Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
Before the
Federal Communications Commission
Washington, D.C. 20554
In the Matter of 
Implementation of the Cable Television Consumer 
Protection and Competition Act of 1992
Development of Competition and Diversity  
in Video Programming Distribution:
Section 628(c)(5) of the Communications Act:
Sunset of Exclusive Contract Prohibition 
Review of the Commissions Program Access 
Rules and Examination of Programming Tying 
Arrangements
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
MB Docket No. 07-29
MB Docket No. 07-198
REPORT AND ORDER AND
NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING
Adopted:  September 11, 2007                                                     Released:  October 1, 2007
Comment Date: 30 days after date of publication in the Federal Register
Reply Comment Date:  45 days after date of publication in the Federal Register
By the Commission: Chairman Martin and Commissioners Adelstein, Tate and McDowell issuing 
separate statements; Commissioner Copps approving in part, concurring in part 
and issuing a statement
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Heading Paragraph #
I. INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................... 1
II. BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................................... 3
A. Exclusive Contract Prohibition ........................................................................................................ 3
B. Program Access Complaint Procedures........................................................................................... 8
III. DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................................... 12
A. Exclusive Contract Prohibition ...................................................................................................... 12
1. Standard of Review ................................................................................................................. 13
2. Status of the MVPD Market: 2002-2007................................................................................. 16
3. Ability and Incentive ............................................................................................................... 29
a. Ability ............................................................................................................................... 30
b. Incentive............................................................................................................................ 43
c. Impact on Programming.................................................................................................... 64
4. Scope of Exclusive Contract Prohibition................................................................................. 67
a. Narrowing the Prohibition ................................................................................................ 68
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
2
(i) Narrowing Based on Status of Programming Network .............................................. 68
(ii) Narrowing Based on Status of Cable Operator .......................................................... 70
(iii) Narrowing Based on Status of Competitive MVPD................................................... 73
b. Expanding the Prohibition ................................................................................................ 75
(i) Expanding the Prohibition to Non-Cable-Affiliated  Programming........................... 75
(ii) Expanding the Prohibition to Terrestrially Delivered  Programming ........................ 75
5. Length of New Term ............................................................................................................... 79
6. Other Programming Issues ...................................................................................................... 82
B. Modification of Program Access Complaint Procedures............................................................... 83
1. Pleading Cycle......................................................................................................................... 86
2. Discovery................................................................................................................................. 91
3. Time Frame for Resolving Program Access Complaints ...................................................... 104
4. Arbitration ............................................................................................................................. 109
IV. NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING ...................................................................................... 114
A. Procedure for Shortening Term of Extension of Exclusive Contract Prohibition........................ 114
B. Extending Program Access Rules to Terrestrially Delivered Cable-Affiliated  
Programming................................................................................................................................ 114
C. Expanding the Exclusive Contract Prohibition to Non-Cable-Affiliated Programming.............. 118
D. Tying of Desired Programming with Undesired Programming................................................... 119
E. Program Access Concerns Raised by Small and Rural MVPDs.................................................. 133
F. Modification of Program Access Complaint Procedures............................................................. 134
V. PROCEDURAL MATTERS.............................................................................................................. 138
A. Filing Requirements..................................................................................................................... 138
B. Initial and Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis......................................................................... 143
C. Paperwork Reduction Act Analysis ............................................................................................. 145
D. Congressional Review Act........................................................................................................... 151
VI. ORDERING CLAUSES..................................................................................................................... 152
APPENDIX A  List of Commenters
APPENDIX B  Response to Cablevision Regarding Analysis in Adelphia Order
APPENDIX C  Impact of Clustering on Withholding Strategy and Analysis of Profitability of 
Withholding Strategy
APPENDIX D  Revised Rules
APPENDIX E  Standard Protective Order and Declaration for Use in Section 628 Program Access 
Proceedings
APPENDIX F  Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
APPENDIX G  Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
I. INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  
1. In areas served by a cable operator, Section 628(c)(2)(D) of the Communications Act of 
1934, as amended (Communications Act) generally prohibits exclusive contracts for satellite cable 
programming or satellite broadcast programming between vertically integrated programming vendors and 
cable operators (the exclusive contract prohibition).1 In this Order, we find that the exclusive contract 
prohibition continues to be necessary to preserve and protect competition and diversity in the distribution 
of video programming, and accordingly, retain it again for five years, until October 5, 2012.  In the Order, 
we decline to narrow the scope of the exclusive contract prohibition based on the popularity of the 
programming network, based on the competitive circumstances in individual geographic areas served by a 
  
1 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(2)(D).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
3
cable operator, or by precluding certain competitive multichannel video programming distributors 
(MVPDs)2 from benefiting from the prohibition.  We also decline to expand the exclusive contract 
prohibition to apply to non-cable-affiliated programming, and we again conclude that terrestrially 
delivered programming is beyond the scope of the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D).  
In the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM), we seek comment on revisions to the Commissions 
program access and retransmission consent rules and whether it may be appropriate to preclude the 
practice of programmers to tie desired programming with undesired programming.  First, the Commission 
seeks comment on whether it can establish a procedure that would shorten the term of the five-year 
extension of the exclusive contract prohibition if, after two years (i.e., October 5, 2009) a cable operator 
can show competition from new entrant MVPDs has reached a certain penetration level in a Designated 
Market Area.  Second, the NPRM seeks comment on whether it would be appropriate to extend the 
Commissions program access rules to all terrestrially delivered cable-affiliated programming pursuant to 
various provisions of the Communications Act.  Third, we seek comment on whether to expand the 
exclusive contract prohibition to apply to non-cable-affiliated programming that is affiliated with a 
different MVPD, principally a Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) provider.  Fourth, given the problems 
associated with programming tying arrangements, the NPRM seeks comment on whether it may be 
appropriate for the Commission to preclude such arrangements.  Accordingly, the NPRM (i) seeks 
comment on how retransmission consent negotiations are impacted when broadcasters tie carriage of their 
broadcast signals to carriage of other owned or affiliated broadcast stations in the same or a distant market 
or one or more affiliated non-broadcast networks; (ii) seeks comment on whether Section 628(b) requires 
satellite cable programmers to offer each of their programming services on a stand-alone basis to all 
MVPDs at reasonable rates, term, and conditions; and (iii) seeks comment on whether the Commission 
should require terrestrially delivered cable programming networks and programming networks affiliated 
with neither a cable operator nor a broadcaster to be offered on a stand-alone basis to all MVPDs at 
reasonable rates, term, and conditions.  Fifth, the NPRM seeks comment on whether and how we should 
address additional program access concerns raised in this proceeding by small and rural MVPDs 
regarding allegedly onerous and unreasonable conditions imposed by some programmers for access to 
their content.  In the NPRM, we also seek comment on whether to (i) establish a process whereby a 
program access complainant may seek a temporary stay of any proposed changes to its existing 
programming contract pending resolution of the complaint; and (ii) require parties to submit to the 
Commission, when requested, final offer proposals as part of the remedy phase of the complaint 
process.
2. Further, we modify our procedures for resolving program access disputes by (i) codifying 
the requirements that a respondent in a program access complaint proceeding that expressly relies upon a 
document in asserting a defense include the document as part of its answer; (ii) finding that in the context 
of a complaint proceeding, it would be unreasonable for a respondent not to produce all the documents 
either requested by the complainant or ordered by the Commission, provided that such documents are in 
its control and relevant to the dispute; (iii) codifying the Commissions authority to issue default orders 
granting a complaint if the respondent fails to comply with discovery requests; and (iv) allowing parties to 
a program access complaint proceeding to voluntarily engage in alternative dispute resolution, including 
commercial arbitration, during which time Commission action on the complaint will be suspended.  We 
also retain our goals of resolving program access complaints within five months from the submission of a 
  
2 47 U.S.C.  522(13) (multichannel video programming distributor means a person such as, but not limited to, a 
cable operator, a multichannel multipoint distribution service, a direct broadcast satellite service, or a television 
receive-only satellite program distributor, who makes available for purchase, by subscribers or customers, multiple 
channels of video programming).  The term competitive MVPD refers to MVPDs that compete with incumbent 
cable operators.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
4
complaint for denial of programming cases, and within nine months for all other program access 
complaints, such as price discrimination cases.  We decline to (i) mandate electronic filings of pleadings 
at this time (but we note that parties currently may voluntarily submit electronic copies of their pleadings 
to staff via e-mail); (ii) adopt a more expedited pleading cycle for program access complaints; (iii) 
mandate weekly status conferences; (iv) shift resolution of program access complaints to the Enforcement 
Bureau; or (v) adopt mandatory arbitration.  
II. BACKGROUND
A. Exclusive Contract Prohibition
3. In enacting the program access provisions, adopted as part of the Cable Television 
Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 (1992 Cable Act), Congress intended to encourage 
entry into the MVPD market by existing or potential competitors to traditional cable systems by making 
available to those entities the programming necessary to enable them to become viable competitors.3  The 
1992 Cable Act and its legislative history4 reflect Congressional findings that increased horizontal 
concentration of cable operators, combined with extensive vertical integration,5 created an imbalance of 
power, both between cable operators and program vendors and between incumbent cable operators and 
their multichannel competitors.6 Congress concluded at that time that vertically integrated program 
suppliers had the incentive and ability to favor their affiliated cable operators over other MVPDs, such as 
other cable systems, home satellite dish (HSD) distributors, direct broadcast satellite (DBS) 
providers, satellite master antenna television (SMATV) systems, and wireless cable operators.7  
4. When the Commission promulgated regulations implementing the program access 
provisions of Section 628,8 it recognized that Congress placed a higher value on new competitive entry 
into the MVPD marketplace than on the continuation of exclusive distribution practices when such 
practices impede this entry.9 Congress absolutely prohibited exclusive contracts for satellite cable 
programming or satellite broadcast programming10 between vertically integrated programming vendors 
  
3 See Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992, Pub. L. No. 102-385, 106 Stat. 1460 
(1992). 
4 See H.R. Rep. No. 102-628 (1992); S. Rep. No. 102-92 (1991), reprinted in 1992 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1133; H.R. Rep. 
No. 102-862 (1992) (Conf. Rep.), reprinted in 1992 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1231.
5 Vertical integration means the combined ownership of cable systems and suppliers of cable programming.
6 1992 Cable Act  2(a)(2).
7 See Implementation of Sections 12 and 19 of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 
1992: Development of Competition and Diversity in Video Programming Distribution and Carriage, 8 FCC Rcd 
3359, 3365-67,  21 (1993) (First Report and Order), recon., 10 FCC Rcd 1902 (1994), further recon., 10 FCC 
Rcd 3105 (1994).    
8 See First Report and Order, 8 FCC Rcd 3359 (1993).    
9 See id. at 3384,  63.  
10 The term satellite cable programming means video programming which is transmitted via satellite and which is 
primarily intended for direct receipt by cable operators for their retransmission to cable subscribers, except that 
such term does not include satellite broadcast programming.  47 U.S.C.  548(i)(1); 47 U.S.C.  605(d)(1); see also
47 C.F.R.  76.1000(h).  The term satellite broadcast programming means broadcast video programming when 
such programming is retransmitted by satellite and the entity retransmitting such programming is not the broadcaster 
or an entity performing such retransmission on behalf of and with the specific consent of the broadcaster.  47 
U.S.C.  548(i)(3); see also C.F.R.  76.1000(f).  
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
5
and cable operators in areas unserved by cable,11 and generally prohibited exclusive contracts within areas 
served by cable:     
with respect to distribution to persons in areas served by a cable operator, 
[the Commission shall] prohibit exclusive contracts for satellite cable 
programming or satellite broadcast programming between a cable 
operator and a satellite cable programming vendor in which a cable 
operator has an attributable interest or a satellite broadcast programming 
vendor in which a cable operator has an attributable interest, unless the 
Commission determines . . . that such contract is in the public interest.12  
Congress recognized that, in areas served by cable, some exclusive contracts may serve the public interest 
by providing offsetting benefits to the video programming market or assisting in the development of 
competition among MVPDs.13 Any cable operator, satellite cable programming vendor in which a cable 
operator has an attributable interest, or satellite broadcast programming vendor in which a cable operator 
has an attributable interest seeking to enforce or enter into an exclusive contract in an area served by a 
cable operator must submit a petition for exclusivity to the Commission for approval.14
5. Congress directed that the exclusive contract prohibition would cease to be effective on 
October 5, 2002, unless the Commission found in a proceeding conducted between October 2001 and 
October 2002 that the prohibition continues to be necessary to preserve and protect competition and 
diversity in the distribution of video programming.15 In October 2001, the Commission sought comment 
on this issue,16 and ultimately concluded that the exclusive contract prohibition did continue to be 
necessary.17 The Commission therefore extended the prohibition for five years (i.e., through October 5, 
2007).18 The Commission explained that the prohibition remained necessary because, based on 
marketplace conditions at the time, cable-affiliated programmers retained the ability and incentive to 
  
11 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(2)(C).
12 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(2)(D); see also 47 C.F.R.  76.1002(c)(2).
13 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(2)(4).  In determining whether an exclusive contract is in the public interest, Congress 
instructed the Commission to consider each of the following factors:  (i) the effect of such exclusive contract on the 
development of competition in the local and national MVPD markets; (ii) the effect of such exclusive contract on 
competition from MVPD technologies other than cable; (iii) the effect of such exclusive contract on the attraction of 
capital investment in the production and distribution of new satellite cable programming; (iv) the effect of such 
exclusive contract on diversity of programming in the MVPD market; and (v) the duration of the exclusive contract.  
See id.
14 See 47 C.F.R.  76.1002(c)(5).  
15 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(5).
16 See Implementation of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992  Development of 
Competition and Diversity in Video Programming Distribution: Section 628(c)(5) of the Communications Act: 
Sunset of Exclusive Contract Prohibition, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 16 FCC Rcd 19074 (2001) (2001 
Sunset NPRM).
17 See Implementation of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992  Development of 
Competition and Diversity in Video Programming Distribution: Section 628(c)(5) of the Communications Act: 
Sunset of Exclusive Contract Prohibition, Report and Order, 17 FCC Rcd 12124, 12153-54,  65 (2002) (2002
Extension Order).
18 See id.  
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
6
withhold programming from unaffiliated MVPDs such that competition and diversity in the distribution 
of video programming would be impaired without the rule:19
[t]he competitive landscape of the market for the distribution of 
multichannel video programming has changed for the better since 1992.  
The number of MVPDs that compete with cable and the number of 
subscribers served by those MVPDs have increased significantly.  We 
find, however, that the concern on which Congress based the program 
access provisions  that in the absence of regulation, vertically integrated 
programmers have the ability and incentive to favor affiliated cable 
operators over nonaffiliated cable operators and programming 
distributors using other technologies such that competition and diversity 
in the distribution of video programming would not be preserved and 
protected  persists in the current marketplace.20
6. When it extended the exclusive contract prohibition, the Commission also resolved a 
number of other critical issues raised by commenters with respect to Section 628(c)(5), such as (i) the 
definition of necessary as used in Section 628(c)(5);21 (ii) whether the Commission can use its 
predictive judgment in assessing if the exclusive contract prohibition continues to be necessary;22 (iii) 
whether extending the exclusive contract prohibition withstands an intermediate scrutiny test pursuant to 
First Amendment jurisprudence;23 (iv) whether there exists a class of must have programming for 
which there are no readily available substitutes and, without access to which, competitive MVPDs would 
be limited in their ability to compete in the video distribution market;24 (v) the impact of increased 
clustering and consolidation of cable systems on competition in the video distribution marketplace and the 
necessity of the exclusive contract prohibition;25 (vi) the relevance of antitrust laws to the Commissions 
  
