerable person | 3 | 1 | - | 6 | 3 | - | - | | 4.9 Causing death by driving: unlicensed drivers, etc. | 15 | 19 | - | 6 | 6 | - | - | | 4.10 Corporate manslaughter | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | 0 | - | - | | 8G Actual bodily harm (ABH) and other injury | 355,968 | 139,942 | 39 | 328,474 | 130,264 | 40 | 0 | | 8J Racially or religiously aggravated ABH and other injury | 3,521 | 1,529 | 43 | 2,982 | 1,362 | 46 | 2 | | 8K Poisoning or female genital mutilation | 138 | 25 | 18 | 110 | 18 | 16 | -2 | | Violence against the person – with injury | 401,629 | 160,758 | 40 | 368,647 | 149,466 | 41 | -1 | | 3A Conspiracy to murder | 45 | 28 | - | 36 | 21 | - | - | | 3B Threats to kill | 9,525 | 3,119 | 33 | 9,497 | 3,333 | 35 | 2 | | 6 Endangering railway passengers | 231 | 29 | 13 | 257 | 39 | 15 | 3 | | 7 Endangering life at sea | 6 | 4 | - | 4 | 2 | - | - | | 10A Possession of firearms with intent | 1,586 | 791 | 50 | 1,381 | 735 | 53 | 3 | | 10C Possession of other weapons | 11,953 | 10,634 | 91 | 10,536 | 9,244 | 89 | -1 | | 10D Possession of article with blade or point | 10,888 | 10,019 | 92 | 10,450 | 9,668 | 93 | 0 | | 8L Harassment | 52,962 | 13,605 | 26 | 51,200 | 15,769 | 31 | 5 | | 9A Public fear, alarm or distress | 126,604 | 88,544 | 70 | 114,753 | 78,164 | 68 | -2 | | 8M Racially or religiously aggravated harassment | 2,370 | 912 | 38 | 1,968 | 729 | 37 | -1 | | 11 Cruelty to and neglect of children | 6,611 | 3,562 | 54 | 6,084 | 3,392 | 56 | 2 | | 12 Abandoning a child under the age of two years | 9 | 9 | - | 6 | 3 | - | - | | 13 Child abduction | 559 | 203 | 36 | 552 | 213 | 39 | 2 | | 14 Procuring illegal abortion | 3 | 1 | - | 5 | 3 | - | - | | 104 Assault without injury on a constable | 15,781 | 14,375 | 91 | 15,513 | 14,265 | 92 | 1 | | 105A Assault without injury | 203,102 | 67,982 | 33 | 206,052 | 68,457 | 33 | 0 | | 105B Racially or religiously aggravated assault without injury | 4,328 | 1,821 | 42 | 4,058 | 1,628 | 45 | 3 | | Violence against the person – without injury | 469,790 | 226,590 | 48 | 453,310 | 215,909 | 48 | -1 | | TOTAL VIOLENCE AGAINST THE PERSON OFFENCES | 871,419 | 387,348 | 44 | 821,957 | 365,375 | 44 | 0 | | Offence | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | % point change in sanction detection rate between 2009/10 and 2010/11 | |------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------------------------------------------------------------| | | Number of offences | Number of sanction detections | Sanction detection rate % | Number of offences | Number of sanction detections | Sanction detection rate % | | 17A Sexual assault on a male aged 13 and over | 1,208 | 314 | 26 | 1,287 | 359 | 28 | 2 | | 17B Sexual assault on a male child under 13 | 1,054 | 347 | 33 | 1,125 | 356 | 32 | -1 | | 19C Rape of a female aged 16 and over | 9,038 | 1,781 | 20 | 9,509 | 1,720 | 18 | -2 | | 19D Rape of a female child under 16 | 2,909 | 843 | 29 | 2,880 | 833 | 29 | 0 | | 19E Rape of a female child under 13 | 1,964 | 801 | 41 | 2,235 | 915 | 41 | 0 | | **Rape of a female** | **13,911** | **3,425** | **25** | **14,624** | **3,468** | **24** | **-1** | | 19F Rape of a male aged 16 and over | 368 | 71 | 19 | 392 | 51 | 13 | -6 | | 19G Rape of a male child under 16 | 241 | 95 | 39 | 247 | 93 | 38 | -2 | | 19H Rape of a male child under 13 | 564 | 206 | 37 | 671 | 257 | 38 | 2 | | **Rape of a male** | **1,173** | **372** | **32** | **1,310** | **401** | **31** | **-1** | | 20A Sexual assault on a female aged 13 and over | 15,694 | 4,218 | 27 | 16,358 | 4,475 | 27 | 0 | | 20B Sexual assault on a female child under 13 | 4,149 | 1,451 | 35 | 4,301 | 1,609 | 37 | 2 | | 21 Sexual activity involving a child under 13 | 1,819 | 613 | 34 | 1,773 | 648 | 37 | 3 | | 22A Sexual activity involving a child under 16 | 3,986 | 1,348 | 34 | 4,033 | 1,409 | 35 | 1 | | 22B Causing sexual activity without consent | 129 | 31 | 24 | 167 | 46 | 28 | 4 | | 70 Sexual activity, etc. with a person with a mental disorder | 124 | 42 | 34 | 129 | 48 | 37 | 3 | | 71 Abuse of children through prostitution and pornography | 134 | 58 | 43 | 152 | 69 | 45 | 2 | | 72 Trafficking for sexual exploitation | 58 | 35 | 60 | 67 | 18 | 27 | -33 | | **Most serious sexual crime** | **43,439** | **12,254** | **28** | **45,326** | **12,906** | **28** | **0** | | 23 Incest or familial sexual offences | 1,111 | 422 | 38 | 808 | 320 | 40 | 2 | | 24 Exploitation of prostitution | 148 | 101 | 68 | 153 | 102 | 67 | -2 | | 27 Soliciting for the purposes of prostitution | 1,190 | 