A.	Cruise Narrative: P11A and SR03

A.1.	Highlights
                         WHP Cruise Summary Information

   Chief Scientist/affiliation  Steve Rintoul/CSIRO*
                          Ship  RV THOMAS THOMPSON
         WOCE section_ExpoCode  P11A_09AR9391_2  SR03_09AR9309_1
Dates  1993.APR.4 - 1993.MAY.9  1993.MAR.11 - 1993.APR.3
     Ports of call (both legs)  Hobart to Antarctic Ice Edge (return to Hobart)
Number of stations (both legs)  113

                                             43 13.14'S               
                        (P11A)  143 56.78'E             155 4.19'E
                                             65 53.49'S 
         Geographic boundaries
                                             43 59.97'S 
                        (SR03)  139 48.67'E             146 18.77'E
                                             65 5.1'S

  Floats and drifters deployed  6 ALACE floats deployed
Moorings deployed or recovered  4 current meter moorings deployed; 
                                1 mooring recovered
          Contributing Authors  Mark Rosenberg (cruise report)
                                B. Millard (CTD DQE); A. Mantyla (NUTs/S/O DQE)

           *Dr. Stephen R. Rintoul ~ CSIRO Division of Oceanography
         CSIRO Marine Laboratories P.O. Box 1538 ~ Castray Esplanade
                     Hobart, Tasmania ~ 07001 ~ AUSTRALIA
     TEL: 61-02-32-5393 ~ FAX: 61-02-32-5123 ~ EMAIL: rintoul@ml.csiro.au

ORIGINAL PUBLICATION:

COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRE FOR THE ANTARCTIC AND SOUTHERN OCEAN ENVIRONMENT
                              (ANTARCTIC CRC)

 Aurora Australis Marine Science Cruise AU9309/AU9391 - Oceanographic Field
                         Measurements and Analysis

MARK ROSENBERG
Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia

RUTH ERIKSEN
Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia

STEVE RINTOUL
Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia
CSIRO Division of Oceanography, Hobart, Australia

Research Report No. 2
ISBN: 0 642 225338

March, 1995

LIST OF CONTENTS 

ABSTRACT

1	INTRODUCTION

2	CRUISE ITINERARY

3	CRUISE SUMMARY
	3.1	CTD casts
	3.2	Water samples from CTD casts
	3.3	Additional drifters and moorings deployed/recovered
	3.4 	XBT/XCTD deployments
	3.5 	Principal investigators							

4	FIELD DATA COLLECTION METHODS						

	4.1	CTD and hydrology measurements
		4.1.1	CTD Instrumentation	
		4.1.2	CTD instrument calibrations	
		4.1.3	CTD and hydrology data collection techniques	
		4.1.4	Water sampling methods					
	4.2	Underway measurements

5	MAJOR PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED						

6	RESULTS

	6.1	CTD measurements							
		6.1.1	Creation of CTD 2 dbar-averaged and upcast burst data	
		6.1.2	CTD data quality						
			SR3 stations						
			P11 and sea ice stations	
			Summary							
	6.2	Hydrology data							
		6.2.1	Hydrology data quality				
			Nutrients							
		6.2.2	Hydrology sample replicates					

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	

REFERENCES	

APPENDIX 1	CTD Instrument Calibrations		

APPENDIX 2	CTD and Hydrology Data Processing and Calibration Techniques
		
ABSTRACT											

A2.1	INTRODUCTION									

A2.2	DATA FILE TYPES									
	A2.2.1	CTD data files							
	A2.2.2	Hydrology data files						
	A2.2.3	Station information file					
		

A2.3	STATION HEADER INFORMATION							

A2.4	CONVERTING SHIP-LOGGED RAW DATA FILES FOR SHORE-DATA PROCESSING	

A2.5	PRODUCING THE DATA PROCESSING MASTER FILE				

A2.6	CALCULATION OF PARAMETERS							
	A2.6.1	Surface pressure offset						
	A2.6.2	Pressure calculation						
	A2.6.3	Temperature calculation						
	A2.6.4	Conductivity cell deformation correction			
	A2.6.5	Salinity calculation						
	A2.6.6	Oxygen current and oxygen temperature conversion	
	A2.6.7	Additional digitiser channel parameters			

A2.7	CREATION OF INTERMEDIATE CTD FILES, AND AUTOMATIC QUALITY 
FLAGGING OF CTD BURST DATA								

	A2.7.1	Despiking								
	A2.7.2	Sensor lagging corrections					
	A2.7.3	Pressure reversals						
	A2.7.4	Upcast CTD burst data						
	A2.7.5	Processing flow							

A2.8	CREATION OF 2 DBAR-AVERAGED FILES						

A2.9	HYDROLOGY DATA FILE PROCESSING						

A2.10	CALIBRATION OF CTD CONDUCTIVITY						

	A2.10.1	Determination of CTD conductivity calibration coefficients
	A2.10.2	Application of CTD conductivity calibration coefficients
	A2.10.3	Processing flow							

A2.11	QUALITY CONTROL OF 2 DBAR-AVERAGED DATA					

	A2.11.1	Investigation of density inversions				
	A2.11.2	Manual inspection of data					

A2.12	CALIBRATION OF CTD DISSOLVED OXYGEN					

	A2.12.1	Determination of CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients
	A2.12.2	Application of CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients
	A2.12.3	Processing flow

A2.13	QUALITY CONTROL OF NUTRIENT DATA		

A2.14	FINAL CTD DATA RESIDUALS/RATIOS		

A2.15	CONCLUSIONS						

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS						

REFERENCES							

APPENDIX 3	Hydrology Analytical Methods				

A3.1	NUTRIENT ANALYSES							

	A3.1.1	Equipment and technique				
		A3.1.1.1	Silicate					
		A3.1.1.2	Nitrate plus nitrite			
		A3.1.1.3	Phosphate					
	A3.1.2	Sampling procedure				
	A3.1.3	Calibration and standards			
	A3.1.4	Low Nutrient Sea Water (LNSW)			
	A3.1.5	Temperature effects and corrections		
	

A3.2	DISSOLVED OXYGEN ANALYSIS					

	A3.2.1	Equipment and technique	
	A3.2.2	Sampling procedure	

A3.3	SALINITY ANALYSIS				

	A3.3.1	Equipment and technique	
	A3.3.2	Sampling procedure	
	A3.3.3	Data processing		

REFERENCES						

APPENDIX 4	Data File Types	

A4.1	UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS	
	A4.1.1	10 second digitised underway measurement data		
	A4.1.2	15 minute averaged underway measurement data		

A4.2	2 DBAR AVERAGED CTD DATA FILES	

A4.3	HYDROLOGY DATA FILES			

A4.4	STATION INFORMATION FILES		

REFERENCES						

APPENDIX 5	Data Processing Information	

APPENDIX 6	Historical Data Comparisons	

A6.1	INTRODUCTION				

	au9101		
	fr8609		
	Eltanin data	

A6.2	RESULTS					

	A6.2.1	SR3 section			
		CTD temperature and salinity	
		Dissolved oxygen			
		Nutrients				
	A6.2.2	P11 section			
		CTD temperature and salinity	
		Dissolved oxygen			
		Nutrients				

REFERENCES						

APPENDIX 7:	WOCE Data Format Addendum

A7.1	INTRODUCTION				

A7.2	CTD 2 DBAR-AVERAGED DATA FILES	

A7.3	HYDROLOGY DATA FILES			

A7.4	CONVERSION OF UNITS FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS	

	A7.4.1	Dissolved oxygen	
	A7.4.2	Nutrients		

A7.5	STATION INFORMATION FILES	

REFERENCES					

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1*: CTD station positions for RSV Aurora Australis cruise 
	AU9309/AU9391 along WOCE transects SR3 and P11.		

Figure 2*: Hydrology laboratory temperatures at the times of dissolved oxygen 
	analyses.

Figure 3: Temperature residual (T(therm) - T(cal)) versus station number.	

Figure 4: Conductivity ratio c(btl)/c(cal) versus station number.		

Figure 5: Salinity residual (s(btl) - s(cal)) versus station number.		

Figure 6: Dissolved oxygen residual (o(btl) - o(cal)) versus station number.

Figure 7: Absolute value of parameter differences between sample pairs 
	derived from Niskin bottle pairs tripped at the same depth.

APPENDIX 1

Figure A1.1*: Pressure sensor calibration data, for down and upcast 
	calibrations. 

APPENDIX 3

Figure A3.1*: Cartridge configuration for nitrate + nitrite analysis.

APPENDIX 6

Figure A6.1*: TS diagrams for comparison of au9309 and au9101 data.

Figure A6.2*: TS diagrams for comparison of au9309 and Eltanin data.

Figure A6.3*: Dissolved oxygen vertical profile comparisons for au9309 
	and au9101 data.

Figure A6.4*: Bulk plot of nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate for all 
	au9309 and au9101 data, together with linear best fit lines.

Figure A6.5*: Nitrate+nitrite vertical profile comparisons for au9309 
	and au9101 data.

Figure A6.6*: Silicate vertical profile comparisons for au9309 and au9101 data.

Figure A6.7*: TS diagrams for comparison of au9391 and fr8609 data.

Figure A6.8*: TS diagrams for comparison of au9391 and Eltanin data.

Figure A6.9*: TO diagrams for comparison of au9391 and fr8609 data.

Figure A6.10*: Bulk plot of nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate for all 
	au9391 and fr8609 data, together with linear best fit lines.

Figure A6.11*: Phosphate vertical profile comparisons for au9391 and 
	fr8609 data.

Figure A6.12*: Nitrate+nitrite vertical profile comparisons for au9391 
	and fr8609 data.

Figure A6.13*: Silicate vertical profile comparisons for au9391 and 
	fr8609 data.
 
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Summary of cruise itinerary.

Table 2: Summary of station information for RSV Aurora Australis cruise  
	AU9309/AU9391. 

Table 3: Summary of samples drawn from Niskin bottles at each station.

Table 4: Current meter moorings deployed/recovered along SR3 transect.

Table 5: ALACE float deployments.

Table 6a: Principal investigators (*=cruise participant) for water sampling 
	programmes.	

Table 6b: Scientific personnel (cruise participants).	

Table 7: CTD manufacturer specifications.

Table 8: CTD electronic and data stream configuration, and data processing 
	parameters.

Table 9: Air temperature and wind speed for stations where CTD sensors froze.

Table 10: Bad record log for ship-logged CTD raw binary data files.

Table 11: Surface pressure offsets.						

Table 12: Missing data points in 2 dbar-averaged files.			

Table 13: CTD conductivity calibration coefficients.

Table 14: Station-dependent-corrected conductivity slope term (F2 + F3 . N).

Table 15: CTD raw data scans, in the vicinity of artificial density inversions, 
	flagged for special treatment. 					

Table 16: Suspect salinity 2 dbar averages.					

Table 17a: Suspect 2 dbar-averaged data from near the surface (applies to 
	all parameters, except where noted).

Table 17b: Suspect 2 dbar-averaged dissolved oxygen data from near the surface.
 
Table 18: 2 dbar averages interpolated from surrounding 2 dbar values 
	(applies to all parameters).

Table 19: 2 dbar-averaged data for which there is no dissolved oxygen data.

Table 20: CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients.

Table 21: Starting values for CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients 
	prior to iteration, and coefficients varied during iteration (sections 
	A2.12.1 and A2.12.3).

Table 22: Questionable dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle sample values (not 
	deleted from hydrology data file).

Table 23: Questionable nutrient sample values (not deleted from hydrology 
	data file). 

Table 24: Laboratory temperatures Tl at the times of dissolved oxygen analyses.
 
Table 25: Laboratory temperatures Tl at the times of nutrient analyses.

APPENDIX 1

Table A1.1: Calibration coefficients from pressure and platinum temperature 
	sensor calibrations for the 2 CTD units used during RSV Aurora Australis 
	cruise AU9309/AU9391.

Table A1.2: Platinum temperature calibration data. 

APPENDIX 2

Table A2.1: Criteria used to determine spurious data values. 

Table A2.2: Criteria for automatic flagging of upcast CTD burst data.	

APPENDIX 3

Table A3.1: Range of calibration standards and concentration of QC 
	standards used for analysis of nutrients on SR-3 and P11 transects.

Table A3.2: Stations where a linear gain adjustment has been made to 
	silicate analysis peak heights, to compensate for QC standard drift.

Table A3.3: Summary of details of CSIRO manual oxygen method (used for 
	oxygen analyses in the cruise described here) and WHOI automated oxygen 
	method (Knapp et al., 1990).

APPENDIX 4

Table A4.1: Example 10 sec digitised underway measurement file (*.alf file).

Table A4.2: Example 15 min averaged underway measurement file (*.exp file).

Table A4.3: Example 2 dbar averaged CTD data file (*.all file).

Table A4.4: Example hydrology data file (*.bot file).	

Table A4.5: Example CTD station information file (*.sta file).

APPENDIX 5

Table A5.1a: Upcast CTD bursts automatically flagged during creation 
	of intermediate CTD files (Appendix 2) - SR3 data.	

Table A5.1b: Upcast CTD bursts automatically flagged during creation of 
	intermediate CTD files (Appendix 2) - P11 and sea ice stations.

Table A5.2: Dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle samples flagged as -9 for 
	dissolved oxygen calibration. 

Table A5.3: Duplicate samples from P11 transect, due to accidental double 
	firing of rosette pylon. 

Table A5.4: Protected reversing thermometers used (serial numbers are 
	listed).

APPENDIX 6

Table A6.1: Positions for all stations referred to in Figures A6.1 to A6.13.

APPENDIX 7

Table A7.1: Definition of quality flags for CTD data.				

Table A7.2: Definition of quality flags for Niskin bottles.			

Table A7.3: Definition of quality flags for water samples in *.sea files.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Data Quality Evaluation

DQE CTD Data Report for P11
(Bob Millard)

Comments on the data Quality of CTD salinity and oxygens for SR03
(Bob Millard)

DQ Evaluation of Aurora Australis Cruise AU9309/AU9391 (WOCE sections SR03 and P11):
Salinity, Oxygen, Nutrients
(A. Mantyla)

Aurora Australis Marine Science Cruise AU9309/AU9391 - Oceanographic Field 
Measurements and Analysis

MARK ROSENBERG

Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia

RUTH ERIKSEN

Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia

STEVE RINTOUL

Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia;
CSIRO Division of Oceanography, Hobart, Australia

ABSTRACT

Oceanographic measurements were conducted along WOCE Southern Ocean 
meridional sections SR3 and P11 between Tasmania and Antarctica, from 
March to May, 1993. A total of 128 CTD vertical profile stations were 
taken, most to near bottom. Over 2500 Niskin bottle water samples 
were collected for the measurement of salinity, dissolved oxygen, 
nutrients, dissolved inorganic carbon, carbon isotopes, barium, and 
biological parameters, using 24 and 12 bottle rosette samplers. 
Measurement and data processing techniques are described, and a 
summary of the data is presented in graphical and tabular form.

1	INTRODUCTION

From March to May 1993, the first marine science cruise of the Cooperative 
Research Centre for the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Environment (Antarctic 
CRC) was conducted aboard the Australian Antarctic Division vessel RSV 
Aurora Australis. The major constituent of the cruise was oceanographic 
measurements relevant to the Australian Southern Ocean WOCE Hydrographic 
Program. The primary scientific objectives of this program are:

1. to estimate the interbasin exchange of heat, freshwater and other 
   properties south of Australia, and the seasonal and interannual variability 
   of this exchange;

2. to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the formation of deep and 
   intermediate water masses in the Southern Ocean, and to identify the 
   ventilation pathways that newly formed water masses follow into the ocean 
   interior;

3. in conjunction with current meter data, to determine the importance of 
   eddy heat and momentum fluxes in the dynamics and thermodynamics of the 
   Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of Australia.

The cruise discussed in this report is the first in a series of Southern 
Ocean marine science cruises, scheduled to take place over the period 1993 
to 1997, adding to the data set presented here.

Two Southern Ocean CTD transects, along WOCE sections SR3 and P11, were 
completed during the cruise, both traversed from north to south. Section 
SR3 was occupied once previously, in the spring of 1991 (Rintoul and 
Bullister, in prep.). This report describes the collection of oceanographic 
data from the two transects, and the chemical analysis and data processing 
methods employed. Brief comparisons are also made with existing historical 
data. All information required for use of the data set is presented in 
tabular and graphical form.

2	CRUISE ITINERARY

The original cruise plan was to sample along section SR3 from north to 
south, conduct supplementary sea ice and biology programs in the sea ice 
zone, and then to sample along section P11 from south to north on the 
return to Hobart. Following the completion of section SR3,  the ship was 
forced to return to Hobart with a sick crew member. Work for the remainder 
of the cruise was  then rescheduled, beginning with a north to south 
traverse of section P11, and followed by sea ice and biology experiments in 
and around the sea ice zone. The cruise was thus divided into two distinct 
legs (Table 1), with cruise designations AU9309 and AU9391 for the SR3 and 
P11 sections respectively.

Table 1:  Summary of cruise itinerary.

	Expedition Designation

Leg 1: Cruise AU9309 (cruise acronym WOES), encompassing WOCE section SR3
Leg 2: Cruise AU9391 (cruise acronym WORSE), encompassing WOCE section P11, plus
	additional measurements at sea ice stations

	Chief Scientist

Steve Rintoul, CSIRO

	Ship

RSV Aurora Australis

	Ports of Call

Leg 1:  Hobart to Antarctic Ice Edge (return to Hobart)
Leg 2:  Hobart to Antarctic Ice Edge (return to Hobart)

	Cruise Dates

Leg 1:  March 11 to April 3, 1993
Leg 2:  April 4 to May 9, 1993

3	CRUISE SUMMARY

	3.1	CTD casts

In the course of the cruise, 128 CTD casts were completed at 113 different 
sites along the WOCE Southern Ocean sections SR3 and P11 (Figure 1*), at an 
average spacing between sites of 30 nm, and with most casts reaching to 
within 15 m of the bed (Table 2). The southern extent of both sections was 
restricted by sea ice conditions, and by time lost due to the medical 
evacuation. However the base of  the continental slope was reached in both 
cases. Additional surface and deep CTD casts were taken within the sea ice zone 
at designated sea ice measurement stations following the P11 transect (Tables 2 
and 3).

Figure 1*: CTD station positions for RSV Aurora Australis cruise 
AU9309/AU9391 along WOCE transects SR3 and P11.

	3.2	Water samples from CTD casts

Over 2500 Niskin bottle water samples were collected for the measurement of 
salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, dissolved inorganic carbon, carbon 
isotopes, barium, and biological parameters, using 24 and 12 bottle rosette 
samplers. Table 3 provides a summary of samples drawn at each station. For 
all stations, the different samples were drawn in a fixed sequence, as 
discussed in section 4.1.3. The methods for drawing the salinity, dissolved 
oxygen and nutrient samples are discussed in section 4.1.4.

Salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients:  Samples were drawn from most 
stations for salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient analyses. Salinity and 
dissolved oxygen hydrology data was further used for the calibration of CTD 
salinity and dissolved oxygen data; nutrient samples were analysed for 
concentration of orthophosphate, nitrate plus nitrite, and reactive 
silicate.

Dissolved inorganic carbon:  Samples were drawn for total dissolved 
inorganic carbon analysis approximately every second station. In general, 
salinity and oxygen properties determined the Niskin sampling strategy, 
thus the sampling depths were not always best suited to the resolution of 
dissolved inorganic carbon gradients in the top 300 m of the water column. 
Results from these analyses are reported elsewhere (Tilbrook, pers. comm.), 
and are not discussed further in this report.

Carbon isotopes and barium:  Samples were drawn for barium analysis on the 
SR3 transect; samples for carbon isotope analyses (13-C and 14-C) were drawn 
on section P11. These sample sets are not discussed further in this report.

Primary productivity:  For casts taken during daylight hours, samples were 
drawn for analysis of primary productivity and suspended particle size. 
These samples were taken from the shallowest four Niskin bottles. At most 
primary productivity sites, a Seabird "Seacat" CTD was deployed to obtain 
vertical profiles of photosynthetically active radiation and fluorescence 
from the top part of the water column. These data are not discussed further 
in this report.

Biological sampling:  Four different analyses were performed on the biological 
water samples, as follows:

(i) pigments
(ii) cyanobacteria counts
(iii) algal counts (lugols iodine fixed)
(iv) protist identification (osmium/glutaraldehyde fixed)

Biological samples were usually drawn from the shallowest four or five 
Niskin bottles. The data are  not discussed further in this report.

	3.3	Additional drifters and moorings deployed/recovered

An array of four current meter moorings was deployed (Table 4) and a single 
mooring recovered, along the SR3 transect line. Six ALACE floats were 
deployed at various positions along both the SR3 and P11 transects (Table 
5). These floats drift at 900 m below the surface, and periodically return 
to the surface to telemeter their positions.

	3.4 	XBT/XCTD deployments

A total of 19 new model Sippican XCTD and "Fast Deep" XBT deployments were 
made, chiefly to test the new units. Results are not reported here.

Table 2 (following 4 pages):  Summary of station information for RSV Aurora 
Australis cruise AU9309/AU9391. The information shown includes time, date 
and position for the start of the cast, at the bottom of the cast, and for 
the end of the cast; "d" refers to the ocean depth; maximum pressure ("max 
P") reached for each cast, and the altimeter reading ("alt") at the bottom 
of each cast (i.e. elevation above the bed) are also included. The 
altimeter value at each station is recorded manually from the CTD data 
stream display at the bottom of each CTD downcast. Motion of the ship due 
to waves can cause an error in these manually recorded altimeter values of 
up to 3 m. Missing ocean depth values are due to noise from the ship's bow 
thrusters, as discussed in Appendix 2, section A2.3. For casts which do not 
reach to within 100 m of the bed (i.e. the altimeter range), there is no 
altimeter value. Note that all times are UTC (i.e. GMT). CTD unit 4 (serial 
no. 1197) was used for SR3 stations 1 to 35. CTD unit 1 (serial no. 1073) 
was used thereafter.

stn	SR3				start				max P	SR3	bottom						SR3	end
no.	time	date		latitude	longitude	d (m)	(dbar)	time	latitude	longitude	alt (m)	d (m)	time	latitude	longitude	d (m)

1	2032	11-MAR-93	44:06.73S	146:14.35E	1000	956	2118	44:06.37S	146:14.35E	46.8	-	2154	44:06.19S	146:14.60E	990
2	0027	12-MAR-93	44:00.06S	146:18.61E	300	289	0042	44:00.03S	146:18.77E	9.0	-	0115	43:59.97S	146:18.64E	313
3	0513	12-MAR-93	44:07.51S	146:14.89E	1100	1115	0549	44:07.48S	146:15.06E	9.9	1110	0632	44:07.39S	146:15.23E	1120
4	0854	12-MAR-93	44:27.89S	146:07.94E	2340	2335	0938	44:27.52S	146:07.30E	5.0	2318	1028	44:27.32S	146:07.51E	-
5	1437	12-MAR-93	44:56.71S	145:56.67E	3380	3465	1606	44:56.10S	145:56.52E	15.0	3390	1727	44:55.56S	145:56.36E	3490
6	2033	12-MAR-93	45:25.97S	145:45.16E	2475	2429	2121	45:25.86S	145:44.79E	10.0	2350	2228	45:25.73S	145:44.71E	2350
7	0149	13-MAR-93	45:55.44S	145:33.61E	2550	2491	0245	45:56.09S	145:33.54E	11.6	2470	0343	45:56.25S	145:34.87E	-		
8	0650	13-MAR-93	46:23.31S	145:22.13E	3360	3351	0756	46:22.85S	145:22.97E	11.6	3330	0921	46:22.45S	145:23.67E	3300		
9	1253	13-MAR-93	46:53.05S	145:08.92E	3520	3555	1400	46:52.38S	145:08.95E	15.0	3550	1522	46:51.70S	145:09.35E	3550		
10	1824	13-MAR-93	47:20.97S	144:58.14E	3970	4038	1942	47:20.50S	144:58.31E	11.0	3940	2124	47:19.56S	144:58.60E	3850		
11	0122	14-MAR-93	47:48.16S	144:44.53E	3970	4028	0231	47:48.20S	144:44.57E	12.5	3970	0355	47:48.21S	144:44.80E	3960		
12	0653	14-MAR-93	48:18.91S	144:32.00E	4130	4169	0811	48:19.11S	144:33.46E	10.3	4150	0942	48:19.32S	144:34.39E	-		
13	1259	14-MAR-93	48:46.95S	144:19.20E	4150	4165	1411	48:47.57S	144:19.56E	8.3	4125	1533	48:48.47S	144:20.16E	4100		
14	1852	14-MAR-93	49:16.18S	144:05.26E	4320	4361	2013	49:16.33S	144:05.67E	30.0	4350	2147	49:16.11S	144:06.16E	4330		
15	0130	15-MAR-93	49:45.09S	143:52.12E	3940	3876	0238	49:44.45S	143:52.35E	11.0	3870	0353	49:44.05S	143:52.60E	-		
16	0721	15-MAR-93	50:13.96S	143:38.14E	3720	3701	0831	50:13.76S	143:39.59E	15.5	-	0951	50:13.80S	143:40.45E	-		
17	0707	16-MAR-93	50:45.72S	143:24.75E	3900	4048	0836	50:46.25S	143:26.20E	15.4	3940	0958	50:46.37S	143:27.03E	3940		
18	1601	16-MAR-93	51:01.80S	143:14.11E	3800	3902	1710	51:01.59S	143:14.72E	11.0	3800	1845	51:01.60S	143:15.55E	3800		
19	1229	17-MAR-93	51:25.80S	143:02.42E	3700	3771	1331	51:26.08S	143:03.28E	7.6	3750	1450	51:26.38S	143:03.78E	3700		
20	1809	17-MAR-93	51:50.35S	142:49.46E	3575	3683	1928	51:50.47S	142:49.40E	15.3	3550	2106	51:50.77S	142:49.48E	3525		
21	0005	18-MAR-93	52:15.27S	142:37.50E	3500	3451	0050	52:15.73S	142:37.68E	14.0	3450	0159	52:16.04S	142:38.02E	3490		
22	0448	18-MAR-93	52:38.18S	142:23.56E	3470	3447	0559	52:38.55S	142:23.46E	14.2	-	0730	52:39.05S	142:23.45E	3450		
23	1015	18-MAR-93	53:07.33S	142:08.10E	3120	3115	1110	53:07.61S	142:07.92E	10.4	3120	1220	53:07.80S	142:07.66E	3130		
24	1551	18-MAR-93	53:34.91S	141:52.03E	2525	2489	1636	53:34.68S	141:52.32E	9.6	-	1749	53:34.34S	141:52.89E	2375		
25	2048	18-MAR-93	54:04.00S	141:35.73E	2580	2682	2155	54:03.74S	141:36.41E	23.3	2600	2257	54:03.40S	141:36.79E	2650		
26	0332	19-MAR-93	54:32.09S	141:19.20E	2800	2844	0440	54:31.47S	141:19.99E	16.7	2850	0606	54:31.06S	141:20.29E	2950		
27	0957	19-MAR-93	55:01.15S	141:00.75E	3250	3335	1058	55:01.04S	141:00.64E	15.4	3270	1203	55:00.57S	141:00.82E	3200		
28	0524	20-MAR-93	55:29.97S	140:43.33E	4000	4261	0701	55:29.50S	140:42.59E	15.0	4200	0853	55:29.36S	140:42.87E	-		
29	1639	20-MAR-93	55:55.89S	140:24.35E	3650	3621	1813	55:55.44S	140:24.11E	11.8	3600	1951	55:55.60S	140:23.20E	3550		
30	2343	20-MAR-93	56:26.22S	140:06.15E	3940	4014	0104	56:26.07S	140:06.15E	-	3950	0219	56:26.10S	140:05.84E	3950		
31	0721	21-MAR-93	56:55.04S	139:51.45E	4070	4140	0857	56:54.75S	139:52.49E	16.0	4100	1016	56:54.70S	139:53.10E	4100		
32	1447	21-MAR-93	57:23.08S	139:51.65E	4050	4082	1557	57:23.29S	139:50.97E	11.9	-	1708	57:23.40S	139:50.26E	-		
33	2021	21-MAR-93	57:51.18S	139:50.99E	4020	4152	2140	57:51.65S	139:51.03E	9.1	-	2336	57:51.67S	139:51.09E	-
34	0334	22-MAR-93	58:20.43S	139:50.01E	3980	4006	0524	58:20.42S	139:50.01E	15.6	4050	0640	58:20.39S	139:49.68E	-
35	1022	22-MAR-93	58:51.32S	139:51.32E	3990	4070	1139	58:51.03S	139:51.83E	13.0	-	1318	58:50.77S	139:53.03E	-
36	2330	22-MAR-93	59:20.63S	139:53.74E	4150	1005	0009	59:20.61S	139:53.75E	-	-	0045	59:20.59S	139:54.03E	-
37	0127	23-MAR-93	59:20.68S	139:54.55E	4150	1847	0200	59:20.67S	139:54.82E	-	-	0258	59:20.58S	139:55.44E	-
38	0435	23-MAR-93	59:20.61S	139:57.43E	4380	3864	0606	59:20.37S	139:58.20E	-	-	0709	59:20.12S	139:58.57E	4380
39	1021	23-MAR-93	59:51.28S	139:50.95E	4490	705	1049	59:51.39S	139:50.73E	-	-	1112	59:51.54S	139:50.87E	-
40	1142	23-MAR-93	59:51.60S	139:50.64E	4490	3846	1314	59:51.92S	139:50.79E	-	-	1415	59:51.91S	139:51.13E	-
41	1457	23-MAR-93	59:52.01S	139:51.83E	4490	1005	1515	59:52.00S	139:51.95E	-	-	1541	59:52.07S	139:52.24E	-
42	1949	23-MAR-93	60:21.22S	139:50.86E	4400	3846	2042	60:21.08S	139:51.00E	-	-	2209	60:21.12S	139:51.18E	4400
43	2246	23-MAR-93	60:21.34S	139:50.91E	4400	1003	2311	60:21.35S	139:51.00E	-	-	2342	60:21.43S	139:50.72E	-
44	2235	25-MAR-93	60:51.03S	139:50.70E	4400	4456	0028	60:50.72S	139:51.35E	9.6	4400	0146	60:50.43S	139:51.76E	-
45	0222	26-MAR-93	60:50.32S	139:51.78E	4400	1003	0237	60:50.28S	139:51.70E	-	-	0309	60:50.28S	139:51.50E	4400
46	0606	26-MAR-93	61:20.96S	139:51.09E	4350	4394	0719	61:20.74S	139:50.61E	8.5	-	0847	61:20.86S	139:50.67E	4350
47	0918	26-MAR-93	61:21.11S	139:50.35E	4350	1003	0941	61:21.14S	139:50.75E	-	-	1015	61:21.07S	139:50.58E	4350
48	1425	26-MAR-93	61:50.76S	139:51.22E	4285	4348	1537	61:50.86S	139:51.41E	4.0	4290	1645	61:51.00S	139:51.52E	-
49	1725	26-MAR-93	61:51.06S	139:51.58E	4285	1003	1742	61:51.16S	139:51.54E	-	-	1806	61:51.39S	139:51.43E	-
50	2112	26-MAR-93	62:21.14S	139:51.44E	3975	3990	2237	62:21.25S	139:52.38E	8.2	-	0001	62:21.45S	139:53.13E	-
51	0039	27-MAR-93	62:21.58S	139:53.58E	3975	1006	0058	62:21.64S	139:54.05E	-	-	0128	62:21.57S	139:54.28E	-
52	0408	27-MAR-93	62:50.91S	139:50.59E	3220	3226	0516	62:50.79S	139:49.62E	6.7	-	0618	62:50.74S	139:49.49E	-
53	0652	27-MAR-93	62:50.71S	139:49.17E	3220	1005	0709	62:50.70S	139:49.09E	-	-	0743	62:50.74S	139:48.96E	-
54	1255	27-MAR-93	63:21.04S	139:50.31E	3815	3834	1404	63:20.71S	139:50.20E	9.7	-	1503	63:20.09S	139:49.95E	-
55	1723	27-MAR-93	63:19.29S	139:49.21E	3815	1009	1744	63:19.15S	139:48.86E	-	-	1815	63:18.99S	139:48.67E	3815
56	2152	27-MAR-93	63:50.89S	139:51.75E	3750	3772	2306	63:49.76S	139:53.41E	10.6	3750	0039	63:48.18S	139:54.48E	-
57	0121	28-MAR-93	63:47.35S	139:54.20E	3750	1003	0144	63:46.76S	139:54.54E	-	-	0214	63:45.91S	139:54.81E	3760
58	0645	28-MAR-93	64:21.11S	139:51.50E	3400	1003	0708	64:21.10S	139:51.23E	-	-	0741	64:21.01S	139:50.95E	-
59	0818	28-MAR-93	64:20.87S	139:50.74E	3400	3408	0923	64:20.32S	139:50.27E	8.5	-	1038	64:20.01S	139:50.21E	3400
60	1441	28-MAR-93	64:49.27S	139:50.31E	2600	2575	1534	64:49.67S	139:50.65E	8.7	-	1622	64:50.07S	139:50.83E	-
61	1704	28-MAR-93	64:50.43S	139:51.27E	2600	1005	1728	64:50.62S	139:51.63E	-	-	1804	64:50.75S	139:51.95E	2580
62	2012	28-MAR-93	65:05.06S	139:51.08E	2800	2791	2109	65:05.05S	139:51.37E	10.7	2815	2209	65:05.10S	139:51.28E	-
63	2246	28-MAR-93	65:04.89S	139:51.27E	2780	1005	2306	65:04.84S	139:51.23E	-	-	2343	65:04.84S	139:51.22E	2720
64	0630	29-MAR-93	65:37.29S	139:49.65E	375	343	0643	65:37.32S	139:49.13E	-	-	0656	65:37.33S	139:48.68E	375

stn	P11				start				max P	P11	bottom						P11	end
no.	time	date		latitude	longitude	d (m)	(dbar)	time	latitude	longitude	alt (m)	d (m)	time	latitude	longitude	d (m)