19 See id. at 12125,  3.
20 See id. at 12153-54,  65. 
21 See id. at 12128-30,  10-14 ([W]e conclude that the exclusivity prohibition continues to be necessary if, in
the absence of the prohibition, competition and diversity would not be preserved and protected.) (footnotes 
omitted).
22 See id. at 12130-31,  16 (While specific factual evidence is necessary, it alone may not be sufficient to make 
that determination; we believe that the Commission may also rely on economic theory and its predictive judgment.) 
(footnotes omitted); id. at 12135-36,  25 ([I]n determining whether to sunset the exclusivity prohibition, we will 
rely on the factual evidence available, economic theory and the Commissions predictive judgment of the direction 
in which the future public interest lies.).
23 See id. at 12143,  45 n.138 (Further, we reject AOLTWs argument that First Amendment concerns mandate 
sunset of the exclusivity prohibition. . . .  The exclusivity prohibition was previously upheld in the face of a First 
Amendment challenge. . . . [A]s described herein, we believe the record fully supports our finding that vertically 
integrated programming continues to be necessary in order for competitive MVPDs to remain viable in the 
marketplace and diversity in the distribution of video programming preserved and protected.).
24 See id. at 12139,  33 (We agree with the competitive MVPDs assertion that if they were to be deprived of only
some of this must have programming, their ability to retain subscribers would be jeopardized.).
25 See id. at 12145,  47 (We believe that clustering, accompanied by an increase in vertically integrated regional 
programming networks affiliated with cable MSOs that control system clusters, will increase the incentive of cable 
operators to practice anticompetitive foreclosure of access to vertically integrated programming.); id. at 12150-51, 
 58 ([C]onsolidation within the industry since passage of the 1992 Act affords [cable] operators greater direct 
incentives to advantage their own system operations even at the cost of some immediate advantage in terms of 
foregone revenues from content distribution to competitors.).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
7
assessment of whether to permit the exclusive contract prohibition to sunset;26 (vii) the relevance of the 
impact of the exclusive contract prohibition on incentives to create programming;27 (viii) whether 
terrestrially delivered programming falls within the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 
628(c)(2)(D);28 (ix) whether treating all satellite cable programming and satellite broadcast programming 
uniformly for purposes of the exclusive contract prohibition is consistent with the text and intent of 
Section 628(c)(2)(D);29 and (x) whether other provisions of the Communications Act, such as Sections 
628(b), 628(c)(2)(A), and 628(c)(2)(B), are adequate substitutes for the protection afforded under Section 
628(c)(2)(D).30 No party sought reconsideration or other review of the Commissions decision to extend 
the exclusive contract prohibition or its conclusions on these other critical issues.
7. The Commission further provided that, during the year before the expiration of the five-
year extension of the exclusive contract prohibition, it would conduct another review to determine 
whether the exclusive contract prohibition continues to be necessary to preserve and protect competition 
and diversity in the distribution of video programming.31 We issued the Notice in February 2007 to 
initiate this review.32 Comments pertaining to the exclusive contract prohibition were filed by large 
incumbent cable operators,33 new and established competitors to these large incumbent cable operators,34
consumer groups,35 and other individuals and entities interested in the exclusive contract prohibition.36  
  
26 See id. at 12143,  45 n.138 (By passing Section 628, Congress already determined that antitrust laws were not a 
viable alternative for achieving the governments goals in this instance.)
27 See id. at 12152,  62 ([I]n considering whether to retain the exclusivity prohibition, our primary focus should be 
on preserving and protecting diversity in the distribution of video programming.) (emphasis added).
28 See id. at 12158,  73 ([T]he Commission has concluded that . . . terrestrially delivered programming is outside 
of the direct coverage of Section 628(c).  We have been presented with no basis to alter that conclusion in this 
proceeding.  To the contrary, the legislative history to Section 628 reinforces our conclusion. (citing DIRECTV, 
Inc. v. Comcast Corp. et al., 15 FCC Rcd 22802 (2000))).
29 See id. at 12156,  69 (We believe treating all satellite cable programming and satellite broadcast programming 
uniformly for purposes of the exclusivity prohibition is consistent with Section 628(c)(2)(D) and the definitions set 
forth in Sections 628(i)(1) and (3).  We will therefore not narrow the scope of the exclusivity prohibition to only so-
called essential programming services.) (footnote omitted).
30 See id. at 12154,  65 n. 206 (We do not believe other provisions in the statute  namely, Sections 628(b), 
628(c)(2)(A), and 628(c)(2)(B)  are adequate substitutes for the particularized protection afforded under Section 
628(c)(2)(D).).  
31 See id. at 12161,  80.
32 See Implementation of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992  Development of 
Competition and Diversity in Video Programming Distribution: Section 628(c)(5) of the Communications Act: 
Sunset of Exclusive Contract Prohibition, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 22 FCC Rcd 4252, 4252-53,  1 (2007) 
(Notice).
33 In their comments, large incumbent cable operators urge the Commission to allow the exclusive contract 
prohibition to sunset.  This group of commenters is collectively referred to herein as cable multiple system 
operators or cable MSOs.  This group of commenters includes the following: Cablevision Systems Corp. 
(Cablevision); Comcast Corporation (Comcast); National Cable & Telecommunications Association (NCTA); 
and Time Warner Inc. (Time Warner).
34 In their comments, new and established competitors to the cable MSOs urge the Commission to allow the 
exclusive contract prohibition to continue.  This group of commenters includes (i) established competitors (such as 
DBS operators); (ii) new competitors (such as wireline entrants, including telephone companies beginning to enter 
the video distribution market); and (iii) small and rural incumbent cable operators that assert that they do not have 
the means to invest in their own programming and thus stand to be harmed rather than benefit from sunset of the 
(continued.)
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
8
B. Program Access Complaint Procedures
8. Section 628 of the Communications Act prohibits unfair methods of competition or unfair 
or deceptive practices that hinder or prevent any MVPD from providing satellite-delivered programming 
to consumers.37 Section 628(b) provides:
It shall be unlawful for a cable operator, a satellite cable programming 
vendor in which a cable operator has an attributable interest, or a satellite 
broadcast programming vendor to engage in unfair methods of competition 
or unfair or deceptive acts or practices, the purpose or effect of which is to 
hinder significantly or to prevent any multichannel video programming 
distributor from providing satellite cable programming or satellite 
broadcast programming to subscribers or consumers.38
Section 628, among other things, protects access to vertically integrated cable programming services by 
competing MVPDs in order to increase competition and diversity in the MVPD market and foster the 
development of competition to traditional cable systems.39  
9. Parties aggrieved by conduct alleged to violate the program access provisions have the 
right to commence an adjudicatory proceeding before the Commission.40 As instructed by Section 628(c), 
the Commission promulgated regulations implementing a program access complaint process.41 The 
Commission determined that a streamlined program access complaint process, with limited discovery 
procedures and adjudication based on a complaint, answer, and reply, would provide the most flexible and 
(Continued from previous page)    
exclusive contract prohibition.  This group of commenters is collectively referred to herein as competitive 
MVPDs.  This group of commenters includes the following:  American Cable Association (ACA); AT&T Inc. 
(AT&T); Broadband Service Providers Association (BSPA); Coalition for Competitive Access to Content 
(CA2C); DIRECTV, Inc. (DIRECTV); EATEL Video, LLC (EATEL); EchoStar Satellite L.L.C. 
(EchoStar); National Rural Telecommunications Cooperative (NRTC); National Telecommunications 
Cooperative Association (NTCA); Organization for the Promotion and Advancement of Small 
Telecommunications Companies and the Independent Telephone and Telecommunications Alliance 
(OPASTCO/ITTA); Qwest Communications International Inc. (Qwest); RCN Telecom Services, Inc. (RCN); 
The Rural Independent Competitive Alliance (RICA); SureWest Communications (SureWest); The United 
States Telecom Association (USTelecom); and Verizon.
35 The Consumer Federation of America, Consumers Union, Free Press, Media Access Project, and Communications 
Workers of America (collectively, Consumer Groups) argue that the exclusive contract prohibition remains 
essential to promoting video competition and that the Commission should therefore extend the exclusive contract 
prohibition for at least an additional five years.  See Consumer Groups Reply Comments at 7.
36 Other parties that filed comments include Carol L. Carlson; The Walt Disney Company, CBS Corporation, Fox 
Entertainment Group, and NBC Universal (collectively, the Broadcast Networks); and Office of Advocacy of the 
United States Small Business Administration (SBA Advocacy Office). 
37 47 U.S.C.  548.
38 Id.  548(b).  As part of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Congress expanded program access protection to 
include common carriers and their affiliates that provide video programming by any means directly to subscribers, 
and to satellite cable programming vendors in which a common carrier has an attributable interest.  See id.  548(j).
39 Id.  548(a).
40 Id.  548(d).
41 See First Report and Order, 8 FCC Rcd 3359 (1993).    
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
9
expeditious means of enforcing the anti-discrimination program access provisions.42 The Commission 
further addressed program access complaint process issues in response to a petition for rulemaking filed 
by Ameritech New Media, Inc.43 The Commission resolved these and other issues in the 1998 Program 
Access Order.44
10. In the 1998 Program Access Order, the Commission affirmed its authority to impose 
damages on a case-by-case basis for program access violations and adopted guidelines for resolving 
program access disputes so that denial of programming cases, such as unreasonable refusal to sell, 
petitions for exclusivity, and exclusivity complaints, are resolved within five months of the submission of 
the complaint to the Commission and all other program access complaints, including price discrimination 
cases, are resolved within nine months of the submission of the complaint to the Commission.  The 
Commission subsequently amended the program access rules as part of an overhaul of the Commissions 
pleading and complaint rules.45
11. In the Notice, in addition to seeking comment on extension of the exclusive contract 
prohibition, we sought comment on whether and how our procedures for resolving program access 
disputes under Section 628 should be modified.46 We sought comment on the costs associated with the 
complaint process and whether the pre-filing notice, pleading requirements, evidentiary standards, timing, 
and potential remedies are appropriate and effective.  We also sought comment on whether specific time 
limits on the Commission, the parties, or others would promote a speedy and just resolution of program 
access complaints.  We asked whether the program access complaint rules and procedures, including 
those governing discovery and protection of confidential information, are adequate.  We also asked 
whether we should adopt alternative procedures or remedies such as mandatory standstill agreements or 
arbitration, as the Commission has done in recent mergers.47  
  
42 See id. at 3416,  123.
43 See Implementation of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992:  Petition for 
Rulemaking of Ameritech New Media, Inc. Regarding Development of Competition and Diversity in Video 
Programming Distribution and Carriage, Memorandum Opinion and Order and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 12 
FCC Rcd 22840 (1997).  Ameritech requested that the Commission amend its rules to provide time limits for the 
resolution of program access complaints; to provide program access litigants discovery as-of-right; and to impose 
damages for adjudicated program access violations.  Id. at 22855-61,  37-49.
44 See Implementation of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992:  Petition for 
Rulemaking of Ameritech New Media, Inc. Regarding Development of Competition and Diversity in Video 
Programming Distribution and Carriage, Report and Order, 13 FCC Rcd 15822 (1998) (1998 Program Access 
Order).  
45 See 1998 Biennial Review - Part 76 Cable Television Service Pleading and Complaint Rules, Report and Order, 14 
FCC Rcd 418 (1999) (1998 Biennial Review); recon. denied, FCC 99-258, 1999 WL 766253 (rel. Sept. 29, 1999).
46 See Notice, 22 FCC Rcd at 4259-60,  13-16.
47 See Applications for Consent to the Assignment and/or Transfer of Control of Licenses, Adelphia Communications 
Corporation, Assignors to Time Warner Cable, Inc., Assignees, et al., Memorandum Opinion and Order, 21 FCC 
Rcd 8203, 8274-77,  156-65 (2006) (Adelphia Order); In the Matter of General Motors Corporation and 
Hughes Electronics Corporation, Transferors and The News Corporation Limited, Transferee, Memorandum 
Opinion and Order, 19 FCC Rcd 473, 552-55,  172-79 (2004) (Hughes Order).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
10
III. DISCUSSION
A. Exclusive Contract Prohibition
12. Our analysis of whether the exclusive contract prohibition continues to be necessary to 
preserve and protect competition and diversity in the distribution of video programming proceeds in five 
parts.  Based on this five-part analysis, we conclude as explained below that the exclusive contract 
prohibition continues to be necessary to preserve and protect competition and diversity in the distribution 
of video programming and, accordingly, retain it again for five years. First, we review the standard we 
must apply in determining whether to allow the exclusive contract prohibition to continue.  Second, we 
examine the changes that have occurred in the video programming and distribution markets since 2002 
when we last decided that the exclusive contract prohibition continued to be necessary to preserve and 
protect competition.  Third, in light of the changes that have occurred in the programming and distribution 
market since 2002, we assess whether vertically integrated program suppliers today retain both the ability 
and incentive to favor their affiliated cable operators over nonaffiliated MVPDs such that competition and 
diversity in the distribution of video programming would not be preserved and protected absent the rule. 
Fourth, we assess proposals presented by commenters to narrow the scope of the exclusive contract 
prohibition and to apply an exclusive contract prohibition to programming networks affiliated with non-
cable MVPDs and to unaffiliated programming networks. Fifth, we consider the appropriate length of 
time for an extension of the exclusive contract prohibition.  We also briefly address other issues raised by 
some small and rural MVPDs regarding program access issues other than the exclusive contract 
prohibition.   
1. Standard of Review
13. Various cable MSOs repeat arguments made in response to the 2001 Sunset NPRM that 
the Commission should construe the term necessary as used in Section 628(c)(5) as requiring the 
exclusive contract prohibition to be indispensable or essential to prevent harm to competition.48 In 
the 2002 Extension Order, the Commission explained that the term necessary has been interpreted 
differently depending on the statutory context.49 In some cases, courts have interpreted the term to mean 
useful, convenient, or appropriate50 while in other contexts courts have interpreted the term in a 
more restrictive sense to mean indispensable or essential.51 Consistent with judicial precedent, the 
  