1,077 | 91 | 826 | 824 | 100 | 9 | | 73 Abuse of position of trust of a sexual nature | 185 | 91 | 49 | 146 | 92 | 63 | 14 | | 88A Sexual grooming | 397 | 152 | 38 | 310 | 124 | 40 | 2 | | 88B Other miscellaneous sexual offences | 354 | 97 | 27 | 199 | 62 | 31 | 4 | | 88D Unnatural sexual offences | 15 | 10 | - | 12 | 10 | - | - | | 88E Exposure and voyeurism | 7,516 | 2,033 | 27 | 7,202 | 2,025 | 28 | 1 | | **Other sexual offences** | **10,916** | **3,983** | **36** | **9,656** | **3,559** | **37** | **0** | | **TOTAL SEXUAL OFFENCES** | **54,355** | **16,237** | **30** | **54,982** | **16,465** | **30** | **0** | | 34A Robbery of business property | 8,182 | 2,363 | 29 | 7,727 | 2,233 | 29 | 0 | | 34B Robbery of personal property | 66,923 | 13,019 | 19 | 68,452 | 13,451 | 20 | 0 | | **TOTAL ROBBERY OFFENCES** | **75,105** | **15,382** | **20** | **76,179** | **15,684** | **21** | **0** | | Offence | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | % point change in sanction detection rate between 2009/10 and 2010/11 | |---------|---------|---------|---------------------------------------------------------------| | | Number of offences | Number of sanction detections | Sanction detection rate % | Number of offences | Number of sanction detections | Sanction detection rate % | | 28A Burglary in a dwelling | 214,892 | 37,019 | 17 | 208,469 | 38,154 | 18 | | 28B Attempted burglary in a dwelling | 44,707 | 3,850 | 9 | 42,922 | 4,135 | 10 | | 28C Distraction burglary in a dwelling | 6,936 | 931 | 13 | 5,480 | 1,017 | 19 | | 28D Attempted distraction burglary in a dwelling | 722 | 133 | 18 | 644 | 115 | 21 | | 29 Aggravated burglary in a dwelling | 1,353 | 490 | 36 | 1,363 | 487 | 36 | | Total burglary in a dwelling | 268,610 | 42,423 | 16 | 258,148 | 43,908 | 17 | | 30A Burglary in a building other than a dwelling | 236,028 | 24,336 | 10 | 230,839 | 23,514 | 10 | | 30B Attempted burglary in a building other than a dwelling | 35,870 | 1,982 | 6 | 33,518 | 1,893 | 6 | | 31 Aggravated burglary in a building other than a dwelling | 152 | 47 | 31 | 135 | 50 | 37 | | Total burglary in a building other than a dwelling | 272,050 | 26,365 | 10 | 264,492 | 25,457 | 10 | | TOTAL BURGLARY OFFENCES | 540,660 | 68,788 | 13 | 522,640 | 69,365 | 13 | | 37.2 Aggravated vehicle taking | 8,000 | 4,577 | 57 | 6,951 | 3,934 | 57 | | 45 Theft from a vehicle | 339,188 | 29,341 | 9 | 313,474 | 29,610 | 9 | | 48 Theft or unauthorised taking of motor vehicle | 109,687 | 15,165 | 14 | 99,277 | 13,388 | 13 | | 126 Interfering with a motor vehicle | 38,019 | 3,391 | 9 | 29,979 | 2,825 | 9 | | TOTAL OFFENCES AGAINST VEHICLES | 494,894 | 52,474 | 11 | 449,681 | 49,757 | 11 | | 38 Profiting from or concealing knowledge of the proceeds of crime | 2,609 | 1,853 | 71 | 2,312 | 1,850 | 80 | | 39 Theft from the person | 92,247 | 3,285 | 4 | 92,924 | 3,420 | 4 | | 40 Theft in a dwelling other than from automatic machine or meter | 53,339 | 7,876 | 15 | 54,825 | 8,011 | 15 | | 41 Theft by an employee | 13,170 | 7,056 | 54 | 12,137 | 6,387 | 53 | | 42 Theft of mail | 3,099 | 181 | 6 | 2,793 | 155 | 6 | | 43 Dishonest use of electricity | 1,736 | 1,219 | 70 | 1,858 | 1,321 | 71 | | 44 Theft or unauthorised taking of a pedal cycle | 109,846 | 5,656 | 5 | 108,969 | 5,821 | 5 | | 46 Shoplifting | 307,824 | 189,181 | 61 | 305,905 | 178,055 | 58 | | 47 Theft from automatic machine or meter | 7,753 | 1,209 | 18 | 6,216 | 963 | 16 | | 49 Other theft or unauthorised taking | 436,248 | 24,563 | 6 | 481,659 | 27,466 | 6 | | 54 Handling stolen goods | 9,454 | 8,897 | 94 | 9,129 | 8,502 | 93 | | TOTAL OTHER THEFT OFFENCES | 1,037,325 | 251,116 | 24 | 1,078,727 | 241,971 | 22 | | 51 Fraud by company director | 85 | 39 | 46 | 208 | 191 | 92 | | 52 False accounting | 155 | 58 | 37 | 108 | 93 | 86 | | 53B Preserved other fraud and repealed fraud offences (pre-Fraud Act 2006) | 74,064 | 8,627 | 12 | 69,752 | 7,709 | 11 | | 53C Fraud by false representation: cheque, plastic card and online accounts | 27,122 | 8,166 | 30 | 24,909 | 7,132 | 29 | | 53D Fraud by false representation: other frauds | 39,619 | 12,869 | 32 | 42,561 | 14,200 | 33 | | 53E Fraud by failing to disclose information | 365 | 269 | 74 | 338 | 255 | 75 | | 53F Fraud by abuse of position | 1,160 | 883 | 76 | 1,092 | 679 | 66 | | 53G Obtaining services dishonestly | 1,042 | 477 | 46 | .. | .. | .. | | 53H Making or supplying articles for use in fraud | 862 | 184 | 21 | 973 | 136 | 14 | | 53J Possession of articles for use in fraud | 1,564 | 1,077 | 69 | 1,546 | 1,100 | 71 |