1	0902	4-APR-93	43:13.14S	148:05.85E	170	151	0906	43:13.14S	148:05.79E	12.9	-	0919	43:13.27S	148:05.74E	160		
2	1028	4-APR-93	43:14.60S	148:13.31E	650	609	1050	43:14.38S	148:13.37E	13.4	616	1122	43:13.98S	148:13.30E	582		
3	1220	4-APR-93	43:14.99S	148:15.81E	1160	1159	1258	43:14.74S	148:15.78E	12.9	1140	1339	43:14.48S	148:15.85E	1150		
4	1437	4-APR-93	43:14.71S	148:20.41E	2150	2426	1553	43:14.20S	148:20.82E	15.2	2400	1710	43:13.38S	148:21.23E	2300		
5	1827	4-APR-93	43:14.85S	148:32.08E	2920	2954	1924	43:14.43S	148:32.53E	12.2	2950	2031	43:14.04S	148:32.82E	3000		
6	0120	5-APR-93	43:15.61S	149:14.26E	3275	3322	0306	43:16.67S	149:14.31E	12.8	3300	0447	43:17.51S	149:14.67E	3275		
7	0820	5-APR-93	43:14.86S	149:55.23E	3080	3100	0926	43:15.17S	149:55.42E	13.0	3070	1106	43:15.43S	149:55.47E	3070		
8	1434	5-APR-93	43:15.50S	150:39.52E	3180	2424	1553	43:15.87S	150:39.07E	-	3150	1632	43:16.14S	150:40.31E	3160		
9	1743	5-APR-93	43:15.22S	150:39.58E	3200	3232	1910	43:15.39S	150:39.75E	6.8	3200	2041	43:15.48S	150:40.28E	3150		
10	2330	5-APR-93	43:15.09S	151:20.29E	4030	4069	0116	43:14.92S	151:19.62E	10.1	4030	0306	43:14.65S	151:18.99E	-		
11	0633	6-APR-93	43:15.33S	152:03.83E	4490	4559	0828	43:14.90S	152:03.65E	10.6	4490	1028	43:14.40S	152:03.55E	4490		
12	1743	6-APR-93	43:14.82S	152:47.43E	4625	4702	1933	43:14.43S	152:47.73E	11.1	4630	2130	43:14.11S	152:47.73E	4625		
13	0042	7-APR-93	43:15.00S	153:29.99E	4650	4732	0238	43:15.37S	153:29.75E	10.7	4650	0440	43:16.07S	153:29.83E	4650		
14	0757	7-APR-93	43:14.84S	154:14.65E	4650	4722	0953	43:14.56S	154:15.39E	11.6	4650	1146	43:14.42S	154:15.58E	4650		
15	2309	8-APR-93	43:15.38S	154:58.76E	4470	4579	0110	43:15.13S	154:58.57E	12.0	4500	0308	43:14.88S	154:57.60E	4550		
16	0939	9-APR-93	43:44.91S	155:00.10E	4610	4688	1128	43:45.00S	154:59.90E	14.9	4610	1318	43:45.27S	154:59.89E	4610		
17	1650	9-APR-93	44:14.73S	155:00.58E	4750	4847	1832	44:14.31S	155:00.81E	11.1	-	2046	44:13.98S	155:01.56E	-		
18	0037	10-APR-93	44:44.23S	155:00.40E	4875	4977	0243	44:44.16S	155:00.32E	11.0	4875	0503	44:44.20S	154:59.70E	4870		
19	0801	10-APR-93	45:15.07S	155:00.07E	4720	4845	0955	45:14.49S	155:00.27E	13.1	4760	1157	45:13.91S	155:00.62E	4850		
20	1500	10-APR-93	45:45.06S	154:59.91E	4780	4900	1646	45:44.61S	154:59.72E	10.4	4810	1859	45:44.15S	154:59.86E	4775		
21	2151	10-APR-93	46:15.01S	155:00.11E	4550	4637	2346	46:15.25S	154:59.91E	12.4	4550	0141	46:15.74S	155:00.37E	4570		
22	0435	11-APR-93	46:45.16S	155:00.30E	4600	4678	0618	46:45.18S	155:00.88E	10.0	4600	0812	46:45.19S	155:01.26E	4600		
23	1102	11-APR-93	47:14.98S	154:59.68E	4675	4756	1254	47:15.04S	154:59.50E	13.1	4675	1500	47:14.86S	154:59.53E	4675		
24	1735	11-APR-93	47:45.15S	155:00.39E	4850	4919	1925	47:45.05S	155:00.34E	11.0	4860	2142	47:44.88S	154:59.65E	-		
25	0036	12-APR-93	48:14.87S	154:59.91E	4740	4825	0229	48:15.09S	154:59.50E	12.7	4740	0436	48:15.60S	154:59.20E	4730		
26	0717	12-APR-93	48:44.98S	154:59.91E	4500	4581	0859	48:45.23S	154:59.55E	14.4	4505	1100	48:45.42S	154:59.94E	4500		
27	1351	12-APR-93	49:15.18S	154:59.68E	4575	4621	1541	49:15.47S	155:00.15E	12.4	4580	1745	49:15.66S	155:00.43E	4550		
28	2035	12-APR-93	49:45.33S	155:00.24E	4420	4517	2227	49:45.70S	155:00.58E	12.1	4450	0021	49:45.78S	155:00.97E	4300		
29	1354	13-APR-93	50:14.27S	154:59.80E	4540	4690	1553	50:13.39S	155:00.52E	15.2	4500	1803	50:13.12S	155:01.48E	4550		
30	2104	13-APR-93	50:44.92S	154:59.88E	4470	4557	2257	50:44.54S	154:59.47E	10.8	4470	0052	50:44.32S	154:59.35E	-		
31	0421	14-APR-93	51:15.39S	155:00.61E	4230	4302	0612	51:15.31S	155:00.80E	11.0	4230	0802	51:15.35S	155:01.45E	4220		
32	1733	15-APR-93	51:44.91S	154:59.96E	4520	4593	1946	51:44.15S	155:01.85E	9.2	-	2200	51:43.50S	155:03.36E	4500		
33	0202	16-APR-93	52:14.38S	154:58.45E	4260	4253	0351	52:13.16S	154:58.68E	15.8	4230	0544	52:11.99S	154:58.87E	4165		
34	1011	16-APR-93	52:44.91S	155:00.22E	4230	4278	1153	52:43.86S	155:01.53E	13.8	4230	1343	52:42.64S	155:02.77E	-		
35	0311	18-APR-93	53:15.90S	154:59.72E	4075	4115	0517	53:15.82S	155:01.33E	11.6	-	0719	53:15.51S	155:02.67E	4075		
36	1209	18-APR-93	53:44.37S	154:59.64E	4200	4243	1404	53:44.12S	154:58.74E	9.2	-	1546	53:43.81S	154:57.42E	4200		
37	2108	18-APR-93	54:15.07S	155:00.21E	4015	4089	2300	54:15.71S	155:02.26E	10.8	-	0050	54:16.02S	155:03.77E	4000		
38	0445	19-APR-93	54:45.19S	155:00.33E	4290	4280	0610	54:46.07S	155:02.04E	15.2	4260	0758	54:46.95S	155:04.15E	4260		
39	1312	19-APR-93	55:14.95S	154:58.13E	4050	116	1318	55:14.91S	154:57.94E	-	-	1323	55:14.85S	154:57.72E	-		
40	0325	21-APR-93	55:15.15S	154:59.12E	4040	4083	0509	55:15.49S	154:55.93E	16.4	4020	0649	55:15.60S	154:53.26E	3950		
41	1312	21-APR-93	55:44.89S	155:01.48E	4200	4257	1458	55:44.48S	155:02.62E	8.1	4175	1643	55:43.89S	155:03.32E	4170		
42	2121	21-APR-93	56:25.15S	155:00.44E	3830	3776	2257	56:25.44S	155:02.64E	10.1	-	0045	56:25.82S	155:04.19E	3850		
43	0357	22-APR-93	57:00.09S	155:00.25E	3710	3744	0529	57:00.72S	155:00.69E	14.2	3710	0659	57:00.97S	155:01.12E	-		
44	1006	22-APR-93	57:35.04S	155:00.02E	3645	3670	1134	57:35.13S	154:59.76E	10.9	3645	1317	57:35.08S	154:58.87E	-		
45	1749	22-APR-93	58:14.78S	155:00.63E	3430	3482	1919	58:14.22S	155:02.58E	10.3	3470	2052	58:13.75S	155:04.16E	3470		
46	0100	23-APR-93	58:52.11S	154:28.09E	3225	3222	0227	58:52.08S	154:28.68E	11.8	3250	0356	58:51.79S	154:29.04E	-		
47	0809	23-APR-93	59:29.11S	153:56.19E	3175	3184	0935	59:29.46S	153:56.05E	11.2	3182	1117	59:29.75S	153:56.17E	3165		
48	1624	23-APR-93	60:04.85S	153:26.35E	2850	2966	1753	60:04.84S	153:27.04E	21.5	2900	1918	60:04.81S	153:27.86E	2750		
49	0047	24-APR-93	60:43.21S	152:56.86E	2650	2671	0212	60:43.28S	152:57.15E	11.9	2550	0337	60:43.50S	152:57.31E	2480		
50	1303	24-APR-93	61:36.56S	152:10.68E	2825	2771	1420	61:36.07S	152:10.40E	13.0	2710	1559	61:36.31S	152:09.49E	-		
51	2056	24-APR-93	62:12.91S	151:41.27E	3880	3910	2237	62:12.33S	151:42.64E	3.5	-	0025	62:12.12S	151:43.45E	-		
52	0429	25-APR-93	62:52.02S	151:09.10E	3775	3794	0609	62:52.07S	151:09.47E	8.6	3780	0745	62:52.24S	151:09.87E	-		
53	2016	25-APR-93	63:26.01S	150:38.99E	3750	3772	2211	63:25.64S	150:39.30E	14.1	3760	0006	63:25.60S	150:39.55E	3760		
54	0433	26-APR-93	64:03.24S	150:05.93E	3645	3650	0607	64:03.42S	150:05.51E	9.3	3645	0738	64:03.46S	150:04.91E	3645		
55	1522	26-APR-93	64:34.16S	149:37.81E	3480	3506	1707	64:32.98S	149:38.22E	6.5	-	1849	64:32.16S	149:37.89E	3500		
56	0127	27-APR-93	64:58.90S	149:14.74E	3320	3294	0258	64:59.55S	149:16.48E	9.5	3295	0435	64:59.86S	149:17.95E	3275		
57	0832	27-APR-93	65:25.60S	149:04.32E	2900	739	0910	65:25.47S	149:03.93E	-	-	0933	65:25.51S	149:03.33E	2875		
58	1707	27-APR-93	65:34.65S	148:40.57E	2730	241	1717	65:34.70S	148:40.43E	-	-	1729	65:34.82S	148:40.21E	-		
59	2145	27-APR-93	65:38.07S	147:48.38E	2920	393	2202	65:38.05S	147:48.63E	-	-	2221	65:38.00S	147:48.81E	2880		
60	2153	28-APR-93	65:47.69S	146:30.58E	2020	2009	2239	65:47.70S	146:30.90E	11.1	2020	2349	65:47.45S	146:31.62E	-		
61	0933	29-APR-93	65:45.94S	146:28.60E	2360	2300	1034	65:46.29S	146:29.30E	9.6	2293	1152	65:46.54S	146:30.44E	2270		
62	1940	29-APR-93	65:46.35S	146:28.38E	2260	2278	2040	65:46.41S	146:27.04E	11.1	2260	2145	65:46.36S	146:26.26E	2275		
63	0628	30-APR-93	65:53.49S	146:28.75E	680	667	0657	65:53.38S	146:28.00E	8.4	690	0734	65:53.27S	146:27.37E	710		
64	2303	2-MAY-93	65:26.74S	143:56.78E	2600	303	2319	65:26.85S	143:56.88E	-	2600	2350	65:26.78S	143:57.31E	2630		

Table 3:  Summary of samples drawn from Niskin bottles at each station, 
including salinity (sal.), dissolved oxygen (d.o.), nutrients (nuts), 
dissolved inorganic carbon (d.i.c.), carbon isotopes (C'topes), barium, 
primary productivity (prim prod), "Seacat" casts, and the following 
biological samples: pigments (pig), cyanobacteria counts (cyan), lugols 
iodine fixed algal counts (lugs), and osmium/gluteraldehyde fixed protist 
identifications (os/gl). Note that 1=sample taken, 0=no sample taken.

station	sal.	d.o.	nuts	d.i.c.	C'topes	barium prim prod seacat	pig  cyan	lugs	os/gl
1  TEST		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
2  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
3  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
4  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
5  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
6  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1
7  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1
8  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
9  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
10  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1
11  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
12  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
13  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
14  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1
15  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
16  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
17  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0
18  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1
19  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
20  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1
21  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0
22  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
23  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
24  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
25  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1 
26  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0
27  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
28  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
29  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0
30  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1 
31  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
32  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
33  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1 
34  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0
35  SR3		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
36  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1 
37  SR3		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
38  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
39  TEST	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
40  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
41  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
42  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0
43  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1 
44  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
45  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1 
46  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
47  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
48  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
49  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
50  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0
52  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
51  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
53  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0
54  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
55  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
56  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
57  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1
58  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0
59  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0
60  SR3		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
61  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
62  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0
63  SR3		1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1 
64  SR3		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

1  P11		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
2  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
3  P11		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
4  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
5  P11		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
6  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0 
7  P11		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
8  P11		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
9  P11		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0 
10  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1
11  P11		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
12  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1 
13  P11		1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0
14  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
15  P11		1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0
16  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
17  P11		1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1
18  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0 
19  P11		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
20  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
21  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0 
22  P11		1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
23  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
24  P11		1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1
25  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	0
26  P11		1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
27  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
28  P11		1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0
29  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
30  P11		1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1 
31  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	0
32  P11		1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0
33  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1
34  P11		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
35  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1
36  P11		1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0 
37  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1
38  P11		1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	0
39  P11		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0 
40  P11		1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	0
41  P11		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
42  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1 
43  P11		1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	0
44  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
45  P11		1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	0 
46  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0
47  P11		1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
48  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0 
49  P11		1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0
50  P11		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
51  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1 
52  P11		1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
53  P11		1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1
54  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0 
55  P11		1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
56  P11		1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	0
57  P11		1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0 
58  P11		1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
59  ICE STN	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
60  ICE STN	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0 
61  ICE STN	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
62  ICE STN	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1
63  ICE STN	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0 
64  ICE STN	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1 

	3.5 	Principal investigators

The principal investigators for the CTD and water sample measurements are 
listed in Table 6a. Cruise participants are listed in Table 6b.

Table 4:  Current meter moorings deployed/recovered along SR3 transect.

Site	deployment	bottom	latitude	longitude	current meter	nearest CTD
Name	time (UTC)	depth (m)				depths (m)	station no.

moorings deployed
SO2	23:46, 15/03/93	3770	50 33.19'S	142 42.49'E	300		17 SR3
								600
								1000
								2000
								3200

SO3	22:58, 16/03/93	3800	51 01.54'S	143 14.35'E	300		18 SR3
								600
								1000
								2000
								3200

SO4	02:55, 17/03/93	3580	50 42.73'S	143 24.15'E	300		17 SR3
								600
								1000
								2000
								3200

SO5	06:24, 17/03/93	3500	50 24.95'S	143 31.97'E	1000		16 SR3
								2000
								3200

moorings recovered
SO1	13/03/93	3570	50 42.90'S	143 22.90'E	570		17 SR3
	(deployed 12/10/91)					820
								1070
								2070
								3270

Table 5:  ALACE float deployments.

Deployment	serial	deployment	latitude	 longitude	nearest CTD
Number		number	time (UTC)					station no.

1		228	09:55, 14/03/93	   48 19.38'S	144 34.78'E	12 SR3
2		242	08:05, 17/03/93	   50 42.98'S	143 25.10'E	17 SR3
3		243	06:32, 19/03/93	   54 30.86'S	141 20.22'E	26 SR3
4		244	20:46, 04/04/93	   43 13.79'S	148 32.92'E	 5 P11
5		233	17:52, 12/04/93	   49 15.68'S	155 00.56'E	27 P11
6		232	16:55, 21/04/93	   55 43.78'S	155 03.30'E	41 P11

Table 6a:  Principal investigators (*=cruise participant) for water 
sampling programmes.

Measurement			name			affiliation
CTD, salinity, O2, nutrients	*Steve Rintoul		CSIRO
D.I.C., carbon isotopes		*Bronte Tilbrook	CSIRO
primary productivity		 John Parslow		CSIRO
biological sampling		 Harvey Marchant	Antarctic Division
barium				 Frank deHairs		Vrije Universiteit, Brussels

Table 6b:  Scientific personnel (cruise participants).

name			measurement			affiliation
Nathan Bindoff		CTD				Antarctic CRC
Fred Boland		CTD, moorings			CSIRO
Giorgio Budillon	CTD				Instituto Universitario Navale
Phil Morgan		CTD				CSIRO
Steve Rintoul		CTD				CSIRO
Mark Rosenberg		CTD				Antarctic CRC
Bernadette Sloyan	CTD				Antarctic CRC
Giancarlo Spezie	CTD				Instituto Universitario Navale
Ruth Eriksen		salinity, oxygen, nutrients	Antarctic CRC
Val Latham		salinity, oxygen, nutrients	CSIRO
Mark Pretty		D.I.C., carbon isotopes		CSIRO
Bronte Tilbrook		D.I.C., carbon isotopes		CSIRO

Pru Bonham		primary productivity		CSIRO

Liza Fallon		biological sampling,		Antarctic Division
			krill biology
Alison Turnbull		biological sampling		Antarctic Division
Tonia Cochran		biological sampling,		Antarctic division
			krill biology

Vicky Lytle		sea ice				Antarctic CRC
Ian Knott		sea ice, electronics		Antarctic CRC
Rob Massom		sea ice				Antarctic CRC
Kelvin Michael		sea ice				Antarctic CRC
Paul Scott		sea ice				Antarctic CRC
Graeme Snow		sea ice				Antarctic Division
Tony Worby		sea ice, CTD			Antarctic Division

David Eades		ornithology		Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union
Paul Scofield		ornithology		Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union
Terry Dennis		seal biology		National Parks and Wildlife
Peter Shaughnessy	seal biology			CSIRO

Mark Conde		computing			Antarctic Division
Peter Gormly		doctor, seal biology		Antarctic 
Division
Steve Kuncio		computing			Antarctic Division
Steve Nicol		krill biology, voyage leader	Antarctic Division
Andrew McEldowney	deputy voyage leader		Antarctic Division
Jon Reeve		electronics			Antarctic Division
Tim Ryan		underway measurements		Antarctic Division
Andrew Tabor		gear officer			Antarctic Division
Ashley Lewis		helicopters			Helicopter Resources
Tony McNabb		helicopters			Helicopter Resources
Dave Pullinger		helicopters			Helicopter Resources

4	FIELD DATA COLLECTION METHODS

	4.1	CTD and hydrology measurements

In this section, CTD and hydrology data collection methods are discussed. 
CTD data processing techniques are described in detail in Appendix 2, while 
hydrology laboratory analysis methods are described in Appendix 3. Results 
of the CTD data calibration, along with data quality information, are 
presented in Section 6.

	4.1.1	CTD Instrumentation

E.G.&G. manufactured Neil Brown Mark IIIB CTD units, together with a model 
1401 deck unit, were used for CTD measurements (Table 7). The raw data 
stream was logged by two separate IBM compatible PC's, using the E.G.&G. 
data aquisition software CTDACQ, version 3.0. The duplication of the data 
logging PC's allowed data to be viewed simultaneously (in real time) as 
column formatted numbers on one screen, and in graphical format on the 
other; the second PC also provided a backup log of the data.

Table 7:  CTD manufacturer specifications.

parameter	sensor						accuracy	resolution

Pressure	Standard Controls Model 211-35-440 strain 	6.5 dbar	0.1 dbar
		gauge bridge, stainless steel tube type

Temperature	Rosemount Model 171 platinum thermometer	0.005 C	0.0005C

Conductivity	Neil Brown Instruments 4 electrode cell		0.005 mS/cm	0.001 mS/cm
		(0.4cm x 0.4cm x 3.0 cm long)

Oxygen		Beckman polarographic oxygen sensor		-		-

Altimeter	Benthos Model 2110				5%		0.1 m

Two different CTD units were used during the cruise (Table 2). The 
electronic and data stream configuration of both instruments was identical 
(Table 8). Note that the fast response thermistor was disconnected from 
both units.

Rosette configurations of both 24 and 12 bottles were used over the course 
of the cruise. In both cases, General Oceanics rosette pylons were 
installed, together with 10 and 5 litre General Oceanics Niskin bottles. 
The 12-bottle configuration was used on stations 36 to 64 of the SR3 
section, while on all other casts, the 24-bottle system was used.

Deep sea reversing thermometers (Gohla-Precision and Yoshino Keiki) were 
used to keep track of CTD temperature sensor performance. In general, two 
protected thermometers were mounted on the shallowest Niskin bottle, while 
three thermometers (two protected and one unprotected) were mounted on the 
second deepest bottle. The manufacturer specified accuracy of the protected 
thermometers is to within 0.01C for the main thermometer, and 0.1C for 
the auxiliary. Readings can be resolved to the third decimal place for the 
main on the protected thermometers, and to the second decimal place for 
auxiliary and unprotected readings.

Table 8:  CTD electronic and data stream configuration, and data processing 
parameters. Note that the scan byte layout applies to both CTD units, and 
that all parameters (except oxygen temperature) are assigned 2 bytes in the 
raw data stream. The AD parameters are the additional digitiser channels 
(unused for this cruise). For the CTD upcast burst data, the first nstart 
and the last nend data scans are ignored for calculation of burst 
statistics (Appendix 2); the first jfilt data scans are ignored each time 
the data lagging recursive filter is restarted (Appendix 2). tau-T is the time 
constant of the temperature sensor (Appendix 2). jmin is the minimum number 
of values required in a 2 dbar pressure bin (Appendix 2).

CTD	serial	scanning	bytes per	bytes per	nstart	nend	jfilt	tau-T	jmin
unit	number	frequency (Hz)	record		scan					(s)
Number
1	1073	15.63		129		 28		5	3	8	0.175	9
4	1197	15.63		129		 28		5	3	8	0.175	9

Scan byte layout: synch. byte, pressure, temperature, conductivity, utility 
byte, oxygen current, oxygen temperature, altimeter, AD1, AD2,  AD3, AD4, 
AD5, AD6, end bytes

	4.1.2	CTD instrument calibrations

Complete calibration information for the CTD pressure and temperature 
sensors are presented in Appendix 1. Formulae used for parameter 
calculations are presented in Appendix 2. Pressure sensors were calibrated 
prior to the cruise, using a Budenberg Deadweight Tester (accurate to 
0.05% of the pressure being measured) over the range 0 to 5515 dbar. 
Calibrations were performed for the two cases of increasing and decreasing 
pressure (due to hysteresis of the pressure sensor response), with a fifth 
order polynomial fitted in each case (Figure A1.1*).

CTD temperature sensors were calibrated at the CSIRO Division of 
Oceanography Calibration Facility (accredited by Australia's national 
standards body). Two point calibrations were performed, near the triple 
point of water (0.010C) and the triple point of phenoxybenzene (26.863C), 
using platinum resistance thermometers as transfer standards. The 
temperature sensor was calibrated prior to the cruise for CTD unit 4, and 
following the cruise for CTD unit 1.

CTD conductivity measurements were calibrated from the in situ salinity 
samples collected at each station (Appendix 2). As a rule, this enables CTD 
salinity values to be calculated to a much higher accuracy than by the bulk 
application of a single set of laboratory determined calibration 
coefficients. Thus there are no laboratory calibrations for the 
conductivity sensors. Checks were made prior to the cruise to ensure the 
conductivity sensors were functioning correctly. Similarly, CTD dissolved 
oxygen measurements were calibrated from the in situ dissolved oxygen 
samples (Appendix 2). The complete conductivity and oxygen in situ 
calibrations are presented in a later section.

	4.1.3 	CTD and hydrology data collection techniques

When on deck, the rosette package was housed in a closed laboratory space. 
Thus all samples were drawn "indoors". An outward opening hatch, which 
doubles as a gantry, allowed deployment of the instrument. The package was 
lowered/raised at the following speeds:

	0 to 500 m depth	- 20 m/min 

	500 to 1000 m depth	- 40 m/min

	below 1000 m depth	- 60 m/min

Winch speeds were maintained by constantly adjusting the winch wire 
tension, and thus are approximate average values only. The altimeter output 
was used to guide the instrument to within (in most cases) 15 m of the bed 
(Table 2). Towards the southern end of both sections, the instrument was 
lowered to within 10 m of the bed for most stations.

CTD data was logged continuously for the entire down and upcast, while 
Niskin bottles were fired on the upcast only. At each station, the firing 
depths for the Niskin bottles were decided on using the graphical output of 
the CTD downcast data. Typically, the deepest bottle was fired at the 
bottom of the cast, however when vertical motion of the ship increased 
during rough weather, the CTD was raised approximately 10 m from the bottom 
of the cast before firing the first bottle. The rosette package was stopped 
at each level prior to firing a bottle; bottles with reversing thermometers 
were allowed to equilibrate for 5 min before firing.

A fixed sequence was followed for the drawing of water samples on deck, as 
follows:

first sample:	dissolved oxygen
		dissolved inorganic carbon
		carbon isotopes
		productivity
		salinity
		nutrients
		barium
last sample:	biology

(see Table 3 for a summary of which samples were drawn at each station). 
Reversing thermometers were read after the sampling was complete (or 
nearing completion), typically within one hour of the raising of the 
rosette package onto the deck. In between stations, the Niskin bottles were 
only emptied when resetting the bottles for the next station. This helped 
prevent the crystallization of salt in o-ring seats and spiggots.

	4.1.4	Water sampling methods

The methods used for drawing the various water samples from the Niskin 
bottles are described here. Laboratory analysis techniques are described in 
later sections.

Dissolved oxygen:  sample bottle volume = 300 ml
Bottles are washed and dried before use. As dissolved oxygen samples are 
drawn first, the Niskin is first tested for obvious leakage by opening the 
spiggot before opening the air valve. Tight fitting silicon tubing is 
attached to the Niskin spiggot for sample drawing. Pickling reagent 1 is 
1.83 M MnSO4 (0.5 ml used); reagent 2 is 9 M NaOH with 1.8 M KI (1.0 ml 
used); reagent 3 is concentrated H2SO4 (2.0 ml used).

* start water flow through tube for several seconds, making sure no bubbles 
  remain in tube
* pinch off flow in tube, and insert into bottom of sample bottle
* let flow commence slowly into bottle, gradually increasing, at all times 
  ensuring no bubbles enter the flow
* fill bottle, overflow by at least one full volume
* pinch off tube and slowly remove so that bottle remains full to the brim, 
  then rinse glass stopper 
* immediately pickle with reagents 1 then 2, inserting reagent dispenser 1 
  cm below water surface
* insert glass stopper, ensuring no bubbles are trapped in sample
* thoroughly shake sample (at least 30 vigorous inversions)
* store samples in the dark until analysis
* acidify samples with reagent 3 immediately prior to analysis

Dissolved inorganic carbon:  sample bottle volume = 250 ml
Tight fitting silicon tubing is attached to the Niskin spiggot for sample 
drawing. Samples are poisoned with 100 l of a saturated solution of HgCl2.

* drain remaining old sample from the bottle
* start water flow through tube for several seconds, making sure no bubbles 
  remain in tube
* insert tube into bottom of inverted sample bottle, allowing water to 
  flush out bottle for several seconds
* pinch off flow in tube, and invert sample bottle to upright position, 
  keeping tube in bottom of bottle
* let flow commence slowly into bottle, gradually increasing, at all times 
  ensuring no bubbles enter the flow
* fill bottle, overflow by one full volume, and rinse cap
* shake a small amount of water from top, so that water level is between 
  threads and bottle shoulder 
* insert tip of poison dispenser just into sample, and poison
* screw on cap, and invert bottle several times to allow poison to disperse 
  through sample

Salinity:  sample bottle volume = 300 ml

* drain remaining old sample from the bottle (bottles are always stored 
  approximately 1/3 full with water between stations)
* rinse bottle and cap 3 times with 100 ml of sample (shaking thoroughly 
  each time); on each rinse, contents of sample bottle are poured over the 
  Niskin bottle spiggot
* fill bottle with sample, to bottle shoulder, and screw cap on firmly
  At all filling stages, care is taken not to let the Niskin bottle spiggot 
  touch the sample bottle.

Nutrients:  sample tube volume = 12 ml
Two nutrient sample tubes are filled simultaneously at each Niskin bottle.

* rinse tubes and caps 3 times
* fill tubes
* shake out water from tubes so that water level is at or below marking 
  line 2 cm below top of tubes (10 ml mark), and screw on caps firmly
  After sampling, the set of nutrient tubes are placed in a freezer until 
  thawing for analysis.

Carbon Isotopes:  These are sampled and poisoned in the same fashion as 
dissolved inorganic carbon, except that 500 ml glass stoppered vacuum 
flasks are used, and vacuum grease is placed around the stopper before 
inserting.

Barium samples were acidified with HCl. Biological water sampling methods 
are not reported here.

	4.2	Underway measurements

Throughout the cruise, the ship's data logging system continuously recorded 
bottom depth, ship's position and motion, surface water properties and 
meteorological information. All measurements were quality controlled during 
the cruise, to remove bad data (Ryan, 1993). 

After quality controlling of the automatically logged GPS data set, gaps 
(due to missing data and data flagged as bad) are automatically filled by 
dead-reckoned positions (using the ship's speed and heading). Positions 
used for CTD stations are derived from this final GPS data set. Bottom 
depth is measured by a Simrad EA200 12 kHz echo sounder. A sound speed of 
1498 ms-1 is used for all depth calculations, and the ship's draught of 7.3 
m has been accounted for in final depth values (i.e. depths are values from 
the surface).

Seawater is pumped on board via an inlet at 7 m below the surface. A 
portion of this water is diverted to the thermosalinograph (Aplied 
Microsystems Ltd, model STD-12), and to the fluorometer (Turner Design, 
peak sensitivity for chlorophyll-a). Sea surface temperatures are measured 
by a sensor next to the seawater inlet at 7 m depth.

The underway measurements for the cruise are contained in column formatted 
ascii files (Appendix 4). The two file types are as follows (see Appendix 4 
for a complete description):

(i)  10 second digitised underway measurement data, including time, latitude, 
     longitude, depth and sea surface temperature;

(ii) 15 minute averaged data, including time, latitude and longitude, air 
     pressure, wind speed and direction, air temperature, humidity, quantum 
     radiation, ship speed and heading, roll and pitch, sea surface salinity and 
     temperature, average fluorescence, and seawater flow. 

5	MAJOR PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

The most significant disruption to the measurement program was the loss of 
the rosette package at station 35 on the SR3 transect, due to a failure of 
the cable termination just above the rosette frame. As no spare 24 bottle 
system was available, the rest of the SR3 transect (stations 36 to 64) was 
completed using a 12 bottle system, double dipping at each station, as 
follows: a shallow and a deep dip were taken at each station, the shallow 
dip down to 1000 dbar and the deep dip to the bottom. For the deep dip, the 
12 depths sampled were all below 1000 dbar. Note that in most cases, the 
deep dip was taken first. The unscheduled return to Hobart on completion of 
the SR3 transect allowed a spare 24 bottle system to be picked up - this 
system was then used for the P11 transect.

The last good quality dissolved oxygen sensor was lost with the CTD at 
station 35 on the SR3 transect. Furthermore, no spare sensors were 
available on the return to Hobart. Thus good quality  CTD dissolved oxygen 
data was only obtained for stations 1 to 35 of the SR3 section. For all 
remaining stations, dissolved oxygen values are available from the 
hydrology data only. A lower grade CTD oxygen data calibration was 
performed for stations 36 to 64 of SR3, and stations 1 to 29 of P11, but 
these lower grade CTD oxygen data are not included in the cruise data set. 
CTD oxygen data from stations 30 to 64 of P11 were unusable.

Following the loss of the rosette package, the next few stations were 
conducted using a different winch system. As a result of the shorter wire 
on this winch, the next three deep casts (stations 38, 40 and 42 of the SR3 
transect) did not reach the bottom (Table 2). Following station 42, 
measurements were resumed using the original winch system, allowing full 
depth casts.