48 See Cablevision Comments at 6; Comcast Comments at 5 n.4.
49 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12129-30,  14.
50 See id. at 12129,  14 n.30 (citing Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 328 U.S. 373, 377-78 (1946) (state 
legislation invalid if it unduly burdens commerce in matters where uniformity is necessary in the constitutional 
sense of useful in accomplishing a permitted purpose); Armour & Co. v. Wantouk, 323 U.S. 126, 129-30 (1944) 
(term necessary in the Fair Labor Standards Act, in context, means reasonably necessary to production, and not 
indispensable, essential, or vital); McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316, 413 (1819) (term 
necessary in the necessary and proper clause of the U.S. Constitution means convenient, or useful, and does 
not limit congressional power to the most direct and simple means available); Independent Insurance Agents of 
America, Inc. v. Hawke, 211 F.3d 638 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (term necessary in the National Bank Act means 
convenient or useful)).  See also AT&T Reply Comments at 3 n.4 (citing Cellco Partnership v FCC, 357 F.3d 
88, 97 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (noting that necessary does not always mean indispensable or essential); Prometheus 
Radio Project v. FCC, 373 F.3d 372, 390-95 (3d Cir. 2004) (upholding a standard under which necessary means 
convenient, useful, or helpful), cert. denied, 545 U.S. 1123 (2005)).
51 See id. at 12129,  14 n.31 (citing Kirschbaum v. Arsenal Building Corp., 316 U.S. 517, 525-26 (1942) (term 
necessary in the Fair Labor Standards Act means indispensable and essential)).  See also Cablevision 
(continued.)
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
11
Commission construed the term necessary in its statutory context52 and determined that the exclusive 
contract prohibition continues to be necessary if, in the absence of the prohibition, competition and 
diversity in the distribution of video programming would not be preserved and protected.53 We find no 
basis to revisit the conclusions reached in the 2002 Extension Order, which, we note, were never 
challenged.  We continue to believe that Section 628(c)(5), when construed in its statutory context, 
requires the exclusive contract prohibition to be extended if we find that, in the absence of the prohibition, 
competition and diversity in the distribution of video programming would not be preserved and protected.
14. We disagree with Cablevision to the extent it argues that the Commission must rely 
exclusively on specific factual evidence and cannot use its predictive judgment in assessing whether the 
exclusive contract prohibition continues to be necessary to preserve and protect competition and 
diversity in the distribution of video programming.54 Rather, as the Commission concluded in the 2002 
Extension Order, while specific factual evidence is a necessary part of our analysis, it may not be 
sufficient in order for us to make a reasoned determination.  Indeed, because the exclusive contract 
prohibition has been in effect since 1992, it is difficult to obtain specific factual evidence of the impact on 
competition in the video distribution market if the prohibition were lifted.55 Accordingly, we continue to 
believe that we can also rely on economic theory and predictive judgment in addition to specific factual 
evidence in reaching our decision concerning the continued need for the exclusive contract prohibition.   
15. We find that there is no statutory bar to a second extension of the exclusive contract 
prohibition.  Cablevision claims that Section 628(c)(5) requires the Commission to conduct its review of 
the exclusive contract prohibition only once.56 There is nothing in the statute, however, that limits the 
Commission to a single review.  Nor does Section 628(c)(5) specify a time period for how long the 
prohibition must continue in the event the Commission finds a continuing need for the prohibition.  
Rather, it was left to the Commissions discretion to prescribe the period of any such extension.57  
Establishing a fixed date for sunset of the prohibition without conducting a further proceeding to 
determine whether the prohibition is still necessary to preserve and protect competition and diversity in 
the distribution of video programming would not be consistent with congressional intent.58 The 
(Continued from previous page)    
Comments at 6 n.16; Comcast Comments at 5 n.4  (citing AT&T Corp. v. Iowa Utils. Bd. , 525 U.S. 366, 388-90 
(1999); GTE Serv. Corp. v. FCC, 205 F.3d 416, 424 (D.C. Cir. 2000)).    
52 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12130,  14 n.32 (citing Conroy v. Aniskoff, 507 U.S. 511, 515 (1993) 
(statute must be read as a whole, since the meaning of statutory language, plain or not, depends on context)).
53 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12129-30,  14.
54 See Cablevision Comments at 7.  
55 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12135-36,  25; see also Verizon Comments at 3 (noting that it has not 
faced difficulty in obtaining satellite-delivered vertically integrated programming while the exclusive contract 
prohibition is in effect but that it expects the situation to change if the prohibition were allowed to sunset).  We note, 
however, that for vertically integrated programming that is delivered terrestrially and therefore is beyond the scope 
of Section 628(c), there is specific factual evidence that cable operators have withheld this programming from 
competitors and that such withholding has had a material adverse impact on competition in the video distribution 
market.  See infra Section III.A.3.b; see also AT&T Comments at 4; BSPA Comments at 17; CA2C Comments at 
17; RICA Comments at 5; SureWest Comments at 5-6; EchoStar Reply Comments at 16-17.  
56 See Cablevision Comments at n.13 (citing 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(5) (The prohibition . . . shall cease to be effective 
10 years after the date of enactment of this section, unless the Commission finds, in a proceeding conducted during 
the last year of such 10-year period, that such prohibition continues to be necessary . . . .)).
57 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12159-60,  77.
58 See id. at 12160,  78; see AT&T Reply Comments at 13 n.50; EchoStar Reply Comments at 13 n.22.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
12
Commission thus concluded in the 2002 Extension Order that the adoption of a five-year extension was 
conditioned on an additional review during the last year of this extension.59 We note that neither 
Cablevision nor any other commenter challenged the Commissions decision in the 2002 Extension Order 
to conduct a further review of the exclusive contract prohibition.       
2. Status of the MVPD Market: 2002-2007
16. We examine below the changes that have occurred in the programming and distribution 
markets since 2002 when the Commission last reviewed whether the exclusive contract prohibition 
continued to be necessary to preserve and protect competition.  As discussed below, the markets for both 
programming and distribution reflect some pro-competitive trends since 2002:  (i) an increase in 
programming networks; (ii) a decrease in the percentage of popular national and regional networks that 
are affiliated with cable operators; and (iii) an increase in the market penetration of MVPDs that compete 
with incumbent cable operators.60 As discussed in Section III.A.3 below, however, we conclude that, 
even with these developments in the programming and distribution markets, the concerns upon which 
Congress based the program access provisions persist in the marketplace, and thus we find the exclusive 
contract prohibition continues to be necessary to preserve and protect competition and diversity in the 
distribution of video programming.  
17. Satellite-Delivered National Programming Networks. The number of satellite-delivered 
national programming networks available to MVPDs has increased by 237 since 2002, from 294 
networks61 to 531 networks.62 This amounts to an eighty percent increase in satellite-delivered national 
programming networks available to MVPDs.    
18. Vertically Integrated Satellite-Delivered National Programming Networks.  The number 
of satellite-delivered national programming networks that are vertically integrated with cable operators 
has increased by twelve since 2002, from 104 networks63 to 116 networks.64 The percentage of all 
satellite-delivered national programming networks that are vertically integrated with cable operators has 
declined since 2002, from 35 percent65 to 22 percent.66 EchoStar argues that, if international and non-
  
59 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12161,  80.
60 For the most part, the data noted herein comes from our 12th Annual Report on video competition, which reflects 
data on the video distribution and programming markets as of June 2005.  See Annual Assessment of the Status of 
Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming, Twelfth Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd 2503 
(2006) (12th Annual Report).  To the extent indicated, we also note more recent data and significant changes since 
the 12th Annual Report which were provided by commenters.    
61 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12131-32,  18 (citing Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition 
in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming, Eighth Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd 1244, 1309-10,  157 
(2002) (8th Annual Report)).
62 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2575,  157.  Commenters do not provide data indicating that this 
information has changed significantly since the 12th Annual Report.  See Cablevision Comments at 19 (citing 12th
Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2575,  157); Comcast Comments at 12 (citing 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 
2575,  157); USTelecom Comments at 19 (citing 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2575,  157).
63 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12131-32,  18 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1309-10,  
157).
64 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2575,  157.  Commenters do not provide data indicating that this 
information has changed significantly since the 12th Annual Report.
65 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12131-32,  18 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1309-10,  
157).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
13
English programming is excluded, then the percentage of all satellite-delivered national programming 
networks that are vertically integrated with cable operators has only declined from 36 percent to 34 
percent since 2002.67 Comcast contends that, if the vertically integrated iN DEMAND pay-per-view 
network is considered as a single network rather than sixty separate networks, then the percentage of all 
satellite-delivered national programming networks that are vertically integrated with cable operators is as 
low as 13.5 percent.68  
19. The amount of the most popular programming that is vertically integrated with cable 
operators has declined slightly since 2002.  While nine of the Top 20 (45 percent) satellite-delivered 
national programming networks (as ranked by subscribership) were vertically integrated in 2002 when the 
Commission last reviewed the exclusive contract prohibition,69 commenters state that this number has 
decreased to seven (35 percent):  The Discovery Channel, CNN, TNT, TBS, TLC, Headline News, and 
Cartoon Network.70 As discussed below, we find that this number has decreased to six.71 EchoStar notes 
that four cable-affiliated networks are among the Top 10 networks as ranked by subscribership, the same 
number as in 2002.72 AT&T notes further that of the 91 non-premium cable programming networks with 
at least 20 million subscribers, 33 networks (or 36 percent) are affiliated with cable operators.73 While 
seven of the Top 20 (35 percent) satellite-delivered national programming networks (as ranked by prime 
time ratings) were vertically integrated in 2002,74 commenters state that this number has decreased to four 
(Continued from previous page)    
66 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2509-10,  21 and 2575,  157.  Commenters do not provide data 
indicating that this information has changed significantly since the 12th Annual Report.  See Cablevision Comments 
at 19 and 28 n.100 (citing 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2575,  157); Comcast Comments at 12 (citing 12th
Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2575,  157); NCTA Comments at 5; Verizon Comments at 8 (citing 12th Annual 
Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2509-10,  21).
67 See EchoStar Comments at 9-10.  Verizon notes that approximately 32 percent of the more than 250 regional and 
national networks that comprise Verizons FiOS TV service are vertically integrated with incumbent video 
providers.  See Verizon Comments at 8.
68 Cable MSOs argue that the higher percentage (22 percent) calculated by the Commission in the 12th Annual 
Report is overstated because the Commission considered the iN DEMAND pay-per-view network as if it were sixty 
separate networks.  See Comcast Comments at 12 n.36; NCTA Comments at 5 n.12; Comcast Reply Comments at 9 
n.21.       
69 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12131-32,  18 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1363, Table 
D-6).
70 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2578-79,  163 and 2654, Table C-5.  While the 12th Annual Report does 
not list Cartoon Network among the Top 20 networks as ranked by subscribership, AT&T notes data as of December 
2006 that lists Cartoon Network among the Top 20.  See AT&T Comments at 12 n.22 (citing Top Cable Program 
Networks  as of December 2006, available at http://www.ncta.com/ContentView.aspx?contentId=74 (citing 
Kagan Research, LLC, Cable Program Investor, Jan. 31, 2007) (last visited August 6, 2007)).  
71 See infra  37.  These networks are The Discovery Channel, CNN, TNT, TBS, TLC, and Headline News.  See
Kagan Research, LLC, Network Census:  June 30; Cable Program Investor (July 28, 2006) at 11.  
72 See EchoStar Comments at 6 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1363, Table D-6 and 12th Annual Report, 
21 FCC Rcd at 2654, Table C-5).  These networks are The Discovery Channel, CNN, TNT, and TBS.  See 12th
Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2654, Table C-5.
73 See AT&T Comments at 12-13 (citing Kagan Research, LLC, Economics of Basic Cable Networks  13th Annual 
Edition at 97-519 (2007)).  
74 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12131-32,  18 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1364, Table 
D-7).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
14
of the Top 20 (20 percent):  TNT, TBS, The Discovery Channel, and Cartoon Network.75 As discussed 
below, we find that this number has remained the same at seven.76 Cablevision states that (i) less than 
one-third of the forty most-popular national programming networks as ranked by prime-time ratings are 
affiliated with cable operators; and (ii) only three cable-affiliated networks have an average prime-time 
rating above 1.0.77 AT&T notes that (i) TNT has remained the number one prime-time rated cable 
network for every year since 2002;78 and (ii) as ranked by all-day ratings, five cable-affiliated networks 
are among the Top 20, including two of the top three:  TNT (ranked number two); Cartoon Network 
(ranked number three); TBS (ranked number seven); CNN (ranked number nineteen); and The Discovery 
Channel (ranked number twenty).79  
20. Only the largest cable MSOs tend to own vertically integrated programming.80 In the 
2002 Extension Order, the Commission noted that all vertically integrated programming was attributable 
to five cable operators, four of which were among the seven largest cable MSOs.81 Today, all vertically 
integrated programming is attributable to five cable operators, all of which are among the six largest cable 
MSOs:  Comcast, Time Warner, Cox, Cablevision, and Advance/Newhouse.82
21. Regional Programming Networks.  The number of regional programming networks 
available to MVPDs has increased by sixteen since 2002, from 80 networks83 to 96 networks.84 This 
amounts to a 20 percent increase since 2002 in regional programming networks available to MVPDs.  The 
  
75 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2579,  164 and 2655, Table C-6.  In the 2002 Extension Order, the 
Commission noted data from the 8th Annual Report, which listed the Top 20 cable networks as ranked by prime time 
ratings.  See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12131-32,  18 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1364, 
Table D-7).  The 12th Annual Report lists the Top 15 cable networks as ranked by prime time ratings, rather than the 
Top 20.  See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2579,  164 and 2655, Table C-6.  While the 12th Annual Report 
does not list Cartoon Network among the Top 15 networks as ranked by prime time ratings, AT&T cites recent data 
indicating that Cartoon Network is still among the Top 20.  See AT&T Reply Comments at 7 n.22 (citing Kagan 
Research, LLC, Economics of Basic Cable Networks  13th Annual Edition at 50 (2007)).   
76 These networks are TNT, Adult Swim, HBO, TBS, American Movie Classics, Cartoon Network, and The 
Discovery Channel.  See Nielsen Media Research, Top 50 Cable Networks Primetime (June 2006).
77 See Cablevision Comments at 2-3 (citing Kagan Research LLC, Economics of Basic Cable Networks at 50 
(2006)); Cablevision Reply Comments at 9 (same).
78 See AT&T Reply Comments at 7 (citing Kagan Research, LLC, Economics of Basic Cable Networks  13th
Annual Edition at 50 (2007)).
79 See id. (citing Kagan Research, LLC, Economics of Basic Cable Networks  13th Annual Edition at 51-52 (2007)).
80 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12131-32,  18.
81 See id.
82 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2620, Table B-3.
83 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12132,  19 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1354-56, Table 
D-3).
84 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2510,  22 and 2579-80,  166.  Commenters do not provide data 
indicating that this information has changed significantly since the 12th Annual Report.  See Cablevision Comments 
at 22 n.75 (citing 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2579-80,  166); EchoStar Comments at 6 (citing 12th Annual 
Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2579-80,  166); Verizon Comments at 9-10 (citing 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 
2510,  22).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
15
number of regional sports networks (RSNs) has increased by approximately 36 percent since 2002, 
from 28 networks85 to 39 networks, by some estimates.86  
22. Vertically Integrated Regional Programming Networks.  The number of regional 
programming networks that are vertically integrated with cable operators has increased by five since 
2002, from 39 networks87 to 44 networks.88 The percentage of all regional programming networks that 
are vertically integrated with cable operators, however, has declined slightly since 2002, from 49 
percent89 to 46 percent.90 The number of RSNs that are vertically integrated with cable operators has 
decreased by six since 2002, from 24 networks91 to 18 networks, by some estimates.92 The percentage of 
all RSNs that are vertically integrated has declined since 2002, from 86 percent93 to approximately 46 
percent.94  
  