Table 1 (contd) Sanction detection rates by individual offence, 2009/10 and 2010/11

Numbers and percentages

England and Wales, Recorded crime

% point change in sanction detection rate between 2009/10 and 2010/11 | Offence | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | % point change in sanction detection rate between 2009/10 and 2010/11 | |------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------------------------------------------------------------| | | Number of offences | Number of sanction detections | Sanction detection rate % | Number of offences | Number of sanction detections | Sanction detection rate % | | 55 Bankruptcy and insolvency offences | 13 | 9 | - | 9 | 6 | - | | 60 Forger or use of false drug prescription | 343 | 222 | 65 | 298 | 176 | 59 | -6 | | 61 Other forgery | 2,526 | 1,213 | 48 | 1,620 | 783 | 48 | 0 | | 61A Possession of false documents | 2,263 | 2,059 | 91 | 1,758 | 1,508 | 86 | -1 | | 814 Vehicle/driver document fraud | 1,058 | 888 | 84 | 729 | 628 | 86 | 2 | | TOTAL FRAUD AND FORGERY OFFENCES | 152,241 | 37,040 | 24 | 145,841 | 34,596 | 24 | -1 | | 56A Arson endangering life | 3,623 | 1,027 | 28 | 3,324 | 1,028 | 31 | 3 | | 56B Arson not endangering life | 28,957 | 1,898 | 7 | 25,789 | 1,824 | 7 | 1 | | 58A Criminal damage to a dwelling | 198,623 | 30,399 | 15 | 172,922 | 27,134 | 16 | 0 | | 58B Criminal damage to a building other than a dwelling | 88,687 | 17,012 | 19 | 75,686 | 14,949 | 20 | 1 | | 58C Criminal damage to a vehicle | 336,924 | 32,169 | 10 | 289,048 | 27,243 | 9 | 0 | | 58D Other criminal damage | 140,584 | 23,509 | 17 | 125,743 | 21,532 | 17 | 0 | | 58E Racially or religiously aggravated criminal damage to a dwelling | 849 | 130 | 15 | 640 | 105 | 16 | 1 | | 58F Racially or religiously aggravated criminal damage to a building | 663 | 173 | 26 | 535 | 172 | 32 | 6 | | 58G Racially or religiously aggravated criminal damage to a vehicle | 1,135 | 309 | 27 | 866 | 241 | 28 | 1 | | 58H Racially or religiously aggravated other criminal damage | 606 | 135 | 22 | 537 | 137 | 26 | 3 | | 59 Threat etc. to commit criminal damage | 5,996 | 1,713 | 29 | 5,913 | 1,865 | 32 | 3 | | TOTAL CRIMINAL DAMAGE OFFENCES | 806,647 | 108,474 | 13 | 701,003 | 96,230 | 14 | 0 | | TOTAL PROPERTY CRIME | 3,031,767 | 517,892 | 17 | 2,897,892 | 491,919 | 17 | 0 | | 92A Trafficking in controlled drugs | 33,234 | 28,724 | 86 | 32,069 | 28,727 | 90 | 3 | | 92C Other drug offences | 1,122 | 1,023 | 91 | 1,135 | 1,073 | 95 | 3 | | 92D Possession of controlled drugs (excluding cannabis) | 38,442 | 37,003 | 96 | 38,473 | 37,161 | 97 | 0 | | 92E Possession of controlled drugs (cannabis) | 162,798 | 154,454 | 95 | 160,539 | 150,309 | 94 | -1 | | TOTAL DRUG OFFENCES | 235,596 | 221,204 | 94 | 232,216 | 217,270 | 94 | 0 | | 10B Possession of firearms offences | 4,072 | 3,495 | 86 | 3,610 | 3,305 | 92 | 6 | | 81 Other firearms offences | 252 | 212 | 84 | 251 | 210 | 84 | 0 | | 15 Concealing an infant death close to birth | 6 | 3 | - | 9 | 6 | - | - | | 26 Bigamy | 60 | 39 | 65 | 44 | 33 | 75 | 10 | | 33 Going equipped for stealing, etc. | 3,655 | 2,908 | 80 | 4,113 | 3,304 | 80 | 1 | | 35 Blackmail | 1,452 | 330 | 23 | 1,494 | 356 | 24 | 1 | | 36 Kidnapping | 1,860 | 764 | 41 | 1,720 | 746 | 43 | 2 | | 62 Treason | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | - | - | | 63 Treason felony | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | - | - | | 64 Riot | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | | 65 Violent disorder | 859 | 539 | 63 | 702 | 425 | 61 | -2 | | 66 Other offences against the State or public order | 37,574 | 26,124 | 70 | 36,583 | 25,241 | 69 | -1 | | 67 Perjury | 184 | 136 | 74 | 338 | 279 | 83 | 9 | | 68 Libel | 0 | 0 | - | 4 | 0 | - | - | | Offence | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | % point change in sanction detection rate between 2009/10 and 2010/11 | |------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------------------------------------------------------------------| | | Number of offences | Number of sanction detections | Sanction detection rate % | Number of offences | Number of sanction detections | Sanction detection rate % | | 69 Offender Management Act offences | 533 | 331 | 62 | 516 | 384 | 74 | 12 | | 75 Betting, gaming and lotteries | 21 | 20 | - | 13 | 6 | - | - | | 76 Aiding suicide | 17 | 1 | - | 7 | 0 | - | - | | 78 Immigration offences | 411 | 353 | 86 | 444 | 350 | 79 | -7 | | 79 Perverting the course of justice | 7,997 | 4,282 | 54 | 6,895 | 3,709 | 54 | 0 | | 80 Absconding from lawful custody | 557 | 450 | 81 | 498 | 420 | 84 | 4 | | 82 Customs and revenue offences | 10 | 8 | - | 3 | 4 | - | - | | 83 Bail offences | 4 | 2 | - | 6 | 5 | - | - | | 84 Trade descriptions, etc. | 809 | 727 | 90 | 481 | 428 | 89 | -1 | | 85 Health and safety offences | 6 | 2 | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | | 86 Obscene publications etc. | 3,211 | 2,446 | 76 | 3,291 | 2,660 | 81 | 5 | | 87 Protection from eviction | 81 | 10 | 12 | 73 | 9 | 12 | 0 | | 89 Adulteration of food | 4 | 4 | - | 8 | 4 | - | - | | 90 Other knives offences | 13 | 11 | - | 0 | 1 | - | - | | 91 Public health offences | 488 | 36 | 7 | 397 | 33 | 8 | 1 | | 94 Planning laws | 0 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | | 95 Disclosure, obstruction, false or misleading statements, etc. | 426 | 382 | 90 | 341 | 300 | 88 | -2 | | 99 Other notifiable or triable-either-way offences | 1,629 | 1,059 | 65 | 1,561 | 912 | 58 | -7 | | 802 Dangerous driving | 3,939 | 3,641 | 92 | 3,465 | 3,205 | 92 | 0 | | TOTAL OTHER MISCELLANEOUS OFFENCES | 70,130 | 48,316 | 69 | 66,871 | 46,338 | 69 | 0 | | TOTAL RECORDED CRIME – ALL OFFENCES | 4,338,372 | 1,206,379 | 28 | 4,150,097 | 1,153,051 | 28 | 0 |