A further problem, resulting from the rosette package loss, was the 
replacement Niskin bottles used. For the remainder of the SR3 transect 
where a 12 bottle rosette system was used (stations 36 to 64), a full 
complement of 10 l Niskin bottles was available. However for the P11 
transect, conducted using the replacement 24 bottle system, seven 5 l 
Niskin bottles were employed to make up the full complement of 24 bottles. 
These 5 l bottles leaked on many occasions, and a high proportion of the 
samples were rejected in the data processing stage.

Prior to the last station on SR3 (station 64), the water in the CTD sensor 
covers froze. On deployment of the instrument at this station, the sensors 
froze again as the package was about to enter the water.  Subsequent 
conductivity measurements on the P11 transect revealed that the CTD 
conductivity cell had been altered by the freezing - the response of the 
conductivity cell was significantly changed.

Freezing of instrumentation resulted in data loss in the southern part of 
both transects. For SR3 station 64, no useful CTD data was obtained due to 
the ice on the sensors, while no Niskin bottles were successfully fired 
owing to the frozen rosette pylon. For P11 stations 55 to 64, CTD downcast 
data could not be used due to ice on the sensors: upcast data was used 
instead, as discussed in a later section. In general, a logistical problem 
exists with deployment of the instrumentation in very cold conditions. When 
deployment of the package commences at each station, the instruments are 
exposed to the air for a short time before entering the water. Under 
extreme conditions of cold (Table 9), any moisture on the CTD sensors will 
freeze as the sensors are exposed to the air, rendering the CTD data 
unusable as long as ice remains on the sensors. Normally, the CTD sensors 
are kept in fresh water between stations, however storage in a hypersaline 
solution may help prevent the freezing of any moisture on the sensors. This 
method will be trialed on future cruises.

The hydrology laboratory lacked temperature control, affecting the quality 
of hydrology analyses: over the entire cruise, lab temperatures over the 
range 8 to 30C were noted. Temperature fluctuations in the laboratory 
meant that analyses at times had to be abandoned and resumed at a later 
time: for silicates in particular, repeat analysis runs were often needed. 
Laboratory temperatures are shown for the times of dissolved oxygen 
analyses (Figure 2*).

Table 9:  Air temperature and wind speed for stations where CTD sensors 
froze. Note that the CTD is deployed from the port side of the ship, thus 
the port side air temperature is  shown. Also note that wind chill factor 
has not been included.

transect	station		port air temperature	wind speed
		number		 (deg. C)		(knots)

SR3		64		-13.6			35.4

P11		55		-10.4			 6.1
P11		56		 -6.4			21.6
P11		57		-14.0			16.5
P11		58		 -6.7			14.4
P11		59		 -1.6			 7.6
P11		60		-11.3			 8.6
P11		61		-13.4			12.6
P11		62		-12.6			14.7
P11		63		-17.1			13.2
P11		64		-15.1			19.4

At station 21 on the P11 transect, several samples were lost due to 
repeated misfiring of the rosette pylon. The misfiring was thought to have 
been caused by fouling of the mechanical parts, and/or contamination of the 
mineral oil in the pylon. Following servicing of the pylon, alignment of 
the pylon stepping motor proved difficult, and several attempts at 
realignment were made for the rest of the P11 transect. As a result of the 
alignment problem, double firing of the rosette occurred during many of the 
remaining casts. In most cases, bottle firing sequence could be deduced by 
comparison of the hydrology samples with the uncalibrated CTD data. Note 
however that this task became increasingly difficult further south in the 
P11 transect where there are very weak vertical gradients in the measured 
parameters.

6	RESULTS

This section details information relevant to the creation and the quality 
of the final CTD and hydrology data set. For actual use of the data, the 
following is important:

CTD data  -  Tables 16, 17 and 18, and section 6.1.2;

hydrology data  -  Tables 22 and 23.

Historical data comparisons are made in Appendix 6.

	6.1	CTD measurements

	6.1.1	Creation of CTD 2 dbar-averaged and upcast burst data

Information relevant to the creation of the calibrated CTD 2 dbar-averaged 
and upcast burst data is tabulated, as follows:

Figure 2*:  Hydrology laboratory temperatures at the times of dissolved 
oxygen analyses.

*  Table 10 lists the bad raw data scans, with more than 8 missing bytes, 
   identified during the conversion of the raw binary CTD data to Unix 
   unformatted files (Appendix 2, section A2.4).

*  Surface pressure offsets calculated for each station (Appendix 2, 
   section A2.6.1) are listed in Table 11. Note that for 4 of the stations, 
   the value is estimated from the surrounding stations (data logging did not 
   commence until after the CTD was in the water).

*  Missing 2 dbar data averages (Appendix 2, section A2.8) are listed in 
   Table 12. For stations which include CTD dissolved oxygen data, there may 
   be additional 2 dbar averages where the oxygen data only is missing - these 
   data are referred to in Table 19.

*  CTD conductivity calibration coefficients (Appendix 2, section A2.10), 
   including the station groupings used for the conductivity calibration, are 
   listed in Tables 13 and 14.

*  CTD raw data scans flagged for special treatment (Appendix 2, section 
   A2.11.1) are listed in Table 15.

*  Suspect 2 dbar averages are listed in Tables 16 and 17 (for more 
   details, see Appendix 2, section A2.11.2). Note that Table 16 refers to CTD 
   salinity data only. Table 18 lists 2 dbar averages which are linear 
   interpolations of the surrounding 2 dbar averages.

*  Table 19 lists the 2 dbar data for which there is no dissolved oxygen data.

*  CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients (Appendix 2, section 
   A2.12) are listed in Table 20. The starting values used for the 
   coefficients prior to iteration, and the coefficients varied during the 
   iteration, are listed in Table 21.

*  Upcast CTD burst data automatically flagged with the code -1 (rejected 
   for conductivity calibration) or 0 (questionable value, but still used for 
   conductivity calibration) (Appendix 2, section A2.7.4) are listed in 
   Appendix 5, Table A5.1.

*  The different protected thermometers used for the stations are listed in 
   Appendix 5, Table A5.4.

	6.1.2	CTD data quality

The CTD data was processed in four separate groups, as follows:

*  SR3 stations 1 to 35 : CTD unit 4
*  SR3 stations 36 to 63 : CTD unit 1, shallow/deep cast pairs at each location
*  P11 stations 1 to 54 : CTD unit 1
*  P11 (and sea ice) stations 55 to 64 : CTD unit 1, upcast data used for 2 
   dbar-averaging

		SR3 stations

The CTD dissolved oxygen sensor degraded progressively over stations 10 to 
13 of the SR3 transect. The accuracy of CTD dissolved oxygen data for 
stations 11, 12 and 13 is diminished (particularly for stations 12 and 13), 
as can be seen from the higher dox values in Table 20. The sensor was 
changed following station 13. Note also that for SR3 station 13, a negative 
value for the dissolved oxygen calibration coefficient K6 (Table 20) was 
required to obtain a reasonable fit (positive values are normally 
expected). In addition, for SR3 stations 3, 11, 12, 19 and 24, the 
coefficient K5 is greater than 1, while for SR3 station 4, K5<0 (Table 20). 
Strictly speaking, we should have 0 < or equal to K5 < or equal to 1 (Millard 
and Yang, 1993).

For SR3 station 22, the salinity residual is high for the entire station 
(Figure 5a*). Salinity samples from rosette positions 3 to 7 may have been 
drawn out of sequence. For samples above this, inspection of the raw upcast 
CTD data did not reveal any obvious fouling. This indicates that the Niskin 
bottle salinity values for this station are suspect. All bottles were 
rejected for the conductivity calibration, and the station was grouped with 
the calibrations applied to SR3 stations 18 to 21 (Table 13).

No bottle samples were obtained for SR3 station 35, due to loss of the 
rosette package. For the conductivity calibration, the station was grouped 
with the calibrations applied to SR3 stations 32 to 34 (Table 13); for the 
dissolved oxygen calibration, station 35 was grouped with the calibrations 
for SR3 stations 33 and 34 (Table 20).

For SR3 station 36, only 6 salinity samples were taken over the 1000 m 
cast. These samples were all rejected for the conductivity calibration. For 
SR3 station 37, no bottle samples were taken. Stations 36 and 37 were both 
grouped with the calibrations applied to SR3 stations 38, 39 and 40 (Table 
13).

SR3 stations 1 and 39 were both test casts, with all bottles fired at a 
single depth. Conductivity calibrations for these two stations therefore 
rely heavily on the station groupings in which they fall (Table 13).

As noted in Table 11, the surface pressure offset value for station 51 of 
the SR3 transect was estimated from the surrounding stations. Any resulting 
additional error in the CTD pressure data is judged to be small (no more 
than 0.2 dbar).

For SR3 station 55, the conductivity sensor was fouled ~150 dbar from the 
bottom of the downcast, and remained fouled for the entire upcast. The 
upcast data was therefore unusable, and all the upcast bursts were rejected 
for the conductivity calibration. The station was grouped with the 
calibrations applied to SR3 stations 53, 54 and 56 (Table 13).

		P11 and sea ice stations

For the P11 data, the response of the CTD conductivity cell was altered by 
the freezing of the sensors at SR3 station 64 (section 5). The conductivity 
calibration routine adequately dealt with the new cell response (Figure 4c*).

For P11 stations 8 and 39, the cast was abandoned in both cases before the 
bottom was reached, due to unfavourable weather conditions. No Niskin 
bottle samples were obtained, however casts at both locations were repeated 
with, respectively, stations 9 and 40. For stations 8 and 39, CTD 
conductivity was calibrated in the station groupings listed in Table 13.

The surface pressure offset values for P11 stations 9, 20 and 24 (similarly 
to station 51 of the SR3 transect) were estimated from the surrounding 
stations. Any resulting additional error in the CTD pressure data is judged 
to be small (no more than 0.2 dbar).
 
Double firing of the rosette pylon occurred during many of the casts 
following P11 station 21 (section 5). For vertical positions where the 
accidental double firings occurred, the first sample of the pair was 
rejected for the conductivity calibration (Appendix 5, Table A5.3). This, 
together with the large number of rejections due to the leaking 5 l Niskin 
bottles (section 5), resulted in a significantly higher sample rejection 
rate for the P11 transect than for the SR3 data set (see Figure 4*). Note 
however that the double firings provided a useful data set for dissolved 
oxygen and nutrient sample analysis replication (section 6.2.2).

For P11 station 38, the conductivity sensor was fouled for the entire 
upcast above 400 dbar. The upcast data above 400 dbar was therefore 
unusable, and the upcast bursts for rosette positions 19 to 24 were 
rejected for the conductivity calibration.

Similarly for P11 station 43, the conductivity sensor was fouled for the 
entire upcast above 700 dbar - the upcast bursts for rosette positions 16 
to 24 were rejected for the conductivity calibration.

For P11 station 47, the conductivity sensor was fouled near the bottom of 
the downcast, and remained fouled for the entire upcast. The upcast data 
was therefore unusable, and all the upcast bursts were rejected for the 
conductivity calibration. The station was grouped with the calibrations 
applied to P11 stations 44 to 46 (Table 13). The relatively large salinity 
residual scatter of 0.0029 psu for this group (Table 13, and Figure 5c*) may 
also be due to fouling for all these stations. Indeed the near surface CTD 
2 dbar values for these stations are noted as suspect in Table 17.

For P11 (and sea ice) stations 55 to 64, ice on the CTD sensors (see 
section 5) rendered the downcast data unusable. Upcast data was used to 
form the 2 dbar-averaged data for these stations. The accuracy of the CTD 
salinity data for this group of stations, as revealed by the CTD 
conductivity calibration, is diminished (see sigma values in Table 13, and 
Figure 5d*: in the figure, the scatter is greatest for stations 56 and 60). 
For some of these stations, ice may have remained on the sensors during the 
upcast. Indeed the maximum water temperature for these stations, always 
less than 2 degrees C, may not have been sufficient to remove all the ice 
from the sensors. Bubbles may also have become trapped in the conductivity 
sensor during freezing. CTD salinity accuracy of the order 0.01 psu should 
be assumed for this group of stations. 

For P11 (and sea ice) stations 57, 58, 59 and 64, shallow casts only were 
taken (Table 2), due to unfavourable weather and sea ice conditions.

The bottom position for P11 station 63 (Table 2) was interpolated from the 
start and end positions for the station, as no value was available from the 
underway measurements.

		Summary

The following is a summary of the data quality cautions discussed above:

station no.	CTD parameter		caution
1  SR3		salinity		test cast - all bottles fired at same depth
11 SR3		dissolved oxygen	diminished CTD dissolved oxygen accuracy due to degrading sensor
12 SR3		dissolved oxygen	diminished CTD dissolved oxygen accuracy due to degrading sensor
13 SR3		dissolved oxygen	diminished CTD dissolved oxygen accuracy due to degrading sensor
22 SR3		salinity		CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from stations 18, 19, 20, 21
35 SR3		salinity		CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from stations 32, 33, 34
35 SR3		dissolved oxygen	CTD dissolved oxygen calibrated with bottles from stations 33, 34
36 SR3		salinity		CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from stations 38, 39, 40
37 SR3		salinity		CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from stations 38, 39, 40
38 SR3		all parameters		CTD cast not all the way to the bottom
39 SR3		salinity		test cast - all bottles fired at same depth
40 SR3		all parameters		CTD cast not all the way to the bottom
42 SR3		all parameters		CTD cast not all the way to the bottom
51 SR3		pressure		surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations
55 SR3		salinity		CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from stations 53, 54, 56

8  P11		salinity		CTD cast not all the way to the bottom; CTD conductivity calibrated 
					with bottles from stations  4, 5, 6, 7, 9
9  P11		pressure		surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations
20 P11		pressure		surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations
24 P11		pressure		surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations
38 P11		salinity		top 6 samples not used in conductivity calibration
39 P11		salinity		shallow cast; CTD conductivity calibrated with stations 40, 41 bottles
43 P11		salinity		top 9 samples not used in conductivity calibration
47 P11		salinity		CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from stations 44, 45, 46
55 to 64 P11 all parameters		files contain upcast data; salinity accuracy reduced
57 to 59 P11 all parameters		shallow cast only
63 P11		bottom position		lat/long. when CTD at bottom interpolated from start and end lat/long.
64 P11		all parameters		shallow cast only

The final calibration results for conductivity/salinity and dissolved 
oxygen, along with the performance check for temperature, are plotted in 
Figures 3* to 6*. Four plots are included for each parameter, corresponding 
to the four groups in which the data were processed. For temperature, 
salinity and dissolved oxygen, the respective residuals (T(therm) - 
T(cal)), (s(btl) - s(cal)) and (o(btl) - o(cal)) are plotted. For 
conductivity, the ratio c(btl)/c(cal) is plotted. T(therm) and T(cal) are 
respectively the protected thermometer and calibrated upcast CTD burst 
temperature values; s(btl), s(cal), o(btl), o(cal), c(btl) and c(cal) are 
as defined in Appendix 2, sections A2.10.1, A2.10.3 and A2.12.1. The plots 
include mean and standard deviation values, as described in Appendix 2, 
section A2.14.

The temperature residuals are shown in Figures 3a* to d*, along with the mean 
offset and standard deviation of the residuals. The thermometer value used 
in each case is the mean of the two protected thermometer readings 
(protected thermometers used are listed in Appendix 5, Table A5.4). Note 
that in the figures, the "dubious" and "rejected" categories refer to 
corresponding bottle samples and upcast CTD bursts in the conductivity 
calibration. Within the accuracy of the reversing thermometers (section 
4.1.1), the checks demonstrate stable performance of the CTD temperature 
sensors for the two CTD units.

The conductivity ratios for all bottle samples are plotted in Figures 4a* to 
D*, while the salinity residuals are plotted in Figures 5a* to d*. The final 
standard deviation values for the salinity residuals (Figure 5*) indicate 
the accuracy of the CTD salinity data as 0.002 psu, except for P11/sea ice 
stations 55 to 64 (as discussed above).

The dissolved oxygen residuals are plotted in Figure 6*. The final standard 
deviation values are within 1% of full scale values (where full scale is 
approximately equal to 250 mol/l for pressure > 750 dbar, and 350 mol/l 
for pressure < 750 dbar). Note that the final standard deviation values 
would be reduced by excluding stations 11, 12 and 13 from the estimation.

	6.2	Hydrology data

Hydrology analytical methods are detailed in Appendix 3.

	6.2.1	Hydrology data quality

Quality control information relevant to the hydrology data is tabulated, as 
follows:

*  Questionable dissolved oxygen and nutrient Niskin bottle sample values 
   are listed in Tables 22 and 23 respectively. Questionable values are 
   included in the hydrology data file, whereas bad values have been removed.

*  Laboratory temperatures at the times of dissolved oxygen and nutrient 
   analyses are listed in Tables 24 and 25 respectively. As laboratory 
   temperature was not recorded for nutrient analyses, the values in Table 25 
   are estimated by interpolating between the values from Table 24 at the 
   times of nutrient analysis runs.

*  Dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle samples flagged with the code -9 
   (rejected for CTD dissolved oxygen calibration) (Appendix 2, section 
   A2.12.3) are listed in Appendix 5, Table A5.2.

*  P11 bottles rejected due to double firing of the rosette pylon (section 
   5) are listed in Appendix 5, Table A5.3.

		Nutrients

For the phosphate analyses, it was found that the Autoanalyser peak height 
of a sample which was run immediately after a series of carrier solution 
vials (low nutrient sea water) was suppressed by, on average, 2%. It is 
suspected that this was due to the phosphomolybdate complex sorbing onto 
the walls of the instrument tubing after being cleaned by the carrier 
solution. Later tests proved that frequent flushing with sodium hydroxide 
reduced the severity of the effect, but did not eliminate it. For later 
cruises, the manifold and chemistry of the Autoanalyser phosphate channel 
will be modified in an attempt to minimise the effect. Phosphate samples 
thus effected (in most cases from rosette positions 12 and 24) are deleted 
from the hydrology data set. 

For several stations, the entire set of values for one of the nutrient 
analyses was suspect, and therefore deleted from the hydrology data, as 
follows: 

*  P11 station 10, nitrate+nitrite :  poor calibration for Autoanalyser nitrate 
   channel;
*  P11 station 33, silicate :  sensitivity decreased by fluctuating lab. 
   temperature; very large gain adjustment had to be applied;
*  P11 station 35, nitrate+nitrite :  poor calibration for Autoanalyser 
   nitrate channel;
*  P11 station 44, silicate :  very large gain adjustment had to be applied;
*  P11 station 46, silicate :  sensitivity decreased by fluctuating lab. 
   temperature (3 repeats tried with no success);
*  P11 station 56, phosphate :  values too high - no explanation;
*  P11 station 62, nitrate+nitrite :  values too low - no explanation.

The following notes also apply to the nutrient data:

*  For SR3 stations 1 and 39 (test casts), no nutrient samples were collected.
*  For SR3 stations 48, 49, 50 and 51, phosphate concentrations were derived 
   from manual integrations of autoanalyser peak heights.
*  For P11 station 51, data for all the nutrients were lost during a computer 
   failure.
*  For P11 station 64, no nutrient samples were collected.

	6.2.2	Hydrology sample replicates

Although no organised sample replication was carried out, a series of 
replicates were obtained through the unintentional double firing of Niskin 
bottles during the P11 transect (section 5). For each pair of Niskin 
bottles tripped simultaneously at the same depth, samples were drawn and 
analysed from each bottle, and the difference between the sample pairs 
calculated for each measured parameter (Figure 7*). A quality control 
element was introduced by rejecting pairs for which the difference of 
upcast CTD burst temperatures was > or equal to 0.01C; two additional bottles 
were also rejected from the analysis, due to questionable salinity and/or 
dissolved oxygen values. The results are summarised as follows (note that the 
standard deviations are calculated for the absolute value of the differences):

parameter		standard deviation	number of	full scale
			of differences		samples		deflection

salinity		0.0008 psu		60		-
dissolved oxygen	1.3420 mol/l		57		-350 mol/l for p< 750dbar
								-250 mol/l for p>750 dbar
phosphate		0.0101 mol/l		49		3.0 mol/l
nitrate+nitrite		0.2635 mol/l		55		35.0 mol/l
silicate		1.5407 mol/l		53		140 mol/l

It is assumed that these precision values would be significantly reduced if 
the sample pairs were drawn from the same Niskin bottle. Also note that 
outliers have not been removed - for instance, by removing the single 
outliers for the case of dissolved oxygen and silicate (Figure 7*), the 
standard deviations are greatly reduced, to the respective values 0.6851 
and 0.4511 mol/l. 

Figure 3a* and b*:  Temperature residual (T(therm) - T(cal)) versus station 
number for SR3. The solid line is the mean of all the residuals; the broken 
lines are  the standard deviation of all the residuals (as defined in 
section A2.14, Appendix 2). Note that the "dubious" and "rejected" categories 
refer to the conductivity calibration.

Figure 3c* and d*:  Temperature residual (T(therm) - T(cal)) versus station 
number for P11 and sea ice stations. The solid line is the mean of all the 
residuals; the broken lines are  the standard deviation of all the 
residuals (as defined in section A2.14, Appendix 2). Note that the 
"dubious" and "rejected" categories refer to the conductivity calibration.

Figure 4a* and b*:  Conductivity ratio c(btl)/c(cal) versus station number 
for SR3. The solid line follows the mean of  the residuals for each 
station; the broken lines are  the standard deviation of the residuals for 
each station (as defined in section A2.14, Appendix 2).

Figure 4c* and d*:  Conductivity ratio c(btl)/c(cal) versus station number 
for P11 and sea ice stations. The solid line follows the mean of  the 
residuals for each station; the broken lines are  the standard deviation 
of the residuals for each station (as defined in section A2.14, Appendix 2).

Figure 5a* to d*:  Salinity residual (s(btl) - s(cal)) versus station number 
for SR3, P11 and sea ice stations. The solid line is the mean of all the 
residuals; the broken lines are  the standard deviation of all the 
residuals (as defined in section A2.14, Appendix 2).

Figure 6*:  Dissolved oxygen residual (o(btl) - o(cal)) versus station 
number for SR3 stations 1 to 35. The solid line follows the mean residual 
for each station; the broken lines are  the standard deviation of the 
residuals for each station (as defined in section A2.14, Appendix 2).

Figure 7*:  Absolute value of parameter differences between sample pairs 
derived from Niskin bottle pairs tripped at the same depth. Note that no 
pressure dependent trend is evident.

Table 10:  Bad record log for ship-logged CTD raw binary data files.

Station	 no. of bad	scan nos for the	station	 no. of bad	scan nos for the	 
	records		bad records			 records	bad records	
-------------------------------------------	--------------------------------------------
34 SR3	   1		28692			20 P11	   2		14232,14239	
43 SR3	   2		1899,1906		32 P11	   1		20264	
44 SR3	   4		8987,8994,24349,24439	37 P11	   1		16722	
51 SR3	   2		9377,9390		56 P11	   1		37532	
						57 P11	   3		9890,9981,10001

Table 11:  Surface pressure offsets. ** indicates that value is estimated 
from surrounding stations (as data logging commenced after CTD was in the 
water).

station	surface p	station	surface p	station	surface p	station	surface p
number	offset (dbar)	number	offset (dbar)	number	offset (dbar)	number	offset (dbar)
----------------------	 ---------------------	 --------------------	---------------------
1 SR3	-0.10		17 SR3	-0.50		33 SR3	 0.00		49 SR3	1.40
2 SR3	-0.50		18 SR3	-0.60		34 SR3	 0.00		50 SR3	1.10
3 SR3	-0.30		19 SR3	-0.50		35 SR3	-0.10		51 SR3	1.10**
4 SR3	-0.30		20 SR3	-0.30		36 SR3	 0.90		52 SR3	1.20
5 SR3	-0.70		21 SR3	-0.80		37 SR3	 1.40		53 SR3	1.40
6 SR3	-0.60		22 SR3	-0.70		38 SR3	 1.80		54 SR3	0.80
7 SR3	-0.60		23 SR3	-0.40		39 SR3	 1.20		55 SR3	1.40
8 SR3	-0.60		24 SR3	-0.30		40 SR3	 1.60		56 SR3	1.10
9 SR3	-0.60		25 SR3	-0.50		41 SR3	 1.50		57 SR3	1.70
10 SR3	-0.30		26 SR3	-0.40		42 SR3	 1.20		58 SR3	1.40
11 SR3	-1.20		27 SR3	-0.10		43 SR3	 1.60		59 SR3	1.60
12 SR3	-0.40		28 SR3	-0.30		44 SR3	 1.00		60 SR3	1.20
13 SR3	-0.50		29 SR3	 1.30		45 SR3	 1.20		61 SR3	1.70
14 SR3	 1.10		30 SR3	-0.40		46 SR3	 1.10		62 SR3	1.50
15 SR3	-0.30		31 SR3	-0.20		47 SR3	 1.50		63 SR3	1.70
16 SR3	-0.50		2 SR3	-0.10		48 SR3	 1.20	

1 P11	-1.50		17 P11	-1.60		33 P11	 0.00		49 P11	-0.30
2 P11	-1.20		18 P11	-1.30		34 P11	-1.00		50 P11	-1.00
3 P11	-1.10		19 P11	-1.20		35 P11	-1.20		51 P11	 0.50 
4 P11	-1.10		20 P11	-1.20**		36 P11	-1.00		52 P11	 0.10
5 P11	-1.10		21 P11	-1.10		37 P11	-0.70		53 P11	-0.60
6 P11	-1.10		22 P11	-1.10		38 P11	-0.30		54 P11	 0.70
7 P11	-1.90		23 P11	-1.30		39 P11	-0.10		55 P11	 0.60
8 P11	-1.80		24 P11	-1.00**		40 P11	-1.10		56 P11	 0.60
9 P11	-1.30**		25 P11	-0.80		41 P11	-1.00		57 P11	 0.30
10 P11	-1.30		26 P11	-0.90		42 P11	-0.30		58 P11	-0.10
11 P11	-1.10		27 P11	-1.30		43 P11	-0.30		59 P11	 0.40
12 P11	-1.90		28 P11	-0.50		44 P11	-0.30		60 P11	 1.00
13 P11	-1.50	 	29 P11	-1.50		45 P11	-0.50		61 P11	 1.10
14 P11	-1.40	 	30 P11	-0.60		46 P11	 0.00		62 P11	-0.60
15 P11	-2.50		31 P11	-0.60		47 P11	-0.20		63 P11	 1.20
16 P11	-2.10		32 P11	-1.90		48 P11	-0.50		64 P11	-0.60

Table 12:  Missing data points in 2 dbar-averaged files; jmin is the 
minimum number of data points required in a 2 dbar bin to form the 2 dbar 
average (Table 8).

station		pressures (dbar) where		reason
number		data missing		
22  SR3		2422			no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
31  SR3		86, 2200		no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
35  SR3		2128			no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
38  SR3		1862			no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
43  SR3		308, 310		no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
51  SR3		2 to 38			logging of CTD data started at 39 dbar

7   P11		2846, 2854, 2856	no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
9   P11		2904 to 2910		no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
15  P11		2858 to 2862		no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
19  P11		2916, 2920 to 2924	no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
20  P11		2892, 2894		no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
21  P11		2898 to 2902		no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
24  P11		2, 4			logging of CTD data started at 5 dbar
25  P11		2704			no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
36  P11		2240			no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
37  P11		2668 to 2674		no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
38  P11		144, 150		no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
40  P11		2064 to 2068		no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
43  P11		1800			no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
46  P11		492, 494, 498		no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
48  P11		1072			no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
50  P11		382			no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
52  P11		1358			no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
55  P11		730, 890, 900, 910, 912,		 
		920, 922, 962, 970, 972	no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
57  P11		138, 370, 394		no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin
63  P11		658 to 662		no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin

Table 13:  CTD conductivity calibration coefficients F1 , F2 and F3 are 
respectively conductivity bias, slope and station-dependent correction 
calibration terms. n is the number of samples retained for calibration in 
each station grouping; sigma is the standard deviation of the conductivity 
residual for the n samples in the station grouping (eqn A2.22).

station			F1		F2		F3	n	sigma
grouping	

01 to 03 SR3	-0.87027432E-01	0.10017877E-02	 0.10859350E-07	31	0.001300
04 to 09 SR3	-0.83701358E-01	0.10016142E-02	 0.55501037E-09	94	0.001243
10 to 14 SR3	-0.78860776E-01	0.10014170E-02	 0.25279478E-07	102	0.001956
15 to 17 SR3	-0.85449315E-01	0.10004824E-02	 0.88519662E-07	63	0.001908
18 to 22 SR3	-0.77938486E-01	0.10015112E-02	 0.43526756E-08	84	0.001515
23 to 25 SR3	-0.78034870E-01	0.10009759E-02	 0.23816527E-07	61	0.001446
26 to 28 SR3	-0.11344760	0.10017975E-02	 0.35008045E-07	69	0.001160
29 to 31 SR3	-0.12312104	0.10044041E-02	-0.39590036E-07	65	0.002103
32 to 35 SR3	-0.45634971E-01	0.10001842E-02	 0.91926248E-08	61	0.001375
36 to 40 SR3	 0.21777478E-01	0.98457210E-03	-0.13856960E-07	27	0.000837
41 to 44 SR3	-0.30707095E-01	0.98499649E-03	 0.15361759E-07	44	0.000889
45 to 48 SR3	-0.42736690E-01	0.98605541E-03	-0.66427282E-09	45	0.001273
49 to 52 SR3	-0.65699587E-01	0.98930618E-03	-0.47225885E-07	41	0.001601
53 to 56 SR3	-0.11637961E-02	0.98666472E-03	-0.36153105E-07	33	0.001344
57 to 59 SR3	-0.52398276E-01	0.98827823E-03	-0.32865597E-07	33	0.001361
60 to 63 SR3	 0.16151333E-01	0.98275386E-03	 0.19604304E-07	41	0.001887

01 to 03 P11	-0.31795846E-01	0.98572167E-03	 0.13552725E-07	22	0.002011
04 to 09 P11	-0.46275229E-01	0.98612725E-03	-0.74828649E-09	88	0.001611
10 to 13 P11	-0.47789830E-01	0.98627146E-03	-0.16757783E-07	80	0.001457
14 to 15 P11	-0.48213369E-01	0.98631891E-03	-0.73256222E-08	35	0.001642
16 to 17 P11	-0.60969827E-01	0.98546887E-03	 0.63554902E-07	30	0.001115
18 to 20 P11	-0.43918874E-01	0.98611745E-03	-0.26277663E-08	56	0.002054
21 to 22 P11	-0.40540240E-01	0.99177983E-03	-0.27246037E-06	32	0.001370
23 to 26 P11	-0.43497114E-01	0.98601958E-03	-0.66065918E-08	74	0.001879
27 to 31 P11	-0.46853495E-01	0.98585209E-03	 0.67960792E-08	82	0.001754
32 to 35 P11	-0.29913756E-01	0.98647257E-03	-0.29720600E-07	60	0.001447
36 to 38 P11	-0.12768778E-01	0.98389993E-03	 0.31673400E-07	42	0.001282
39 to 41 P11	-0.36303034E-01	0.98454817E-03	 0.30142259E-07	33	0.001357
42 to 43 P11	-0.75863129E-01	0.98361994E-03	 0.77030262E-07	30	0.002289
44 to 47 P11	-0.81708355E-01	0.99161204E-03	-0.87058417E-07	61	0.002925
48 to 51 P11	-0.66000414E-01	0.98524873E-03	 0.26616089E-07	75	0.001989
52 to 54 P11	-0.27064281E-01	0.98750556E-03	-0.43742540E-07	56	0.001276
55 to 56 P11	-0.11739958E-01	0.99332894E-03	-0.17130823E-06	31	0.007388
57 to 58 P11	-0.31888641E-01	0.98091544E-03	 0.63203397E-07	20	0.002033
59 to 60 P11	 0.12828883	0.99354871E-03	-0.25069381E-06	33	0.007798
61 to 62 P11	 0.56253874E-01	0.96530435E-03	 0.20215141E-06	36	0.003554
63 to 64 P11	-0.30621303	0.95767099E-03	 0.51973919E-06	29	0.002307

Table 14:  Station-dependent-corrected conductivity slope term (F2 + F3 . 
N), for station number N, and F2 and F3 the conductivity slope and station-
dependent correction calibration terms respectively.