85 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12132,  19 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1354-56, Table 
D-3).
86 We note that, according to the Commissions most recent annual competition report, there were 37 RSNs as of 
June 2005.  See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2510,  22 and 2586,  183.  More recent data indicates that 
there are now 39 RSNs.  See Cablevision Comments at 23 n.80 (stating that the 12th Annual Report did not include 
the Mid-Atlantic Sports Network (MASN), an RSN that is not affiliated with cable operators); Verizon Comments 
at 10 n.16 (stating that the 12th Annual Report did not include SportsNet New York, an RSN affiliated with 
Comcast).
87 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12132,  19 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1354-56, Table 
D-3).
88 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2510,  22 and 2579-80,  166.  Commenters do not provide data 
indicating that this information has changed significantly since the 12th Annual Report.  See EchoStar Reply 
Comments at 11-12 n.19 (citing 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2579-80,  166).  
89 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12132,  19 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1354-56, Table 
D-3).
90 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2510,  22 and 2579-80,  166.  Commenters do not provide data 
indicating that this information has changed significantly since the 12th Annual Report.  See USTelecom Comments 
at 19 (citing 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2579-80,  166).  Verizon states that eighty percent of the regional 
networks it offers as part of FiOS TV are vertically integrated with cable operators.  See Verizon Comments at 9.
91 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12132,  19 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1354-56, Table 
D-3).
92 We note that, according to the Commissions most recent annual competition report, there were 17 vertically 
integrated RSNs as of June 2005.  See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2510,  22 and 2586,  183.  More recent 
data indicates that there are now 18 vertically integrated RSNs.  See Verizon Comments at 10 n.16 (stating that the 
12th Annual Report did not include SportsNet New York, an RSN affiliated with Comcast, thereby increasing the 
number of vertically integrated RSNs to 18).
93 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12132,  19 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1354-56, Table 
D-3).
94 We note that, according to the Commissions most recent annual competition report, 45.9 percent of RSNs were 
vertically integrated as of June 2005.  See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2510,  22 and 2586,  183.  If the 
unaffiliated MASN and the cable-affiliated SportsNet New York are included, then 18 out of 39 RSNs, or 46.1 
percent, are vertically integrated.   See Cablevision Comments at 23 n.80 (stating that the 12th Annual Report did not 
include MASN); Verizon Comments at 10 n.16 (stating that the 12th Annual Report did not include SportsNet New 
York).  Comcast notes that it is affiliated with eight regional programming networks that show some sports 
programming:  Comcast Sports Southeast; Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia; Comcast SportsNet Mid-Atlantic; 
(continued.)
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
16
23. MVPD Market.  Since the Commission last examined the exclusive contract prohibition 
in 2002, the percentage of MVPD subscribers receiving their video programming from a cable operator 
has declined from 78 percent95 to 67 percent, by some estimates.96 The number of cable subscribers has 
declined by 3.4 million since 2002, from 69 million97 to 65.4 million.98 During this same period, the 
percentage of MVPD subscribers receiving their video programming from a DBS operator has increased 
from 18 percent99 to over 30 percent, by some estimates.100 The number of DBS subscribers has 
increased by 11.6 million since 2002, from 18 million101 to 29.6 million, by some estimates.102  
24. A significant development since 2002 is the emergence of video services offered by 
telephone companies, including AT&T, Qwest, and Verizon.  As of the end of the second quarter of 2007, 
AT&Ts U-Verse fiber-based video and Internet service passed over 4 million households.103 AT&T also 
recently announced that its U-Verse video service has more than 100,000 customers.104 Qwest has 
(Continued from previous page)    
Comcast SportsNet Chicago; Comcast SportsNet West; SportsNet New York; Fox Sports New England; and 
Comcast Local (Detroit).  See Comcast Comments at 13 n.39.
95 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12132-33,  20 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1247,  5).
96 We note that, according to the Commissions annual competition reports, the percentage of MVPD subscribers 
receiving their video programming from a cable operator was 78.11 percent as of June 2001 and 69.41 percent as of 
June 2005.  Compare 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1338, Table C-1 (78.11 percent) with 12th Annual Report, 
21 FCC Rcd at 2617, Table B-1 (69.41 percent).  More recent data indicates that the portion of MVPD subscribers 
served by cable operators is now approximately 67 percent.  See Cablevision Comments at 2 (stating that cables 
market share is 67 percent); Comcast Comments at 8 (stating that cables market share is 67.8 percent as of the end 
of 2006); NCTA Comments at 4 (stating that cables market share is 66.9 percent).    
97 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12132-33,  20 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1247,  7).
98 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2507,  10 and 2617, Table B-1; see also CA2C Comments at 5 (stating 
that there were 65.6 million cable subscribers as of December 2006).  
99 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12134,  23 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1338, Table C-
1).
100 We note that, according to the Commissions annual competition reports, the percentage of MVPD subscribers 
receiving their video programming from a DBS operator was 18.2 percent as of June 2001 and 27.72 percent as of 
June 2005.  Compare 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1388, Table C-1 (18.2 percent) with 12th Annual Report, 21 
FCC Rcd at 2617, Table B-1 (27.72 percent).  More recent data indicates that the portion of MVPD subscribers 
served by DBS operators is now over 30 percent.  See Letter from Stephanie L. Podey, Counsel for Comcast 
Corporation, to Ms. Marlene H. Dortch, FCC, MB Docket Nos. 07-29, 06-189 (June 13, 2007), Attachment at 1 
(stating that DBS operators have an over 30 percent share of the MVPD market); see also NCTA Comments at 6 
(same); Time Warner Reply Comments at 1 (same).  
101 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12134,  23.
102 We note that, according to the Commissions annual competition reports, the number of MVPD subscribers 
receiving their video programming from a DBS operator was 16.07 million as of June 2001 and 26.12 million as of 
June 2005.  Compare 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1338, Table C-1 (16.07 million) with 12th Annual Report, 
21 FCC Rcd at 2617, Table B-1 (26.12 million).  More recent data indicates that the number of DBS subscribers is 
now 29.6 million.  See Letter from Stephanie L. Podey, Counsel for Comcast Corporation, to Ms. Marlene H. 
Dortch, FCC, MB Docket Nos. 07-29, 06-189 (June 13, 2007), Attachment at 1 (stating that, as of March 31, 2007, 
DIRECTV had 16.19 million subscribers and EchoStar had 13.42 million subscribers); see also Cablevision 
Comments at 12 (stating that DIRECTV has 16 million subscribers and EchoStar has 13.1 million subscribers).  
103 See Media Kits:  AT&T U-Verse, http://www.att.com/gen/press-room?pid=5838 (last visited Sept. 4, 2007).
104 See More Than 100,000 Customers Choose AT&T U-verse Over Cable, http://www.att.com/gen/press-
room?pid=4800&cdvn=news&newsarticleid=24309 (last visited Sept. 7, 2007).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
17
twenty-one cable franchises and provides nearly 60,000 subscribers with multichannel video service in 
Arizona, Colorado, Nebraska, and Utah.105 Verizon, which introduced its fiber-based FiOS TV service in 
September 2005, had 515,000 video subscribers at the end of the second quarter of 2007.106 Verizons 
FiOS TV was available for sale to nearly 3.9 million premises in nearly 500 communities in 12 states as 
of the end of the second quarter of 2007.107 Other wireline Broadband Service Providers (BSPs) also 
offer video services in competition with cable operators, including RCN, WideOpenWest, Knology, and 
Grande.108 Some wireline entrants cite a 2004 Government Accountability Office (GAO) Report which 
concludes that wireline video entry provides more price discipline to cable than DBS and is more likely to 
cause cable operators to enhance their own services and to improve customer service.109 In response, 
cable MSOs argue that wireline entry does not have a greater impact on cable prices than DBS entry.110  
Despite the significant investments made in competitive wireline networks, AT&T notes NCTAs 
estimate that wireline entrants have no more than 1.9 percent of all MVPD subscribers.111
25. The cable industry also cites other potential sources of video competition, such as 
SMATV systems,112 providers of video on the Internet (such as YouTube, Google, and Akimbo),113 over-
the-air broadcast television,114 DVDs and videotape purchases and rentals,115 municipal and non-
municipal utilities,116 and providers of mobile video services.117 Comcast also argues that in every 
  
105 See Qwest Comments at 1 n.2.
106 See Verizon Posts Strong 2Q 2007 Results Highlighted by Gains in Earnings, Consolidated Margins and Cash 
Flows, http://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2007/verizon-posts-strong-2q-2007.html
(last visited Sept. 4, 2007).
107 See id.
108 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2549-50,  89-90.
109 See BSPA Comments at 3 (citing Government Accountability Office (GAO), Telecommunications: Wire-
Based Competition Benefited Consumers in Selected Markets, GAO-04-241 (Feb. 2004)); see also AT&T 
Comments at 3; CA2C Comments at 8 (citing Implementation of Section 3 of the Cable Television Consumer 
Protection and Competition Act of 1992: Statistical Report on Average Rates for Basic Service, Cable Programming 
Service, and Equipment, Report on Cable Industry Prices, 21 FCC Rcd 15087, 15091 (2006) (2006 Cable Price 
Report)); Qwest Comments at 5-6; Verizon Reply Comments at 7-8.
110 See Comcast Reply Comments at 11.  Comcast claims that the GAO Report cited by competitive MVPDs is 
deficient in significant respects.  Id. NCTA cites a previous study which it claims demonstrate that lower prices are 
the result of anomalous circumstances not relevant to wireline entry.  See NCTA Reply Comments at 5 (citing Reply 
Comments of NCTA, MB Docket No. 04-227 (August 25, 2004) (attaching Steven S. Wildman, Assessing the 
Policy Implications of Overbuild Competition)); see also Comcast Reply Comments at 10-12.
111 See AT&T Comments at 4 (citing NCTA Comments, MB Docket No. 06-189 (November 29, 2006) at 9).
112 See Cablevision Comments at 13 (citing 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2564-65,  130) and Appendix A at 
A-11.
113 See Cablevision Comments at 14, 21 (citing 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2567-68,  138) and Appendix A 
at A-12 - A-13; Comcast Comments at 8-11.  Cable MSOs also note that some popular programs are available 
online in their entirety and that some networks are developing original content for the Internet.  See Cablevision 
Comments at Appendix A at A-12 - A -13; Comcast Comments at 10.
114 See Cablevision Comments at 15; Comcast Comments at 9.
115 See Cablevision Comments at 15; Comcast Comments at 9.
116 See Cablevision Comments at 13-14 and Appendix A at A-10, A-18.
117 See Cablevision Comments, Appendix A at A-14 - A-18; Comcast Comments at 9.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
18
community, consumers can choose from a minimum of three MVPDs, and states that in many 
communities a fourth or fifth MVPD is available or will be soon.118 Cablevision states that DIRECTV and 
EchoStar have at least double the number of subscribers of every cable MSO, with the exception of Time 
Warner and Comcast.119 Comcast asserts that the competition that exists today far exceeds that which 
existed three years ago when the Commission concluded that [T]he vast majority of Americans enjoy 
more choice, more programming and more services than any time in history.120
26. Commenters in favor of extending the prohibition state that the figures cited by the cable 
industry are misleading.  EchoStar claims that national DBS penetration figures obscure the extent of 
competition on a local or regional basis where DBS penetration is much lower than the national 
average.121 While the number of DBS subscribers has increased by 11.6 million since the 2002 Extension 
Order, CA2C notes that cable subscribership during the same period decreased by less than one million, 
demonstrating that cable operators have maintained their position in the market.122 Some competitive 
MVPDs argue that the continued ability of cable operators to raise prices in excess of inflation 
demonstrates the lack of competition in the video marketplace.123 Competitive MVPDs also assert that 
barriers in the MVPD market still persist, as demonstrated by the Commissions efforts to promote 
greater competition.124 CA2C notes that the Commission in its decision on cable franchising reform 
found that in the vast majority of communities around the country, cable competition simply does not 
exist.125 Some competitive MVPDs disagree with the assertion by the cable industry that mobile video, 
Internet video, and DVDs are substitutes for cable television.126 Moreover, competitive MVPDs state that 
only 2.9 percent of MVPD subscribers receive service from an alternative provider to cable or DBS.127  
27. Consolidation of the Cable Industry.  The cable industry has continued to consolidate 
since 2002.  During this period, the percentage of MVPD subscribers receiving their video programming 
from one of the four largest cable MSOs (Comcast, Time Warner, Cox, and Charter) has increased from 
48 percent128 to between 53 and 60 percent, by some estimates, after taking into account the recent 
  
118 See Comcast Comments at 6-7.
119 See Cablevision Comments, Appendix A at A-1.
120 See Comcast Comments at 6 (citing Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the 
Delivery of Video Programming, Tenth Annual Report, 19 FCC Rcd 1606,  4 (2004)).
121 See EchoStar Reply Comments at 4-5 (stating that in some major markets, cables market share is above 80 
percent, and noting that the two DBS operators have only a collective market share of 15 percent in Cablevisions 
market areas).
122 See CA2C Comments at 5; see also AT&T Comments 3-4; USTelecom Comments at 4.
123 See CA2C Comments at 7 (stating that annual cable rate increases have been more than double the general rate of 
inflation in most markets); see also Consumer Groups Reply Comments at 2.
124 See CA2C Comments at 6 (citing Implementation of Section 621(a)(1) of the Cable Communications Policy Act 
of 1984 as amended by the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992, 22 FCC Rcd 5101 
(2007) (Local Franchising Report and Order); Exclusive Service Contracts for Provision of Video Services in 
Multiple Dwelling Units and Other Real Estate Developments, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 22 FCC Rcd 5935 
(2007) (MDU Access NPRM)); USTelecom Comments at 3.
125 See CA2C Comments at 5 n.7 (citing Local Franchising Report and Order, 22 FCC Rcd at 5110,  19).
126 See AT&T Reply Comments at 11; EchoStar Reply Comments at 6 n.8; RCN Reply Comments at 4-5.
127 See USTelecom Comments at 10 (citing 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2506-07,  8).
128 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12133,  21(citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1341, Table C-
3).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
19
acquisition by Comcast and Time Warner of cable systems formerly owned by Adelphia.129 Moreover, 
the percentage of MVPD subscribers receiving their video programming from one of the four largest 
vertically integrated cable MSOs (Comcast, Time Warner, Cox, and Cablevision) has increased 
significantly since 2002, from 34 percent130 to between 54 and 56.75 percent, by some estimates.131 Thus, 
as EchoStar notes, while the market share of small-to-medium sized, non-vertically integrated cable 
operators has declined, the market share of the large vertically integrated cable operators has increased 
since 2002.132 Verizon notes that, in 2002, only three of the largest six cable operators owned satellite 
programming networks, whereas today five of the largest six cable operators own satellite programming 
networks.133  
28. Clustering of Cable Systems.  The amount of regional clustering of cable systems has 
remained significant.134 The percentage of cable subscribers that are served by systems that are part of 
  