1. Offences detected in the current year may have been initially recorded in an earlier year and for this reason some percentages may exceed 100.
2. Numbers of recorded crimes and percentages will be affected by changes in reporting and recording.
3. Some forces have revised their 2008/09 data and totals may not agree with those previously published.
4. Total recorded crime whether detected or not.
5. The number of crimes that are cleared up by a sanction detection divided by the total number of recorded offences.
6. Percentage point change based on unrounded figures.

- Indicates that data are not reported because the base number of offences is less than 50. | Offence | 2002/03 | 2003/04 | 2004/05 | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | % point change 2009/10 to 2010/11 | |---------------------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|----------------------------------| | Violence against the person – with injury | 34 | 32 | 32 | 38 | 39 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 41 | 1 | | Violence against the person – without injury| 37 | 34 | 40 | 47 | 53 | 55 | 53 | 48 | 48 | -1 | | Total violence against the person | 36 | 33 | 37 | 42 | 46 | 49 | 47 | 44 | 44 | 0 | | Most serious sexual crime | 31 | 29 | 27 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 30 | 28 | 28 | 0 | | of which: | | | | | | | | | | | | Sexual assault on a female | 30 | 28 | 27 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 1 | | Rape of a female | 30 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 25 | 24 | -1 | | Other sexual offences | 34 | 33 | 32 | 35 | 35 | 38 | 38 | 36 | 37 | 0 | | Total sexual offences | 32 | 30 | 28 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 0 | | Total robbery | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 20 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 0 | | Burglary in a dwelling | 13 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 1 | | Burglary in a building other than a dwelling| 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 0 | | Total burglary | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 1 | | Theft of a motor vehicle | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 0 | | Theft from a vehicle | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 1 | | Interfering with a motor vehicle | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 1 | | Total offences against vehicles | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 0 | | Other theft offences | 19 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 23 | 25 | 24 | 22 | -2 | | Fraud and forgery | 23 | 23 | 24 | 27 | 27 | 31 | 28 | 24 | 24 | -1 | | Criminal damage | 10 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 0 | | Drug offences | 86 | 81 | 92 | 92 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 0 | | Other offences | 70 | 68 | 65 | 68 | 68 | 71 | 71 | 69 | 69 | 0 | | TOTAL | 19 | 19 | 21 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 0 |