station	(F2 + F3 . N)		station	(F2 + F3 . N)		station	(F2 + F3 . N)	
number				number				number			
----------------------		----------------------		----------------------
1 SR3	0.10017986E-02		22 SR3	0.10016070E-02		43 SR3	0.98565704E-03
2 SR3	0.10018094E-02		23 SR3	0.10015236E-02		44 SR3	0.98567241E-03
3 SR3	0.10018203E-02		24 SR3	0.10015475E-02		45 SR3	0.98602552E-03
4 SR3	0.10016164E-02		25 SR3	0.10015713E-02		46 SR3	0.98602485E-03
5 SR3	0.10016170E-02		26 SR3	0.10027077E-02		47 SR3	0.98602419E-03
6 SR3	0.10016175E-02		27 SR3	0.10027427E-02		48 SR3	0.98602352E-03
7 SR3	0.10016181E-02		28 SR3	0.10027777E-02		49 SR3	0.98699211E-03
8 SR3	0.10016187E-02		29 SR3	0.10032560E-02		50 SR3	0.98694488E-03
9 SR3	0.10016192E-02		30 SR3	0.10032164E-02		51 SR3	0.98689766E-03
10 SR3	0.10016698E-02		31 SR3	0.10031768E-02		52 SR3	0.98685043E-03
11 SR3	0.10016951E-02		32 SR3	0.10004783E-02		53 SR3	0.98474860E-03
12 SR3	0.10017204E-02		33 SR3	0.10004875E-02		54 SR3	0.98471245E-03
13 SR3	0.10017457E-02		34 SR3	0.10004967E-02		55 SR3	0.98467630E-03
14 SR3	0.10017710E-02		35 SR3	0.10005059E-02		56 SR3	0.98464014E-03
15 SR3	0.10018102E-02		36 SR3	0.98407325E-03		57 SR3	0.98640489E-03
16 SR3	0.10018987E-02		37 SR3	0.98405939E-03		58 SR3	0.98637203E-03
17 SR3	0.10019873E-02		38 SR3	0.98404554E-03		59 SR3	0.98633916E-03
18 SR3	0.10015896E-02		39 SR3	0.98403168E-03		60 SR3	0.98393012E-03
19 SR3	0.10015939E-02		40 SR3	0.98401782E-03		61 SR3	0.98394972E-03
20 SR3	0.10015983E-02		41 SR3	0.98562632E-03		62 SR3	0.98396933E-03
21 SR3	0.10016026E-02		42 SR3	0.98564168E-03		63 SR3	0.98398893E-03

1 P11	0.98573522E-03		23 P11	0.98586762E-03		44 P11	0.98778147E-03
2 P11	0.98574878E-03		24 P11	0.98586102E-03		45 P11	0.98769441E-03
3 P11	0.98576233E-03		25 P11	0.98585441E-03		46 P11	0.98760735E-03
4 P11	0.98612425E-03		26 P11	0.98584781E-03		47 P11	0.98752030E-03
5 P11	0.98612350E-03		27 P11	0.98603559E-03		48 P11	0.98652630E-03
6 P11	0.98612276E-03		28 P11	0.98604238E-03		49 P11	0.98655292E-03
7 P11	0.98612201E-03		29 P11	0.98604918E-03		50 P11	0.98657953E-03
8 P11	0.98612126E-03		30 P11	0.98605598E-03		51 P11	0.98660615E-03
9 P11	0.98612051E-03		31 P11	0.98606277E-03		52 P11	0.98523095E-03
10 P11	0.98610388E-03		32 P11	0.98552151E-03		53 P11	0.98518721E-03
11 P11	0.98608712E-03		33 P11	0.98549179E-03		54 P11	0.98514346E-03
12 P11	0.98607036E-03		34 P11	0.98546207E-03		55 P11	0.98390698E-03
13 P11	0.98605361E-03		35 P11	0.98543235E-03		56 P11	0.98373567E-03
14 P11	0.98621635E-03		36 P11	0.98504017E-03		57 P11	0.98451804E-03
15 P11	0.98620902E-03		37 P11	0.98507184E-03		58 P11	0.98458124E-03
16 P11	0.98648575E-03		38 P11	0.98510352E-03		59 P11	0.97875777E-03
17 P11	0.98654931E-03		39 P11	0.98572372E-03		60 P11	0.97850708E-03
18 P11	0.98607015E-03		40 P11	0.98575386E-03		61 P11	0.97763559E-03
19 P11	0.98606752E-03		41 P11	0.98578401E-03		62 P11	0.97783774E-03	
20 P11	0.98606489E-03		42 P11	0.98685521E-03		63 P11	0.99041455E-03
21 P11	0.98605816E-03		43 P11	0.98693224E-03		64 P11	0.99093429E-03
22 P11	0.98578570E-03 

Table 15:  CTD raw data scans, in the vicinity of artificial density 
inversions, flagged for special treatment. Note that the pressure listed is 
approximate only; the action taken is either to ignore the raw data scans 
for all further calculations, or to apply a linear interpolation over the 
region of the bad data scans. Causes of bad data, listed in the last 
column, are detailed in Appendix 2 (section A2.11.1); note that for P11, 
after station 54, preliminary dips were conducted to remove ice from the 
sensors.  For the raw scan number ranges, the lowest and highest scans 
numbers are not included in the interpolate or ignore actions.

station	approximate		raw scan		action		reason
number	pressure (dbar)		numbers			taken

1  SR3	80; 842		3349-455; 30588-681		interpolate	wake effect
2  SR3	102; 120	8630-942; 9265-444		"		"	"
2  SR3	148		10133-43			interpolate	sal. spike in steep grad.
2  SR3	192		11304-14			ignore		"	"	"	"	"
3  SR3	158; 166;	8113-213; 8298-421;		interpolate	wake effect
3  SR3	222		10474-633 & 10647-785		"		"	"
3  SR3	872		26389-484			"		"	"
4  SR3	110; 150; 884   8148-228; 8985-9094; 22195-281	"		"	"
4  SR3	895		22364-431			ignore		"	"
5  SR3	952-962		23510-613 & 23681-832 
			& 23861-24012			interpolate	"	"
5  SR3	1438		34451-511			"		"	"
6  SR3	74		3396-504			ignore		"	"
6  SR3	78; 82		3598-715; 3744-842		interpolate	"	"
10 SR3	298		10797-801			ignore		sal. spike in steep grad.
12 SR3	120		7590-669			"		wake effect
14 SR3	986		22851-944			interpolate	"	"
16 SR3	158		5976-9				ignore		sal. spike in steep grad.
17 SR3	118		16181-297			"		wake effect
17 SR3	324		21501-59			interpolate	"	"
17 SR3	596		28138-43			ignore		fouling of cond. cell
18 SR3	742		16877-913			"		wake effect
20 SR3	74		4465-538			ignore		"	"
20 SR3	94; 108; 168	4872-913; 5134-99; 6288-377	interpolate	"	"
20 SR3	180		6554-71				"		sal. spike in steep grad.
20 SR3	224; 256; 280	7485-98; 8159-70; 8621-34	ignore		"	"	"	"	"
24 SR3	75		6527-94				"		wake effect
25 SR3	190; 203	9459-543; 9931-10052		"		"	"
25 SR3	198		9754-861			interpolate	"	"
27 SR3	90		5095-188			"		"	"
28 SR3	166		12240-345			ignore		"	"
28 SR3	172; 175	12418-543; 12562-655		interpolate	"	"
29 SR3	83; 94		9423-91; 9589-674		"		"	"
31 SR3	82; 84		5326-98; 5421-532		ignore		"	"
31 SR3	90; 131		5564-646; 6456-549		interpolate	"	"
32 SR3	372		11300-79			"		possible fouling
33 SR3	96		5512-45				ignore		wake effect
34 SR3	254		7224-90				"		"	"   
37 SR3	84; 88		2658-775			"		"	"
39 SR3	84; 90		4598-635; 4725-71		"		"	"
43 SR3	84		4124-36				"		"	"
44 SR3	1686		41078-85			interpolate	bad data
47 SR3	2		1453-1667			ignore		bad data near surface
49 SR3	48		1668-2241			"		fouling of cond. cell
54 SR3	0		278-312				"		CTD out of water
55 SR3	859-bottom	17031 to bottom of downcast	"		fouling of cond. cell

9  P11	780		29906-54			ignore		fouling of cond. cell
11 P11	686		26295-403			interpolate	fouling of cond. cell
14 P11	70; 86		5514-86; 6087-178		ignore		wake effect
14 P11	74; 79; 83	5664-756; 5792-920; 5946-6049	interpolate	"	  "
21 P11	1203		36619-50			ignore		fouling of cond. cell
22 P11	2		1013-15				"		bad data near surface
22 P11	69; 75		3541-605; 3664-745		"		wake effect
27 P11	126; 144	4572-615; 4920-75		"		"	"
33 P11	2		1595-9				"		bad data near surface
33 P11	86		4908-75				interpolate	wake effect
33 P11	97; 104		5321-413; 5530-607		ignore		"	"
35 P11	110		8136-293			"		fouling of cond. cell
36 P11	2		161-3				"		bad data near surface
36 P11	244		8200-351			interpolate	wake effect
38 P11	142; 148	6807-906; 6961-7056		ignore		"	"
40 P11	127; 134; 142	4210-62; 4324-466; 4515-648	"		"	"
40 P11	437		14845-915			"		"	"
42 P11	183		7189-293			"		"	"
44 P11	2		155-7				"		bad data near surface
44 P11	114		3694-764			"		wake effect
47 P11	84		4560-675			interpolate	"	"
47 P11	87; 93		4709-911; 5101-202		ignore		"	"
47 P11	2746-bottom	71144 to bottom of downcast	"		fouling of cond. cell
49 P11	2		 1004-6				"		bad data near surface
50 P11	2		 410-13				"		"	"	"
52 P11	2		 1084-6				"		"	"	"
53 P11	2		 61-3				"		"	"	"
54 P11	2		 62-248				"		"	"	"

55 P11	0-100		1-18178				ignore		preliminary dip to 100 dbar
56 P11	0-100		1-9844				"		"	"	"
57 P11	0-100		1-13716				"		"	"	"
63 P11	0-100		1-5911				"		preliminary dip to 50 dbar
63 P11	664-659		26769-828			"		fouling on upcast

Table 16:  Suspect salinity 2 dbar averages.

Station	suspect 2 dbar values (dbar)		reason
Number	bad	    questionable

3  SR3	68		-		salinity spike in thermocline
5  SR3	80		-			"	"
5  SR3	1442		-		salinity spike in steep local gradient
9  SR3	1024		-			"	"	"
11 SR3	-		78-82		salinity spike in thermocline
21 SR3	-		74-78			"	"
23 SR3	-		70-78			"	"
24 SR3	-		72-76			"	"
25 SR3	72-74		70			"	"
26 SR3	76-80,88-90	-			"	"
27 SR3	86-88		82-84			"	"
28 SR3	80-82		84			"	"
29 SR3	80-86,94	-			"	"
30 SR3	76-78		80			"	"
31 SR3	80-84		78,92			"	"
32 SR3	92-96		98			"	"
33 SR3	94-96		90-92			"	"
34 SR3	96-98		92-94			"	"
35 SR3	86-88		-			"	"
37 SR3	82		-			"	"
39 SR3	88		-			"	"
40 SR3	84		-			"	"
42 SR3	86-88		-			"	"
43 SR3	86		-			"	"
45 SR3	-		82			"	"

22 P11	72		-		salinity spike in thermocline
36 P11	112		-			"	"
40 P11	434		-		salinity spike in steep local gradient
44 P11	-		114		salinity spike in thermocline
54 P11	78-82		84		wake effect in thermocline
64 P11	-		44-88		possible fouling

Table 17a:  Suspect 2 dbar-averaged data from near the surface (applies to 
all parameters, except where noted).

Station	suspect 2 dbar values (dbar)			station	suspect 2 dbar values (dbar)
Number		bad	questionable	comment		number		bad	questionable	comment
------------------------------------------------	-----------------------------------------------

1-2 SR3		-	2				12 P11		2	-
4  SR3		-	2				13 P11		-	2
13 SR3		-	2				15 P11		-	2-6	temperature ok
16 SR3		-	2				21-23 P11	-	2
19 SR3		-	2-8	temperature ok		29 P11		-	2
20-21 SR3	-	2				30 P11		-	2-10	temperature ok
24 SR3		-	2				31-32 P11	-	2-8
26 SR3		-	2				33 P11		-	2
28-31 SR3	-	2				34-35 P11	-	2-4
33 SR3		-	2				36-38 P11	-	2
36-38 SR3	-	2-4				39 P11		-	2-4
39-43 SR3	-	2				42 P11		-	2
44 SR3		-	2-4				43 P11		-	2-6
45 SR3		-	2				44 P11		2-32	-	fouling
46 SR3		-	2-4				45 P11		2-14	-	fouling
47 SR3		-	2				46 P11		2-10	-	fouling
48 SR3		-	2-4				47 P11		2-6	-	fouling
49 SR3		-	2-6				48 P11		2	4-6
50 SR3		-	2-22	possible fouling	49 P11		-	2
52-53 SR3	-	2				50 P11		2-14	-
55 SR3		-	2				51 P11		-	2-4
59 SR3		-	2				52-54 P11	-	2-6
60 SR3		-	2-4
61-62 SR3	-	2

Table 17b:  Suspect 2 dbar-averaged dissolved oxygen data from near the 
surface.

station		suspect dissolved oxygen 2 dbar values (dbar)
number		bad		questionable

4 SR3		-		2-40
7 SR3		-		2-18
15 SR3		-		2-24
16 SR3		2-62		-
19 SR3		-		2-46
20 SR3		2-24		-
26 SR3		-		2-44
27 SR3		-		2-14
28 SR3		2-20		-
29 SR3		-		2-48
30 SR3		-		2-46
31 SR3		-		2-46
32 SR3		2-12		14-18
33 SR3		2-12		14-48
34 SR3		2-10		12-48
35 SR3		-		2-12

Table 18:  2 dbar averages interpolated from surrounding 2 dbar values 
(applies to all parameters).

station		interpolated 2 dbar values	station		interpolated 2 dbar values
number			(dbar)			number			(dbar) 
------------------------------------------	-------------------------------------------

1  SR3		80,846				11 P11		686,688
2  SR3		104,120,122,148			14 P11		76,80,84
3  SR3		158,166,222,224,226,876		33 P11		88
4  SR3		110,150,886			36 P11		244,246
5  SR3		952,954,960,964,1438		40 P11		130,136,144,440
6  SR3		80,84				47 P11		86
14 SR3		986,988
17 SR3		326
20 SR3		96,110,172,182
25 SR3		200
27 SR3		92
28 SR3		174,178
29 SR3		84,94
31 SR3		90,134
32 SR3		374,376,378
44 SR3		1686

Table 19:  2 dbar-averaged data for which there is no dissolved oxygen data.

station number		pressures (dbar) where dissolved oxygen data is missing

1  SR3			no dissolved oxygen data for entire station
9  SR3			346 to 360 (bad data, removed from 2 dbar file)
13 SR3			822 to 4166 (bad data, removed from 2 dbar file)
28 SR3			104
36 to 63 SR3		no disssolved oxygen data for entire station

1 to 64 P11		no dissolved oxygen data for entire station

Table 20:  CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients. K1, K2, K3, K4, 
K5 and K6 are respectively oxygen current slope, oxygen sensor time 
constant, oxygen current bias, temperature correction term, weighting 
factor, and pressure correction term. dox is equal to 2.8sigma (for sigma 
defined as in eqn A2.27); n is the number of samples retained for 
calibration in each station or station grouping.

station	  K1	  K2	  K3	    K4		K5		   K6		dox	n
number
(SR3)
2	2.0274	 8.0000	 0.010	 -0.17132E-01	 0.75000	 0.15000E-03	0.15755	8
3	2.0110	 8.0000	 0.009	 -0.13799E-01	 1.88960	 0.24338E-03	0.14222	11
4	2.7177	 8.0000	-0.103	 -0.42809E-01	-0.23938	 0.20380E-03	0.15926	14
5	2.1200	 8.0000	 0.022	 -0.24495E-01	 0.76225	 0.14176E-03	0.15091	21
6	2.2364	 8.0000	 0.001	 -0.29764E-01	 0.72814	 0.14337E-03	0.09138	21
7	2.1626	 8.0000	-0.006	 -0.29297E-01	 0.32787	 0.14602E-03	0.14403	21
8	2.3164	 8.0000	-0.064	 -0.40570E-01	 0.73754	 0.14970E-03	0.14250	20
9	1.6075	 8.0000	-0.042	 -0.26481E-01	 0.19379	 0.12127E-03	0.15818	20
10	1.3971	 8.0000	-0.036	 -0.16300E-01	 0.90868	 0.13229E-03	0.19734	24
11	1.3144	 8.0000	-0.105	 -0.18048E-01	 1.16040	 0.11158E-03	0.24851	21
12	1.3226	 8.0000	-0.064	 -0.17154E-01	 1.22800	 0.75203E-04	0.34541	21
13	1.7061	 8.0000	-0.077	 -0.40801E-01	 0.92952	-0.69989E-04	0.35414	8
14	1.9428	 8.0000	 0.042	 -0.25338E-01	 0.85151	 0.14716E-03	0.20176	15
15	2.4379	 8.0000	-0.028	 -0.36510E-01	 0.58714	 0.15051E-03	0.15346	23
16	2.4229	 8.0000	-0.017	 -0.35613E-01	 0.71932	 0.14756E-03	0.09936	17
17	2.1960	 8.0000	 0.012	 -0.24537E-01	 0.63182	 0.14800E-03	0.13343	21
18	2.4823	 8.0000	-0.033	 -0.39815E-01	 0.45117	 0.15443E-03	0.10719	21
19	1.9844	 8.0000	 0.049	 -0.12796E-01	 1.00540	 0.14438E-03	0.13158	20
20	2.4533	 8.0000	-0.014	 -0.41319E-01	 0.49795	 0.14375E-03	0.13144	22
21	2.1079	 8.0000	 0.040	 -0.35278E-01	 0.01040	 0.14420E-03	0.18382	21
22	2.2612	 8.0000	 0.006	 -0.32143E-01	 0.44994	 0.15311E-03	0.16557	22
23	2.3880	 8.0000	-0.013	 -0.38390E-01	 0.23562	 0.14765E-03	0.12333	20
24	2.5164	 8.0000	-0.050	 -0.34064E-01	 1.29880	 0.16609E-03	0.10001	19
25	2.4740	 8.0000	-0.027	 -0.40397E-01	 0.62429	 0.14327E-03	0.08337	22
26	2.1406	 8.0000	 0.008	 -0.14545E-01	 0.73058	 0.16129E-03	0.10123	16
27	2.3617	 8.0000	-0.009	 -0.36968E-01	 0.49548	 0.14765E-03	0.13378	17
28	2.4899	 8.0000	-0.032	 -0.39682E-01	 0.57692	 0.15114E-03	0.11739	18
29	2.3508	 8.0000	-0.024	 -0.22407E-01	 0.88302	 0.15834E-03	0.17424	20
30	2.4132	 8.0000	-0.007	 -0.39170E-01	 0.28909	 0.14126E-03	0.13782	22
31	2.1545	 8.0000	 0.040	 -0.30173E-01	 0.24521	 0.13766E-03	0.18215	21
32	2.4132	 8.0000	-0.014	 -0.36240E-01	 0.78105	 0.15136E-03	0.11923	20
33-35	2.2272	 8.0000	 0.012	 -0.21553E-01	 0.56467	 0.15220E-03	0.10213	40

Table 21:  Starting values for CTD dissolved oxygen calibration 
coefficients prior to iteration, and coefficients varied during iteration 
(sections A2.12.1 and A2.12.3). Note that coefficients not varied during 
iteration are held constant at the starting value.

station	K1	K2	K3	   K4		K5	K6		coefficients
number									varied
(SR3)
2	2.3000	8.0000	 0.010	-0.200E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K4 
3	2.4000	8.0000	 0.010	-0.200E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
4	2.6000	8.0000	-0.050	-0.500E-01	0.100	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
5	2.3000	8.0000	 0.000	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
6	2.3000	8.0000	 0.000	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
7	2.1000	8.0000	 0.000	-0.300E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
8	2.2000	8.0000	-0.020	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
9	1.5000	8.0000	-0.020	-0.300E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
10	1.5000	8.0000	 0.010	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
11	1.3300	8.0000	-0.020	-0.300E-01	1.000	0.00000		K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
12	1.3400	8.0000	-0.020	-0.200E-01	0.750	0.00000		K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
13	1.5000	8.0000	 0.030	-0.300E-01	0.750	0.00000		K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
14	2.0000	8.0000	 0.100	-0.300E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
15	2.4500	8.0000	 0.000	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
16	2.4000	8.0000	 0.000	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
17	2.3000	8.0000	 0.000	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
18	2.4000	8.0000	 0.000	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
19	2.3000	8.0000	 0.160	-0.300E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
20	2.4000	8.0000	 0.000	-0.400E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
21	2.5000	8.0000	-0.010	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
22	2.2000	8.0000	 0.000	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
23	2.3500	8.0000	 0.000	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
24	2.5000	8.0000	-0.080	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
25	2.4500	8.0000	-0.020	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
26	2.3000	8.0000	 0.010	-0.300E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
27	2.3500	8.0000	 0.000	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6  
28	2.4000	8.0000	-0.030	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
29	2.3000	8.0000	 0.000	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
30	2.3000	8.0000	 0.000	-0.400E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
31	2.1000	8.0000	 0.000	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
32	2.5000	8.0000	 0.000	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6
33-35	2.2000	8.0000	 0.000	-0.360E-01	0.750	0.15000E-03	K1	K3 K4 K5 K6

Table 22:  Questionable dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle sample values (not 
deleted from hydrology data file).  

station	rosette		station	rosette
number	position	number	position 
---------------------------------------------------
			 5 P11	17
1  SR3	1,16,20,23	 7 P11	14
3  SR3	1		16 P11	4
8  SR3	4		25 P11	5
9  SR3	14,21		30 P11	11
22 SR3	24		51 P11	8,13
24 SR3	19		52 P11	7
41 SR3	9		53 P11	13,23,24
58 SR3	1		58 P11	10		

Table 23:  Questionable nutrient sample values (not deleted from hydrology data file).    

	PHOSPHATE			NITRATE				SILICATE
station		rosette		station		rosette		station		rosette
number		position	number		position 	number		position
------------------------	-----------------------------	--------------------------
				4  SR3		20
5 SR3		7						 5 SR3		24
								12 SR3		21,22,23,24
16 SR3		whole station
17 SR3		whole station
20 SR3		3		20 SR3		3		20 SR3		3
29 SR3		20
42 SR3		1
				54 SR3		whole station
								58 SR3		3
								60 SR3		3
------------------------	-----------------------------	------------------------
								4 P11		8
								7 P11		6,7,8
								10 P11		9
13 P11		4		13 P11		4		13 P11		4,7
				24 P11		1
26 P11		4		26 P11		4
30 P11		11		30 P11		11		30 P11		11
								36 P11		22,24
45 P11		5		45 P11		5		45 P11		5
47 P11		2		47 P11		2		47 P11		2
48 P11		14		48 P11		10,14		48 P11		10
				49 P11		10
53 P11		13,19		53 P11		1,13,19		53 P11		13
54 P11		3		54 P11		3				55 P11		17
60 P11		16,17		60 P11		10,13

Table 24:  Laboratory temperatures Tl at the times of dissolved oxygen 
analyses. Values marked ** are values estimated from temperatures for 
surrounding stations.

stn	Tl	stn	Tl	stn	Tl	stn	Tl	stn	Tl	stn	Tl
no.	(C)	no.	(C)	no.	(C)	no.	(C)	no.	(C)	no.	(C)
-----------	-----------	-----------	-----------	------------	-------------

1 SR3 20**	12 SR3 20**	23 SR3 16	34 SR3 20	45 SR3 21	56 SR3 17	
2 SR3 20**	13 SR3 20**	24 SR3 16**	35 SR3   -	46 SR3 20.1	57 SR3 17	
3 SR3 20**	14 SR3 19.5**	25 SR3 19.5	36 SR3 19**	47 SR3 20.1	58 SR3 17
4 SR3 20**	15 SR3 19.5	26 SR3 20	37 SR3   -	48 SR3 18	59 SR3 17	
5 SR3 20**	16 SR3 19.5	27 SR3 19.5	38 SR3 19**	49 SR3 18	60 SR3 17**	
6 SR3 20**	17 SR3 18.5	28 SR3 18.5**	39 SR3   -	50 SR3 18	61 SR3 17**	
7 SR3 20**	18 SR3 18.5	29 SR3 18.5	40 SR3 18	51 SR3 18	62 SR3 17**	
8 SR3 20**	19 SR3 19	30 SR3 18.5	41 SR3 18	52 SR3 18	63 SR3 17**	
9 SR3 20**	20 SR3 19	31 SR3 19**	42 SR3 17.5	53 SR3 18	
10 SR3 20**	21 SR3 19	32 SR3 19.5	43 SR3 17.5	54 SR3 11	
11 SR3 20**	22 SR3 16	33 SR3 20	44 SR3 21	55 SR3 11	

1 P11 25**	12 P11 24	23 P11 23.5	34 P11 24**	45 P11 23	56 P11 16.5	
2 P11 25**	13 P11 22	24 P11 23	35 P11 23.5	46 P11 19.5	57 P11 16.5	
3 P11 25**	14 P11 22**	25 P11 23	36 P11 23	47 P11 19.5**	58 P11 16.5	
4 P11 25	15 P11 27	26 P11 23**	37 P11 23**	48 P11 16.5	59 P11 16.5	
5 P11 25	16 P11 27	27 P11 23	38 P11 23**	49 P11 16.5**	60 P11 17
6 P11 25**	17 P11 24	28 P11 23**	39 P11   -	50 P11 18.5**	61 P11 17
7 P11 25**	18 P11 24	29 P11 25	40 P11 23**	51 P11 18.5**	62 P11 17
8 P11   -	19 P11 24	30 P11 25**	41 P11 23**	52 P11 18.5	63 P11 22	
9 P11 23.5	20 P11 24**	31 P11 25**	42 P11 23**	53 P11 17.5**	64 P11 22**	
10 P11 24**	21 P11 23.5**	32 P11 25**	43 P11 23**	54 P11 16.5**	
11 P11 24**	22 P11 23.5**	33 P11 24.5	44 P11 23**	55 P11 16.5**	

Table 25:  Laboratory temperatures Tl at the times of nutrient analyses, 
used for conversion to gravimetric units for WOCE format data (Appendix 7). 
Note that all these values are estimated by interpolation between the Table 
24 values at the times of nutrient analyses.

stn	Tl	stn	Tl	stn	Tl	stn	Tl	stn	Tl	stn	Tl
no.	(C)	no.	(C)	no.	(C)	no.	(C)	no.	(C)	no.	(C)
------------	-------------	-----------	-------------	-----------	-----------

1 SR3 19.5	12 SR3 16n,p	21 SR3 19.5	32 SR3 20	43 SR3 21	56 SR3 24
2 SR3 18.5n,p	12 SR3 24s	22 SR3 18.5	33 SR3 20p,s	44 SR3 21	57 SR3 24	
2 SR3 22s	13 SR3 16	23 SR3 18.5	33 SR3 22n	45 SR3 21	58 SR3 24	
3 SR3 18.5n,p	14 SR3 16	24 SR3 19	34 SR3 19	46 SR3 21	59 SR3 24
3 SR3 22s	15 SR3 16	25 SR3 19	35 SR3  - 	47 SR3 21	60 SR3 24	
4 SR3 18.5	16 SR3 16n,s	26 SR3 19	36 SR3 19	48 SR3 18	61 SR3 24
5 SR3 18.5	16 SR3 27p	27 SR3 19	37 SR3  - 	49 SR3 18	62 SR3 24	
6 SR3 19	17 SR3 16n,s	28 SR3 27	38 SR3 19p,s	50 SR3 18	63 SR3 24	
7 SR3 19	17 SR3 27p	29 SR3 27n,p	38 SR3 22n	51 SR3 18	
8 SR3 19	18 SR3 16	29 SR3 24s	39 SR3  - 	52 SR3 18	
9 SR3 19	19 SR3 19.5n,s	30 SR3 20n,p	40 SR3 21	53 SR3 18	
10 SR3 19	19 SR3 24p	30 SR3 22s	41 SR3 21	54 SR3 18		
11 SR3 19	20 SR3 19.5	31 SR3 20	42 SR3 21	55 SR3 18		

1 P11 24	12 P11 25	23 P11 23	34 P11 19.5	45 P11 16.5	56 P11 22	
2 P11 24	13 P11 24.5	24 P11 23	35 P11 16.5	46 P11 17	57 P11 22	
3 P11 24	14 P11 24.5	25 P11 23	36 P11 17.5	47 P11 17	58 P11 22	
4 P11 24	15 P11 24	26 P11 23	37 P11 16.5	48 P11 17	59 P11 22	
5 P11 23.5	16 P11 24	27 P11 23	38 P11 16.5	49 P11 22	60 P11 22	
6 P11 23.5	17 P11 24	28 P11 23	39 P11  - 	50 P11 22	61 P11 22	
7 P11 24	18 P11 24	29 P11 23	40 P11 16.5	51 P11 22	62 P11 22	
8 P11  - 	19 P11 23.5	30 P11 18.5	41 P11 16.5	52 P11 22	63 P11 22	
9 P11 24	20 P11 23.5	31 P11 18.5	42 P11 16.5	53 P11 22 	64 P11  - 	
10 P11 24	21 P11 23.5	32 P11 18.5	43 P11 16.5	54 P11 22	
11 P11 24	22 P11 23	33 P11 16.5	44 P11 16.5	55 P11 22	

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to all scientific personnel who participated in the cruise, and to 
the crew of the RSV Aurora Australis. Thanks also to the Steering Committee 
of the RV Franklin for the loan of equipment. The work was supported by the 
Department of Environment, Sport and Territories through the CSIRO Climate 
Change Research Program, the Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre, and the 
Australian Antarctic Division.

REFERENCES

Millard, R.C. and Yang, K., 1993. CTD calibration and processing methods 
  used at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole Oceanographic 
  Institution Technical Report No. 93-44. 96 pp.

Rintoul, S.R. and Bullister, J.L. (in preparation). A late winter section 
  between Tasmania and Antarctica: Circulation, transport and water mass 
  formation.

Ryan, T., 1993.  Data Quality Manual for the data logged instrumentation 
  aboard the RSV Aurora Australis. Australian Antarctic Division, unpublished 
  manuscript.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX 1	CTD Instrument Calibrations

Table A1.1:  Calibration coefficients from pressure and platinum 
temperature sensor calibrations for the 2 CTD units used during RSV Aurora 
Australis cruise AU9309/AU9391. Note that for each station, the pressure 
calibration offset coefficients (i.e. pdcal1 and pucal1) are reset 
according to the surface pressure offset (see section A2.6.2, Appendix 2). 
Also note that temperature calibrations are for the ITS-90 scale. 

coefficient	CTD unit 1 (serial 1073)	CTD unit 4 (serial 1197)

pressure calibration coefficients (after terminology of eqns A2.1 to A2.5, Appendix 2)
pdcal1		-9.9636e-02			-8.3917
pdcal2		 8.6203e-03			 8.4561e-03
pdcal3		-1.3318e-05			-1.3702e-05
pdcal4		 7.4695e-09			 6.7540e-09
pdcal5		-1.6429e-12			-1.3336e-12
pdcal6		 1.2231e-16			 9.2391e-17

pucal1		-0.6203				-8.4082
pucal2		-2.6182e-03			-5.3668e-03
pucal3		-1.6092e-06			-3.1088e-06
pucal4		 2.7248e-09			 3.7279e-09
pucal5		-7.8409e-13			-9.6233e-13
pucal6		 6.5036e-17			 7.6358e-17

platinum temperature calibration coefficients (after terminology of eqn A2.6, Appendix 2)
Tcal1		 8.0015e-03			 3.3504e-06
Tcal2		 9.9952e-01			 9.9966e-01

Table A1.2:  Platinum temperature calibration data. All temperatures and 
corrections are determined in terms of the ITS-90 scale. The amount shown 
as the correction is the amount to be added to the CTD reading at that 
temperature.

CTD unit 1 (serial 1073)

date		correction	temperature	99% confidence interval
18/5/93		 0.008C	 0.011C		0.003C
18/5/93		 0.008C	 0.011C		0.003C
19/5/93		-0.005C	26.862C		0.005C
19/5/93		-0.005C	26.862C		0.005C

CTD unit 4 (serial 1197)

date		correction	temperature	99% confidence interval
11/92		 0.000C	 0.010C		0.003C
11/92		-0.009C	26.860C		0.005C

(a) CTD unit 1 (serial no. 1073)

(b) CTD unit 4 (serial no. 1197)

Figure A1.1a* and b*:  Pressure sensor calibration data, for down and upcast 
calibrations. In the figures, Delta-d is for downcast data, and Delta-u is for 
upcast data (calibrated August 1991).

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX 2	CTD and Hydrology Data Processing and Calibration Techniques

ABSTRACT

Complete details are presented of the calibration and data processing 
techniques used to generate calibrated and quality controlled CTD 2 
dbar-averaged data, and hydrology data. Attention is given to the 
order in which the various calculations and corrections are applied, 
as any variation will affect the final data values produced.

A2.1	INTRODUCTION

This Appendix details the data processing and calibration techniques 
employed in the production of the final CTD data set on shore. Logging of 
the data at sea is discussed in the main text. The different sections in 
this Appendix, and the description within each section, are ordered to 
match the steps in the data processing flow. Most of the data processing 
software is written in FORTRAN.

Data sets for different cruises may vary in the specifications of the CTD 
(Tables 7 and 8 in the main text), and in the parameters generated. The 
generality of this description is retained so that it will be applicable to 
future data sets. Thus, the processing of a CTD raw data stream which 
includes pressure, temperature, conductivity, oxygen current, oxygen 
temperature, and additional digitiser channels (e.g. fluorescence, 
photosynthetically active radiation, etc.) (Table 8) is detailed here. For 
the cruise described in this report (AU9309/AU9391), no additional 
digitiser channels were active. For future cruise data sets, any variation 
in the processing and calibration techniques described here will be 
detailed in the data report attached to the data set.