129 We note that, according to the Commissions annual competition reports, the percentage of MVPD subscribers 
receiving their video programming from one of the four largest cable MSOs was 47.67 percent as of June 2001 and 
47.78 percent as of June 2005.  Compare 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1341, Table C-3 (47.67 percent) with
12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2620, Table B-3 (47.78 percent).  More recent data indicates that the percentage 
of MVPD subscribers receiving their video programming from one of the four largest cable MSOs (Comcast, Time 
Warner, Cox, and Charter) has increased to between 53 and 60 percent.  See Verizon Comments at 11 (calculating a 
percentage of 53 percent by adding the percentage of subscribers served by Adelphia (5.50 percent) to the 
percentage of subscribers served by Comcast (22.99 percent), Time Warner (11.69 percent), Cox (6.73 percent), and 
Charter (6.37 percent), as those figures are stated in the 12th Annual Report (21 FCC Rcd at 2620, Table B-3)); 
USTelecom Comments at 9 (calculating this percentage using market share figures for Cox (6.73 percent) and 
Charter (6.37 percent) from the 12th Annual Report (21 FCC Rcd at 2620, Table B-3) and for Comcast (28.7 
percent) and Time Warner (17.9 percent) from the Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8206,  2).  
130 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12133,  20 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1341, Table C-
3).
131 We note that, according to the Commissions annual competition reports, the percentage of MVPD subscribers 
receiving their video programming from one of the four largest vertically integrated cable MSOs was 34.26 percent 
as of June 2001 and 44.63 percent as of June 2005.  Compare 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1341, Table C-3 
(34.26 percent) with 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2620, Table B-3 (44.63 percent).  More recent data 
indicates that the percentage of MVPD subscribers receiving their video programming from one of the four largest 
vertically integrated cable MSOs (Comcast, Time Warner, Cox, and Cablevision) has increased to between 54 and 
56.75 percent. See EchoStar Comments at 5 (calculating a percentage of 56.75 percent using market share figures 
for Cox (6.73 percent) and Cablevision (3.22 percent) from the 12th Annual Report (21 FCC Rcd at 2620, Table B-
3) and for Comcast (28.90 percent) and Time Warner (17.9 percent) from the Adelphia Order (21 FCC Rcd at 8206, 
 2)); Cablevision Reply Comments at 10-11 n.36 (calculating a percentage of 54 percent taking into account an 
increase in the total number of MVPD households by 4.5 million since the Adelphia Order and Comcasts net loss 
of 600,000 subscribers arising from its Patriot Media and Insight Communications transaction announcements).  
Cablevision contends that the percentage of MVPD subscribers receiving their video programming from one of the 
four largest vertically integrated cable MSOs is the same as in 2001.  See Cablevision Reply Comments at 10-11 
n.36.       
132 See EchoStar Reply Comments at 4-5.
133 See Verizon Comments at 11-12 (citing 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12131-32,  18 and 12th Annual 
Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2622-25, Table C-1 and 2644-49, Table C-3).
134 Clustering refers to a strategy whereby cable MSOs concentrate their operations in regional geographic areas by 
acquiring cable systems in regions where the MSO already has a significant presence, while giving up other 
holdings scattered across the country.  See Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8315,  264.  This strategy is 
accomplished through purchases and sales of cable systems, or by system swapping among MSOs.  See id.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
20
regional clusters has increased since 2002, from 80 percent135 to as much as 85 to 90 percent, by some 
estimates, taking into account the acquisition by Comcast and Time Warner of cable systems formerly 
owned by Adelphia.136  
3. Ability and Incentive
29. Our analysis of whether the exclusive contract prohibition continues to be necessary 
requires us to assess whether, in the absence of the exclusive contract prohibition, vertically integrated 
programmers would have the ability and incentive to favor their affiliated cable operators over 
nonaffiliated competitive MVPDs and, if so, whether such behavior would result in a failure to protect 
and preserve competition and diversity in the distribution of video programming.137 As discussed below, 
we conclude that there are no good substitutes for some satellite-delivered vertically integrated 
programming and that such programming therefore remains necessary for viable competition in the video 
distribution market.  Based on this finding, we conclude that vertically integrated programmers continue 
to have the ability to favor their affiliated cable operators over competitive MVPDs such that competition 
and diversity in the distribution of video programming would not be preserved and protected absent the 
rule.  Although we find some trends in the markets for both video programming and video distribution 
since 2002 that might decrease the incentive of vertically integrated programmers to withhold 
programming from competitive MVPDs, we also find some trends that increase their incentive to 
withhold programming, such as the increase in horizontal consolidation of the cable industry, the increase 
in cable clustering, and the recent emergence of new competitors.  We also find specific factual evidence 
that, where the exclusive contract prohibition does not apply, such as in the case of terrestrially delivered 
programming, vertically integrated programmers have withheld and continue to withhold programming 
from competitive MVPDs.  We thus conclude that vertically integrated programmers continue to have the 
incentive to favor their affiliated cable operators over competitive MVPDs.  Accordingly, we conclude 
that the exclusive contract prohibition continues to be necessary to preserve and protect competition and 
diversity in the distribution of video programming.138 We note, however, that Congress intended for the 
exclusive contract prohibition to sunset at a point when market conditions warrant.  While we conclude 
herein that market developments since 2002 were not sufficient to allow us to lift the exclusive contract 
prohibition at this time, there nevertheless may come a point when these developments will be sufficient 
to allow the prohibition to sunset.  We caution competitive MVPDs to take any steps they deem 
appropriate to prepare for the eventual sunset of the prohibition, including further investments in their 
own programming.   
  
135 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12133-34,  22 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1252,  14).
136 We note that, according to the Commissions annual competition reports, the percentage of cable subscribers 
served by systems that are part of regional clusters was 80.4 percent as of 2000 and 77.9 percent as of 2004.  
Compare 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1340, Table C-2 (stating that, as of 2000, 108 cable system clusters 
were serving 54.4 million subscribers, or 80.4 percent of cable subscribers) with 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 
2619, Table B-2 (stating that, as of 2004, 118 cable system clusters were serving 51.5 million subscribers, or 78.7 
percent of cable subscribers).  More recent data indicates that the percentage of cable subscribers that are served by 
systems that are part of regional clusters has increased to between 85 and 90 percent.  See Consumer Group Reply 
Comments at 4-5 (estimating that 85 to 90 percent of cable subscribers are currently served by regional clusters after 
taking into account the acquisition by Comcast and Time Warner of cable systems formerly owned by Adelphia).  
137 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12130-31,  16.
138 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(5).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
21
a. Ability
30. As discussed in this section, we conclude that satellite-delivered vertically integrated 
programming remains programming for which there are often no good substitutes and that such 
programming is necessary for viable competition in the video distribution market.  In the 2002 Extension 
Order, the Commission determined that the question of whether satellite-delivered vertically integrated 
programmers retain the ability to favor their affiliated cable operators over nonaffiliated MVPDs requires 
us to assess whether satellite-delivered vertically integrated programming remains programming that is 
necessary to the viability of competitive MVPDs and for which there are often no good substitutes.139 If 
we conclude that satellite-delivered vertically integrated programming remains necessary to maintain the 
competitiveness of MVPDs in the current market, then favoritism by satellite-delivered vertically 
integrated programmers of their affiliated cable operators over competitive MVPDs would impair 
competition and diversity in the distribution of video programming.140 In assessing the ability of satellite-
delivered vertically integrated programmers to favor their affiliated cable operators to the detriment of 
competing MVPDs, we consider whether developments in the last five years have diminished the 
importance of satellite-delivered vertically integrated programming or have affected the ability of 
satellite-delivered vertically integrated programmers to favor their affiliated cable operators over other 
MVPDs.141  
31. Cable MSOs note that the number of satellite-delivered national programming networks 
available to MVPDs has increased from 294 in 2002142 to 531 in 2005.143 While the number of vertically 
integrated satellite-delivered national programming networks has increased by twelve since 2002, cable 
MSOs note that the percentage of all satellite-delivered national programming networks that are vertically 
integrated has declined from 35 percent in 2002 to between 13.5 percent and 22 percent at present.144  
Comcast notes that 57 percent of national programming networks were vertically integrated when the 
exclusive contract prohibition in the 1992 Cable Act was enacted.145 Cablevision argues that with over 
500 programming channels available and more than 80 percent of these channels unaffiliated with cable, 
it is implausible that competition would be harmed if competitive MVPDs were denied access to a cable-
affiliated network.146  
32. Competitive MVPDs counter that the decrease in the percentage of satellite-delivered 
national programming networks that are vertically integrated is meaningless because it is attributable to 
an increase in the number of total programming networks available, most of which they contend have 
minimal subscriber bases and are targeted towards niche markets.147 The more salient fact, competitive 
MVPDs argue, is that cable MSOs still control essential must have programming and that access to this 
  
139 See id. at 12135,  24.
140 See id.
141 See id.
142 See id. at 12131-32,  18 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1309-10,  157).
143 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2575,  157; see also Cablevision Comments at 19 (citing 12th Annual 
Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2575,  157). 
144 See supra  18; see also Cablevision Comments at 19 (citing 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2575,  157); 
Comcast Comments at 12 (same); NCTA Comments at 5-6 (same).  
145 See Cablevision Comments at 19; Comcast Comments at 11-12; Comcast Reply Comments at 9.
146 See Cablevision Reply Comments at 8.
147 See CA2C Comments at 15; AT&T Reply Comments at 6-7; Verizon Reply Comments at 9.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
22
programming remains key to the ability of competitive MVPDs to compete in the video distribution 
market.148 They argue that it is not necessary for cable MSOs to control all essential programming to 
impact competition; rather, cable MSOs need only control certain programming that is key to the 
decision by each major demographic group in choosing between alternate providers.149 Numerous 
competitive MVPDs contend that, without access to such programming, their ability to compete will be 
compromised.150
33. With respect to regional programming, cable MSOs note that the number of regional 
programming networks, including RSNs, that are vertically integrated has declined since 2002.151 With 
respect to non-sports regional networks, Cablevision notes that DBS providers carry few, if any, of these 
networks even though they are satellite-delivered and therefore subject to the program access 
requirements, including the exclusive contract prohibition.152 Cablevision argues that this is consistent 
with the Commissions previous conclusion that the record in the Adelphia proceeding did not indicate 
that an MVPDs lack of access to regional non-sports programming would harm competition or 
consumers.153 With respect to RSNs, cable MSOs note that the number of vertically integrated RSNs has 
decreased from twenty-four in 2002 to seventeen in 2005.154 Moreover, Cablevision asserts that there are 
numerous substitutes for sports programming, such as unaffiliated team-owned and league-owned sports 
networks, sports content that is available over the Internet, and sports programming available from nearly 
every major broadcast network.155 While DBS operators claim competitive harm from being unable to 
  
148 See ACA Comments at 4; AT&T Comments at 8; BSPA Comments at 4; CA2C Comments at 9, 14; DIRECTV 
Comments at 6-7; EATEL Video Comments at 4; EchoStar Comments at 2; NRTC Comments at 6-7; NTCA 
Comments at 1; OPASTCO and ITTA Comments at 5; Qwest Comments at 5-7; RCN Comments at 3; SureWest 
Comments at 2-4; USTelecom Comments at 12; Verizon at 9; Consumer Groups Reply Comments at 6; SureWest 
Reply Comments at 3.
149 See CA2C Comments at 14; see also BSPA Comments at 4; DIRECTV Comments at 6-7.
150 See EATEL Comments at 1 (arguing that sunset of the exclusive contract prohibition would effectively destroy 
its ability to offer service); EchoStar Comments at 9 (stating that access to programming will make or break the 
ability of new entrants to compete); NRTC Comments at 20 (stating that an MVPD cannot operate successfully if 
that system lacks access to cable-affiliated networks such as CNN, HBO, TNT, and The Discovery Channel); 
OPSATCO/ITAA at 4 (arguing that rural telephone companies that serve as MVPDs would no longer  be 
economically viable if the exclusive contract prohibition were to sunset); RCN Comments at 4 (stating that 
competitive MVPDs will confront serious problems retaining subscribers if access to must have programming is 
denied); SureWest Comments at 2 (stating that it would not survive without access to the most popular video 
content).    
151 See supra  22; see also Cablevision Comments at 23.
152 See Cablevision Comments at 22.
153 See id. at 22 (citing Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8279,  169).
154 But see supra  22 (concluding that there are now eighteen vertically integrated RSNs); see also Cablevision 
Comments at 23 (citing 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12145,  47; 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 
2586,  183).
155 See Cablevision Comments at 4, 24 and Appendix B at 21-22.  Cablevision also contends that the claimed must 
have status of RSN programming is refuted by the fact that it lost only 2.1 percent of its subscribers during 2002 
when it was unable to carry the YES network.  See id. at 24.  In response, Verizon argues that the loss of a few 
subscribers by an entrenched incumbent cable operator due to the unavailability of programming pales in 
competitive significance to the inability of a new entrant to attract subscribers in the first place because it cannot 
offer must have programming offered by the entrenched cable incumbent.  See Verizon Reply Comments at 10 
n.28.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
23
access the terrestrially delivered Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia, Cablevision notes that DBS market 
penetration in Philadelphia has in fact tripled from four percent in 2000 to twelve percent at the end of 
2006.156 Moreover, Cablevision claims that DBS market penetration in Philadelphia is higher than in 
other metropolitan areas (Hartford-New Haven, Providence, and Springfield) and comparable to Boston 
and Baltimore.157 Cablevision also notes that the Commission concluded in the Adelphia proceeding that 
DIRECTV failed to demonstrate that lack of access to an RSN in San Diego had a statistically significant 
effect on its market penetration.158
34. Competitive MVPDs counter that the ability of vertically integrated programmers to 
disadvantage unaffiliated competitors is particularly acute for regional programming  particularly 
RSNs.159 Competitive MVPDs argue that RSNs are must have programming and that there are no 
readily acceptable substitutes for such programming.160 Competitive MVPDs cite the Commissions 
decision in the Adelphia proceeding that programming provided by RSNs is unique because it is 
particularly desirable and cannot be duplicated.161 Competitive MVPDs note that DBS market 
penetration in Philadelphia and San Diego drops almost in half due to the lack of access to RSNs as 
compared to other similar markets where they have access to RSNs.162 In response to the argument of 
cable MSOs that there is sufficient non-cable-affiliated sports programming available, competitive 
MVPDs argue that, where one MVPD has access to the most popular local sports programming and a 
competing MVPD does not, the availability of other sports programming to the competing MVPD is 
largely irrelevant.163
35. Cablevision disputes that there is any cable programming that can be considered must 
have and states that no commenter has provided empirical evidence to demonstrate that certain cable 
programming is must have.164 Cablevision argues that every type of national programming network 
faces ample competition.165 Moreover, Cablevision notes that some competitive MVPDs do not carry 
certain RSNs despite their claims that such programming is must have.166 In response, competitive 
  