1. Percentage point change based on unrounded figures. | Method of detection | 2002/03 | 2003/04 | 2004/05 | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 802,469 | 783,056 | 717,691 | 725,375 | 693,808 | 674,307 | 698,464 | 666,946 | 675,090 | | Cautions | 213,020 | 225,405 | 249,390 | 310,934 | 357,898 | 358,295 | 319,161 | 269,732 | 236,770 | | TICs | 111,541 | 105,648 | 106,346 | 117,579 | 121,417 | 107,174 | 102,046 | 79,597 | 74,457 | | PNDs | 3,045 | 43,526 | 105,695 | 139,735 | 129,018 | 108,305 | 102,771 | 86,076 | -12.2 | | Cannabis Warnings | 40,138 | 62,586 | 80,653 | 103,804 | 107,241 | 87,333 | 80,658 | -7.6 | | Total sanction detections | 1,127,030 | 1,117,154 | 1,157,091 | 1,322,169 | 1,393,511 | 1,372,598 | 1,335,217 | 1,206,379 | 1,153,051 | | Non-sanction detections | 273,735 | 289,311 | 284,321 | 193,809 | 81,904 | 865 | 2,906 | 6,834 | 6,934 | | All detections | 1,400,765 | 1,406,465 | 1,441,412 | 1,515,978 | 1,475,415 | 1,373,463 | 1,338,123 | 1,213,213 | 1,159,985 | | Total number of offences | 5,974,960 | 6,013,759 | 5,637,511 | 5,555,172 | 5,427,558 | 4,952,276 | 4,702,698 | 4,338,372 | 4,150,097 |

| Detection rates | 2002/03 | 2003/04 | 2004/05 | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |-----------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 13.4 | 13.0 | 12.7 | 13.1 | 12.8 | 13.6 | 14.9 | 15.4 | 16.3 | 0.9 | | Cautions | 3.6 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 5.7 | -0.5 | | TICs | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 0.0 | | PNDs | 0.1 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.1 | -0.3 | | Cannabis Warnings | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | -0.1 | | Total sanction detections | 18.9 | 18.6 | 20.5 | 23.8 | 25.7 | 27.7 | 28.4 | 27.8 | 27.8 | 0.0 | | Non-sanction detections | 4.6 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | | All detections | 23.4 | 23.4 | 25.6 | 27.3 | 27.2 | 27.7 | 28.5 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 0.0 |

1. Offences asked to be taken into consideration by a court.
2. Penalty Notices for Disorder (formerly known as fixed penalty notices) were introduced in several forces in 2003/04 and nationally in 2004/05.
3. Cannabis Warnings for possession of cannabis were introduced in 2004/05. Since 26 January 2009, Penalty Notices for Disorder (PNDs) can also be given for an offence of cannabis possession. Up to the end of March 2009 such PNDs were counted in the same category as Cannabis Warnings.
4. Includes data on Youth Restorative Disposals (YRDs) submitted to the Home Office as non-sanction detections in 2010/11 from pilots in eight police force areas (Avon & Somerset, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Metropolitan, Norfolk, North Wales, Nottinghamshire). The pilot was introduced in 2008/09.
5. From 1 April 2007, new rules governing non-sanction detections significantly limited the occasions for which such administrative disposals can be applied.
6. Total recorded crime whether detected or not.
7. The number of crimes that are cleared up by a detection divided by the total number of recorded offences. .. Not available. Table 4 Detections by offence group and method of detection, 2005/06 to 2010/11

### Violence against the person

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 259,956 | 254,443 | 245,298 | 247,172 | 240,807 | 240,304 | | Cautions | 125,382 | 155,887 | 154,732 | 131,074 | 110,647 | 97,392 | | TICs(^1) | 528 | 603 | 546 | 311 | 241 | 194 | | PNDs(^2) | 63,065 | 74,948 | 66,276 | 47,973 | 35,653 | 27,485 | | **Total sanction detections** | **448,931** | **485,881** | **466,852** | **426,530** | **387,348** | **365,375** | | Non-sanction detections | 119,587 | 45,562 | 282 | 928 | 2,384 | 2,505 | | **All detections** | **568,518** | **531,443** | **467,134** | **427,458** | **389,732** | **367,880** | | **Total recorded offences** | **1,059,583** | **1,046,167** | **961,431** | **903,477** | **871,419** | **821,957** |

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 15,453 | 13,863 | 13,136 | 13,254 | 13,689 | 14,103 | | Cautions | 2,872 | 2,985 | 2,972 | 2,743 | 2,455 | 2,264 | | TICs(^1) | 740 | 172 | 163 | 146 | 82 | 90 | | PNDs(^2) | 66 | 47 | 19 | 16 | 11 | 8 | | **Total sanction detections** | **19,131** | **17,067** | **16,290** | **16,159** | **16,237** | **16,465** | | Non-sanction detections | 2,411 | 1,299 | 110 | 86 | 107 | 109 | | **All detections** | **21,542** | **18,366** | **16,400** | **16,245** | **16,344** | **16,574** | | **Total recorded offences** | **62,080** | **57,522** | **53,566** | **51,429** | **54,355** | **54,982** |