A2.2	DATA FILE TYPES

The various data files used throughout the data calibration procedure on 
shore (and produced by it) are outlined below. A complete description of 
final calibrated data files is given in Appendix 4.

	A2.2.1	CTD data files

Throughout this report, three types of CTD file are referred to: 

(i) raw CTD files, which contain the complete CTD data prior to removal of 
    pressure reversals, and prior to averaging; note that a data scan refers to 
    one complete data line containing all the logged parameters - thus the raw 
    data is logged at N data scans per second, where N is the scanning 
    frequency (Table 8);

(ii) intermediate CTD files prior to 2 dbar averaging, despiked and with 
     sensor lags applied, and with pressure reversals removed for downcast data;

(iii) 2 dbar-averaged CTD files, which contain the CTD data averaged over 2 
      dbar bins. 

The CTD filenames are of the form vyyccusss.xxx:n (e.g. a93094046.raw:1) 
where

	v = vessel (e.g. "a" for Aurora Australis)
	yy = year (e.g. 93)
	cc = cruise number (e.g. 09)
	u = CTD unit number (i.e. instrument number) (e.g. 4)
	sss = station number (e.g. 046)
	xxx = file type (e.g. "raw" for raw data file) 
	n = dip number (i.e. 1 for downcast data, 2 for upcast burst data) 
	(does not apply to 2 dbar-averaged files)

The various file suffixes (xxx in the above naming convention) are

	raw = raw data file
	cda = intermediate data file, which is the raw data file despiked and 
	with pressure reversal removed, and with appropriate data lagging applied 
	between parameters
	unc = uncalibrated 2 dbar-averaged file
	ave = calibrated (except for dissolved oxygen) 2 dbar-averaged file
	oxy = same as ave, but including the oxygen current derivative with 
	respect to time (for the calibration of dissolved oxygen)
	all = final calibrated 2 dbar-averaged file (with or without 
	dissolved oxygens)

	A2.2.2	Hydrology data files

The final hydrology data file produced on shore contains the Niskin bottle 
data, output from the hydrology data processing program "HYDRO" (Appendix 
3), merged with averages calculated from upcast CTD burst data. The file is 
named vyycc.bot (e.g. a9309.bot), where v, yy and cc are as above in the 
CTD file naming convention. During the CTD calibration procedure, 
intermediate hydrology data files are produced, named calib.dat:nn (e.g. 
01), where "nn" is the version number. In general, the later version 
numbers are for more advanced stages in the quality control of Niskin 
bottle data.

	A2.2.3	Station information file

This file contains station information, including position, time, depth 
etc. The file is named vyycc.sta (e.g. a9309.sta), where v, yy and cc are 
as above.

A2.3	STATION HEADER INFORMATION

Position:  All station position information is derived from the quality 
controlled GPS underway measurement data set (Section 4.2, and Appendix 4).

Bottom depth:  On the Aurora Australis, bow thrusters are used to maintain 
station. Unfortunately, the turbulence caused by the thrusters interferes 
with the echo sounder readings, so that the digital output from the sounder 
is unusable while thrusters are engaged on station. Depths while on station 
(Table 2) are obtained by reading the echo sounder printout, and are 
entered manually to the CTD data logging PC at sea. The automatically 
logged underway depth measurements immediately before and after station 
(i.e. when the bow thrusters are not in operation) are later used to check 
the plausibility of the manually entered values.   

Times:  All start and end times recorded in the header information are 
stamped automatically by the CTD data acquisition program at the start and 
end of CTD data logging. Times are derived from the internal clock on the 
logging PC; this clock is independent of the ship's main time log, but is 
checked prior to each station. Bottom times (i.e. time at the bottom of the 
CTD cast) are as recorded manually at the bottom of each cast during data 
logging.

A2.4	CONVERTING SHIP-LOGGED RAW DATA FILES FOR SHORE-DATA PROCESSING

For the CTD instruments used on the Aurora Australis, the raw binary data 
files (as logged by the PC system on board the ship) are fixed record 
length binary files consisting of data scans, length n bytes, arranged in 
records with a length of 129 bytes. The value of n is fixed for each CTD 
instrument (Table 8). The last byte of each 129 byte record is a record end 
byte. All further CTD data processing on shore is carried out on a Unix 
system. After transferring the files to the Unix system, the raw binary 
files are reformatted to generate Unix format unformatted files. During 
this conversion, the record length is checked by confirming the placement 
of the record end byte every 129 bytes. Occasionally a record is found with 
less than 129 bytes, due to missing bytes in the original data logging. For 
these cases, the records are padded out to 129 bytes using null bytes at 
the end of the record (prior to the record end byte). Up to 8 missing bytes 
in a record are allowed at this stage; if more bytes are missing from the 
record, the entire record is skipped and the bad record is noted (Table 
10).

Two files are generated during the conversion of the raw data files to Unix 
unformatted files:

vyyccusss.raw:1 (also known as the "dip 1" file)  e.g. a93091046.raw:1
vyyccusss.raw:2 (also known as the "dip 2" file)  e.g. a93091046.raw:2

The dip 1 file contains the CTD data (uncalibrated), where only the 
downcast data has been preserved (down to the maximum pressure value 
recorded by the pressure sensor prior to the first Niskin bottle firing.) 
The dip 2 file contains CTD data bursts extracted from the upcast portion 
of the data at times corresponding to Niskin bottle firings. At each bottle 
firing, the 5 seconds of CTD data previous to the firing is stored in the 
dip 2 file.

A2.5	PRODUCING THE DATA PROCESSING MASTER FILE

A master file named "ctdmaster.sho" is created as a template from CTD 
header information. This file stores all data processing and calibration 
information, including station header details (e.g. positions, times, 
maximum pressure etc.), calibration coefficients, calibration status, and 
digitiser channel information. The master file is automatically updated by 
the data processing and calibration programs at all stages of the 
calibration procedure.

A2.6	CALCULATION OF PARAMETERS

The CTD pressure and temperature sensor calibration coefficients (Appendix 
1) are written to the master file. The conductivity and dissolved oxygen 
sensors are calibrated entirely from cruise Niskin bottle data, thus final 
conductivity and dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients are not included 
till a later stage in the processing. Note that for pressure, temperature, 
conductivity, salinity and parameters for additional digitiser channels, 
all calculations (including application of calibration coefficients) are 
performed on the complete raw data prior to averaging into 2 dbar 
intervals. The calibration of dissolved oxygen data is performed on the 2 
dbar averaged data only.

	A2.6.1	Surface pressure offset

The point at which the CTD enters the water is found by identifying the 
first conductivity value greater than 10 mS/cm. The second data scan after 
this is then nominated as the first "in water" value. The value of the 
pressure for this scan is usually slightly greater than or less than zero, 
due both to atmospheric pressure variation, and to small calibration drift 
in the pressure sensor. The surface pressure offset value, equal to -1 
times the pressure reading when the CTD enters the water, is retained for 
each station (Table 11), and each offset is added to all pressure values 
for the station.

	A2.6.2	Pressure calculation

A fifth order polynomial fit is used for calibration of  pressure data. Due 
to hysteresis in the pressure sensor response, a different polynomial is 
required for each of the two cases of pressure increasing and pressure 
decreasing (Appendix 1). Thus there are six pressure calibration 
coefficients for downcast data, and another six for upcast data. For 
downcast data, calibrated pressure p is given by

p  =  p(ctd) + pdcal1 + pdcal2.p(ctd) + pdcal3.p(ctd)^2 + pdcal4.p(ctd)^3 + 
	pdcal5.p(ctd)^4 + pdcal6.p(ctd)^5			(eqn A2.1)

where pdcal1 to pdcal6 are the downcast pressure calibration coefficients, 
and p(ctd) is the raw pressure p(raw) output by the CTD and converted to 
approximate engineering units by

	p(ctd) = p(raw) / 10 					(eqn A2.2)

The CTD pressure is calibrated over the range 0 to 5515 dbar. No greater 
pressures were reached during the cruise. For casts that do not reach the 
maximum pressure of the calibration (i.e. 5515 dbar), a transition is 
required between the down and upcast pressure calibrations when calculating 
pressures  from upcast data. This is achieved by applying an exponential 
decay "feathering" between the downcast and upcast calibration polynomials 
over the first 300 dbar of the upcast. Thus the upcast pressure data are 
calibrated as follows:

p = p(ctd) + p2 + (p1 - p2) . exp[ - (p(max) - p(ctd)) / 300 ]	 (eqn A2.3)

where p(max) is the maximum pressure in the cast, and where

p1 = pdcal1 + pdcal2.p(ctd) + pdcal3.p(ctd)^2 + pdcal4.p(ctd)^3 + 
	pdcal5.p(ctd)^4 + pdcal6.p(ctd)^5			(eqn A2.4)

and

p2 = pucal1 + pucal2.p(ctd) + pucal3.p(ctd)^2 + pucal4.p(ctd)^3 + 
	pucal5.p(ctd)^4 + pucal6.p(ctd)^5			(eqn A2.5)

for upcast pressure calibration coefficients pucal1 to pucal6. Note that 

	pucal1 = pdcal1 = surface pressure offset.

	A2.6.3	Temperature calculation

CTD temperature values are in terms of the International Temperature Scale 
of 1990 (ITS-90).  A linear fit is used for calibration of the temperature 
data, as follows:

	T = Tcal1 + Tcal2 . T(ctd) 				 (eqn A2.6)

where T is the calibrated temperature, Tcal1 and Tcal2 are temperature 
calibration coefficients (Appendix 1), and T(ctd) is the raw temperature 
T(raw) output by the CTD and converted to approximate engineering units by

	T(ctd) = T(raw) / 2000					(eqn A2.7)

When conversion of temperature as ITS-90 to temperature expressed on the 
International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68) is required 
(e.g. for salinity PSS-78 calculation), the following conversion factors 
are used (Saunders, 1990):

	T(68) = 1.00024 T(90)					(eqn A2.8)
	T(90) = 0.99976 T(68)					(eqn A2.9)

	A2.6.4	Conductivity cell deformation correction

Conductivity cell geometry is effected by temperature and pressure. The 
correction applied for this cell deformation is

c = g(ctd) . [1 - 6.5e^-6 (T - 15) + 1.5e^-8 (p / 3)]		(eqn A2.10)

for conductivity c, calibrated temperature and pressure T and p 
respectively, and where g(ctd) is the raw conductance g(raw) as measured by 
the CTD and converted to approximate engineering units by

	g(ctd) = g(raw) / 1000					(eqn A2.11)

	A2.6.5	Salinity calculation

Salinity is calculated from the conductivity, temperature and pressure 
using the practical salinity scale of 1978 (PSS-78), via the algorithm 
SAL78 (Fofonoff and Millard, 1983). Note that temperatures expressed on the 
ITS-90 scale must first be converted to IPTS-68 temperatures (eqn A2.8) for 
input into the salinity PSS-78 routine.

	A2.6.6	Oxygen current and oxygen temperature conversion

The raw oxygen current and oxygen temperature, o(craw) and o(traw) 
respectively as measured by the CTD, are converted to o(cctd) and o(tctd) 
in approximate engineering units by

	O(cctd) = o(craw) / 2000					(eqn A2.12)
	O(tctd) = o(traw) / 2000					(eqn A2.13)

Calibration of the dissolved oxygen using these parameters is performed on 
2 dbar averages only.

	A2.6.7	Additional digitiser channel parameters

Manufacturer supplied polynomial fit coefficients are applied to digitiser 
channel parameters. No further calibration is applied to these values.

A2.7	CREATION OF INTERMEDIATE CTD FILES, AND AUTOMATIC QUALITY FLAGGING OF 
	CTD BURST DATA

Several processing steps take place when the intermediate CTD files are 
produced (section A2.7.5). Briefly, the parameters are despiked, sensor 
lagging corrections are applied, and pressure reversals are removed. For 
the upcast CTD burst data, individual bursts are automatically assigned a 
quality code.

	A2.7.1	Despiking

Spurious data points are replaced by the previous data point. This 
preserves the equal time spacing between data points, required for the 
sensor lagging corrections discussed below. The criteria used to reject 
data values are shown in Table A2.1. Note that these criteria are unchanged 
over the entire water column.

For pressure, temperature, conductivity and salinity, if any one of these 
parameters falls outside the criteria for acceptable data (Table A2.1), 
then the entire data scan is replaced by the previous data scan (i.e. all 
parameters are replaced by the previous value), and the scan replacement 
counter nrep is incremented by 1. If more than 3 consecutive data scans 
require replacement by the previous scan (i.e. nrep > 3), then all 
parameters are reset to their current value (i.e. the scan is not replaced 
by the previous scan) and nrep is reset to 0.

For oxygen current o(c) and oxygen temperature o(t), if either of these 
parameters falls outside the criteria in Table A2.1, then the current o(c) 
and o(t) values are replaced by null data points; the other parameters are 
unaffected, and nrep is not incremented. Note that when o(c) and o(t) are 
replaced by null values, then the maximum allowable step criterion (Table 
A2.1) is not applied to the next o(c) and o(t) values; however the low and 
high limit tests (Table A2.1) are still applied. 

For any parameters from the additional digitiser channels, no automatic 
check is made for spurious data values.

Table A2.1: Criteria used to determine spurious data values. The low and 
high limits are respectively the minimum and maximum allowable values for 
the parameter. The maximum allowable step is the maximum difference 
permitted between consecutive values.

parameter	     units	low limit	high limit	maximum allowable step
pressure	     dbar	0		5515		5.0 for downcast data
								1.0 for upcast data

temperature	     C		-5		32		1.0
conductivity	     mS.cm^-1	5		80		1.0
salinity	     psu	10		50		0.25
oxygen current	     A		0		2		0.25
oxygen temperature   C		-5		32		1.0

	A2.7.2	Sensor lagging corrections

Lag corrections are required to compensate for the different response times 
of the sensors. Data from the faster sensors (pressure and conductivity) 
are slowed down to match the slowest sensor (temperature). A recursive 
filter (Millard, 1982) is used to lag the pressure and conductivity data, 
of the form

	y( t ) = y( t - dt ) . W0 + x( t ) . W1			(eqn A2.14)

where

y( t ) = output lagged conductivity or pressure at time t
dt = recording interval of the instrument
x( t ) = input conductivity or pressure prior to lagging
W0 = exp( -dt / tau )
W1 = 1 - W0 

The time constant tau is obtained as follows. The response of the pressure 
sensor is assumed to be instantaneous; the response time of the 
conductivity cell is taken as 0.03 seconds, which is equal to the flushing 
time of the 3 cm conductivity cell at a lowering rate of 1 m.s^-1. Thus for 
tau-T equal to the response time of the temperature sensor, we have

	tau = tau -T	when pressure is being lagged, and

	tau = tau -T - 0.03	when conductivity is being lagged.

tau -T is obtained by performing a cross-correlation between the 
temperature and conductivity data to determine the response difference 
between the two sensors. Typically, a value of 0.175 s is used for tau -T 
(Table 8).

The same recursive filter (eqn A2.14) is applied to the oxygen current and 
oxygen temperature, as well as to data in the additional digitiser channels. For 
all these parameters, the value tau = tau -T is used for the time constant. 

	A2.7.3	Pressure reversals

After despiking and application of the lagging correction, for downcast 
data all pressure reversals are removed. Stepping through the data scans, 
the maximum pressure value is updated each time the pressure increases, and 
the scan is written to the intermediate CTD file (including the case where 
pressure does not change); data scans with a pressure value less than the 
current maximum pressure value are not written to the intermediate file. 
Thus for downcast data, the intermediate CTD file contains data for non-
decreasing pressure. For upcast burst data, pressure reversals are not 
removed.

	A2.7.4	Upcast CTD burst data

A burst of CTD data is associated with each firing of a Niskin bottle, each 
burst consisting of the 5 seconds of CTD data prior to the bottle firing. 
For each burst, the mean and standard deviation of the parameters are 
calculated: for these calculations, the first nstart and last nend data 
scans (Table 8) in each burst are ignored. The range of the parameters in 
each burst is also found (equal to the difference of the maximum and 
minimum values). The mean values from the burst data are used for 
comparison with the salinity and dissolved oxygen bottle samples, for the 
subsequent calibration of the conductivity and dissolved oxygen sensors.

Table A2.2: Criteria for automatic flagging of upcast CTD burst data. The 
subscripts std and range refer respectively to the standard deviation and 
range of the parameter over the data burst. The data quality code iqual has 
the following values:
iqual=1		acceptable value, used for conductivity calibration
iqual=0		questionable value, but still used for conductivity calibration
iqual=-1	bad value, not used for conductivity calibration
Note that setting iqual to -1 takes precedence over setting iqual=0, which 
in turn takes precedence over setting iqual=1.

STANDARD DEVIATION CRITERIA				RANGE CRITERIA
----------------------------------------------		-----------------------------------------
set iqual = -1 for	set iqual = 0 for		set iqual = -1 for	set iqual = 0 for	
following cases		following cases			following cases		following cases

4.00  < p(std)		2.00  < p(std)  _ 4.00		(T(range))/(c(range)) <0.5
0.04  < T(std)		0.02  < T(std)  _ 0.04		(T(range))/(c(range)) >2.0
0.04  < c(std)		0.02  < c(std)  _ 0.04		c(range) = 0
0.01  < s(std)		0.005< s(std)   _ 0.01		0.02 < s(range)		0.01 <s(range) * 0.02
0.40  < o(cstd)		0.20  < o(cstd) _ 0.40
0.40  < o(tstd)		0.20  < o(tstd) _ 0.40
1998 < ad(std)		 999  < ad(std) _ 1998

The standard deviations and ranges of the burst data are used to assign a 
quality code to each burst (Table A2.2). Note that there is only one 
quality code assigned to each data burst and associated Niskin bottle 
sample in the hydrology data file: this code refers to values used in the 
calibration of the CTD conductivity. For the criteria in Table A2.2, 
setting of the quality code to -1 takes precedence over setting to 0. If 
none of the criteria are met, the quality code is set to 1 i.e. value 
accepted for calibration of the conductivity.

The standard deviation x(std) of parameters x in each data burst is 
calculated from

		    n-nend
	x(std) = { [ Sigma ( xi - x )^2  ]  /  [n - (nstart+nend+1)] } ^1/2
						(eqn A2.15)
		    i=nstart 

where n is the total number of data points xi in the burst, and the mean 
value x for each burst is given by

		    n-nend
	x   =  ( Sigma   xi )  /  (n-nstart-nend)		(eqn A2.16)
		    i=nstart 

	A2.7.5	Processing flow

Stepping through the raw data scans one scan at a time, the parameters 
in the scan first have the calculations and corrections applied, as 
described in section A2.6. The data is then despiked (section A2.7.1); 
spurious values are replaced by the previous data scan, up to a maximum of 
3 consecutive scans, after which time the scan is reset to the current 
value. The sensor lagging correction is then applied via the recursive 
filter (section A2.7.2). When the filter is started, the first jfilt scans 
(Table 8) are ignored. Note that whenever nrep > 3 (section A2.7.1), the 
filter is restarted, and the first jfilt scans are again ignored. Salinity 
is recalculated for each data scan, after all lagging corrections have been 
applied. Data is then written to the intermediate CTD file, removing 
pressure reversals for the case of downcast data (section A2.7.3). For 
upcast burst data, statistical calculations are performed and a quality 
code assigned for each burst (section A2.7.4). The mean values and quality 
codes for the bursts are written to a template intermediate hydrology data 
file.

A2.8	CREATION OF 2 DBAR-AVERAGED FILES

Data scans from the intermediate CTD files are sorted into 2 dbar 
pressure bins, with each bin centered on the even integral pressure value, 
starting at 2 dbar, as follows. A data scan is placed into the ith 2 dbar 
pressure bin if

	pmidi - 1   <  p  *  pmidi + 1			(eqn A2.17)

where pmidi is the ith 2 dbar pressure bin centre, and p is the pressure 
value for the data scan.

After sorting, the temperature, conductivity, oxygen current, oxygen 
temperature and additional digitiser channel values in each 2 dbar bin are 
averaged and written to the 2 dbar-averaged file. There is no pressure 
centering of these parameters i.e. for the ith 2 dbar pressure bin, the 
parameters are assigned to the even integral pressure value at the centre 
of the bin. Note that if the number of points in a bin is less than jmin 
(Table 8), no averages are calculated for that bin (Table 12).

The salinity s(av) for each 2 dbar bin is calculated from T(av), c(av) and pmid, 
where T(av) and c(av) are respectively the temperature and conductivity averages 
for the bin. Note that T(av) is first converted from the ITS-90 scale to the 
IPTS-68 scale using eqn A2.8 (this also applies to the calculations below for 
Sigma-T, delta and Delta-phi).

The following quantities are also calculated for each 2 dbar bin, and are 
written to the 2 dbar-averaged file:

sigma-T: sigma-T is equal to (rho- 1000), where the density rho is 
	calculated at the surface, and at the in situ temperature and salinity 
	T(av) and s(av) respectively, using the 1980 equation of state for 
	seawater (Millero et al., 1980; Millero and Poisson, 1981).

delta: specific volume anomaly (units x108 m3.kg^-1), calculated with 
	T(av), s(av) and pmid, using the 1980 equation of state for seawater 
	(Millero et al., 1980; Millero and Poisson, 1981).

Delta-phi: geopotential anomaly (units J.kg^-1), calculated relative to the sea 
	surface (p=0), from

*See doc file for eqn A2.18.

nbin:  number of points in the 2 dbar bin

Tbin(std):  standard deviation of all temperature values in the bin

Cbin(std):  standard deviation of all conductivity values in the bin

When 2 dbar averages are calculated for oxygen current and oxygen temperature, 
an additional test is made to exclude suspect oxygen data, as follows. For a 2 
dbar bin, if we have either 

standard deviation of binned o(c)  >  0.1 

or 

standard deviation of binned o(t)  >  0.5

then the following 2 conditions must be met for a scan to be included in the 
averaging of oc and ot for the bin:

	0   < o(c) < or equal to   2.047		(eqn A2.19)

	| ot - T |  < or equal to   5			(eqn A2.20)

After this test has been made, if the number of scans in the bin has been 
reduced by more than half, then no o(c) or o(t) data is included for the bin.

A2.9	HYDROLOGY DATA FILE PROCESSING

An intermediate hydrology data file is formed by merging the results from the 
salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient laboratory analyses with the averages 
calculated from the upcast CTD burst data (section A2.7.4). Prior to calibration 
of the CTD conductivity and dissolved oxygen data, the Niskin bottle data 
undergo preliminary quality control. Salinity bottle data which are obviously 
bad are given the quality code -1 (i.e. bottle not used for calibration of CTD 
conductivity) in the intermediate hydrology data file. Reasons for rejecting 
salinity bottle data at this stage include bad samples due to leaking or 
incorrectly tripped Niskin bottles, mixed up samples due to misfiring rosette 
pylon, samples drawn out of sequence from Niskin bottles, etc. 

Dissolved oxygen bottle data pass through an initial quality control similar to 
salinity bottle data, except that bad dissolved oxygen bottle values are deleted 
from the hydrology data file. Questionable dissolved oxygen bottle values (not 
deleted) are noted (Table 22). Suspect reversing thermometer readings are also 
deleted at this stage. Nutrient data are quality controlled at a later stage, 
following calibration of all the CTD data.

A2.10	CALIBRATION OF CTD CONDUCTIVITY

For the CTD conductivity data, calibrations are carried out by comparing the 
upcast CTD burst data with the hydrology data, then applying the resulting 
calibrations to the downcast CTD data. The conductivity calibration follows the 
method of Millard and Yang (1993). For groups of consecutive stations, a 
conductivity slope and bias term are found to fit the CTD conductivity from the 
upcast burst data to the hydrology data; a linear station-dependent slope 
correction (Millard and Yang, 1993) is applied to account for calibration drift 
of the CTD conductivity cell. Note that data from the entire water column are 
used in the conductivity calibration. Also note that no correction is made for 
the vertical separation of the Niskin bottles and the CTD sensors (of the order 
1 m). 

	A2.10.1	Determination of CTD conductivity calibration coefficients

The following definitions apply for the conductivity calibration:

C(ctd) =  uncalibrated CTD conductivity from the upcast burst data
C(cal) =  calibrated CTD conductivity from the upcast burst data
C(btl) =  'in situ' Niskin bottle conductivity, found by using CTD pressure 
	  and temperature from the burst data in the conversion of Niskin bottle 
	  salinity to conductivity
F1	= conductivity bias term
F2	= conductivity slope term
F3	= station-dependent conductivity slope correction
N	= station number

CTD conductivities are calibrated by the equation

C(cal)  =  (1000 c(ctd)) . (F2 + F3 . N)  +  F1			(eqn A2.21)

Niskin bottle salinity data are first converted to 'in situ' conductivities 
cbtl. The ratio c(btl)/c(cal) for all bottle samples is then plotted against 
station number, along with the mean and standard deviation of the ratio for each 
station (Figure 4* is the version of this plot for the final calibrated data). 
Groups of consecutive stations are selected to follow approximately linear 
trends in the drift of the station-mean c(btl)/c(cal) (Table 13). For each of 
these groups, the three calibration coefficients F1, F2 and F3 are found by a 
least squares fit: F1, F2 and F3 in eqn A2.21 are all varied to minimize the 
variance sigma^2 of the conductivity residual (c(btl)-c(cal)), where sigma^2 is 
defined by

sigma^2  =  Sigma (c(btl) - c(cal))^2 / (n - 1)			(eqn A2.22)

for n equal to the total number of bottle samples in the station grouping.

Note that samples with a previously assigned quality code of -1 (sections 
A2.7.4. and A2.9) are excluded from the above calculations. In addition, samples 
for which

	| (c(btl) - c(cal)) |  >  2.8 sigma			(eqn A2.23)  

are also flagged with the quality code -1, and excluded from the final 
calculation of the conductivity calibration coefficients F1, F2 and F3. Samples 
rejected at this stage often include those collected in  steep vertical 
temperature and salinity gradients, and not already rejected.

	A2.10.2	Application of CTD conductivity calibration coefficients

The set of coefficients F1, F2 and F3 found for each station (Table 13) are 
first used to calibrate the upcast CTD conductivity burst data in the hydrology 
data file. The conductivity calibration is applied to the mean value for each 
burst only (as opposed to each raw data scan in the burst). Similarly, upcast 
CTD salinity burst values are recalculated from the calibrated CTD burst mean 
values of conductivity, temperature and pressure.

Next, the intermediate CTD files are reproduced (as per section A2.7) for the 
downcast data only. Note that on this occasion, following application of the 
conductivity cell deformation correction (eqn A2.10), the coefficients F1, F2 
and F3 are used to calibrate the raw conductivity data scans. The 2 dbar-
averaged CTD downcast data are then recalculated, as in section A2.8.

	A2.10.3	Processing flow

The intermediate hydrology file data, containing upcast CTD burst data means and 
Niskin bottle data, are used to determine the conductivity calibration 
coefficients F1, F2 and F3. Station groupings are determined from the bias drift 
of the conductivity cell with time (section A2.10.1). For each station group, 
the following occurs:

1. 3 iterations are made of the least squares fitting procedure (section 
   A2.10.1) to calculate F1, F2 and F3, each iteration beginning with the latest 
   value for the coefficients; 

2. bottles are rejected according to the criterion of eqn A2.23;

3. steps 1 and 2 are repeated until no further bottle rejection occurs.

For each station group, there is a single value for each of the 3 coefficients 
F1, F2 and F3 (Table 13); following the station-dependent correction, an 
individual corrected slope term (F2 + F3.N) (as in eqn A2.21) applies to each 
station (Table 14). When final values of the coefficients have been obtained, 
the conductivity calibration is applied to both the upcast CTD burst data and 
the downcast CTD data (section A2.10.2). Finally, plots are made of both the 
ratio c(btl)/c(cal) and the residual (s(btl) - s(cal)) versus station number 
(Figures 4 and 5), where sbtl is the Niskin bottle salinity and scal is the 
calibrated CTD salinity from the upcast burst data (section A2.10.2). 

Following calibration of the CTD conductivity, the mean of the salinity 
residuals (s(btl) - s(cal)) for the entire data set is equal to 0. The standard 
deviation about 0 of the salinity residual (section A2.14) provides an indicator 
for the quality of the data set. To meet WOCE specifications, this standard 
deviation should be less than or equal to 0.002 psu (Joyce et al., 1991). 

A2.11	QUALITY CONTROL OF 2 DBAR-AVERAGED DATA

Two levels of quality control are undertaken for the 2 dbar-averaged data. 
Suspicious raw data scans, indicated by suspicious 2 dbar averages, are flagged 
for later action (Table 15); and remaining suspect 2 dbar averages are noted 
(Tables 16 and 17) (suspect 2 dbar averages are never directly removed, except 
for dissolved oxygen data). 

	A2.11.1	Investigation of density inversions

The calibrated 2 dbar-averaged data are searched automatically for density 
inversions i.e. for instances where the in situ density (calculated from in situ 
pressure, temperature and salinity) decreases with depth. Raw CTD data in the 
vicinity of the density inversions are then examined for anything which might 
artificially cause the inversions. The most commonly encountered problems are

(a) water from the wake of the moving instrument package catching up to the CTD 
    sensors during rolls induced by surface waves;
(b) fouling of the CTD sensors;
(c) salinity spikes caused by mismatching of the temperature and conductivity 
    data in very steep vertical gradients, where the sensor lagging corrections 
    (section A2.7.2) are not adequate.

If these or any other problems are identified in the raw CTD data, one of two 
possible actions follow:

(i) the relevant data scans are ignored for all further calculations - a counter 
    preserves the constant scanning frequency required for application of the 
    sensor lagging corrections; note that for cases where the ignoring of raw 
    data scans results in missing 2 dbar averages, a linear interpolation is 
    applied between surrounding 2 dbar averages to fill any data gaps (Table 18);

(ii) a linear interpolation is applied over the region of bad data, in which 
     case the interpolation is applied to the raw CTD data scans prior to any 
     calibration calculations. 

The status of data scans flagged for special treatment (Table 15) is updated in 
the data processing master file (section A2.5).

	A2.11.2	Manual inspection of data

Data plots of the 2 dbar-averaged data are inspected to identify any additional 
suspicious data. Suspect values remaining are most commonly due to the 
following:

(a) large salinity spikes (as in section A2.11.1) in very steep gradients in the 
    thermocline - for these large salinity spikes, 2 dbar averages are flagged 
    instead of raw data scans (Table 16);

(b) suspect data near the surface due to transient effects of the sensors 
    entering the water (e.g. bubbles trapped on sensors, or fouling) (Table 17).

2 dbar-averaged data regarded as suspicious for these or any other reasons are 
flagged accordingly.

A2.12	CALIBRATION OF CTD DISSOLVED OXYGEN

For the CTD dissolved oxygen data, the calibration procedure is carried out 
using the downcast uncalibrated CTD data. Downcast CTD data is matched with the 
Niskin bottle dissolved oxygen samples on equivalent pressures. The calibration 
is based on the method of Owens and Millard (1985). 

	A2.12.1	Determination of CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients

The following definitions apply for the dissolved oxygen calibration:

O(cal) = calibrated CTD dissolved oxygen
O(c) = CTD oxygen current
O(t) = CTD oxygen temperature
T = CTD temperature
s = CTD salinity
p = CTD pressure
partial derivative (oc/t)  =  oxygen current derivative with respect to time
K1  =  oxygen current slope
K2  =  oxygen sensor time constant
K3  =  oxygen current bias
K4  =  temperature correction term
K5  =  weighting factor of ot relative to T
K6  =  pressure correction term
O(btl) = Niskin bottle dissolved oxygen value

All the above CTD parameters are 2 dbar-averaged data. CTD dissolved oxygen is 
calibrated using the sensor model of Owens and Millard (1985), as follows:

o(cal) = [K1.(o(c) + K2. partial derivative (oc/t) + K3)]. oxsat(T,s).exp{K4.[T 
    + K5.(o(t)- T)] + K6.p }		(eqn A2.24) 

where the oxygen saturation value oxsat is calculated at T and s using the 
formula of Weiss (1970):

oxsat(T,s) =  exp{ A1 + A2.(100/TK) + A3.ln(TK/100) + A4.(TK/100) + s.[B1 + 
    B2.(TK/100) + B3.(TK/100)2]}				(eqn A2.25)

for TK equal to the CTD temperature in degrees Kelvin (=T+273.16), and the 
additional coefficients having the values (Weiss, 1970):

A1 = -173.4292		B1 = -0.033096
A2 = 249.6339		B2 = 0.014259
A3 = 143.3483		B3 = -0.0017
A4 = -21.8492

Note that the CTD temperature T in equations A2.24 and A2.25 is first converted 
from the ITS-90 scale to the IPTS-68 scale using eqn A2.8.

partial derivative (oc/t) in eqn A2.24 is calculated as follows. A time base is 
first estimated from the 2 dbar averaged data by assigning the time tk in 
seconds at the kth 2dbar value equal to

		  k-1
	t(k) = [Sigma  nbinj / 30]  +  (nbink / 60)		(eqn A2.26)
		  i=1     

where nbink is the number of data scans in the kth 2 dbar bin (for bins with no 
data points, nbin is set to 30). Note that this time base is an approximation 
only, as nbin does not include data scans in pressure reversals (sections A2.7.3 
and A2.8), and in addition, a constant lowering rate of the instrument package 
is being assumed. partial derivative (oc/t) is then calculated at the kth 2 dbar 
value by applying a linear regression over a 16 dbar interval centered on the 
kth 2dbar value: partial derivative (oc/t) is the slope of the linear best fit 
line of the oxygen currents 

	(o(ck-4), o(ck-3), o(ck-2), o(ck-1), o(ck), o(ck+1), o(ck+2), o(ck+3), o(ck+4))

to the times 

	(t(k-4), t(k-3), t(k-2), t(k-1), t(k), t(k+1), t(k+2), t(k+3), t(k+4)). 