156 See Cablevision Comments at 25; Cablevision Reply Comments at 12.
157 See Cablevision Comments at 25; Cablevision Reply Comments at 12.
158 See Cablevision Comments at 26 (citing Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8271,  148).
159 See AT&T Comments at 15-16; BSPA Comments at 6, 17; CA2C Comments at 17; EchoStar Comments at 4; 
NTCA Comments at 4; OPASTCO/ITAA Comments at 5-6; RCN Comments at 4, 9; RICA Comments at 5; 
SureWest Comments at 3; USTelecom Comments at 14-15; Verizon Comments at 9-10; AT&T Reply Comments at 
4; EchoStar Reply Comments at 11-12.
160 See ACA Comments at 6; NTCA Comments at 4; OPASTCO/ITTA Comments at 5-6; RCN Comments at 4, 9; 
Verizon Comments at 9; AT&T Reply Comments at 4-5.
161 Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8287,  189.
162 See AT&T Comments at 17-18; CA2C Comments at 9.
163 See AT&T Reply Comments at 5; RCN Reply Comments at 8; Verizon Reply Comments at 10.
164 See Cablevision Reply Comments at 2, 8-9; see also Time Warner Reply Comments at 13 n.23.  Cablevision, 
however, has referred to certain broadcast programming as must have in another Commission proceeding.  See
Comments of Cablevision Systems Corp., MB Docket No. 03-124 (June 16, 2003) at 3, 13-14, 18, 28 (referring to 
the Fox broadcast network as must have).
165 See Cablevision Comments, Appendix B at 14.
166 See Cablevision Reply Comments at 12 (stating that EchoStar declined to carry an RSN in Washington, D.C. 
(MASN) for two years, and that it still declines to carry an RSN serving New York City (YES)).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
24
MVPDs cite the Commissions economic analysis in the Adelphia proceeding where it concluded that 
exclusive access of cable operators to RSNs reduces the number of DBS subscribers.167 Cablevision states 
that the Commissions findings in the Adelphia Order were based on a flawed regression analysis, thus 
precluding the Commission from relying on that decision here.168
36. Competitive MVPDs argue that access to vertically integrated programming is 
particularly critical for recent entrants in the video distribution market, such as telephone companies that 
have begun to enter the market since we last reviewed the exclusive contract prohibition.169 They argue 
that access to vertically integrated programming is as critical for these recent entrants as it was for DBS 
entrants in the early 1990s.170 Cable MSOs counter that one class of recent entrant  telephone companies 
such as AT&T and Verizon -- have far more resources than the cable MSOs and, therefore, they do not 
need government assistance to compete.171 Moreover, they assert that there is no indication that recent 
entrants are having trouble securing programming.172 Some competitive MVPDs argue that must have 
programming is essential to offering a viable video service and, in turn, the ability to offer a viable video 
service is linked intrinsically to broadband deployment.173 Accordingly, CA2C argues that extending 
the exclusive contract prohibition is supported by Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, 
which directs the Commission to encourage broadband deployment by utilizing measures that promote 
competition  or other regulating methods that remove barriers to infrastructure investment.174  
37. Discussion.  Despite some pro-competitive developments over the past five years, we 
find that access to vertically integrated programming continues to be necessary in order for competitive 
MVPDs to remain viable substitutes to the incumbent cable operator in the eyes of consumers.  What is 
most significant to our analysis is not the percentage of total available programming that is vertically 
integrated with cable operators, but rather the popularity of the programming that is vertically integrated 
and how the inability of competitive MVPDs to access this programming will affect the preservation and 
  
167 See Verizon Reply Comments at 10; see also EchoStar Reply Comments at 7-8.  RCN also refers to surveys it 
conducted which determined that approximately 40 to 58 percent of subscribers would refuse to change MVPDs if
the new MVPD did not carry local sports programming.  See RCN Comments at 10 n.27.  In response, Cablevision 
argues that (i) this survey is five years old; (ii) RCN provides no information on its survey methodology; and (iii) on 
its face, the survey indicates that up to 60 percent of subscribers are indifferent to local sports programming.  See
Cablevision Reply Comments at 12 n.41.
168 See Cablevision Comments, Appendix B at 24-25.
169 See AT&T Comments at 9; Qwest Comments at 5; USTelecom Comments at 4, 6; Verizon Comments at 3, 6-7; 
Verizon Reply Comments at 11.
170 See AT&T Comments at 2; CA2C Comments at 12.
171 See Cablevision Comments at 5 (Cablevision faces competition from . . . Verizon and AT&T, whose market 
capitalizations are 10 and 25 times larger, respectively, than Cablevisions.  Each of those entities has the ability to 
invest in its own programming, just as Cablevision did.); Comcast Comments at 20; Time Warner Reply 
Comments at 21.
172 See Cablevision Comments at 13; Comcast Comments at 18-21; Comcast Reply Comments at 17-19.
173 See Local Franchising Report and Order, 22 FCC Rcd at 5132-33,  62 (The record here indicates that a 
providers ability to offer video service and to deploy broadband networks are linked intrinsically, and the federal 
goals of enhanced cable competition and rapid broadband deployment are interrelated.) (footnote omitted); see also
ACA Comments at 14; CA2C Comments at 19; OPASTCO/ITTA Comments at 2; USTelecom Comments at 6-7; 
CA2C Reply Comments at 10-11; Qwest Reply at 3.
174 See Telecommunications Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-104,  706, 110 Stat. 56, 153 (codified at 47 U.S.C.  157 
note); see also CA2C Comments at 19; CA2C Reply Comments at 10-11.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
25
protection of competition in the video distribution marketplace.175 While there has been a decrease since 
2002 in the percentage of the most popular programming networks that are vertically integrated, we find 
that the four largest cable MSOs (Comcast, Time Warner, Cox, and Cablevision) still have an interest in 
six of the Top 20 satellite-delivered networks as ranked by subscribership,176 seven of the Top 20 
satellite-delivered networks as ranked by prime time ratings,177 almost half of all RSNs,178 popular 
subscription premium networks, such as HBO and Cinemax,179 and video-on-demand (VOD) networks, 
such as iN DEMAND.180 Moreover, as discussed in Section III.A.3.b below,181 the percentage of MVPD 
subscribers receiving their video programming from one of the four largest vertically integrated cable 
MSOs has increased from 34 percent182 to between 54 and 56.75 percent.183 The record thus reflects that 
popular national programming networks, such as CNN, TNT, TBS, and The Discovery Channel, among 
many others, in addition to premium programming networks, RSNs, and VOD networks, are affiliated 
with the four largest vertically integrated cable MSOs and that such programming networks are demanded 
by MVPD subscribers.  We thus find that cable-affiliated programming continues to represent some of the 
most popular and significant programming available today.  As discussed in more detail below, the record 
  
175 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12138,  32; DIRECTV Comments at 7 (There is  to be sure  more 
programming available now than there was in 2002.  But, as the Commission explained then, the sheer amount of 
programming available has little to do with the must-see nature of any particular network.); see also AT&T 
Comments at 10-11; EchoStar Comments at 7; AT&T Reply Comments at 6-7; Qwest Reply Comments at 3-4; 
Verizon Reply Comments at 8-9.  Indeed, the largest cable MSO  Comcast  concedes that to the extent that 
MVPDs cannot survive without access to certain programming . . . what matters is whether that programming is 
must-have in order to compete.  See Comcast Comments at 24.
176 These networks are The Discovery Channel, CNN, TNT, TBS, TLC, and Headline News.  See Kagan Research, 
LLC, Network Census:  June 30; Cable Program Investor (July 28, 2006) at 11.  We note that AT&T cites data 
which also includes Cartoon Network among the Top 20 satellite-delivered networks as ranked by subscribership.  
See supra note 70. 
177 These networks are TNT, Adult Swim, HBO, TBS, American Movie Classics, Cartoon Network, and The 
Discovery Channel.  See Nielsen Media Research, Top 50 Cable Networks Primetime (June 2006).
178 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2510,  22 and 2586,  183. 
179 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12138,  32 (stating that although subscription premium networks 
such as HBO and Cinemax are not among the top programming services in subscribership, they nonetheless 
make an important contribution to an MVPDs revenue and profits).  Competitive MVPDs argue that first-run 
programming produced by HBO and other premium networks are essential for a competitive MVPD to offer to 
potential subscribers in order to compete with the incumbent cable operator.  See AT&T Comments at 13-14 
(quoting a cable executive as stating in 1990 that certain channels such as . . . HBO are, for all practical purposes, 
must carries for all cable systems and contending that this statement is only more true today (citing 
Competition, Rate Deregulation and the Commissions Policies Relating to the Provision of Cable Television 
Service, 5 FCC Rcd 4962, 5027,  118 (1990))); BSPA Comments at 6; Verizon Comments at 9 (stating that a new 
entrant needs to be able to offer customers premium programming such as HBO and Cinemax in order to compete 
successfully against an established video provider).
180 Competitive MVPDs argue that movie libraries owned by VOD networks are essential for a competitive MVPD 
to offer to potential subscribers in order to compete with the incumbent cable operator.  See RCN Comments at 4 
(film libraries are similarly must have for video on demand offerings (there is only one Gone with the Wind)).
181 See infra Section III.A.3.b.
182 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12133,  20 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1341, Table C-
3).
183 See supra note 131 (discussing percentage of MVPD subscribers receiving their video programming from one of 
the four largest vertically integrated cable MSOs).       
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
26
shows that vertically integrated programming, if denied to cables competitors, would adversely affect 
competition in the video distribution market.184  
38. We disagree with cable MSOs to the extent they argue that there is no programming that 
can be considered essential for viable competition and that all programming networks have one or more 
competitively equal substitutes.185 We recognize that there has been a net increase in the total amount of 
available programming networks and that there may be substitutes for some cable-affiliated programming 
networks.186 Nevertheless, there exists a continuum of vertically integrated programming, ranging from 
services for which there may be substitutes (the absence of which from a rival MVPDs program lineup 
would have little impact), to those for which there are imperfect substitutes, to those for which there are 
no close substitutes at all (the absence of which from a rival MVPDs program lineup would have a 
substantial negative impact).187 As we stated in the 2002 Extension Order, cable programming  be it 
news, drama, sports, music, or childrens programming  is not akin to so many widgets.188 We further 
explained that, when an MVPD loses access to a popular national news channel, there is little 
competitive solace that there is a music channel or childrens programming channel to replace it.  Even 
when there is another news channel available, an MVPD may not be made whole because viewers desire 
the programming and personalities packaged by the unavailable news channel.  Moreover, even if an 
acceptable substitute is found, the competitive MVPD is still harmed because its competitor can likely 
offer to subscribers both the unavailable programming and its substitute.189 Cable MSOs do not provide 
sufficient evidence of adequate substitutes for popular cable-affiliated programming.190 We doubt, for 
example, that fans of one of the most popular cable programs, such as HBOs The Sopranos, had their 
competitive MVPD been denied access to the cable-affiliated HBO network, would have regarded the 
original programming on other premium networks, such as Showtime, an adequate substitute for their 
favorite show.  Despite the increase in available programming over the past five years, we find that cable 
operators still own popular programming for which there are no close substitutes.191 The availability of 
new, non-integrated networks does not mitigate the adverse impact on competition of a competitive 
MVPDs inability to access popular vertically integrated programming.  The record reflects that numerous 
national programming networks, RSNs, premium programming networks, and VOD networks are cable-
affiliated programming networks that are demanded by MVPD subscribers and for which there are no 
adequate substitutes.192  
  