### Sexual offences

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 25 | 24 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | | Cautions | 12 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 13 | 12 | | TICs(^1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | PNDs(^2) | 6 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 3 | | **Total sanction detections** | **31** | **30** | **30** | **31** | **30** | **30** | | Non-sanction detections | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | **All detections** | **35** | **32** | **31** | **32** | **30** | **30** |

### Detection rate (%)

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 25 | 24 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | | Cautions | 12 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 13 | 12 | | TICs(^1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | PNDs(^2) | 6 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 3 | | **Total sanction detections** | **31** | **30** | **30** | **31** | **30** | **30** | | Non-sanction detections | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | **All detections** | **35** | **32** | **31** | **32** | **30** | **30** | Table 4 (contd) Detections by offence group and method of detection, 2005/06 to 2010/11

**Robbery**

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 15,452 | 16,809 | 15,536 | 15,459 | 14,367 | 14,647 | | Cautions | 715 | 807 | 657 | 555 | 393 | 360 | | TICs(^1) | 921 | 936 | 865 | 802 | 622 | 677 | | PNDs(^2) | 13 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | **Total sanction detections** | **17,101** | **18,553** | **17,060** | **16,816** | **15,382** | **15,684** | | Non-sanction detections | 914 | 400 | 51 | 21 | 22 | 13 | | **All detections** | **18,015** | **18,953** | **17,111** | **16,837** | **15,404** | **15,697** | | **Total recorded offences** | **98,198** | **101,376** | **84,773** | **80,130** | **75,105** | **76,179** |

**Detection rate (%)**

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | | Cautions | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | | TICs(^1) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | PNDs(^2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | **Total sanction detections** | **17** | **18** | **20** | **21** | **20** | **21** | | Non-sanction detections | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | **All detections** | **18** | **19** | **20** | **21** | **21** | **21** |

**Burglary**

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 42,797 | 40,931 | 38,480 | 38,794 | 36,030 | 38,010 | | Cautions | 5,731 | 6,697 | 5,755 | 4,881 | 3,877 | 3,437 | | TICs(^1) | 35,220 | 37,005 | 32,689 | 34,153 | 28,855 | 27,901 | | PNDs(^2) | 102 | 76 | 45 | 20 | 26 | 17 | | **Total sanction detections** | **83,850** | **84,709** | **76,969** | **77,848** | **68,788** | **69,365** | | Non-sanction detections | 4,242 | 2,347 | 62 | 35 | 63 | 59 | | **All detections** | **88,092** | **87,056** | **77,031** | **77,883** | **68,851** | **69,424** | | **Total recorded offences** | **645,068** | **622,012** | **583,710** | **581,584** | **540,660** | **522,640** |

**Detection rate (%)**

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | | Cautions | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | TICs(^1) | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | | PNDs(^2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | **Total sanction detections** | **13** | **14** | **13** | **13** | **13** | **13** | | Non-sanction detections | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | **All detections** | **14** | **14** | **13** | **13** | **13** | **13** | Table 4 (contd) Detections by offence group and method of detection, 2005/06 to 2010/11

### Offences against vehicles

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 34,216 | 32,931 | 29,639 | 28,974 | 23,821 | 23,248 | | Cautions | 7,002 | 7,710 | 6,962 | 6,180 | 4,774 | 3,785 | | TICs(^1) | 36,196 | 39,087 | 34,606 | 31,876 | 23,861 | 22,709 | | PNDs(^2) | 72 | 68 | 35 | 29 | 18 | 15 | | **Total sanction detections** | **77,486** | **79,796** | **71,242** | **67,059** | **52,474** | **49,757** | | Non-sanction detections | 4,231 | 2,490 | 15 | 24 | 75 | 47 | | **All detections** | **81,717** | **82,286** | **71,257** | **67,083** | **52,549** | **49,804** | | **Total recorded offences** | **792,821** | **765,015** | **656,453** | **591,853** | **494,894** | **449,681** |

### Detection rate (%)

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | | Cautions | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | TICs(^1) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | | PNDs(^2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | **Total sanction detections** | **10** | **10** | **11** | **11** | **11** | **11** | | Non-sanction detections | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | **All detections** | **10** | **11** | **11** | **11** | **11** | **11** |

### Other theft offences

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 142,583 | 132,620 | 134,374 | 147,202 | 137,791 | 145,041 | | Cautions | 63,077 | 66,936 | 64,810 | 60,277 | 53,302 | 44,302 | | TICs(^1) | 19,275 | 20,782 | 19,238 | 19,390 | 15,785 | 14,985 | | PNDs(^2) | 26,062 | 40,593 | 43,098 | 45,796 | 44,238 | 37,643 | | **Total sanction detections** | **250,997** | **260,931** | **261,520** | **272,665** | **251,116** | **241,971** | | Non-sanction detections | 21,438 | 10,018 | 111 | 1,086 | 2,511 | 2,603 | | **All detections** | **272,435** | **270,949** | **261,631** | **273,751** | **253,627** | **244,574** | | **Total recorded offences** | **1,226,192** | **1,180,802** | **1,121,186** | **1,080,003** | **1,037,325** | **1,078,727** |