If there is no data for either of ock or otk (section A2.8), a null value is 
assigned to (partial derivative (oc/t))k .  

In most cases, CTD dissolved oxygen is calibrated for individual stations; 
station groupings (as in the CTD conductivity calibration) may be formed to 
cover casts with few Niskin samples, or else for deep/shallow cast pairs at a 
single location. For each individual station, or each station grouping, the 
calibration coefficients K1 to K6 in eqn A2.24 are found by varying some or all 
of the 6 coefficients in order to minimize the variance sigma^2 of the dissolved 
oxygen residual obtl - ocal, where sigma^2 is defined by

	sigma^2  = Sigma (o(btl) - o(cal))^2 / n		(eqn A2.27)

for n equal to the total number of bottle samples at the station (or in the 
station grouping). A non-linear least squares fitting routine, utilising the 
subroutines MRQMIN, MRQCOF, COVSRT and GAUSSJ in Press et al. (1986), is applied 
to find K1 to K6. In application of the routine, convergence is judged to 
have occurred when

	Sigma (o(btl) - o(cal))^2 / (0.6)^2  <  0.96 n		(eqn A2.28)

or else after a maximum of 5 iterations. Note that when calculating sigma^2 for 
each Niskin bottle sample, the pressure from the upcast CTD burst data (i.e. the 
pressure assigned to the bottle sample) is used in eqn A2.24, while all other 
parameters are from the downcast data (at the nearest equivalent 2 dbar pressure 
value). Downcast CTD pressure is used in eqn A2.24 when the resulting 
calibration is being applied to finalise the entire 2 dbar dissolved oxygen 
data. Also note that there is no automatic rejection of dissolved oxygen bottle 
data analogous to eqn A2.23 in the conductivity calibration.

	A2.12.2	Application of CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients

The set of coefficients K1 to K6 found for each station or station grouping 
(Table 20) are used in eqn A2.24 to calculate CTD dissolved oxygen 2 dbar data 
from the existing 2 dbar pressure, temperature, salinity, oxygen current and 
oxygen temperature data.

	A2.12.3	Processing flow

*  The .oxy files (section A2.2.1), which include values of partial derivative 
   (oc/t) (calculated as in section A2.12.1) as well as all the other downcast 2 
   dbar data, are first created from the existing calibrated 2 dbar-averaged files. 

*  For each station, the upcast CTD burst pressure values from the hydrology 
   data file (sections A2.7.4 and A2.7.5) are matched to the closest 2 dbar 
   pressure values in the .oxy file; then for each Niskin bottle sample, the 
   following data are written to the file oxydwn.dat: 

	p (upcast CTD burst value)
	T, s, o(c), o(t), partial derivative (oc/t) (all 2 dbar downcast values)
	O(btl)
	O(btl) quality code

The -1 bottle quality code (sections A2.7.4 and A2.9) is not relevant to the 
dissolved oxygen calibration. Instead, a code of -9 in the oxydwn.dat file 
indicates that the bottle is not used for the dissolved oxygen calibration 
calculations.

*  All calibration calculations are performed on dissolved oxygen (i.e. Niskin 
   bottle and CTD dissolved oxygen values, and oxygen saturation values) in 
   units of ml/l; all values are reported in units of mol/l. The conversion 
   factor used is

	( mol/l )  =  44.6596 . ( ml/l )			(eqn A2.29)

*  The fitting routine is applied to find values of the coefficients K1 to K6 
   (section A2.12.1), using the data in the oxydwn.dat file. The number of 
   coefficients varied may be chosen, as well as the starting values for the 
   coefficients prior to iteration (Table 21). Starting values are typically 
   close to the following:

K1  =  2.50		K4  =  -0.036
K2  =  8.0		K5  =  0.75 
K3  =  0.0		K6  =  0.00015  

With successive attempts at fitting the CTD data to the Niskin bottle data, 
bottles which are suspect are flagged manually with the quality code -9 in 
oxydwn.dat, and are rejected for further calibration attempts. The number of 
coefficients chosen to vary, and the coefficient starting values, are varied to 
achieve the best fit of the CTD to the bottle data. In general, the fit for a 
station (or group of stations) is not considered satisfactory until 2.8sigma < 
0.3 (for sigma defined as in eqn A2.27) (Table 20).

*  Following calibration of the CTD dissolved oxygen, the residuals (o(btl) - 
   o(cal)) are plotted against station number (Figure 6*). The mean of the 
   residuals for the entire data set is very close to 0. The standard deviation 
   about the mean of the residuals (section A2.14) provides an indicator for the 
   quality of the data set. To meet WOCE specifications, this standard deviation 
   should be less than 1% of full scale (Joyce et al., 1991) i.e. approximately 
   < 2.5 mol/l below 750 dbar, and approximately < 3.5 mol/l above 750 dbar, 
   for the data set presented in this report (see section 6.2.2 in the main text 
   for full scale values).

A2.13	QUALITY CONTROL OF NUTRIENT DATA

Nutrient data which are obviously bad are removed from the hydrology data file. 
Causes of bad samples include leaking or incorrectly tripped Niskin bottles, and 
errors occurring during analysis. On occasion, autoanalyser sampling errors may 
necessitate the flagging of an entire station as suspect. The data are checked 
by overlaying vertical profiles of groups of consecutive stations, looking at 
bulk plots (e.g. nitrate versus phosphate) of large numbers of stations, and by 
comparing values to any available historical data. Questionable nutrient data 
(not obviously bad, and therefore not deleted from the hydrology data file) are 
noted (Table 23).

A2.14	FINAL CTD DATA RESIDUALS/RATIOS

The final residuals (T(therm) - T(cal)), (s(btl) - s(cal)) and (o(btl) - o(cal)) 
are plotted (Figures 3 to 6) for temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen 
(T(therm) and T(cal) are respectively the protected thermometer and calibrated 
upcast CTD burst temperature values); for conductivity, the ratio c(btl)/c(cal) 
is plotted. The plots include mean and standard deviation values, as follows:

temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen:  The standard deviations of the 
residuals for temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen are calculated from

		    n
	xstd = { [ Sigma ( xi - x(mean) )^2  ] / (n - 1) }^1/2	(eqn A2.30)
		    i=1

where x(std) is the standard deviation of x (for x equal to the temperature, 
salinity or dissolved oxygen residual). For both temperature and salinity, the 
summation in eqn A2.30 does not include points rejected for the CTD conductivity 
calibration. Similarly for dissolved oxygen, the summation does not include 
points rejected for the CTD dissolved oxygen calibration. Thus n is equal to the 
total number of data points xi not rejected for the relevant calibration, with 
mean value x(mean) of the xi values (x(mean) is the mean for all the stations in 
the plot).

conductivity:  The standard deviation of the conductivity ratio is calculated as 
in eqn A2.30, except that in the summation, for each point xi the value x(mean) 
is the mean for the particular station to which xi belongs. x in eqn A2.30 is 
equal to the conductivity ratio. The summation in eqn A2.30 does not include 
points rejected for the CTD conductivity calibration.

A2.15	CONCLUSIONS

A complete description is presented of the CTD data calibration methods. 
Sufficient details are supplied to minimize the need for cross-referencing, and 
to provide a useful reference for comparison with the calibration methods used 
by other institutions. Any variation in the techniques employed at each stage of 
the processing, and the order in which the various techniques are applied, 
ultimately affect the final data values produced. As such, all CTD data sets 
need to be considered in conjunction with the calibration details.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many thanks go to Neil White and Dave Vaudrey at CSIRO Division of Oceanography, 
who created the bulk of the CTD calibration software, and familiarised me with 
the contents.

REFERENCES

Fofonoff, N.P. and Millard, R.C., Jr., 1983. Algorithms for computation of 
  fundamental properties of seawater. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, 
  No. 44. 53 pp.

Joyce, T., Corry, C. and Stalcup, M., 1991. Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic 
  Programme Data Reporting. WHP Office Report WHPO 90-1, Revision 1, WOCE Report 
  No. 67/91, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 71 pp.

Millard, R.C., Jr., 1982. CTD calibration and data processing techniques at WHOI 
  using the 1978 Practical Salinity Scale. Proceedings of the International STD 
  Conference and Workshop.

Millard, R.C. and Yang, K., 1993. CTD calibration and processing methods used at 
  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 
  Technical Report No. 93-44. 96 pp.

Millero, F.J., Chen, C.-T., Bradshaw, A. and Schleicher,K., 1980. A new high-
  pressure equation of state for seawater. Deep-Sea Research. 27a: 255-264.

Millero, F.J. and Poisson, A., 1981. International one-atmosphere equation of 
  state of seawater. Deep-Sea Research. 28a: 625-629.

Owens, W.B. and Millard, R.C., Jr., 1985. A new algorithm for CTD oxygen 
  calibration. Journal of Physical Oceanography. 15: 621-631.

Press, W.H., Flannery, B.P., Teukolsky, S.A. and Vetterling, W.T., 1986. 
  Numerical Recipes. The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University 
  Press. 818 pp.

Saunders, P.M., 1990. The International Temperature Scale of 1990. ITS-90. WOCE 
  Newsletter, 10, IOS, Wormley, UK.

Weiss, R.F., 1970. The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in water and 
  seawater. Deep-Sea Research. 17: 721-735.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX 3	Hydrology Analytical Methods

This Appendix covers the analytical techniques and data processing routines 
employed in the Hydrographic Laboratory onboard the RSV Aurora Australis for 
cruise AU9309/AU9391, March 11 to May 9, 1993. All analysis results are merged 
with station details in the program "HYDRO" (CSIRO Division of Oceanography). 
Output from HYDRO is ultimately used for merging with CTD data.

A series of replicate samples drawn from Niskin bottles fired at the same depth 
was obtained from one of the cruise transects. Estimates of nutrient, dissolved 
oxygen and salinity precision derived from these data are discussed in section 
6.2.2 of the main text.

A3.1	NUTRIENT ANALYSES

	A3.1.1	Equipment and technique

Nutrient analyses were performed by two analysts from the Antarctic CRC 
(University of Tasmania) and CSIRO Division of Oceanography, Hobart. A new 
Alpkem "Flow Solution" Autoanalyser was used for the simultaneous analysis of 
reactive silicate, nitrate plus nitrite, and orthophosphate in seawater.  All 
analyses were carried out in the Segmented Flow Analysis (SFA) mode, although 
the instrument can be configured for Flow Injection Analysis. This was the 
Alpkem's "maiden voyage" at sea, replacing the Technicon AAII which had been 
used previously. Data output from the Autoanalyser was processed by the 
commercial software package "DAPA" (DAPA Scientific Version 1.43, Curtin 
University, Box 58 Kalamunda Western Australia 6070).

The Alpkem instrumentation, particularly the 510 Monochromator Detectors, was 
found to be very susceptible to vibration, causing problems with the maintenance 
of regular gas segmentation in the  analytical manifold. Bubble break-up was a 
major problem, causing the debubbler units to be overwhelmed, and the detection 
cells to fill with fine bubbles. Insulating the detectors with foam pads, and 
increasing the back pressure on the flowcell by lengthening the waste line from 
the detector improved the situation. The orientation of the detectors was 
altered so that tubing lengths between the analytical cartridge and the flow 
cell was minimised. The wide bore "low refractive index" flowcells were found to 
more suitable for shipboard work than the narrow bore flowcells supplied with 
the detectors, as they were less susceptible to "bubble trouble".

		A3.1.1.1	Silicate

Reactive silicate was analysed in accordance with the method provided for 
seawater analysis in the Alpkem Manual (Alpkem Corp, 1992). The silica in 
solution as silicic acid or silicate reacts with a molybdate reagent in acid 
media to form *-molybdo silicic acid. The complex is then reduced to a highly 
coloured molybdenum blue following mixing with ascorbic acid. Interference from 
phosphate is suppressed by the addition of oxalic acid. Absorbance is measured 
at 660 nm.

		A3.1.1.2	Nitrate plus nitrite

Nitrate plus nitrite was analysed using an Imidazole buffer chemistry in place 
of the Alpkem methodology. A 12" Open Tubular Cadmium Reductor (OTCR) supplied 
by Alpkem is used for quantitative reduction of nitrate to nitrite. The nitrite 
due to nitrate, plus the nitrite originally present in the sample, then 
undergoes diazotization with sulphanilamide and subsequent coupling with N-1-
napthylethylene-diamine dihydrochloride. The azo dye is detected at 540 nm. A 
standard nitrite solution is used frequently to check the reduction efficiency 
of the column. Efficiencies over 95% are commonly achieved. The columns are re-
activated with a 2% copper sulphate solution after every second station. Details 
of the chemistry and procedures for nitrate plus nitrite analysis follow.

	Methodology for nitrate plus nitrite analysis in seawater

All reagents are analytical grade (AR), unless otherwise specified. All 
volumetric glassware for reagent preparation is A grade dedicated glassware, and 
acid cleaned prior to each voyage.  Glassware is stored full of deionised water 
when not in use.  

	Reagent chemistry

Start-up solution:  Add 0.5 ml of  30% w/v Brij-35 to 200 ml of deionised water. 
Mix thoroughly. This reagent is refreshed daily.

Imidazole buffer pH 7.8:  Dissolve 4.25 g of Imidazole buffer in 800 ml of 
deionised water. Add 11.25 ml of 10% HCl to adjust the final pH to 7.8. Make up 
to a litre and mix well. Add 1 ml of 30% w/v Brij-35 after decanting liquid to 
reagent container. Store at 4C when not in use. Replenish every 2 to 3 days.

N-1 napthylethylene-diamine dihydrochloric acid (NEDD):  Dissolve 0.31 g of NEDD 
in 1 l of deionised water. Add 1 ml of 30% w/v Brij-35 after decanting to 
reagent container. Store at 4C when not in use.

Sulphanilamide:  Dissolve 3.12 g of sulphanilamide in 800 ml of deionised water 
in a 1 l volumetric flask. Add 31 ml of concentrated HCl carefully, and make up 
to the mark.

Figure A3.1*:  Cartridge configuration for nitrate + nitrite analysis.

	Pump configuration

Reagent			Pump tube	Flow rate at 50% pump speed

NEDD			Orange/yellow		0.18 ml/ min
Sulphanilamide		Orange/yellow		0.18 ml/min
Imidazole Buffer	Black/black		0.32 ml/min
Nitrogen		Orange/white		0.25 ml/min
Sample			Black/black		0.32 ml/min

	Activation of the OTCR

The activation and installation of the OTCR is performed in accordance with the 
method in the Alpkem Manual (Alpkem Corp, 1992). A separate batch of Imidazole 
buffer, that does not contain Brij-35, is used for the activation and storage of 
the OTCR.

		A3.1.1.3	Phosphate

Phosphate analysis was carried out using  the methodology supplied by Alpkem 
(Alpkem Corp, 1992). The chemistry involves reaction with an acidified molybdate 
reagent and potassium antimonyl tatrate. The compound produced is then reduced 
by ascorbic acid to a highly coloured molybdenum blue complex. The monochromator 
detector was modified to increase the upper wavelength selection limit from 800 
to 900 nm. It was found that using 880 nm as the detection wavelength, instead 
of 660 nm as recommended by Alpkem,  increased the sensitivity of the method by 
30%.

	A3.1.2	Sampling procedure

Nutrients were sampled after dissolved gases and salinity samples had been 
drawn. Typically, 30 to 45 minutes lapsed between the arrival of the  CTD on 
deck and sampling for nutrients. Duplicate samples were collected in 12 ml 
polypropylene screw cap tubes with a 10 ml mark to prevent overfilling. Tubes 
and caps were rinsed three times with approximately half the volume of the tube 
before drawing the final sample (see section 4.1.4 in the main text).

For both transects, pairs of tubes were placed into polystyrene trays, and snap 
frozen without any chemical preservation. When required, samples were thawed, 
mixed thoroughly and placed directly into the autosampler, so that no sample 
transfers were necessary. The racks of the autosampler had been specially 
modified by Alpkem to take the 12 ml sample tubes. Experiments conducted at 
CSIRO Division of Oceanography (R. Plaschke, unpublished notes) have shown that 
with careful thawing procedures, silicate samples processed within one week of 
freezing undergo no significant loss of silicate by polymerisation.

All frozen duplicate samples were returned to Hobart and retained until data 
processing was completed. 

	A3.1.3	Calibration and standards

Standard ranges used for nutrient analyses are shown in Table A3.1. Combined 
standards are prepared using an Eppendorf Multipette and dedicated A grade 
volumetric glassware, using artificial seawater made from high purity reagents 
as a diluent. The calibration standards are run prior to analysing each station, 
in order to check the linearity of detector response, and to calculate the 
calibration factor required to convert peak height of an unknown sample to a 
concentration in mol/l.

Stock standards were prepared from analytical grade reagents one month prior to 
departure on the voyage. The new batch of stock standard nutrient solutions were 
compared to the previous batch of stock standards as a QC check.

Table A3.1:	Range of calibration standards and concentration of QC standards 
used for analysis of nutrients on SR-3 and P11 transects.

Nutrient			Range of standards used		QC standard
				(mol/l)			(mol/l)
Reactive silicate (high 	0, 28, 56, 84, 112, 140		140
 range) as Na2SiF6
Orthophosphate as  KH2PO4	0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0	3
Nitrate plus nitrite as KNO3	0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35		35

	A3.1.4	Low Nutrient Sea Water (LNSW)

LNSW is prepared from high purity NaCl, and used as a diluent for standard 
solutions and as the carrier solution in the analytical manifold. If pure water 
were used as a carrier/wash solution, each peak on the phosphate and nitrate 
channels would be accompanied by a significant spike as the interface between 
pure water and seawater alternately refracts and focuses light on the 
photodiode. The data processing software DAPA cannot be programmed to ignore the 
refractive index spike, and so erroneous concentrations would be reported. By 
using artificial seawater, of similar salinity to the samples, the refractive 
index disturbance that occurs when a pure water baseline is used is eliminated. 
Even the highest purity NaCl, however, can be significantly contaminated with 
respect to phosphate. A background colour reagent is used to correct for traces 
of phosphate present in the wash solution and also in the analytical reagents.

	A3.1.5	Temperature effects and corrections

During the cruise, there was no temperature regulation in the hydrographic 
laboratory, resulting in fluctuations in sensitivity of the silicate channel of 
up to 20% in one day. It was not possible to maintain a stable environment, so 
the worst analysis runs were rejected and repeated. Those stations still showing 
a drift in silicate sensitivity were corrected for drift by applying a linear 
gain adjustment (Table A3.2) available in the data processing software DAPA. 
During the course of an analytical run, quality control standards are 
interspersed at regular intervals. These QC standards are equivalent in 
concentration to the top standard for each nutrient, and are used to check for 
drift, carryover etc. Adjacent pairs of QC standards were measured and compared; 
if adjacent standard peaks varied by more than 3% of the top standard (where top 
standard=140 mol/l for silicate), the heights of sample peaks that fell between 
them were corrected by linear interpolation. Note that this gain adjustment 
was also required for SR3 stations 33 and 38 nitrate plus nitrite values. The 
concentration of calibration and QC standards are shown in Table A3.1.

Table A3.2:	Stations where a linear gain adjustment has been made to silicate 
analysis peak heights, to compensate for QC standard drift. Note that a similar 
adjustment was also made for nitrate plus nitrite values for SR3 stations 33 and 
38.

SR3 stations:			2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 
				20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 
				40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51

P11 and sea ice stations:	4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 16, 24, 
				33, 35, 36, 37, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,
				53, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63
When data processing in DAPA is completed, the data is imported into the program 
HYDRO where it is merged with the relevant cruise and station data. 

A3.2	DISSOLVED OXYGEN ANALYSIS

	A3.2.1	Equipment and technique

Dissolved oxygen analysis was conducted using the manual Winkler titration 
method described in Major et al. (1972). The method differs significantly from 
the Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for Winkler dissolved oxygen method 
recommended by WOCE (Culberson, in WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1). The manual 
method used on this voyage has since been replaced by an automated dissolved 
oxygen system, based on that developed by Knapp et al. (1990) at the Woods Hole 
Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). Table A3.3 summarises the details of the 
manual and automated dissolved oxygen methods. The equations used for the 
calculation of dissolved oxygen concentration are detailed in Eriksen and 
Terhell (in prep.).

Sodium thiosulphate is standardised using 0.1N KIO3, prepared by oven drying the 
salt at 100C for 2 hours. Blanks are determined to check for the presence of 
oxidising species in the reagents, but the value is not used in the equations 
for calculating the concentration of dissolved oxygen present in a sample. 
Manganese sulphate is omitted from the standard solution, despite being present 
in both blank and sample solutions. Standardisations were performed at each 
analytical session.

Dissolved oxygen samples were the first samples to be drawn once the rosette 
package had been secured to the deck. Samples were collected in 300 ml Wheaton 
BOD bottles, pickled with the reagents and volumes specified in Table A3.3, and 
analysed within 4 to 36 hours of collection. Samples were acidified prior to 
analysis, and an aliquot of the sample was collected by pouring the sample into 
a 100 ml dispenser with an overflow arm connected to a vacuum. Samples were 
titrated until colourless using a Metrohm 10 ml burette, with "Vitex" indicator 
solution used to enhance endpoint detection. Duplicate titrations were performed 
every 10 samples as a check on the reproducibility of titrations. The precision 
of replicate titrations (determined as the standard deviation of 84 titration 
pair differences) was  0.4 mol/l.

The reagent chemistry is based on the method of Jacobsen et al. (1950), but has 
undergone several modifications, documented in Major et al. (1972). The method 
has been in use by CSIRO Division of Oceanography since at least 1960 (G.Dal 
Pont, pers. comm.), but, at the time of writing, is being phased out on all 
ships and in all laboratories.

The major inadequacies in the manual method are that :

*  The reagent chemistry differs significantly from the Carpenter (1965) 
   modifications to the Winkler method, causing unwanted side reactions to be 
   favoured.
*  The absolute amount of oxygen added with reagents is unknown.
*  The blank procedure is unsuitable.
*  The accuracy of the method is 1-2%.
*  The precision of the method is greater than 0.1%.

Table A3.3:	Summary of details of CSIRO manual oxygen method (used for oxygen 
analyses in the cruise described here) and WHOI automated oxygen method (Knapp 
et al., 1990). Modifications to the WHOI automated method (used for cruises 
after this report) include:

(a) 300 ml sample bottles are used rather than 150 ml (note a in the table), and 
    subsequently 
(b) 2 ml of reagents are added to the sample bottle rather than 1 ml (note b in 
    the table).

			CSIRO Manual method	Automated method
Endpoint:		Visual starch (Vitex)	Amperometric

Bottle volume:		300 ml			300 ml (note a)

Aliquot volumes:	100 ml			50 ml

Size of burette:	10 ml				10 ml

Smallest measurable
volume increment (l):	20			1

Standard solution:	0.1 N KIO3		0.01N KH(IO3)2

Standard preparation:	Oven dried, 100-110C	Vacuum dried

Standard volume:	1 ml			15 ml

Blank determined:	Yes			Yes

Blank tests for:	Oxidising species	Redox species in reagents plus 
						bias in measured endpoint.
Blank result used
in calculations:		No			Yes

Scope for negative blank:	No			Yes

Mn reagent in standards:	No			Yes

Standardise daily:		Yes			No

Thiosulphate normality:	0.01 N				0.01 N

Reagent chemistry:	40% (1.83 M) MnSO4 (0.5 ml)	3 M MnCl2 (2 ml) (note b)
			9 M NaOH/1.8 M KI (1.0 ml)	8 N NaOH/4 M NaI (2 ml) (note b)
			18 M  H2SO4 (2.0 ml)		10 N H2SO4 (2 ml) (note b)

Reagents filtered:		No			All double filtered
				
Final sample pH:		< 1				2

Specified reaction time:	None 	 			2-4 hours

Correction for DO in reagents:	No				Yes

Standard and sample handling
procedures the same:		No				Yes

Average sample 
processing time:		1.5-2 minutes			1.5-2 minutes	

	A3.2.2	Sampling procedure

Samples were drawn in accordance with the protocols documented in section 4.1.4 
of the main text. Occasional problems were encountered with insufficient mixing 
of samples at the pickling stage, causing incomplete formation of the MnO(OH)2 
complex.  

A3.3	SALINITY ANALYSIS

	A3.3.1	Equipment and technique

Salinity analysis was conducted using a YeoKal Mark 4 Inductively Coupled 
Salinometer (Yeokal Electronics, Sydney Australia). The manufacturer claims that 
with sufficient care, and in a constant temperature environment, an experienced 
operator should be able to attain an  accuracy of 0.003 
psu. 

The salinometer was standardised daily using IAPSO P-series salinity standards, 
in accordance with WOCE guidelines. Immediately after the standardisation 
procedure was completed, the conductivity ratio of a bulk seawater "substandard" 
was measured. The substandard was then measured in triplicate every 10 samples, 
to monitor the electronic drift of the instrument. If the drift exceeded 0.00005 
conductivity units, then another vial of IAPSO International seawater was used 
to check the calibration of the instrument. Samples were left for 12 to 24 hours 
to equilibrate to room temperature before analysing. The station to be analysed 
next was always positioned beside the substandard and international standard, to 
ensure that all three fell within the same temperature compensation bandwidth. 
The YeoKal salinometers do not have a thermostated bath around the conductivity 
cell, thus the temperature at which conductivity ratios are determined is also 
measured, and must be confined to a narrow range. Fluctuations in laboratory 
temperature often made this extremely difficult, and the instrument had to be 
frequently rechecked with IAPSO standard seawater.

	A3.3.2	Sampling procedure

Samples were collected in accordance with the protocol detailed in section 4.1.4 
of the main text.

	A3.3.3	Data processing

Conductivity ratios were entered manually into the HYDRO program, which 
calculates salinity (PSS-78) from the conductivity and calibration data acquired 
on the salinometer. The program also calculates and corrects for any instrument 
drift by linear interpolation between pairs of substandard observations.

REFERENCES

Alpkem Corporation, 1992. "The Flow Solution" Operation Manual. Alpkem 
  Corporation 9445 SW Ridder Rd Wilsonville, OR 97070 USA.

Carpenter, J.H., 1965. The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler 
  Dissolved Oxygen method. Limnology and Oceanography. 10: 141-143.

Eriksen, R. and Terhell, D., (in prep.). A Comparison of  Manual and Automated 
  Methods for the Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater. Antarctic CRC 
  Technical Report, Hobart.

Jacobsen, J.P., Robinson, R.J., and Thompson, T.G., 1950. A Review of the 
  Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater by the Winkler Method. Method. 
  Publ. Sci. Assoc. Oceanogr. Phys., I.U.G.G., II.

Knapp, G.P., Stalcup, M.C., and Stanley, R.J., 1990. Automated Oxygen Titration 
  and Salinity Determination. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical 
  Report WHOI-90-35.

Major, G.A., Dal Pont, G., Klye, J., and Newell, B., 1972. Laboratory Techniques 
  in Marine Chemistry. CSIRO Division of Fisheries and Oceanography Report 51. 
  60pp.

WOCE Operations Manual, 1991. WHP Office Report WHPO  91-1, WOCE Report No. 
  68/91, Woods Hole, Mass., USA.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX 4	Data File Types

A4.1	UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS

The underway measurements for the cruise, as logged automatically by the ship's 
data logging system, and quality controlled by human operator (Ryan, 1993), are 
contained in column formatted ascii files. The two file types contain 10 sec 
digitised data, and 15 min averaged data. In both cases, missing data or data 
flagged as bad are replaced by the null value -999. The files are padded out to 
commence on the first digitising interval of the first day in the file, and 
ending at the last digitising interval on the last day in the file.

	A4.1.1	10 second digitised underway measurement data

Data at the minimum digitised interval of 10 sec. are contained in files named 
*.alf (Table A4.1), where the data filename prefix corresponds to the cruise 
acronym ("woes" or "worse"). A two line header is followed by the data as 
follows:

column		parameter
1	decimal time (0.0=midnight on December 31st, therefore, for example,  
	1.5=midday on January 2nd)
2	day
3	month
4	year
5	hour
6	minute
7	second
8	latitude (decimal degrees, +ve=north, -ve=south)
9	longitude (decimal degrees, +ve=east, -ve=west)
10	depth (m)
11	sea surface temperature (C) (measured at the seawater inlet at 7 m depth)

Note that all times are UTC.

Table A4.1:  Example 10 sec digitised underway measurement file (*.alf file).

Aurora Australis data - GPS pos. (deg), depth (m), sea surface temp (deg C)
Decimaltime	day mn  yr	hr m  s	  lat		lon		depth	SST 
70.00000004	12  3 1993	0  0  0   -999.0000	-999.0000	-999.0 -999.0
70.00011578	12  3 1993	0  0 10	  -999.0000	-999.0000	-999.0 -999.0
70.00023148	12  3 1993	0  0 20	  -44.0044	 146.3534	 284.6	15.2
70.00034722	12  3 1993	0  0 30	  -44.0044	 146.3529	-999.0	15.2
70.00046296	12  3 1993	0  0 40	  -44.0044	 146.3530	 283.5	15.2
70.00057870	12  3 1993	0  0 50	  -44.0044	 146.3523	 287.4	15.2
70.00069444	12  3 1993	0  1  0   -44.0043	 146.3519	 282.2	15.2
70.00081019	12  3 1993	0  1 10	  -44.0044	 146.3515	 282.4	15.2
70.00092593	12  3 1993	0  1 20	  -44.0044	 146.3511	 283.3	15.2
70.00104167	12  3 1993	0  1 30	  -44.0044	 146.3507	 286.0	15.2
70.00115741	12  3 1993	0  1 40	  -44.0044	 146.3507	 286.3	15.2
70.00127315	12  3 1993	0  1 50	  -44.0044	 146.3502	 286.8	15.2
70.00138889	12  3 1993	0  2  0   -44.0043	 146.3498	 287.4	15.2
70.00150463	12  3 1993	0  2 10	  -44.0043	 146.3493	 291.0	15.2

	A4.1.2	15 minute averaged underway measurement data

15 minute averaged data are contained in files named *.exp (Table A4.2), where 
the data filename prefix corresponds to the cruise acronym ("woes" or "worse"). 
Note that wind direction and ship's heading are instantaneous values. All times 
represent the centre of the averaging interval. A two line header is followed by 
the data as follows:

column  	parameter
1	decimal time (as for 10 sec digitised files)
2	latitude (as for 10 sec digitised files)
3	longitude (as for 10 sec digitised files)
4	air pressure (hecto Pascals)
5	wind speed (knots)
6	wind direction (deg. true)
7	port air temperature (C)
8	starboard air temperature (C)
9	port relative humidity (%)
10	starboard relative humidity (%)
11	quantum radiation (mol/s/m^2)
12	ship speed (knots) (speed through the water)
13	ship heading (deg. true)
14	ship roll (deg.)
15	ship pitch (deg.)
16	sea surface salinity (parts per thousand) (from seawater inlet at 7 m depth)
17	sea surface temperature (C) (at seawater inlet, 7 m depth)
18	average fluorescence (arbitrary units) (from seawater inlet at 7 m depth)
19	seawater flow (l/min) (flow rate at seawater inlet)

Note that all times are UTC.

Table A4.2:  Example 15 min averaged underway measurement file (*.exp file).