184 See infra  39 (discussing impact on competitive MVPD subscribership from withholding of cable-affiliated 
programming).
185 See Cablevision Reply Comments at 2, 8-9 and Appendix B at 14; see also Time Warner Reply Comments at 13 
n.23.  
186 See Cablevision Comments at 2-3, 18-27; Comcast Comments at 11-13; NCTA Comments at 5-7; Time Warner 
Reply Comments at 2.
187 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12139,  33.  
188 Id.  
189 Id.
190 Cablevision lists various cable networks that offer certain categories of programming (such as news, sports, 
weather, and music), but offers no evidence that these networks are substitutable for one another.  See Cablevision 
Comments at 20 n.69. 
191 See supra  18, 22, 37 (discussing cables ownership of significant programming networks).
192 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12138,  32 (We agree with competitive MVPDs that access to 
vertically integrated programming continues to be necessary in order for these MVPDs to remain viable in the 
(continued.)
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
27
39. We find that access to this non-substitutable programming is necessary for competition in 
the video distribution market to remain viable.  An MVPDs ability to compete will be significantly 
harmed if denied access to popular vertically integrated programming for which no good substitute 
exists.193 Because the exclusive contract prohibition applicable to satellite-delivered programming has 
been in effect since 1992, we do not have specific empirical evidence of the impact of withholding of 
satellite-delivered programming.   However, for vertically integrated programming that is delivered 
terrestrially and therefore beyond the scope of Section 628(c)(2)(D), there is factual evidence that cable 
operators have withheld this programming from competitors and, in two instances  in San Diego and 
Philadelphia  there is empirical evidence that such withholding has had a material adverse impact on 
competition in the video distribution market.  In the Adelphia Order, the Commission conducted an 
analysis which concluded that lack of access to RSN programming can decrease an MVPDs market share 
significantly because a large number of consumers will refuse to purchase the MVPDs service and will 
instead elect to purchase service from the cable operator that offers the RSN.194 The analysis concluded 
that, without access to the cable-affiliated RSN in Philadelphia, the percentage of television households 
(Continued from previous page)    
marketplace.); infra  39 (discussing impact on competitive MVPD subscribership from withholding of cable-
affiliated programming).  
193 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12138,  32; Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8287,  189; id. at 8258-
59,  124 (stating that RSNs are often considered must-have programming. . . .  Hence, an MVPDs ability to gain 
access to RSNs and the price and other terms of conditions of access can be important factors in its ability to 
compete with rivals); Hughes Order, 19 FCC Rcd at 535,  133 (stating that the basis for the lack of adequate 
substitutes for regional sports programming lies in the unique nature of its core component:  RSNs typically 
purchase exclusive rights to show sporting events, and sports fans believe that there is no good substitute for 
watching their local and/or favorite team play an important game); 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2596,  205 
(Access to must have programming, including major national cable networks and regional sports networks, on a 
timely basis and at competitive rates is a key competitive issue for all MVPDs.); see also AT&T Comments at 11 
(MVPDs still remain highly dependent on key programming owned by the established cable MSOs, including TBS, 
Discovery, TNT, CNN, TLC, and other popular basic cable networks, and also the regional sports network 
programming that the Commission found, in the Adelphia Order, could be used as a powerful weapon against 
potential competitors.); EchoStar Comments at 7 (Withholding a single must have programming network from 
competitive MVPD platforms can hamper, if not foreclose, the development and preservation of viable 
competition.).  Numerous competitive MVPDs cite certain national programming networks as must have 
programming.  See NRTC Comments at 20 (stating that an MVPD cannot operate successfully if that system lacks 
access to cable-affiliated networks such as CNN, HBO, TNT, and The Discovery Channel); SureWest Comments at 
3 (no MVPD could survive without access to the most popular, must-have, programming channels such as CNN, 
TNT and HBO); Qwest Comments at 5 (Since subscribers ultimately are most interested in content, Qwests 
ability to serve its customers is tied directly to its access to must-have vertically integrated programming, including 
CNN, HBO, TNT, iN DEMAND pay-per-view content, Discovery, and regional sports networks.).  Numerous 
competitive MVPDs also cite sports programming as must have programming.  See AT&T Comments at 15 
(stating that Congress and the Commission have continued to recognize on multiple occasions the must have 
nature of cable incumbents regional sports networks); BSPA Comments at 6; RCN Comments at 4 (Must have 
programming is programming that has no close substitutes and cannot be duplicated no matter how much time and 
money are committed.  Clearly, sports programming is must have programming.); SureWest Comments at 3 
(sports programming is also core to an MVPDs survival in a competitive market); USTelecom Comments at 14-
15; Verizon Comments at 9 (stating that regional sports programming is a key component of a competitive 
multichannel video service).  
194 Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8267-72,  140-51 and 8341-50, Appendix D; see id at 8271-72,  151(We 
conclude that there is substantial evidence that a large number of consumers will refuse to purchase DBS service if 
the provider cannot offer an RSN.); Hughes Order, 19 FCC Rcd at 546-47,  159 (stating that withholding of RSN 
programming will cause consumers to lose access to highly desired programming and some consumers will leave 
their preferred MVPD provider to access the foreclosed programming on a less-desired MVPD platform).    
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
28
that subscribe to DBS service in Philadelphia is 40 percent below what would otherwise be expected.195  
In San Diego, the analysis concluded that lack of access to the cable-affiliated RSN results in a 33 percent 
reduction in the households subscribing to DBS service.196 We also believe that a competitive MVPDs 
lack of access to popular non-RSN networks would not have a materially different impact on the MVPDs 
subscribership than would lack of access to an RSN.  We are unaware of examples of nationally 
distributed programming being withheld from willing buyers as has occurred with some RSNs.  Instead, 
we must turn to indirect evidence of the popularity of nationally distributed programming networks.  A 
number of networks receive ratings higher than or equal to those of RSNs that are currently withheld from 
DBS providers.197 While ratings are not a perfect predictor of consumer response to the withholding of a 
network, they do provide us with sufficient evidence to conclude that some nationally distributed 
networks are sufficiently valuable to viewers such that some viewers may switch to an alternative MVPD 
if the popular programming were not made available on their current MVPD.  
40. We disagree with Cablevisions criticisms of the Commissions analysis in the Adelphia
Order.198 In that decision, the Commission conducted a statistical (regression) analysis which found, after 
holding other relevant factors constant, that non-cable MVPDs had significantly lower market shares in 
markets where they were denied access to an RSN.199 As a threshold matter, the Commissions 
regression analysis is just one component of an economic analysis of a possible uniform price increase 
strategy that a cable operator (in particular, one of the applicants to acquire Adelphia cable systems) 
might follow with regard to RSNs.  Under this scenario, a vertically integrated cable operator that has just 
increased the number of homes that it passes in a market where it also owns an RSN raises the price of the 
RSN to all MVPDs in the market, but not by an amount large enough to induce the rival MVPD in the 
market to stop carrying the RSN.  The question posed by the analysis is whether this (sustainable) price 
increase is greater than the five percent level specified in the Department of Justice (DOJ) Merger 
Guidelines.  In the Adelphia Order, the Commission stated that price increases of five percent or more 
would likely harm rival MVPDs ability to compete and/or be passed on to consumers in some form, such 
  
195 See Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8271,  149.
196 See id. We also note that, according to data from Nielsen Media Research, in two cities where most competitive 
MVPDs are unable to access the cable-affiliated RSN (Philadelphia and San Diego), the collective market share of 
competitive MVPDs is well below their national average of 33 percent:  Philadelphia (19.8 percent) and San Diego 
(13.7 percent).  See DMA Household Universe Estimates July 2007:  Cable And/Or ADS (Alternate Delivery 
Systems), http://www.tvb.org/nav/build_frameset.asp (follow Research Central hyperlink; then follow Market 
Track hyperlink; then follow Cable and ADS Penetration by DMA hyperlink) (last visited Aug. 2, 2007); see 
also AT&T Comments at 17 (noting that DIRECTVs market share in San Diego is half of its national average); 
CA2C Comments at 9, 16; USTelecom Comments at 15; AT&T Reply Comments at 5 (stating that DBS 
subscription is lower in Philadelphia where Comcast has refused to provide RSN access).  While Cablevision notes 
that DBS market penetration has in fact tripled in Philadelphia from 4 percent in 2000 to 12 percent at the end of 
2006 despite the inability of DBS operators to access an RSN (see Cablevision Comments at 25; Cablevision Reply 
Comments at 12), cable market penetration is still significantly greater in Philadelphia (81.1 percent) than in 
metropolitan areas with a population similar to that of Philadelphia:  Phoenix (70.1 percent), San Antonio (70.8 
percent); and Dallas (53.5 percent).  See id.
197 According to data collected by Nielsen, Comcast SportsNet earned a 1 rating and 2 share in the all-day time 
period during the May 2006 ratings period in the Philadelphia DMA.  Three programming networks earned superior 
ratings or shares while six networks earned equivalent ratings and shares.  In the San Diego DMA during the same 
period, four programming networks earned ratings and shares equivalent to those earned by San Diego Channel 4, 
the RSN which carries San Diego Padres baseball games.
198 See Cablevision Comments, Appendix B at 24-25.
199 Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8267-72,  140-51 and 8341-50, Appendix D.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
29
as increased rates or reductions in quality or customer service.200 In other words, based on the analysis 
in the Adelphia Order showing that RSN prices would rise significantly in several markets post-merger, 
the Commission concluded that MVPD customers would be harmed.  One of several parameters needed 
to assess the uniform price increase scenario is the amount by which subscribership to a competitive 
MVPD would fall if that MVPD were to choose not to carry the RSN.  Cablevisions critique does not 
address the full uniform price increase analysis.  Rather, it focuses on the regression equation.  
Cablevision offers several criticisms of the regression model, most of which amount to the assertion that 
some relevant explanatory variables were left out of the equation.  These and other criticisms are 
addressed in detail in Appendix B.  As explained therein, some of the variables claimed to be left out 
were, in fact, included.  Moreover, even if some relevant variables were left out, that does not, in and of 
itself, indicate that the coefficients on the relevant dummy variables are inaccurate or biased.  Moreover, 
we have estimated additional regression equations designed to include some of the variables that 
Cablevision claims should have been included.  The new results, in fact, support the Commissions 
analysis in the Adelphia Order, and in some respects strengthen the conclusions reached in that decision.  
In sum, we do not find persuasive the Cablevision critique of our analysis in the Adelphia Order, 
including the regression analysis.  We remain convinced that the regression analysis demonstrates that, 
with regard to RSNs and programming with similar characteristics (such as popularity and similar 
monthly per subscriber affiliate fee and network advertising revenue), withholding programming from 
rivals can be a profitable strategy for a vertically integrated cable programmer and that such withholding 
can have a significant impact on subscribership to the rival MVPDs.  Such practices, in turn, predictably 
harm competition and diversity in the distribution of video programming, to the detriment of consumers.     
41. We find that access to vertically integrated programming is essential for new entrants in 
the video marketplace to compete effectively.  If the programming offered by a competitive MVPD lacks 
must have programming that is offered by the incumbent cable operator, subscribers will be less likely 
to switch to the competitive MVPD.201 We give little weight to the claims by cable operators that recent 
entrants, such as telephone companies, have not experienced any trouble to date in acquiring access to 
satellite-delivered vertically integrated programming.202 As an initial matter, we note that competitive 
MVPDs state that they pay significant amounts for access to satellite-delivered vertically integrated 
programming.203 Moreover, because the exclusive contract prohibition is currently in effect and has been 
since 1992, vertically integrated programmers delivering programming to MVPDs via satellite were not 
able to deny competitors access to their programming.204 As discussed in Section III.A.3.b below, 
however, there is substantial evidence that, when the exclusive contract prohibition does not apply, such 
as in the case of terrestrially delivered programming, vertically integrated programmers may have an 
  
200 See id. at 8269,  143.
201 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12139,  34; Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8267-72,  140-51 and 
8341-50, Appendix D; supra  39 (discussing impact on competitive MVPD subscribership from withholding of 
cable-affiliated programming).
202 See Comcast Comments at 21; Comcast Reply Comments at 17; but see AT&T Reply Comments at 10 (AT&T 
and Verizon already have experienced the cold shoulder in trying to obtain regional sports programming from 
incumbent cable operators.).
203 See EchoStar Reply Comments at 19 (stating that cable operators repeatedly increase license fees for their 
affiliated networks); see also AT&T Comments at 11 (stating that RCN has told investors that it pays 37 percent of 
its revenues to Time Warner and Comcast for programming).
204 See Verizon Comments at 3 (noting that it has not faced difficulty in obtaining satellite-delivered vertically 
integrated programming while the exclusive contract prohibition is in effect, but that it expects the situation to 
change if the prohibition were allowed to sunset).  
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
30
incentive to withhold programming from these recent entrants.205 We also reject the cable MSOs 
suggestion that the resources of some competitors in the video distribution market (i.e., telephone 
companies) should change our analysis of whether to extend the prohibition at this time.206 The 
competitors to which the cable operators refer are new entrants to the video distribution market, and have 
no established customer base.  If cable operators have exclusive access to content that is essential for 
viable competition and for which there are no close substitutes, and they have the incentive to withhold 
such content, they can significantly impede the ability of new entrants to compete effectively in the 
marketplace, regardless of their level of resources.207 As we concluded in the Adelphia Order, excluding 
must have cable-affiliated content from DBS operators has reduced the percentage of households that 
subscribe to DBS service to as much as 40 percent below what would otherwise be expected.208
42. For the reasons discussed above, we conclude that there are no close substitutes for some 
satellite-delivered vertically integrated programming and that such programming is necessary for viable 
competition in the video distribution market.209 Having made this determination, we further conclude that 
vertically integrated programmers continue to have the ability to favor their affiliated cable operators over 
competitive MVPDs such that competition and diversity in the distribution of video programming would 
not be preserved and protected.210 Accordingly, assuming vertically integrated programmers continue to 
have the incentive to favor their affiliated cable operators, allowing vertically integrated programmers to 
enter into exclusive arrangements with their affiliated cable operators will fail to protect and preserve 
competition and diversity in the distribution of video programming.211
b. Incentive
43. We next assess whether vertically integrated programmers continue to have the incentive 
to favor their affiliated cable operators over competitive MVPDs.212 This requires us to analyze (i) 
whether cable operators, through the number of subscribers they serve, the number of homes they pass, 
and their affiliations with programmers, continue to have market dominance of sufficient magnitude that, 
in the absence of the prohibition, they would be able to act in an anticompetitive manner; and (ii) whether 
there continues to be an economic rationale for vertically integrated programmers to engage in exclusive 
agreements with cable operators that will cause such anticompetitive harms.213 As discussed in this 
  
205 See infra Section III.A.3.b.
206 See Cablevision Comments at 2, 5; Comcast Comments at 20; Time Warner Reply Comments at 21.
207 See Verizon Reply Comments at 11-12.  
208 See Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8271,  149.  As competitive MVPDs note, DBS providers have been able to 
attract and retain millions of subscribers because of their ability to offer must have programming that is affiliated 
with cable operators.  See AT&T Comments at 10 n.25; CA2C Comments at 12.  Moreover, we note that the 
Commission has attributed the increased growth of DBS subscribership in part to the ability of DBS operators to 
offer local broadcast signals, which Cablevision has referred to as must have content.  See Annual Assessment of 
the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming, Eleventh Annual Report, 20 FCC 
Rcd 2755, 2792  54 (2005); Comments of Cablevision Systems Corp., MB Docket No. 03-124 (June 16, 2003) at 3, 
13-14, 18, 28 (referring to the Fox broadcast network as must have).
209 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12135,  24.
210 See id.
211 See id.
212 See id. at 12139-40,  35.
213 See id.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
31
section, we conclude that vertically integrated programmers continue to have the incentive to favor their 
affiliated cable operators over competitive MVPDs.
44. We briefly reiterate here how a vertically integrated cable programmer might attempt to 
harm the ability of rival MVPDs to compete through the use of exclusive contracts.214 An exclusive 
arrangement between a cable-affiliated programmer and its affiliated cable operator will reduce the 
number of platforms distributing the cable-affiliated programming network and thus the total number of 
subscribers to the network.  This results in a reduction in potential advertising or subscription revenues 
that would otherwise be available to the network.  In the long term, however, the cable-affiliated 
programmer would gain from an increased number of subscribers as customers switch to the affiliated 
cable distribution service in order to receive the exclusive programming.  Thus, an exclusive contract is a 
kind of investment, in which an initial loss of profits from programming is incurred in order to achieve 
higher profits later from increased cable distribution.  This type of arrangement is most profitable when 
the costs of the investment are low and its benefits are high.  The costs are lowest when the initial loss in 
programming revenue is low, such as when the rival distributors that are excluded serve relatively fewer 
customers.  The benefits of the investment tend to be highest when the vertically integrated cable 
programmer ultimately expects to serve a large number of subscribers, and will be able to charge them 
substantially more for cable distribution service than it could if it faced a strong rival distribution 
platform.  We explained that the number of subscribers that a vertically integrated cable programmer 
serves is of particular importance in calculating the benefits of withholding programming from rival 
MVPDs.  The larger the number of subscribers controlled by the vertically integrated cable programmer, 
the larger the benefits of withholding that accrue to that programmer.  Thus, as the number of subscribers 
rises, so does the likelihood that withholding would be profitable.
45. In their comments, cable MSOs assert that they do not have an economic incentive to 
enter into exclusive programming agreements.  First, they argue that they do not have a sufficient share of 
the MVPD market to make withholding of vertically integrated programming a profitable strategy.215  
Cablevision notes that the success of an exclusivity strategy depends on the ability of a vertically 
integrated programmer to recover a substantial portion of its lost revenues through increased distribution 
revenues.216 As the number of subscribers to competing distributors rises, the likelihood of a successful 
withholding strategy decreases.217 Cablevision contends that the nearly fifty percent increase in the 
number of customers served by rival MVPDs since 2002 has substantially increased the costs of an 
exclusivity strategy.218 Second, cable MSOs argue that a typical programming network, no matter the 
ownership structure, will not foreclose opportunities to be as widely distributed as possible on multiple 
platforms.219 Cablevision notes that a cable-affiliated programmer that enters into an exclusive 
arrangement with its affiliated distributor would risk being unable to recoup the significant license fees 
and advertising revenues that it loses by refusing access to competing platforms.220 Cable MSOs claim 
that the over 30 million subscribers served by competitive MVPDs today represent a significant revenue 
  