### Detection rate (%)

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 12 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 13 | 13 | | Cautions | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | | TICs(^1) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | | PNDs(^2) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | | **Total sanction detections** | **20** | **22** | **23** | **25** | **24** | **22** | | Non-sanction detections | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | **All detections** | **22** | **23** | **23** | **25** | **24** | **23** | Table 4 (contd) Detections by offence group and method of detection, 2005/06 to 2010/11

### Fraud and forgery

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 36,952 | 29,972 | 26,314 | 27,429 | 23,724 | 23,708 | | Cautions | 9,727 | 10,405 | 10,639 | 9,173 | 7,622 | 6,636 | | TICs(^1) | 17,087 | 13,523 | 10,784 | 8,531 | 5,563 | 4,168 | | PNDs(^2) | 172 | 166 | 75 | 108 | 131 | 84 | | **Total sanction detections** | **63,938** | **54,066** | **47,812** | **45,241** | **37,040** | **34,596** | | Non-sanction detections | 3,775 | 1,836 | 27 | 77 | 126 | 190 | | **All detections** | **67,713** | **55,902** | **47,839** | **45,318** | **37,166** | **34,786** | | **Total recorded offences** | **232,774** | **199,652** | **155,439** | **163,159** | **152,241** | **145,841** |

### Criminal damage

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 75,544 | 72,189 | 66,687 | 65,404 | 59,533 | 57,927 | | Cautions | 47,782 | 55,850 | 54,889 | 46,509 | 35,663 | 28,813 | | TICs(^1) | 6,961 | 8,693 | 7,671 | 6,374 | 4,251 | 3,446 | | PNDs(^2) | 14,618 | 22,485 | 18,814 | 13,097 | 9,027 | 6,044 | | **Total sanction detections** | **144,905** | **159,217** | **148,061** | **131,384** | **108,474** | **96,230** | | Non-sanction detections | 28,717 | 13,157 | 92 | 576 | 1,304 | 1,212 | | **All detections** | **173,622** | **172,374** | **148,153** | **131,960** | **109,778** | **97,442** | | **Total recorded offences** | **1,184,349** | **1,185,040** | **1,036,356** | **936,361** | **806,647** | **701,003** |

### Detection rate (%)

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 16 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | | Cautions | 4 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | | TICs(^1) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 3 | | PNDs(^2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | **Total sanction detections** | **27** | **27** | **31** | **28** | **24** | **24** | | Non-sanction detections | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | **All detections** | **29** | **28** | **31** | **28** | **24** | **24** |

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | | Cautions | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | | TICs(^1) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | | PNDs(^2) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | **Total sanction detections** | **12** | **13** | **14** | **14** | **13** | **14** | | Non-sanction detections | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | **All detections** | **15** | **15** | **14** | **14** | **14** | **14** | Table 4 (contd) Detections by offence group and method of detection, 2005/06 to 2010/11

### Drug offences

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 59,506 | 58,832 | 65,153 | 72,967 | 76,637 | 79,211 | | Cautions | 41,550 | 41,647 | 48,013 | 49,418 | 43,534 | 42,690 | | TICs(^1) | 336 | 399 | 429 | 262 | 210 | 141 | | PNDs(^2) | 446 | 396 | 358 | 1,037 | 13,490 | 14,570 | | Cannabis Warnings | 62,586 | 80,653 | 103,804 | 107,241 | 87,333 | 80,658 | | **Total sanction detections** | **164,424** | **181,927** | **217,757** | **230,925** | **221,204** | **217,270** | | Non-sanction detections | 5,938 | 3,180 | 50 | 41 | 182 | 132 | | **All detections** | **170,362** | **185,107** | **217,807** | **230,966** | **221,386** | **217,402** | | **Total recorded offences** | **178,479** | **194,233** | **229,913** | **243,536** | **235,596** | **232,216** |

### Detection rate (%)

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 33 | 30 | 28 | 30 | 33 | 34 | | Cautions | 23 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 18 | 18 | | TICs(^1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | PNDs(^2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 | | Cannabis Warnings | 35 | 42 | 45 | 44 | 37 | 35 | | **Total sanction detections** | **92** | **94** | **95** | **95** | **94** | **94** | | Non-sanction detections | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | **All detections** | **95** | **95** | **95** | **95** | **94** | **94** |

### Other offences

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 42,916 | 41,218 | 39,690 | 41,809 | 40,547 | 38,891 | | Cautions | 7,096 | 8,974 | 8,866 | 8,351 | 7,465 | 7,091 | | TICs(^1) | 315 | 217 | 183 | 201 | 127 | 146 | | PNDs(^2) | 1,079 | 955 | 296 | 229 | 177 | 210 | | **Total sanction detections** | **51,406** | **51,364** | **49,035** | **50,590** | **48,316** | **46,338** | | Non-sanction detections | 2,556 | 1,615 | 65 | 32 | 60 | 64 | | **All detections** | **53,962** | **52,979** | **49,100** | **50,622** | **48,376** | **46,402** | | **Total recorded offences** | **75,628** | **75,739** | **69,449** | **71,166** | **70,130** | **66,871** |