Aurora Australis  DLS data: dumped by EXPORT. Column units: days,deg,deg,hPa,knots,degTrue,degC,degC,%,%,umol/s/m2,knots,degTrue,deg,deg,ppt,degC, - ,l/min
decimaltime	lat		long		 airP  windsp  windd   poairT  stairT pohum sthum qrad shipspd shiphdg  roll		pitch		ssSAL	ssT	  avfluo	seaflow 
70.00520833	-44.00310	146.33583	1022.2	19.6	293	14.2 	14.2	93   88	-999	6.56	235.5	1.185341	0.486591	35.175	15.20	-999.000	9.95
70.01562500	-44.00076	146.31305	1022.3	22.1	290	14.2 	14.3	92   87	-999	1.15	235.5	1.295333	0.346111	35.165	15.10	-999.000	9.97
70.02604167	-44.00056	146.31239	1022.3	20.6	305	14.0 	14.0	94   89	-999	0.00	235.5	2.568000	0.287667	35.159	15.10	-999.000	9.98
70.03645833	-44.00036	146.31232	1022.2	20.6	298	14.1 	14.0	94   89	-999	0.00	235.5	1.303000	0.274444	35.165	15.10	-999.000	9.99
70.04687500	-44.00000	146.31136	1022.2	20.1	298	14.0 	14.0	95   90	-999	0.00	234.5	1.380111	0.433667	35.166	15.10	-999.000	9.99
70.05729167	-43.99958	146.31143	1022.2	20.7	288	14.1 	14.1	94   89	 222	0.00	234.5	1.801667	0.464667	35.165	15.10	-999.000	9.97
70.06770833	-43.99918	146.31229	1022.3	18.5	295	13.8 	14.1	96   90	 170	0.00	234.5	1.619333	0.398334	35.164	15.20	-999.000	9.99

A4.2	2 DBAR AVERAGED CTD DATA FILES

The final format in which CTD data is distributed is as 2 dbar averaged data, 
contained in column formatted ascii files, named *.all (Table A4.3) (the 
filename prefix is discussed in Appendix 2). Averaging bins are centered on even 
pressure values, starting at 2 dbar. A 15 line header is followed by the data, 
as follows:

column	parameter
1	pressure (dbar)
2	temperature (C) (ITS-90)
3	salinity (psu)
4	sigma-T = density-1000 (kg.m-3)
5	specific volume anomaly x 108 (m3.kg-1)
6	geopotential anomaly (J.kg-1)
7	dissolved oxygen (mol.l-1)
8	number of data points used in the 2 dbar averaging bin
9	standard deviation of temperature values in the 2 dbar bin
10	standard deviation of conductivity values in the 2 dbar bin

All files start at the 2 dbar pressure level, incrementing by 2 dbar for each 
new data line. Missing data are filled by blank characters (this most often 
applies to dissolved oxygen data).

Table A4.3:  Example 2 dbar averaged CTD data file (*.all file).

SHIP			: R.V. Aurora Australis   
STATION NUMBER		: 30
DATE			: 20-MAR-1993  (DAY NUMBER  79)
START TIME		: 2343 UTC = Z
BOTTOM TIME		: 0104 UTC = Z
FINISH TIME		: 0219 UTC = Z
CRUISE			: Au93/09
START POSITION		: 56:26.22S 140:06.15E
BOTTOM POSITION		: 56:26.07S 140:06.15E
FINISH POSITION		: 56:26.10S 140:05.84E
MAXIMUM PRESSURE	: 4014 DECIBARS
BOTTOM DEPTH		: 3940   METRES

PRESS TEMP	SAL SIGMA-T	S.V.A.	G.A.	D.O.
(T-90)
2.0	4.363	33.822	26.812	122.67	0.025	353.0	25	0.007	0.002
4.0	4.356	33.827	26.816	122.26	0.049	370.7	26	0.003	0.003
6.0	4.353	33.828	26.817	122.15	0.073	368.8	42	0.001	0.002
8.0	4.354	33.827	26.817	122.24	0.098	366.7	36	0.002	0.001
10.0	4.352	33.828	26.817	122.23	0.122	358.5	20	0.001	0.001
12.0	4.351	33.828	26.817	122.21	0.147	338.4	20	0.000	0.000
14.0	4.351	33.828	26.818	122.21	0.171	335.8	27	0.000	0.000
16.0	4.351	33.828	26.818	122.22	0.196	332.8	27	0.000	0.001
18.0	4.352	33.828	26.817	122.26	0.220	332.8	28	0.000	0.000
20.0	4.351	33.828	26.817	122.29	0.245	333.4	34	0.001	0.000
22.0	4.351	33.828	26.818	122.27	0.269	331.6	27	0.001	0.001
24.0	4.354	33.828	26.817	122.33	0.293	330.9	21	0.001	0.001
26.0	4.357	33.828	26.817	122.36	0.318	330.3	21	0.001	0.001
28.0	4.359	33.828	26.817	122.43	0.342	328.4	26	0.000	0.000

A4.3	HYDROLOGY DATA FILES

Files named *.bot (where the filename prefix is the the cruise code e.g. a9309) 
are column formatted ascii files containing the hydrology data, together with 
CTD upcast burst data (Table A4.4). The columns contain the following values:

column	parameter
1	station number
2	CTD pressure (dbar)
3	CTD temperature (C)
4	reversing thermometer temperature (C)
5	CTD conductivity (mS.cm-1)
6	CTD salinity (psu)
7	bottle salinity (psu)
8	ortho phosphate concentration (mol.l^-1)
9	nitrate + nitrite concentration (mol.l^-1)
10	reactive silicate concentration (mol.l^-1)
11	bottle dissolved oxygen concentration (mol.l^-1)
12	bottle quality flag (-1=rejected, 0=suspect, 1=good)
13	niskin bottle number

Missing data values are filled by a decimal point (surrounded by blank 
characters). Parameters 2,3,5 and 6 are mean values from the upcast CTD burst 
data at the time of bottle firing, where each burst contains the data 5 sec 
previous to the time of bottle firing. Parameters 7 to 11 are laboratory 
values for the hydrology analyses. Parameter 12, the bottle quality flag, is 
relevant to the calibration of CTD salinities - bottles flagged 1 and 0 are used 
for calibration, while those flagged -1 are rejected. Criteria for flagging of 
the bottle data are discussed elsewhere (Appendix 2). Parameter 13, the niskin 
bottle number, is a unique identifier for each bottle. Note that the bottle 
number does not always correspond with rosette position.

Table A4.4:  Example hydrology data file (*.bot file).

2	  8.556	15.155	15.154	43.109	35.032	35.031	0.29	  8.80	  7.7	247.10	 1	11
2	25.593	15.111	   .	43.076	35.034	35.035	0.28	  0.20	  3.7	248.50	 1	 9
2	50.992	15.105	   .	43.085	35.038	35.038	0.27	  0.30	  2.2	249.10	 1	 8
2	73.718	14.188	   .	42.227	35.068	35.077	0.48	  4.40	  2.8	228.70	-1	 7
2	98.376	12.840	   .	40.910	35.055	35.051	0.66	  7.70	  2.5	227.60	-1	 6
2      123.524	12.490	   .	40.618	35.089	35.081	0.76	  9.60	  3.0	223.10	-1	 5
2      148.516	11.904	   .	40.025	35.052	35.067	0.85	 11.10	  3.4	223.30	-1	 4
2      200.278	11.085	   .	39.174	34.963	34.965	0.90	 13.30	  4.0	226.40	-1	 3
2      247.807	10.678	10.691	38.758	34.914	34.914	1.02	 13.90	  4.1	230.40	 0	 2
2      289.188	 9.625	   .	37.640	34.769	34.794	1.13	 15.80	  4.8	232.40	-1	 1
3	 8.609	15.984	15.958	44.199	35.274	35.275	.	  0.20	  1.6	270.80	 1	16
3	21.504	15.975	   .	44.198	35.276	35.275	0.25	  0.20	  1.5	266.60	 1	15
3	48.210	15.935	   .	44.171	35.277	35.276	0.25	  0.40	  0.7	264.60	 1	14
3	73.795	15.897	   .	44.140	35.273	35.270	0.27	  0.80	  1.6	238.30	-1	13
3	98.905	14.011	   .	42.238	35.229	35.236	0.63	  7.50	  2.3	    .	-1	12
3      148.674	12.557	   .	40.763	35.155	35.155	0.81	 10.90	  4.1	216.00	 0	11
3      197.813	11.432	   .	39.575	35.033	35.033	0.92	 12.80	  3.9	227.30	 1	10
3      298.658	10.110	   .	38.158	34.828	34.831	1.10	 15.40	  4.6	230.70	 1	 9
3      396.295	 9.214	   .	37.238	34.702	34.703	1.28	 18.70	  6.0	226.20	-1	 8
3      496.675	 8.371	   .	36.405	34.604	34.603	1.52	 22.50	  9.3	210.60	 1	 7
3      597.207	 7.385	   .	35.469	34.524	34.524	1.71	 25.90	 14.6	199.30	 1	 6
3      697.115	 6.587	   .	34.751	34.487	34.486	1.90	 28.30	 20.6	195.30	 1	 5
3      778.707	 5.739	   .	33.995	34.458	34.458	2.05	 30.50	 27.8	    .	 1	 4
3      900.509	 4.315	   .	32.710	34.381	34.382	2.20	 32.70	 33.6	198.50	 1	 3
3     1000.091	 4.027	  4.029	32.574	34.471	34.471	2.34	 34.30	 49.6	171.00	 1	 2
3     1113.395	 3.403	   .	32.110	34.517	34.522	2.42	 35.40	 61.3	169.90	-1	 1
4	23.926	15.341	   .	43.397	35.121	35.120	0.26	  0.10	  0.6	230.60	 1	23
4	49.736	15.198	   .	43.231	35.088	35.087	0.26	  0.30	  0.6	229.10	 1	22
4	99.651	13.388	   .	41.599	35.202	35.200	0.77	  9.00	  2.6	200.60	 1	21
4      148.952	12.164	   .	40.341	35.114	35.122	0.86	 12.90	  3.8	221.80	-1	20
4      196.847	11.114	   .	39.222	34.985	34.980	0.95	 11.40	  3.6	233.30	-1	19
4      298.033	 9.997	   .	38.028	34.804	34.803	1.02	 13.80	    . 	254.10	-1	18
4      384.198	 9.235	   .	37.228	34.676	34.677	.	    .	   .	256.20	-1	17
4      495.853	 8.452	   .	36.455	34.578	34.577	1.43	 20.70	  8.1	232.70	-1	16

A4.4	STATION INFORMATION FILES

Station information files, named *.sta (Table A4.5) (where the filename prefix 
is the cruise code), contain position, time, bottom depth and maximum pressure 
of cast for CTD stations. The CTD instrument number is specified in the file 
header. Position and time (UTC) are specified at the start, bottom and end of 
the cast, while the bottom depth is for the start of the cast. Note that small 
inconsistencies may exist between bottom depth and maximum pressure, due to 
drift of the vessel between the start and bottom of the cast. In addition, a 
single value is assumed for the sound velocity in seawater for echo sounder 
calculations (1498 m.s-1), which may cause small errors in water depth values. 

Table A4.5:  Example CTD station information file (*.sta file).

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RSV Aurora Australis	Cruise : Au93/09		CTD station list  (CTD unit 4) 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
stat					start			bottom	 max P			bottom					end
no. 	time	date		latitude	longitude	depth(m) (dbar)	time	latitude	longitude	time	latitude	longitude 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1	2032	11-MAR-93	44:06.73S	146:14.35E	1000	956	2118	44:06.37S	146:14.35E	2154	44:06.19S	146:14.60E 
2	0027	12-MAR-93	44:00.06S	146:18.61E	300	289	0042	44:00.03S	146:18.77E	0115	43:59.97S	146:18.64E 
3	0513	12-MAR-93	44:07.51S	146:14.89E	1100	1115	0549	44:07.48S	146:15.06E	0632	44:07.39S	146:15.23E 
4 	0854	12-MAR-93	44:27.89S	146:07.94E	2340	2335	0938	44:27.52S	146:07.30E	1028	44:27.32S	146:07.51E 
5	1437	12-MAR-93	44:56.71S	145:56.67E	3380	3465	1606	44:56.10S	145:56.52E	1727	44:55.56S	145:56.36E 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

REFERENCES

Ryan, T., 1993.  Data Quality Manual for the data logged instrumentation aboard 
  the RSV Aurora Australis. Australian Antarctic Division, unpublished 
  manuscript.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX 5	Data Processing Information

Table A5.1a:	Upcast CTD bursts automatically flagged during creation of 
intermediate CTD files (Appendix 2) - SR3 data.

Station	rosette position   				station	rosette position
Number	flag=-1			flag=0			number	flag=-1		flag=0
----------------------------------------------		---------------------------------
1 SR3	16			22,23			24 SR3	18,19,21		
2 SR3	1,3,4,6,7		2,5 			25 SR3	18,19,21	20	
3 SR3	1,8,12,13		11			26 SR3			17,21,22
4 SR3	9,14,15,16,17,18	10,13,19		27 SR3	21		5,19	
5 SR3	16,20,21,22		13,14,15,17,18		28 SR3	21		19
6 SR3	9,11,13,14,20,21,22	5,8,10,12,16,18		29 SR3	18		20,21	
7 SR3	19,21						30 SR3	19,20,21	11,17,18
8 SR3	15,16,18		12,13,17,23		31 SR3	20		19,21	
9 SR3	14,21,23		9,10,11,13,15		32 SR3	17,18,20,21	19
10 SR3	21			11,12,13,14,20,23	33 SR3	21		19,20
11 SR3	15,17,21		14,16			34 SR3	19,20,21	17
12 SR3	12,15,20,21,23		14,16,17,18,22		35 SR3	19,20
13 SR3	15,21			14,18,19		36 SR3			10
14 SR3	21			11,14			41 SR3			7,8,9
15 SR3	13,16,20		11,14,21		43 SR3			7
16 SR3	16,21			12,13,14,15,17,18	45 SR3	10  		8
17 SR3	21			17			49 SR3	7,8		4,6,9
18 SR3	19,20			15,16,17,18,21		51 SR3	9		8,10
19 SR3	16,19,21  		15,18			53 SR3	9
20 SR3	17,21			19,20			55 SR3	7,8,10		9
21 SR3	15,18,20,21					58 SR3	10		8
22 SR3	19						61 SR3	7,9,10		8
23 SR3	21			15,17			63 SR3	6,8

Table A5.1b:	Upcast CTD bursts automatically flagged during creation of 
intermediate CTD files (Appendix 2) - P11 and sea ice stations.

Station	rosette position   			station	rosette position
Number	flag=-1		flag=0			number	flag=-1			flag=0
--------------------------------------		---------------------------------------------
1 P11	1,2,3,5		4			33 P11	17,18,19,21		12,14,15,20
2 P11	11,12		4,10	 		34 P11	18,20,21		12,13
3 P11	15		2,3,6,9,13,16		35 P11	15,20,21		16,18,19
4 P11			6,12,15,18,19,20,22  	36 P11	20,21			18
5 P11	17,21		13,16,18,19,20		37 P11	15,17			20
6 P11	5,17,19,21	10,11,13,16,18,20  	38 P11	19 			20
7 P11	9,12,13,19,21	17			40 P11	19
9 P11	13,18,21	15,20			41 P11	21			14,19
10 P11	22		19,20,21 		42 P11	20,22
11 P11	20,21		14			43 P11	16,19			17,18
12 P11	21		19			44 P11	21			18,20
13 P11	19,21		17,18,23		45 P11	20			15,22
14 P11	21		19,20			46 P11				20
15 P11	18,20		19			47 P11	21			12,18,22
16 P11	19,20,21,22	12,13,15		49 P11	21			2
17 P11	19		12,13,20		50 P11				21
18 P11	16		19,20,21		52 P11	21	
19 P11	21		12,14,18,20		53 P11	22	
20 P11	21		22			54 P11	21,22			19
21 P11	13,18 to 24	8,11,14,15		55 P11	1,2,3,5,6,7,10,12,	21,24
22 P11	21		16				13,15,17,19,22
23 P11	21		15,20			56 P11	24			11
24 P11			21			57 P11	12,13
25 P11	21 		16			58 P11	2,4,10			9
26 P11	14,21		13,22			59 P11	12			11,13
27 P11	21		15,19,20		60 P11				19
28 P11	21		13,16			61 P11				18,19
29 P11	13,21 					62 P11	6,7,8,9,11,18	
30 P11	16,21,22	13,18,23		63 P11				1,3
31 P11	13,16,21	19,20			64 P11	4,9,10,11,14,20		5,17,18
32 P11	12,16,21	11,14			

Table A5.2:	Dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle samples flagged as -9 for dissolved 
oxygen calibration. Note that this does not necessarily indicate a bad bottle 
sample - in many cases, flagging is due to bad CTD dissolved oxygen data.

Station	  rosette position	station	  rosette position
Number				number 
---------------------------	----------------------------
2	3,11			20	23,24
3	1,11,13			21	19,22
4	12,17,23		22	19,24
6	23			23	20,21
7	22			24	18,19,21
8	4,21			25	24
9	14,18,21		26	17,21,24
11	9,10			27	20,21,24
12	9,23			28	21
13	1 to 14			29	18,19,23
14	13,21			30	23,24
15	24			31	23,24
16	22,23,24		32	24
17	21,22,24		33	20,23,24
18	20,22			34	21,23,24
19	23,24

Table A5.3:	Duplicate samples from P11 transect, due to accidental double firing 
of rosette pylon. Note that all samples listed here are the first sample of the 
pair (i.e. at the lower rosette position number). Also note that the samples 
listed here are flagged with the quality code -1 (Appendix 2), if not already 
flagged thus i.e. rejected for the CTD conductivity calibration.

P11 (and sea ice)	rosette		P11 (and sea ice) rosette	P11 (and sea ice) rosette 
station number		position	station number	  position	station number 	 position  
-------------------------------------	-----------------------------	-----------------------------
22			9,11		33		5,9,11,13	45		8,10,13
23			8,11		34		5,11,13		46		5,9
24			6,13		35		1,5,13		47		5,8
25			3,5,13		36		11,13		48		5,8
26			13		37		5,8,11,13	49		8
27			5,13		38		11,13		50		9
28			5,14		40		5,11,13,15	52		8,13
29			11,13		41		5,8,11,13	53		8,11
30			11		42		5,8,11,13	54		8,10
31			13		43		5,11,13		55		8,11
32			14		44		5,8		61		5,6

Table A5.4:  Protected reversing thermometers used (serial numbers are listed).

station numbers		shallow position	deep position
			 thermometers		thermometers

SR3 1 to 2		13323,13343		13135, 13133
SR3 3 to 8		13323,13343		9418,13133
SR3 9 to 35		13323,13343		9418,9960
SR3 36 to 63		7761,7762		13133,13135
P11 1 to 3		7761,7762		13133,13135
P11 4 to 8		7564,9494		13133,13135
P11 9 to 64		7564,9494		13133,9965

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX 6	Historical Data Comparisons

A6.1	INTRODUCTION

In this Appendix, a brief comparison is presented between the au9309/au9391 
cruise data and historical data sets. Three sources of historical data exist for 
the region of the Southern Ocean corresponding to sections SR3 and P11, as 
follows. Positions for all stations referred to in the figures are listed in 
Table A6.1.

	au9101

Section SR3 was first occupied during cruise au9101 in September to October, 
1991, on the RSV Aurora Australis (Rintoul and Bullister, in prep.).

	fr8609

Cruise data set fr8609 was collected by the RV Franklin in November 1986, along 
section P11 (Mackey and Lindstrom, principal investigators, in Sloyan, 1991). 
Most casts for this cruise were taken to a maximum pressure of only 1500 dbar or 
less. For comparison with the au9391 (P11) data, CTD temperatures for fr8609 
data have been converted from IPTS-68 to ITS-90 using equation A2.9 (Appendix 
2).

	Eltanin data

Data collected by the Eltanin (Gordon, Molinelli and Baker, 1982) exists in the 
vicinity of both the SR3 and P11 sections. The data, derived from both CTD and 
bottle samples, has been interpolated to 44 standard pressures. CTD temperatures 
have been converted from IPTS-68 to ITS-90 (eqn A2.9, Appendix 2).

Table A6.1:  Positions for all stations referred to in Figures A6.1 to A6.13.

	au9309			au9101			Eltanin			au9391			fr8609
----------------------	-----------------------	-----------------------	-----------------------	-----------------------
stn	lat.S	long.E	stn	lat.S	long.E	stn	lat.S	long.E	stn	lat.S	long.E	stn  lat.S	long.E

13	48.783 144.320	14	48.751 143.917	689	45.198 147.375	19	45.251 155.001	71	45.500 155.000
14	49.270 144.088	15	49.214 143.635	686	48.190 148.219 	25	48.248 154.999	61	46.014 154.994
15	49.752 143.869	16	49.748 143.420	678	54.058 151.129	36	53.740	154.994
25	54.067 141.596	30	54.113 141.665 				37	54.251 155.004
30	56.437 140.103	22	56.462 140.617				21	46.250 155.002	59	46.497 155.012
48	61.846 139.854	25	61.784 138.105 				23	47.250 154.995	54	46.966 154.986
 5	44.945 145.945				892	44.968 139.925				52	47.485 155.002
16	50.233 143.636				896	50.110 140.117	27	49.253 154.995	47	48.998 155.005
18	51.030 143.235 				898	51.001 139.984				46	49.487 154.985
26	54.535 141.320 				903	54.548 140.057

A6.2	RESULTS

	A6.2.1	SR3 section

		CTD temperature and salinity

TS diagrams for 6 au9309 stations are overlain with the closest corresponding 
au9101 stations (Figure A6.1*). Data above 800 dbar are excluded from the plots, 
thus removing the most seasonally variable waters. The closest correspondence 
between the two data sets occurs in the vicinity of the salinity maximum i.e. 
Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (Gordon, 1967). Note that for the two cruises, 
the meridional variation of this salinity maximum is in general agreement. Thus 
the difference in salinity maxima for the au9309 and au9101 data evident in 
Figures A6.1e* and f* is isolated, and does not reflect the overall correspondence 
for other stations.

Similarly for the comparison between au9309 and Eltanin data (Figure A6.2*), the 
closest correspondence is found for the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water. Note 
however that the spatial separation between stations being compared is greater 
than for the au9101/au9309 comparison, and the correspondence between TS 
diagrams is not as close, particularly around the salinity minimum (Figure 
A6.2a*).

		Dissolved oxygen

Vertical profiles of dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle data are compared for au9309 
and au9101 in Figure A6.3*. Reasonable correspondence exists for concentrations 
at the dissolved oxygen minimum (characterising the Upper Circumpolar Deep Water 
of Gordon, 1967). Below the minimum, dissolved oxygen concentrations appear to 
be depressed for the later cruise by an amount of the order 5 mol/l.

		Nutrients

Nutrient data for cruises au9309 and au9101 are compared in Figures A6.4* to 
A6.6*. The nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate ratio for the two cruises does not 
correspond (Figure A6.4*). At the time of writing, comparison with the latest 
nutrient data from the SR3 transect in January 1994 (unpublished) indicates an 
error lies in the phosphate data for cruise au9101, with au9101 phosphate 
concentrations greater by an average of 0.15 mol/l. The integrity of the au9309 
phosphate data was confirmed by comparison with the closest Eltanin data, along 
longitude 132E, and also by the consistency found between the au9391 and fr8609 
nutrient data (Figure A6.10*) (noting that the nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate 
ratios for au9391 and au9309 are similar). The error in the au9101 phosphate 
values is most likely due to a combination of 

(i)	the different analytical instruments used - Alpkem Autoanalyser for 
	au9309/au9391 data, and Technicon AAII  for au9101 data;

(ii)	the different integration techniques used for the two cruises for 
	measuring the concentration of samples relative to standard solutions.

Note that the analysis instrument and methodology for cruises au9101 and fr8609 
are the same, thus the error seems to be specific to au9101 data. Further 
investigation into the cause of the offset is currently underway.

For the nitrate+nitrite comparison (Figure A6.5*), the closest correspondence 
exists south of the Subantarctic Front (as defined by Gordon et al., 1977) 
(Figures A6.5d* to f*) and below the concentration minimum. Reasonable 
correspondence is found for the silicate data (Figure A6.6*), with the exception 
of the southernmost station (Figure A6.6f*). Near surface nutrient concentration 
differences (Figure A6.5* and A6.6*) reflect the different seasons in which the 
two data sets were collected.

	A6.2.2	P11 section

For the data available for comparison with au9391 (P11) data, station positions 
do not correspond as well with au9391 positions as for the SR3 comparison. The 
closest corresponding fr8609 stations are typically 15' of latitude north and 
south of the au9391 stations.

		CTD temperature and salinity

As for the SR3 case, the closest correspondence between the au9391 data and the 
fr8609 (Figure A6.7*) and Eltanin (Figure A6.8*) data is found in the Lower 
Circumpolar Deep Water in the vicinity of the salinity maximum (the fr8609 data 
in most cases does not extend down to the salinity maximum).

		Dissolved oxygen

The spatial correspondence of available dissolved oxygen data is limited in this 
case, restricting station by station comparisons. From the TO diagrams in Figure 
A6.9*, the two data sets appear consistent.

		Nutrients

Nutrient data for cruises au9391 and fr8609 are compared in Figures A6.10* to 
A6.13*. The nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate ratio for the two cruises is 
consistent (Figure A6.10*). For all three nutrients, concentration values for 
the two cruises are fairly consistent for the top part of the water column, with 
near surface concentration values reflecting seasonal differences between the 
two data sets (Figures A6.11* to A6.13*). Insufficient data is available for 
fr8609 to compare values below 1500 m. Note that the deep water nutrient 
concentrations for fr8609 station 61 appear anomalously high, particularly for 
silicate (Figure A6.13a* and b*).

REFERENCES

Gordon, A.L. 1967. Structure of Antarctic waters between 20W and 170W.  
  Antarctic Map Folio Series, Folio 6, Bushnell, V. (ed.). American Geophysical 
  Society, New York.

Gordon, A.L. and Molinelli, E.J. and Baker, T.N., 1982. Southern Ocean Atlas 
  (1982). Columbia University Press, New York. 35 pp + 248 pl.

Gordon, A.L., Taylor, H.W. and Georgi, D.T., 1977. Antarctic oceanography 
  zonation. In Polar Oceans, Dunbar, M.J. (ed.). Proceedings of the Polar Ocean 
  Conference, McGill University, Montreal. Arctic Institute of North America, 
  Calgary.

Rintoul, S.R. and Bullister, J.L. (in preparation). A late winter section 
  between Tasmania and Antarctica: Circulation, transport and water mass 
  formation.

Sloyan, B.M., 1991. A study of Southern Ocean structure along 155E between 57S 
  and 45S. Honours Thesis, Institute of Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies, 
  University of Tasmania (unpublished manuscript). 147pp.

Figure A6.1*:  TS diagrams for comparison of au9309 and au9101 data.

Figure A6.2*:  TS diagrams for comparison of au9309 and Eltanin data.

Figure A6.3*:  Dissolved oxygen vertical profile comparisons for au9309 and 
               au9101 data.

Figure A6.4*:  Bulk plot of nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate for all au9309 and
               au9101 data, together with linear best fit lines.

Figure A6.5*:  Nitrate+nitrite vertical profile comparisons for au9309 and 
               au9101 data.

Figure A6.6*:  Silicate vertical profile comparisons for au9309 and au9101 data.

Figure A6.7*:  TS diagrams for comparison of au9391 and fr8609 data.

Figure A6.8*:  TS diagrams for comparison of au9391 and Eltanin data.

Figure A6.9*:  TO diagrams for comparison of au9391 and fr8609 data.

Figure A6.10*: Bulk plot of nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate for all au9391 and 
               fr8609 data, together with linear best fit lines.

Figure A6.11*: Phosphate vertical profile comparisons for au9391 and fr8609 
               data.

Figure A6.12*: Nitrate+nitrite vertical profile comparisons for au9391 and 
               fr8609 data.

Figure A6.13*: Silicate vertical profile comparisons for au9391 and fr8609 
               data.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX 7:	WOCE Data Format Addendum

A7.1	INTRODUCTION

This Appendix is relevant only to data submitted to the WHP Office. For WOCE 
format data, file format descriptions as detailed earlier in this report should 
be ignored. Data files submitted to the WHP Office are in the standard WOCE 
format as specified in Joyce et al. (1991).

A7.2	CTD 2 DBAR-AVERAGED DATA FILES

*  CTD 2 dbar-averaged file format is as per Table 3.12 of Joyce et al. (1991), 
   except that measurements are centered on even pressure bins (with first value 
   at 2 dbar).
*  CTD temperature and salinity are reported to the third decimal place only. 
*  Files are named as in Appendix 2, section A2.2.1, except that for WOCE format 
   data the suffix ".all" is replaced with ".ctd". 
*  The quality flags for CTD data are defined in Table A7.1. Data quality 
   information is detailed in earlier sections of this report. 

A7.3	HYDROLOGY DATA FILES

*  Hydrology data file format is as per Table 3.7 of Joyce et al. (1991), with 
   quality flags defined in Tables A7.2 and A7.3. 
*  Files are named as in Appendix 2, section A2.2.2, except that for WOCE format 
   data the suffix ".bot" is replaced by ".sea". 
*  The total value of nitrate+nitrite only is listed. 
*  Silicate and nitrate+nitrite are reported to the first decimal place only. 
*  CTD temperature (including theta), CTD salinity and bottle salinity are all 
   reported to the third decimal place only. 
*  CTD temperature (including theta), CTD pressure and CTD salinity are all 
   derived from upcast CTD burst data; CTD dissolved oxygen is derived from 
   downcast 2 dbar-averaged data (see Appendix 2).
*  Raw CTD pressure values are not reported.
*  SAMPNO is equal to the rosette position of the Niskin bottle.

A7.4	CONVERSION OF UNITS FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS

	A7.4.1	Dissolved oxygen

	Niskin bottle data

For the WOCE format files, all Niskin bottle dissolved oxygen concentration 
values have been converted from volumetric units mol/l to gravimetric units 
mol/kg, as follows. Concentration Ck in mol/kg is given by

	Ck  =  1000 Cl / rho(theta,s,0)				(eqn A7.1)

where Cl is the concentration in mol/l, 1000 is a conversion factor, and 
rho(theta,s,0) is the potential density at zero pressure and at the potential 
temperature theta, where potential temperature is given by

	theta = theta (T,s,p)					(eqn A7.2)

for the in situ temperature T, salinity s and pressure p values at which the 
Niskin bottle was fired. Note that T, s and p are upcast CTD burst data averages 
(see Appendix 2, section A2.7.4).

	CTD data

In the WOCE format files, CTD dissolved oxygen data are converted to mol/kg by 
the same method as above, except that T, s and p in eqns A7.1 and A7.2 are CTD 2 
dbar-averaged data.

	A7.4.2	Nutrients

For the WOCE format files, all Niskin bottle nutrient concentration values have 
been converted from volumetric units mol/l to gravimetric units mol/kg using

	Ck  =  1000 Cl / rho(T(l),s,0)					(eqn A7.3)

where 1000 is a conversion factor, and rho(T(l),s,0) is the water density in the 
hydrology laboratory at the laboratory temperature T(l) and at zero pressure. 
T(l) values used for each station are listed in Table 25 of the main text. 
Upcast CTD burst data averages are used for s. Note that T(l) values for 
nutrient analyses (Table 25) are estimates made by interpolating between 
recorded T(l) values. Any error in these temperature values is at most 5C. 
After converting concentrations to mol/kg, this translates into a concentration 
error of at most 0.3% of full scale (and usually significantly less).

Table A7.1:  Definition of quality flags for CTD data (after Table 3.11 in Joyce 
et al., 1991). These flags apply both to CTD data in the 2 dbar-averaged *.ctd 
files, and to upcast CTD burst data in the *.sea files.

flag	definition

1	not calibrated with water samples
2	acceptable measurement
3	questionable measurement
4	bad measurement
5	measurement not reported
6	interpolated value
7,8	these flags are not used
9	parameter not sampled

Table A7.2:  Definition of quality flags for Niskin bottles (i.e. parameter 
BTLNBR in *.sea files) (after Table 3.8 in Joyce et al., 1991).

flag	definition

1	this flag is not used
2	no problems noted
3	bottle leaking, as noted when rosette package returned on deck
4	bottle did not trip correctly
5	bottle leaking, as noted from data analysis
6	bottle not fired at correct depth, due to misfiring of rosette pylon
7,8	these flags are not usedinterpolated value
9	samples not drawn from this bottle

Table A7.3:  Definition of quality flags for water samples in *.sea files (after 
Table 3.9 in Joyce et al., 1991).

flag	definition

1	this flag is not used
2	acceptable measurement
3	questionable measurement
4	bad measurement
5	measurement not reported
6,8	these flags are not used
9	parameter not sampled

A7.5	STATION INFORMATION FILES

*  File format is as per section 2.2.2 of Joyce et al. (1991), and files are 
   named as in Appendix 2, section A2.2.3, except that for WOCE format data the 
   suffix ".sta" is replaced by ".sum".
*  All depths are calculated using a uniform speed of sound through the water 
   column of 1498 ms-1. Reported depths are as measured from the water surface. 
   Missing depths are due to interference of the ship's bow thrusters with the 
   echo sounder signal, as described in Appendix 2, section A2.3.
*  An altimeter attached to the base of the rosette frame (approximately at the 
   same vertical position as the CTD sensors) measures the elevation (or height 
   above the bottom) in metres. The elevation value at each station is recorded 
   manually from the CTD data stream display at the bottom of each CTD downcast. 
   Motion of the ship due to waves can cause an error in these manually recorded 
   values of up to 3 m.
*  Lineout (i.e. meter wheel readings of the CTD winch) were unavailable.
*  The bottom latitude/longitude for station 63 in the file a9391.sum is 
   interpolated from the start and end positions.

REFERENCES

Joyce, T., Corry, C. and Stalcup, M., 1991. Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic 
  Programme Data Reporting. WHP Office Report WHPO 90-1, Revision 1, WOCE Report 
  No. 67/91, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 71 pp.

________________________________________________________________________________

DATA QUALITY EVALUATION:  CTD DATA FOR P11A
(Bob Millard)
November 20, 1995

General:

Again, the cruise report provides detail information on the various aspects of 
the CTD data collected on cruise AU9309/AU9391.  The description of the methods 
of CTD data calibration and processing are complete.

Woce section P11, like section SR03, contains changeable water masses 
characteristics in both the shallow and deeper layers making the quality 
controlling of the CTD salinity calibration critically dependent on comparisons 
with the station water sample data.  Plots of potential temperature versus 
salinity for all P11 CTD and bottle salinities illustrate the variability for 
all depths and then the deeper waters in figures 1 a* and b*. When an individual 
2 decibar CTD profile didn't match it's water sample salinities, neighboring 
station were used to attempt to resolve whether the mismatch was reasonable.  
Focus was placed in the deeper waters (for example, potential temperatures less 
than 2.0 C) for further data checks.

The NBIS/EG&G Mark III CTD temperature sensor has a characteristic parabolic 
deviation from linearity a cross the temperature range -2-30 C that reaches a 
maximum of 0.0015 C at 15 C.  The temperature calibration polynomial reported in 
the Cruise report is linear.  I would recommend using at least a quadratic 
temperature calibration description.  I am not sure what range the temperature 
sensors were calibrated over but the temperature calibration may be OK if the 
range was small (ie -2 to 10).  The pressure calibration used is a fifth order 
polynomial.  We have found that a third order calibration adequately describes 
the stainless steel pressure sensor.

A comparison of CTD salinity observations contained in the bottle file P11.hy2 
was carried out by forming the difference of the CTD salt from corresponding 
water sample observations.  A histogram of these differences with flagged data 
removed is displayed in figure 2* and indicates that this subset of the CTD 
salinities are generally well matched to the water sample data across all 
stations.  The mean difference is 0.0001 psu while the standard deviation is 
0.0033 psu which is good although the scatter of the earlier cruise leg (section 
SR03) is a somewhat smaller 0.002 psu.  The salinity differences are plotted 
versus station in figures 3 and 4 with the latter containing only the salinity 
differences in the deeper layer defined as greater than 1200 decibars.  For 
stations 34 to 51 below 1200 decibars, the CTD salinity is generally lower than 
the WS.  Looking the distribution of salinities differences versus pressure 
shown in figure 5 (the low CTD salinity is primarily restricted to the pressure 
range of 2800-4300 dbars.  Since the P11.hy2 file contains the up profile CTD 
data, the individual 2 decibar down profile files were checked to see if 
problems noted in the WS file carry over to the down profile due to hysteresis 
in the sensors.

The individual 2 decibar CTD profile salinities were compared with the water 
sample salinities mainly using plots of salinity versus pressure and potential 
temperature.  The 2 decibar CTD salinity data also looks well calibrated.  There 
are some individual stations where the CTD salinity is off from water sample 
salts and more critically also from neighboring stations as indicated in the 
specific comments on salinity below. Some of the stations where CTD salinities 
are questioned correspond to the beginning or end of conductivity calibration 
station groupings given the cruise data report (ie 21 43,44, 47, 56).

There are no CTD oxygens reported in either the water sample or individual 
downcast profiles for P11.

The CTD temperatures and salinities are only reported to three decimal places. 
This should be modified reported them to four significant digits (ie 34.xxxx 
psu). The salinity and temperature may only has a 3 decimal place accuracy but 
the precision of measurements within each profile justifies the extra decimal 
place. The WHP Data Reporting Requirements (WHP Office Report 90-1) recommends 
CTD salinities be reported in F8.4 format (page 50).

There are a few density inversions noted in a few profiles.  Some of these are 
Flagged as questionable in the quality word of the profile while others are not.  
A plot of the pressure levels in which the density is unstable by -0.005 
kg/m3/dbar or greater is shown in figure 6.  There are far fewer density 
inversions noted on P11 then occurred in the SR03 data set.  A listing of these 
same values are repeated in the attached appendix below.  The cruise report 
mentions checking for density inversions.

Specific comments on salinity:

Station 21 - The 2 dbar salinity between pot. temp. of 1.6 and .7 looks salty 
compared with neighboring stations.  There are not many deep water samples for 
station 21 so it's difficult to know if this station shows a real salinity 
anomaly or is miscalibrated?  I think it is the latter.

Stations 30 through 33 have salinity spikes of an amplitude of 0.004 psu towards 
fresh values below 2000 dbars.

Station 40 looks fresh by 0.002 psu below 2000 dbars compared to its water 
samples.

Stations 41,42,43 and 44 the down profile CTD salinity is to fresh by 0.004 psu 
are below 2000 dbars compared to water sample salts.

Stations 46,47: below 1200 dbars the CTD is to fresh by up to 0.01 psu from WS. 
station 47 has 0.1 psu glitches from 2732 to 2748 dbars also station is 
truncated atthis depth to 3200 db.  Station 47 up CTD salts are fresh by 0.03 
psu which is noted in the cruise report and flagged in the ____.hy2 file.

Stations 55-56 below pot. temp. = .6 C.  The CTD is to salty by 0.015 psu from 
both WS and neighboring stations (53-54).

Station 60 CTD is salty below 1000 dbars compared its water sample salts.

Appendix:  

List of stations locations with unstable vertical density gradients in excess of 
-0.005 and -0.01 kg/m3/dbar.  Note that dsg/dp is density difference between 
adjacent 2 decibar levels and thus the values in the table below have units 
kg/m3 per 2 decibars.  The station number values in the table includes a decimal 
position within the station.

P11:	dsg/dp < -0.01 kg/m3 per 2 decibars

dsg/dp		Station No.	Pres. dbars
kg/m3 per	+ decimal 
2 dbars

-1.5755618e-002	1.4010182e+001	8.2000000e+001
-1.0564783e-002	2.7016000e+001	1.4000000e+002
-1.0764794e-002	3.3005091e+001	9.2000000e+001
-1.0806990e-002	3.5029091e+001	2.2800000e+002
-1.0233572e-002	3.5038182e+001	2.7800000e+002
-1.1289558e-002	3.6031273e+001	2.4200000e+002
-1.9173140e-002	4.0011636e+001	1.4200000e+002
-1.1067445e-002	4.0064727e+001	4.3400000e+002
-1.553035le-002	4.2017818e+001	1.8000000e+002
-2.7183628e-002	4.6998545e+001	8.2000000e+001
-4.4360669e-002	4.7479636e+001	2.7300000e+003
-4.3553215e-002	4.7480000e+001	2.7320000e+003
-2.1771506e-002	4.7480727e+001	2.7360000e+003
-8.3230492e-002	4.9982909e+001	2.0000000e+000
-2.3023772e-002	4.9983273e+001	4.0000000e+000
-7.0647888e-002	4.9983636e+001	6.0000000e+000
-2.7999044e-002	4.9984000e+001	8.0000000e+000
-1.1271867e-002	4.9984364e+001	1.0000000e+001
-2.1611072e-002	5.3995273e+001	7.8000000e+001
-1.4070938e-002	6.0324727e+001	1.9040000e+003
-1.8778659e-002	6.3985091e+001	4.2000000e+001
-2.7183628e-002	4.6998545e+001	8.2000000e+001
-4.4360669e-002	4.7479636e+001	2.7300000e+003
-4.3553215e-002	4.7480000e+001	2.7320000e+003
-2.1771506e-002	4.7480727e+001	2.7360000e+003
-2.3023772e-002	4.9983273e+001	4.0000000e+000
-7.0647888e-002	4.9983636e+001	6.0000000e+000
-2.7999044e-002	4.9984000e+001	8.0000000e+000
-2.1611072e-002	5.3995273e+001	7.8000000e+001

Figure 1a*

Figure 1b*

Figure 2*

Figure 3*

Figure 4*

Figure 5*

Figure 6*

________________________________________________________________________________

DATA QUALITY EVALUATION:  CTD DATA FOR SR03
(Bob Millard)
November 18, 1995

General:

The cruise report is thorough in the information provided on the various aspects 
of the data collected on cruise AU9309/AU9391 for WOCE section SR03.  The 
methods of data calibration and processing are well described along with 
problems encountered with the various stations collect.

The section is composed of changing water masses, both shallow and in the deeper 
layers, which makes the quality controlling of salinity and oxygen calibrations 
critically dependent on comparisons with the station water sample data.  Plots 
of potential temperature versus salinity from SR03 CTD and bottle salinities 
illustrate the variability in both the overall and deeper waters in figures 1 a* 
and b*.  When an individual 2 decibar CTD profile didn't match it's water sample 
salinities, neighboring station were used to attempt to resolve whether the 
mismatch was reasonable.  I focused checking in the deep waters (for example, 
potential temperatures less than 2.0 C).

A comparison of CTD salinity observations contained in the bottle file SR03.hy2 
was carried out by the difference of the CTD salt from corresponding water 
sample observations.  A histogram of these differences with flagged data 
removed, shown in figure 2*, indicates that this subset of the CTD salinities are 
well matched to the water sample data across all stations.  The mean difference 
and standard deviations, indicated on figure 2*, are excellent.  The differences 
are plotted versus station in figures 3* and 4* with the later showing only the 
deeper layer differences defined as greater than 1200 decibars Looking across 
all pressure levels, shown in figure 5*, again shows no depth dependance to the 
salinity differences.

The CTD salinities are generally free of spurious questionable data points.  The 
few exceptions are noted under specific comments on CTD Salinity.  There are a 
few stations which showed looping on the Potential Temperature - Salinity plots 
that indicate density inversions cause perhaps by a mismatch in the lag between 
temperature and conductivity.  A summary of density inversions is given at the 
end of this report.

The CTD oxygen observations contained in the bottle file SR03.hy2 indicate that 
this subset of the CTD oxygens are well matched to corresponding bottle oxygens 
for stations 2 through station 34 as illustrated in the histogram of figure 6*.  
Beyond station 35 there are no CTD oxygens as noted in the cruise report.  The 
plot versus station (figure 7*) and versus pressure given in figure 8* indicate 
that, a least for the up profile data, there are no systematic variations with 
either.  This was confirmed by over-plotting the 2 decibar down-profile CTD and 
water sample data.  The CTD oxygen data of station 13 was deleted below 700 
decibars and also for station 7 over about 20 decibars around 350 decibars (both 
flagged in the data files).  Generally the CTD oxygens are well calibrated and 
devoid spurious bad data values except for a few stations with excessively high 
surface values noted below.

The CTD temperatures and salinities are only reported to three decimal places. 
This should be modified reported them to four significant digits (ie 34.xxxx 
psu). The salinity and temperature may only has a 3 decimal place accuracy but 
the precision of measurements within each profile justifies the extra decimal 
place. The WHP Data Reporting Requirements (WHP Office Report 90-1) recommends 
CTD salinities be reported in F8.4 format (page 50).

There are density inversions noted in a few profiles.  Some of these are flagged 
as questionable in the quality word of the profile but others are not.  A plot 
of the pressure levels in which the density is unstable by -0.005 kg/m3/dbar or 
greater is shown in figure 9*.  A listing of these same values are repeated at 
the end of this report.  The density inversions are confined to profiles prior 
to the oxygen sensor failure.  There are many fewer density inversions 
throughout the remainder of SR03 after station 35 and during the following P11 
cruise. According to the cruise report, CTD's were switched at station 36 and a 
second CTD (No. 1) was used 36 through 63 of SR03 and throughout P11.  The 
cruise report states that the same lag (.175 sec) was applied to both CTD's.

The CTD salinity and oxygen data of the 2 decibar data files appear to be free 
of spurious data values with the few exceptions noted below.

Specific comments on CTD Salinity:

Station 10 CTD looks fresh by .003 to .004 psu below 3000 decibars

Station 15 CTD appears fresh by .002-.003 to WS and neighboring stations at pot. 
temp. less than 1.5 C.

Station 17 CTD is salty by ~.004 at pot. temp. < 1.5 C with neighboring stations 
from 15-24 fresh but .002 psu salty to WS salts?? I'd match to neighboring 
station salts!

Station 22 CTD salts look good but WS data salty by 0.003 psu. BAD WS salts.

Station 33 has an unflagged low salinity glitch (~-.02 psu) 3564-3580 decibars.

Station 50 has 2 unflagged fresh salt glitches ~.008 psu & -.005 at 2576 & 2922 
decibars

Stations 58 & 59 have loops in the Ptmp/Salinity plots indicating density 
inversions.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Specific comments on CTD Oxygens: 

Station 1 no CTD 02. 

Stations 2-6 look good compared to WS O2's. 

Station 7 surface high O2 by 45 Um/kg. 

station 8 look good compared to WS O2's. 

station 9 no O2 around 350 decibars. flagged with missing data. 

stations 10,12 look good compared to WS O2's.

Stations 11 CTD O2 low compared to WS O2's 2500-3000 decibars but down/up 
	CTD O2 agree so likely real. 

station 13 no O2 below 700 decibars. flagged with missing data. 

station 14 look good compared to WS O2's.

station 15, 16 high surface O2 particularly station 16. 

station 17,18 look good compared to WS O2's.

stations 19,20 high surface O2. 

stations 21-25 look good compared to WS O2's. 

station 26 high surface O2 to 50 dbars.

station 27 look good compared to WS O2's. 

station 28 high surface O2 plus missing O2 data 100 dbars. 

Station 29-35 all have high surface O2 values.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix:

List of stations locations with unstable vertical density gradients in excess of 
-0.005 kg/m3/dbar.  Note that the values of dsg/dp below have units of kg/m3 per 
2 decibars matched the data observation interval.

SR03 dsg/dp < -.01 kg/m3 per 2 decibar

dsg/dp		sta. No.	Prs. Dbars
kg/m3 per 
2 dbar

-1.8576000e-002	1.0003636e+000	2.0000000e+000
-1.8687122e-002	1.1527273e+000	8.4000000e+002
-1.1758100e-002	1.1625455e+000	8.9400000e+002
-1.1394610e-002	2.0000000e+000	2.0000000e+000
-1.4487334e-002	2.0149091e+000	8.4000000e+001
-1.0969687e-002	2.0181818e+000	1.0200000e+002
-1.2961963e-002	2.0280000e+000	1.5600000e+002
-1.2240132e-002	2.0352727e+000	1.9600000e+002
-1.2575978e-002	2.0465455e+000	2.5800000e+002
-1.1480537e-002	3.0276364e+000	1.5600000e+002
-1.5809955e-002	3.0800000e+000	4.4400000e+002
-1.2788824e-002	3.1574545e+000	8.7000000e+002
-1.8638708e-002	3.1581818e+000	8.7400000e+002
-1.2024504e-002	4.0960000e+000	5.3400000e+002
-1.2672386e-002	7.1672727e+000	9.3200000e+002
-1.3002333e-002	8.0207273e+000	1.2800000e+002
-1.0907039e-002	8.0247273e+000	1.5000000e+002
-1.3211613e-002	9.0174545e+000	1.1200000e+002
-1.6562712e-002	9.0178182e+000	1.1400000e+002
-1.5308370e-002	9.1381818e+000	7.7600000e+002
-1.1019707e-002	1.0161455e+001	9.0600000e+002
-1.2888655e-002	1.0221091e+001	1.2340000e+003
-1.1193898e-002	1.1021455e+001	1.3800000e+002
-1.2506617e-002	1.2017091e+001	1.1600000e+002
-1.0150017e-002	1.5014545e+001	1.0800000e+002
-1.2161172e-002	1.6020727e+001	1.4400000e+002
-1.1032652e-002	1.6144000e+001	8.2200000e+002
-1.3706356e-002	1.7044364e+001	2.7600000e+002
-1.1573284e-002	1.7046909e+001	2.9000000e+002
-1.1543218e-002	1.7052364e+001	3.2000000e+002
-1.4791138e-002	1.7058545e+001	3.5400000e+002
-1.0042902e-002	1.7092000e+001	5.3800000e+002
-1.6797767e-002	1.8041091e+001	2.6000000e+002
-1.1393026e-002	1.8056364e+001	3.4400000e+002
-1.0236336e-002	1.8128364e+001	7.4000000e+002
-1.8130103e-002	1.9037818e+001	2.4400000e+002
-1.9787355e-002	2.0021818e+001	1.5800000e+002
-1.6344915e-002	2.0023273e+001	1.6600000e+002
-1.4396913e-002	2.0025091e+001	1.7600000e+002
-1.0799758e-002	2.0025818e+001	1.8000000e+002
-1.5885514e-002	2.0031636e+001	2.1200000e+002
-1.5916892e-002	2.0033091e+001	2.2000000e+002
-1.0355690e-002	2.0037818e+001	2.4600000e+002
-1.6196134e-002	2.0040000e+001	2.5800000e+002
-1.9885967e-002	2.0041091e+001	2.6400000e+002
-1.1838138e-002	2.0065818e+001	4.0000000e+002
-1.7482935e-002	2.2020727e+001	1.5600000e+002
-1.5836843e-002	2.2021818e+001	1.6200000e+002
-1.5960318e-002	2.2022909e+001	1.6800000e+002
-1.1640565e-002	2.2028000e+001	1.9600000e+002
-1.0900382e-002	2.2030182e+001	2.0800000e+002
-1.2481418e-002	2.2033818e+001	2.2800000e+002
-1.0749384e-002	2.2101091e+001	5.9800000e+002
-1.494444le-002	2.4004364e+001	7.0000000e+001
-6.3715548e-002	2.5004000e+001	7.0000000e+001
-3.2403129e-002	2.6004364e+001	7.4000000e+001
-1.4652864e-002	2.6019636e+001	1.5800000e+002
-1.8499629e-002	2.7006909e+001	9.0000000e+001
-1.3238923e-002	2.9004364e+001	8.0000000e+001
-3.9440108e-002	2.9006545e+001	9.2000000e+001
-2.3785510e-002	3.1003273e+001	7.8000000e+001
-1.1146744e-002	3.1012364e+001	1.2800000e+002
-1.2397072e-002	3.1013091e+001	1.3200000e+002
-1.6740092e-002	3.2005091e+001	9.0000000e+001
-2.4921517e-002	3.2006545e+001	9.8000000e+001
-1.527287le-002	3.2037091e+001	2.6600000e+002
-1.8415982e-002	3.3004364e+001	8.8000000e+001
-2.2776820e-002	3.4005091e+001	9.4000000e+001
-1.3882965e-002	3.4034909e+001	2.5800000e+002
-2.7680025e-002	3.5002909e+001	8.4000000e+001
-1.0824642e-002	3.7016000e+001	1.6000000e+002
-1.7440978e-002	3.7017818e+001	1.7000000e+002
-1.6685902e-002	4.3000364e+001	8.6000000e+001

SR03: dsg/dp < -.02 kg/m3 per 2 decibar

-6.3715548e-002	2.5004000e+001	7.0000000e+001
-3.2403129e-002	2.6004364e+001	7.4000000e+001
-3.9440108e-002	2.9006545e+001	9.2000000e+001
-2.3785510e-002	3.1003273e+001	7.8000000e+001
-2.4921517e-002	3.2006545e+001	9.8000000e+001
-2.2776820e-002	3.4005091e+001	9.4000000e+001
-2.7680025e-002	3.5002909e+001	8.4000000e+001

Figure 1a*

Figure 1b*

Figure 2*

Figure 3*

Figure 4*

Figure 5*

Figure 6*

Figure 7*

Figure 8*

Figure 9*

________________________________________________________________________________

DATA QUALITY EVALUATION:  SALINITY, OXYGEN, NUTRIENTS DATA FOR P11A AND SR03 
(Arnold Mantyla)
14 December 1995

This report is an assessment of the hydrographic data collected on RV Aurora 
Australis cruises AU9309 and AU9391.  Both cruises crossed the Antarctic 
Circumpolar Current to Antarctica, the first SW from Tasmania, and the second SW 
from the southern Tasman Sea.  The data set is a valuable addition to the global 
data base, as there aren't any comparable sections in the region, to my 
knowledge, aside from a low-quality Soviet section along 150E.  The P11 section 
was of particular interest to me because it was close to the Aries II Expedition 
cruise pattern which caught some interesting middepth interleaving of 
characteristics from the Antarctic shelf with ambient circumpolar waters (see 
DSR 25, 357-369; Antarct. J. 6, 111-113).  Unfortunately, the vertical 
resolution of the water samples was too wide (due to rosette mis-trips, only 24 
samples, and data gaps due to unreported data) to clearly confirm the Aries II 
observations.  Perhaps the high resolution CTD data will be more informative. In 
the future, I would urge the P.I.'s to sample 36 depths, as is more commonly 
done on other WOCE lines.  Chemistry features are more clearly discerned and 
occasional mis-trips or analytical errors are not nearly as devastating 
with the normal higher density sampling scheme.  Much of the missing data was 
coded as "measurement not reported".  WOCE guidelines expect all measurements 
to be reported, along with the appropriate code: "acceptable", "questionable", 
or "bad" measurement.  It is not unusual for data that has been omitted merely 
because it "looks funny" or "impossible" later in retrospect to be correct, as 
further information becomes available.

SALINITY:

An unusually large number of CTD salinities at the bottle trip levels were 
flagged either "bad" or "questionable" due to unrealistically harsh standard 
deviation criteria for the 5 seconds of CTD burst data used to assign CTD data 
to the rosette bottle trip levels.  In rough weather or heavy seas, there can be 
considerable vertical motion of the rosette package over the 5 second period 
prior to the bottle trip.  The standard deviation of the CTD salinity can be 
quite large, especially in strong haloclines, but that just reflects the broad 
range of in-situ salinity encountered by the CTD during those 5 seconds, and not 
bad CTD salinity measurements.  The standard deviation of temperatures over such 
a time period would also appear to exceed WOCE precision targets, but that would 
not mean the temperature measurement was necessarily bad.  There are occasional 
glitches in the CTD data that should be flagged, but I suspect that most of the 
flagged CTD salinities from the burst data assigned to the bottle trips are 
neither bad nor uncertain.

Using Saunders' (JPO 16, 189-195) technique of looking at composite theta-S 
graphs in deeper parts of the water column, I compared the Aurora Australis 
stations in the Tasman Sea over a potential temperature range of 0.6 to 1.2C 
with nearby Scorpio and Franklin Cruise 10/89 data.  The Aurora Australis 
salinities had about the same scatter about a linear regression line as the 
Franklin cruise, +- .0026 S, both slightly worse than the older Scorpio cruise.  
I believe that somewhat better precision could be achieved if a more sensitive 
salinometer were used, such as the double conductivity ratio Autosal 
salinometer, (see DSR 41(9), p. 1388, fig. 1d* and 1e*).  Also, the Australis 
salinities were systematically higher than Franklin or Scorpio by about .004 S. 
It's not obvious which data set is correct, it is possible that the difference 
could be accounted for if the batch numbers of the IAPSO SSW were known, as the 
offset is within the range of known SSW offsets.  The IAPSO batch number used on 
the cruise should be reported with the cruise report.

Both water sample and CTD salinities should be reported to 4 decimal places, per 
WOCE guidelines.  The 4th place is not significant, but some prefer to avoid 
possible roundoff errors in calibrating the CTD or in water sample evaluations, 
so might as well report it.

OXYGEN:

The Aurora Australis oxygen appears to be systematically low by about 3 to 5%, 
compared to several sets of comparisons:

1. The surface saturation over most of the ocean is typically oversaturated 
   except in regions of winter convective overturn, upwelling regions and at 
   times in the middle of strong cyclonic eddies.  The Australis data were 
   typically undersaturated at the surface (~97% for selected ACC stations), 
   while 4 other expeditions (Geosecs, Eltanin 41, Aries II, and Southern Cross) 
   ACC crossings averaged 102% saturation at the surface.

2. Deep-water Australis comparisons with nearby Scorpio and Aries II were also 
   systematically low by about the same amount.

3. Comparison of the Australis with an earlier SR3 Australis cruise showed the 
   Australis lower by about 3%, according to the cruise report.

Unless some reason can be found to account for the systematic offset and to 
correct the dissolved oxygen data, I recommend flagging all of the oxygen data 
as questionable.  The cruise report states that the oxygen procedure has been 
changed to an automated titration for future cruises, so results are expected to 
improve.  The method still involves titration of an aliquot sample, which is 
potentially an unnecessary source of error.  In my experience, the most 
consistently precise oxygen results have been from wholebottle titrations, as 
originally recommended by Carpenter (L and 0, 1965).  The approximately 1/3 
smaller iodine flask over the 300ml B.O.D. bottle also allows more complete 
flushing of the sample bottle using essentially the same amount of seawater from 
the nisken bottle.  The overflow should be 200 to 300%, not just 100% as stated 
in the cruise report, in order to remove the atmospheric O2 introduced in the 
sample bottle rinses (see Horibe, J. Oc. Soc., Japan, 28:203-206).  The 
potential sampling error is greatest for either highly undersaturated samples, 
or highly oversaturated samples, a condition that arises when cold, high oxygen 
deep or surface samples are collected in warm labs.

NUTRIENTS:

I am puzzled as to why the nutrient samples were frozen and then analyzed aboard 
the ship on the following day.  Although the nutrient profiles do not look too 
bad in general, the unusually large amount of unreported nutrient data on these 
cruises suggests that the sample treatment did result in lost data, an 
experience that others have suffered when dealing with frozen nutrient results. 
Other WOCE expeditions carry two nutrient analysts so that the nutrients can be 
analyzed soon after collection and they rarely lose any data.  I strongly urge 
that samples not be frozen.  Our tests show that if necessary, nutrient samples 
can be held in a refrigerator overnight with no measurable deterioration.

The 12th and 24th phosphate were not reported because of typical AA problems 
with the first sample after the carrier solution. duplicate samples should be 
run in those positions, so that the 2nd sample can be saved to eliminate the 
data gaps.

In spite of the above comments, I feel that these cruises have produced a very 
useful data set.  The horizontal resolution is far better than any other data 
set that I know of in the area, and the data quality is comparable to any of the 
historical cruises in the region.  The data, while not quite up to WOCE targets, 
are generally sufficient to show the major southern ocean features of the region 
in better detail than has been seen in the past.  Methodological improvements 
are in progress, as indicated in the cruise report and the results should be 
sharper in the future.  I look forward to seeing the vertical sections from 
these cruises once the data have been released for general consumption.

*  All figures are shown in PDF file.

WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

P11A
          
Date      Contact      Data Type   Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  ----------  -----------------------------------------
11/20/95  Millard      CTD         DQE Submitted
                
12/14/95  Mantyla      NUTs/S/O    DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO
                
09/14/99  Rosenberg    NO2+NO3     Data Update
          For P11A (09AR9391_2), there's no separate nitrite data, only 
          total nitrate+nitrite. In fact the same applies to all our Aurora 
          Australis WOCE cruises.
                
09/20/99  Rintoul      CTD         Data are Public
          All the CTD data associated with me should be made public.
          I thought we had taken care of this earlier, but it appears not.  
          I'm a little unsure how the DQE process is supposed to work.  I 
          think only two of our cruises have so far been DQE'd; if your 
          policy is to not release data publicly until it has been DQE'd, 
          then that is OK too.
                
02/17/00  Rintoul      BTL/NUTs    Data are Public
                
07/31/00  Bartolacci   BTL         Website Updated; data unencrypted
          Unencrypted the current bottle file online, and updated all 
          references to reflect this change.
                
01/25/01  Kappa        DOC         Doc Update; pdf version assembled
          includes ctd and hyd dqe reports.  Needs index page.  Txt version 
          being processed by Caroline
                
02/05/01  Huynh        DOC         Website Updated; pdf, txt versions online
                
06/22/01  Uribe        CTD/BTL     Website Updated; EXCHANGE File Added
          CTD and Bottle files in exchange format have been put online.
                

Date      Contact      Data Type   Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  ----------  -----------------------------------------
01/02/02  Tilbrook     TCARBN      Submitted
          A file is attached with the TCO2 data for P11a. No alkalinity 
          values were measured and we only made carbon measurements on the 
          southern half of the P11 section. This was Aurora Australis cruise 
          9309.
          
          The attached file is what I understand was the final bottle data 
          file submitted to the WHPO. I added the DIC data and a data 
          quality flag that follows the WOCE convention for quality control 
          flags. At the moment, I can't access the computer where the 
          hydrographic data for this cruise is stored and I assume the hydro 
          data in the file is the final version.
          
          Please let me know if you have problems with the file.
          
          Under P11 section on your web site, you seem to have listed the 
          northern half of the section (New Guinea down to about 40S) as 
          P11S and the southern half as P11a. We were calling the southern 
          part of the section P11S. I changed the file name to conform to 
          your label and I don't believe I have mentioned the cruise name 
          anywhere else in the file. Anyway the attached data are definitely 
          what you call P11a (40S to Antarctica).
                
01/10/02  Uribe        CTD         Website Updated; EXCHANGE File Added
          CTD has been converted to exchange using the new code and put 
          online. COR CDepth column was eliminated because it only contained 
          -9 and didn't allow the code to go through properly.
                
01/22/02  Hajrasuliha  CTD/BTL     Internal DQE completed
          assembled .ps files, check with gs viewer Assembled *check.txt file
                
06/06/02  Anderson     TCARBN/SUM  Website Updated; Reformatted 
          data online  Merged TCARBN from file Tilbrook sent to Lynne Talley 
          on Dec. 18, 2001 into online file. Added GPS to sta. 63 in the sum 
          file. Stas. 59-64 did not have a WOCE SECT designation. Added P11A 
          for these stas.
          
          Made new exchange file.
                
      
SR03
          
Date      Contact      Data Type   Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  ----------  -----------------------------------------
12/14/95  Mantyla      NUTs/S/O    DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO
                
09/20/99  Rintoul      CTD         Website Updated; Status changed to Public
          All the CTD data associated with me should be made public. I 
          thought we had taken care of this earlier, but it appears not.  
          I'm a little unsure how the DQE process is supposed to work.  I 
          think onlytwo of our cruises have so far been DQE'd; if your 
          policy is to not release data publicly until it has been DQE'd, 
          then that is OK too.
                
02/17/00  Rintoul      BTL/NUTs    Website Updated; Status changed to Public
                
04/03/00  Thompson     Cruise ID   Data Update; Changed Line from PR12 to SR03
          At DIU meeting it was decided to change all PR12 line designations 
          to SR03.
                
05/10/00  Bartolacci   CTD/BTL     Website Updated; files added to website
                
05/11/00  Rosenberg    floats      Report Submitted
          here's our ALACE deployment info for both cruises:
          
          cruise 09AR9101_1:
            deploy- ALACE   deployment
            ment #  serial  time(UTC)           latitude      longitude
            ------  ------  ------------------  -----------   -----------
              1       89    19:59, 10 Oct 1991  48deg44.8'S   43deg55.9'E
              2       25    22:25, 11 Oct 1991  50deg39.9'S   43deg17.0'E
              3       93    10:45, 22 Oct 1991  56deg24.4'S   40deg39.4'E
              4       91    19:53, 22 Oct 1991  54deg39.5'S   41deg29.7'E
              5       90    23:07, 23 Oct 1991  52deg07.5'S   41deg38.5'E
              6       88    18:05, 24 Oct 1991  49deg53.10S   43deg23.49'E
              7       94    21:38, 25 Oct 1991  44deg41.61S   45deg55.75'E
          
          cruise 09AR9309_1/09AR9391_1
            deploy- ALACE   deployment
            ment #  serial  time(UTC)           latitude      longitude
            ------  ------  ------------------  -----------   -----------
              1      228    09:55, 14 Mar 1993  48deg19.38'S  144deg34.78'E
              2      242    08:05, 17 Mar 1993  50deg42.98'S  143deg25.10'E
              3      243    06:32, 19 Mar 1993  54deg30.86'S  141deg20.22'E
              4      244    20:46, 04 Apr 1993  43deg13.79'S  148deg32.92'E
              5      233    17:52, 12 Apr 1993  49deg15.68'S  155deg00.56'E
              6      232    16:55, 21 Apr 1993  55deg43.78'S  155deg03.30'E
                   
01/25/01  Kappa        DOC         Doc Update; pdf version assembled
          includes ctd and hyd dqe reports.  Needs index page.  Txt version 
          being processed by Caroline
                

Date      Contact      Data Type   Data Status Summary
--------  -----------  ----------  -----------------------------------------
07/11/01  Uribe        CTD         Website Updated; EXCHANGE File Added
          CTD has been converted to exchange format and put online.
                
12/12/01  Uribe        CTD         Website Updated; New EXCHANGE File Added
          CTD has been converted to exchange using the new code and put 
          online.
                
01/02/02  Tilbrook     C14         Inconsistencies found
          I looked at the web site: 
          http://whpo.ucsd.edu/data/tables/repeat/SUBS/SR03_table.htm  and 
          noticed a couple of inconsistencies. I am listed for 14C on the 
          SR3 repeats for 09AR9309_1 and 09AR9407_1. These samples were all 
          contaminated by biologists and there is no point listing them as 
          even being collected. 
                
05/17/02  Tibbetts     DOC         Website Updated; pdf, txt versions online
                          
03/14/03  Kappa        DOC         New PDF, TXT cruise reports assembled
          Changes:
          both pdf & text now have these WHPO Data Processing Notes
          PDF doc:
            Added cruise summary pages (PP 1-2)
            Re-translated cruise report from originalto PDF using 8.27 x 
              11.69" page size.  Previous on-lin doc was 8.5 x 11", so some 
              text was dropped from page bottoms.
            Linked summary page and table of contents to appropriate report 
              locations
            Linked references in body of report to appropriate figures, 
              tables, equations, sections and appendicies.
          Text doc:
            added WHP Cruise Summary Information to beginning of report