### Detection rate (%)

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 57 | 54 | 57 | 59 | 58 | 58 | | Cautions | 9 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 11 | | TICs(^1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | PNDs(^2) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | **Total sanction detections** | **68** | **68** | **71** | **71** | **69** | **69** | | Non-sanction detections | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | **All detections** | **71** | **70** | **71** | **71** | **69** | **69** | Table 4 (contd) Detections by offence group and method of detection, 2005/06 to 2010/11

Total offences

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 725,375 | 693,808 | 674,307 | 698,464 | 666,946 | 675,090 | | Cautions | 310,934 | 357,898 | 358,295 | 319,161 | 269,732 | 236,770 | | TICs(^1) | 117,579 | 121,417 | 107,174 | 102,046 | 79,597 | 74,457 | | PNDs(^2) | 105,695 | 139,735 | 129,018 | 108,305 | 102,771 | 86,076 | | Cannabis Warnings | 62,586 | 80,653 | 103,804 | 107,241 | 87,333 | 80,658 | | **Total sanction detections** | **1,322,169** | **1,393,511** | **1,372,598** | **1,335,217** | **1,206,379** | **1,153,051** | | Non-sanction detections | 193,809 | 81,904 | 865 | 2,906 | 6,834 | 6,934 | | **All detections** | **1,515,978** | **1,475,415** | **1,373,463** | **1,338,123** | **1,213,213** | **1,159,985** | | Total recorded offences | 5,555,172 | 5,427,558 | 4,952,276 | 4,702,698 | 4,338,372 | 4,150,097 |

Detection rate (%)

| Method of detection | 2005/06 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 | 2009/10 | 2010/11 | |---------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Charge/summons | 13.1 | 12.8 | 13.6 | 14.9 | 15.4 | 16.3 | | Cautions | 5.6 | 6.6 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 5.7 | | TICs(^1) | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.8 | | PNDs(^2) | 1.9 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.1 | | Cannabis Warnings(^3) | 1.1 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.9 | | **Total sanction detections** | **23.8** | **25.7** | **27.7** | **28.4** | **27.8** | **27.8** | | Non-sanction detections | 3.5 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | | **All detections** | **27.3** | **27.2** | **27.7** | **28.5** | **28.0** | **28.0** |

1. Offences asked to be taken into consideration by a court.
2. Penalty Notices for Disorder (formerly known as fixed penalty notices) were introduced in several forces in 2003/04 and nationally in 2004/05.
3. Cannabis Warnings for possession of cannabis were introduced in 2004/05. Since 26 January 2009, Penalty Notices for Disorder (PNDs) can also be given for an offence of cannabis possession. Up to the end of March 2009 such PNDs were counted in the same category as Cannabis Warnings. Detected crimes are those that have been ‘cleared up’ by the police. Not every case where the police know, or think they know, who committed a crime can be counted as a detection and some crimes are counted as detected although the victim might not be satisfied with the outcome.

The police may use one of several methods to count a crime as detected and they fall into two categories.

‘Sanction detections’ include offences that are cleared up through a formal sanction, i.e. when an offender has:

- been charged or summoned;
- been cautioned, reprimanded or given a final warning;
- had an offence taken into consideration;
- received a Penalty Notice for Disorder; or
- received a warning for cannabis possession (those aged 18 and over who are caught in simple possession of cannabis can be eligible for such a warning).

Not all sanction detections will necessarily result in a subsequent conviction. In cases detected by ‘charge/summons’, the Crown Prosecution Service may not take forward proceedings or the offender might be found not guilty at court.

‘Non-sanction detections’ comprise those where the offence was counted as cleared up but no further action was taken. From 1 April 2007 non-sanction detections can only be claimed for ‘indictable-only’ offences (those offences that must be tried in a Crown Court) where a Crown Prosecutor is satisfied there is enough evidence to provide a realistic prospect of conviction but has decided not to proceed with the case, or where the case cannot proceed because the offender has died.

The figures for non-sanction detections from 2008/09 also include figures for Youth Restorative Disposals (YRDs) that were piloted across eight police forces. YRDs allow officers to deal with low-level crime and neighbourhood disorder where it is not considered in the public interest to prosecute. The disposal may be offered to young people aged 10 to 17 years inclusive. The process involves a meeting between the offender and the victim, an apology, and may also include additional action to right the wrong caused (for example, a form of community payback).

With effect from 1 April 2011, police forces may submit to the Home Office the number of offences resolved by means of Restorative Justice. This is currently on a voluntary basis but these figures will feature as non-sanction detections in future bulletins.

Detection rates can be affected by a number of factors (see Section 3 of the User Guide for more information). Care must also be taken when comparing detection data with convictions data published by the Ministry of Justice. The former counts crime while the latter counts individual offenders and there are differences in offence classifications and the criteria used to determine an offence between the two sets of statistics (see Section 3 of the User Guide).

Further information on counting detections can be found in Section H of the General Counting Rules, which can be accessed at:

http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/counting-rules/count-general Bibliography

Chaplin, R., Flatley, J. and Smith, K. (eds) (2011) Crime in England and Wales 2010/11: Findings from the British Crime Survey and police recorded crime. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 10/11. London: Home Office. <http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/hosb1011/>

Home Office (2011) User Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics. London: Home Office. \<www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/user-guide-crime-statistics/>

UK Statistics Authority (2011) Assessment Report 102. <http://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/assessment/assessment/assessment-reports/assessment-report-102---crime-statistics-in-england-and-wales.pdf>