214 See id. at 12140-41,  36-39.
215 See Cablevision Comments at 16 and Appendix B at 11.
216 See id.
217 See id.
218 See id. at 17.
219 See Cablevision Comments at 4; Comcast Comments at 21-22; Comcast Reply Comments at 22; NCTA Reply 
Comments at 6.
220 See Cablevision Comments at 16.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
32
source that no programmer can afford to ignore.221 Third, cable MSOs argue that competitive MVPDs in 
response to an exclusive arrangement are likely to engage in competitive counter-measures, such as 
cutting prices, acquiring other programming on an exclusive basis, or launching new services of their 
own.222
46. Competitive MVPDs argue that vertically integrated cable programmers continue to have 
powerful incentives to withhold vertically integrated programming to impede the viability of 
competitors.223 CA2C cites an April 2005 GAO Report which concludes that DBS operators have 
relatively fewer subscribers in urban and suburban markets where they face a content disadvantage 
compared to the incumbent cable operator. 224 CA2C also notes that DBS market share in Philadelphia 
and San Diego drops almost in half due to the lack of access to RSNs as compared to other similar high-
density markets where DBS operators have access to RSNs.225
47. Competitive MVPDs disagree with claims by cable MSOs that the decrease in the 
collective market share of cable operators between 2002 and 2005 means they can no longer profitably 
withhold affiliated programming.  First, they note that the 67 percent share of MVPD subscribers held by 
the cable industry remains the dominant market position.226 Second, they argue that the increase in 
horizontal consolidation of the cable industry increases the ability for cable MSOs to leverage power 
collectively through cable only exclusives  i.e., the withholding of programming from rival MVPDs 
while selling it to other cable operators with which they do not compete.227 For example, competitive 
MVPDs note that Comcast makes Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia available to all Philadelphia-area cable 
operators, but not to DIRECTV or EchoStar.228 They also emphasize that while the market share of 
small-to-medium sized, non-vertically integrated cable operators has declined, the market share of the 
four largest vertically integrated cable operators has increased substantially since 2002.229 Third, they 
point to an increase in regional clustering, which, they say, has increased the market share of individual 
cable operations within the footprints of regional programming and created expanded opportunities to 
implement exclusive arrangements.230 In response to these concerns, Comcast notes that both the 
Commission and the Director of the Bureau of Economics of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) 
  
221 See id. at 20; NCTA Comments at 6.
222 See Cablevision Comments at 8, 17; Cablevision Reply Comments at 11-12.
223 See AT&T Comments at 3, 18; BSPA Comments at 3, 10; CA2C Comments at 7-8; Qwest Comments at 3 & n.6; 
USTelecom Comments at 4-5, 7; Verizon Comments at 5; see also Consumer Groups Reply Comments at 5.
224 See CA2C Comments at 8 (citing Government Accountability Office (GAO), Telecommunications: Direct 
Broadcast Satellite Subscribership Has Grown Rapidly, but Varies Across Different Types of Markets, GAO-05-257 
(April 2005)).  
225 See id. at 9.
226 See DIRECTV Comments at 7-9 (quoting Judge Richard A. Posner as stating that monopoly power is 
ordinarily inferred from possession of a dominant share (some courts set the threshold at 50 percent or occasionally 
even lower, others at 67 or even 70 percent) in a market sufficiently broadly defined to include all close substitutes 
of the defendants product (citing Richard A. Posner, Antitrust Law 196 (2nd ed. 2001)); USTelecom Comments at 
11. 
227 See DIRECTV Comments at 9-10; EchoStar Comments at 6.
228 See AT&T Comments at 16; DIRECTV Comments at 10.
229 See EchoStar Reply Comments at 4-5.
230 See BSPA Comments at 17; CA2C Comments at 17-18; DIRECTV Comments at 10-11; RCN Comments at 7; 
Consumer Groups Reply Comments at 4-5; RCN Reply Comments at 10-11; SureWest Reply Comments at 3.  
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
33
have acknowledged that clustering may enable cable operators to achieve greater economies of scale and 
scope, thereby reducing costs.231  
48. Some competitive MVPDs argue that the recent entry of telephone companies into the 
video market provides cable operators with an increased incentive to withhold programming to stifle 
competition.232 They contend that video service offered by telephone companies provides more price 
discipline to cable than does DBS and that telephone companies also offer broadband services in 
competition with cable operators.233 They also note that wireline entry is still well below two percent of 
the nations total MVPD subscribership.234 AT&T and Verizon characterize as insignificant the short-term 
costs to cable incumbents of foregoing revenues from providing programming to the minimal subscriber 
bases of new entrants.235 In the long term, they claim, the benefits to cable operators of limiting new 
entry will far outweigh the costs of lost revenues from excluding new entrants with minimal 
subscribership from their programming.236 AT&T notes that the Commission in the 2002 Extension 
Order found that cable operators had an economic incentive to withhold programming from DBS 
operators when the market share of DBS operators was 18 percent.237 AT&T claims that the incentive for 
cable-affiliated programmers to withhold programming from new telephone company entrants with only a 
two percent market penetration is far greater.238
49. While cable MSOs argue that they have no incentive to withhold programming, 
competitive MVPDs provide the following examples which they claim demonstrate that cable MSOs will 
withhold programming if advantageous and permitted.239 Competitive MVPDs argue that many of the 
examples listed below, involving terrestrially delivered programming (sports as well as non-sports)  for 
which the exclusive contract prohibition does not apply  demonstrate the incentive and ability of 
vertically integrated cable operators to deny access to programming where permitted by the statute.  
  
231 See Comcast Reply Comments at 14 n.41 (citing Eighth Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1304-05,  140; Annual 
Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming, Seventh Annual 
Report, 16 FCC Rcd 6005, 6076,  166 (2001); Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the 
Delivery of Video Programming, Sixth Annual Report, 15 FCC Rcd 978, 1051,  161-62 (2000); Annual 
Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming, Fifth Annual Report, 
13 FCC Rcd 24284, 24371-72,  144-48 (1998); Vertically Integrated Sports Programming: Are Cable Companies 
Excluding Competition?:  Before the Senate Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. 4 (2006) (statement of Michael 
Salinger, Director, Bureau of Economics, FTC), available at: 
http://judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=2454&wit_id=5929).
232 See AT&T Comments at 22-24; RCN Comments at 12; SureWest Reply Comments at 2; AT&T Reply 
Comments at 8-9.
233 See AT&T Comments at 3, 22-23; USTelecom Comments at 6-7.
234 See CA2C Comments at 5 (citing Letter from Daniel L. Brenner, Senior Vice President, Law & Regulatory 
Policy, National Cable & Telecommunications Association, MB Docket No. 92-264 (Mar. 16, 2007) at 4); Qwest 
Comments at 2-3; USTelecom Comments at 10-11.
235 See AT&T Comments at 5; Verizon Comments at 12; RCN Reply Comments at 10.
236 See AT&T Comments at 18-19.
237 See AT&T Comments at 21 (citing 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12144-45,  46).
238 See id.
239 See AT&T Comments at 4; BSPA Comments at 17; CA2C Comments at 17; RCN Comments at 10-11; RICA 
Comments at 5; SureWest Comments at 5-6; USTelecom Comments at 15-16; Verizon Comments at 12-14; CA2C 
Reply Comments at 7-8; EchoStar Reply Comments at 16-17; Qwest Reply Comments at 4; Verizon Reply 
Comments at 5-6.  
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
34
Sports Programming
 Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia.  Some competitive MVPDs state that Comcast refuses to make the 
terrestrially delivered Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia channel available to EchoStar and 
DIRECTV.240 Competitive MVPDs cite the Commissions conclusion in the Adelphia Order that the 
percentage of households that subscribe to DBS service in Philadelphia is 40 percent below what 
would otherwise be expected.241 In response, Comcast notes that Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia is 
available to RCN.242
 Channel 4 San Diego.  Some competitive MVPDs claim that Cox makes available its Channel 4 San 
Diego network, which has exclusive rights to San Diego Padres baseball games, only to cable 
operators that do not directly compete with Cox and not to DIRECTV, EchoStar, and AT&T. 243  
While competitive MVPDs state that DIRECTVs market penetration in San Diego is half of its 
national average,244 Cablevision notes that DIRECTV in the Adelphia proceeding reported that it did 
not find a statistically significant effect on its market penetration in San Diego resulting from its 
inability to access this RSN.245
 Overflow sports programming in New York, NY.  RCN notes that it was deprived of access to 
overflow sports programming from Cablevision after Cablevision revised its distribution system from 
satellite to terrestrial delivery.246 While RCN filed a program access complaint, the Cable Services 
Bureau denied the complaint because the programming was terrestrially delivered and thus beyond 
the scope of Section 628(c)(2)(D).247 The Bureau also found that Cablevision did not evade the 
Commissions rules by changing its distribution system from satellite to terrestrial delivery.248
 RSNs Affiliated with Cablevision in New York and New England.  Verizon notes that it was forced to 
file a program access complaint against Cablevision and its vertically integrated programming 
subsidiary, Rainbow Media Holdings, LLC, in order to obtain access to RSNs in the New York City 
metropolitan area and New England.249 While the dispute was eventually settled, competitive 
MVPDs state that the case illustrates the efforts of cable operators and their vertically integrated 
programmers to forestall competition from new entrants such as Verizon.250  
  
240 See CA2C Comments at 16; EchoStar Comments at 9; RCN Comments at 10; USTelecom Comments at 15.
241 See AT&T Comments at 16 (citing Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8271,  149).
242 See Comcast Reply Comments at 20.
243 See AT&T Comments at 17; CA2C Comments at 16; USTelecom Comments at 15; Verizon Reply Comments at 
5.
244 See AT&T Comments at 17.
245 See Cablevision Comments at 26 (citing Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8271,  148).
246 See RCN Comments at 10; see also CA2C Comments at 17.
247 See RCN Telecom Services of New York, Inc. v. Cablevision Systems Corporation et al., 14 FCC Rcd 17093 
(CSB, 1999), affirmed RCN Telecom Services of New York, Inc. v. Cablevision Systems Corporation et al., 16 FCC 
Rcd 12048 (2001).
248 See id.
249 See Verizon Comments at 13.
250 See AT&T Comments at 18; USTelecom Comments at 15; Verizon Comments at 13.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
35
 High Definition (HD) Feeds of RSNs Affiliated with Cablevision.  While Rainbow has made 
available standard definition feeds of its RSNs, Verizon states that Rainbow is delivering HD feeds of 
this programming terrestrially to avoid the program access rules.251 Verizon also claims that 
Cablevisions advertising campaign in New York City emphasizes its ability to offer more HD sports 
than its competitors.252 In response, Comcast states that HD networks are distinct from their analog 
counterparts and that the Commission has recognized this distinction.253
Non-Sports Programming
 New England Cable News (NECN) in Boston, MA.  One commenter claims that RCN was provided 
with access to NECN, a terrestrially delivered network that is 50 percent owned by Comcast, only 
after the Senate Judiciary Committee indicated that they were considering legislative action to apply 
an exclusive contract prohibition to terrestrially delivered programming.254
 PBS Kids Sprout.  AT&T and RCN claim that after PBS Kids Sprout became vertically integrated 
with Comcast, RCN lost access to the network, resulting in an 83 percent drop in the usage of its 
childrens VOD service.255 Comcast and PBS Kids Sprout dispute these allegations, stating that this 
programming is available to all MVPDs and, in fact, RCN, Verizon, and AT&T currently distribute 
PBS Kids Sprout.256
 iN DEMAND.  CA2C notes that iN DEMAND is jointly owned by Time Warner, Comcast, and 
Cox.257 CA2C argues that iN DEMAND has taken the position that its programming is beyond the 
scope of the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D) because iN DEMAND 
programming is delivered to MVPDs terrestrially.258 CA2C claims that iN DEMAND initially 
refused to provide its service to BSPs that competed with incumbent cable operators and that it 
reversed this position only after meetings were held with the Antitrust Subcommittee of the Senate 
Judiciary Committee.259 Nonetheless, CA2C contends that iN DEMAND has refused to provide its 
service to Hiawatha Broadband because of the technology Hiawatha uses for its distribution 
system.260 Qwest provides a declaration regarding its alleged inability to acquire iN DEMANDs 
sports packages in a timely manner.261
  
251 See Verizon Comments at 13-14; Verizon Reply Comments at 5.
252 See Verizon Comments at 13.
253 See Comcast Reply Comments at 29 n.90 (citing 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2626-42, Table C-2).
254 See CA2C Comments at 16-17.
255 AT&T Comments at 15; RCN Reply Comments at 7.
256 See Comcast Reply Comments at 21; Letter from Sandy Wax, President, and Adrienne Byrd, Senior Director, 
Legal Affairs, PBS KIDS Sprout, to Ms. Marlene H. Dortch, FCC, MB Docket No. 07-29 (May 3, 2007).
257 See CA2C Reply Comments at 7.
258 See id.
259 See id. at 7-8.
260 See id. at 8.
261 See Qwest Reply Comments at 4; see also CA2C Reply Comments at 8.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
36
 CN8  The Comcast Network.  Qwest claims that CN8  The Comcast Network is a local news and 
information channel that serves 12 states and 20 television markets but is only available to Comcast 
and Cablevision subscribers because it is terrestrially delivered and therefore beyond the scope of 
Section 628(c)(2)(D).262
 NRTC.  NRTC, which acts as a buying group on behalf of its members, claims that it has been 
denied access to two vertically integrated programming networks, the identities of which it claims it 
cannot disclose due to non-disclosure agreements.263
AT&T argues that if cable-affiliated programmers had an economic incentive to distribute their 
programming as widely as possible, as cable MSOs claim, then there would be no examples of any such 
exclusionary behavior.264 AT&T also notes that cable operators actively advertise their exclusive access 
to certain content in order to attract and retain subscribers.265 Comcast contends these examples do not 
offer sufficient proof of market failure that requires government intervention.266  
50. Discussion.  We conclude that vertically integrated cable programmers retain the 
incentive to withhold programming from their competitors.  We recognize the pro-competitive 
developments in the MVPD market since the 2002 Extension Order, such as the reduction in the cable 
industrys share of MVPD subscribers from 78 percent to an estimated 67 percent and the increase in the 
DBS industrys market share from 18 percent to approximately 30 percent.267 Despite these positive 
trends, however, almost seven out of ten subscribers still choose cable over competitive MVPDs, the 
percentage of all MVPD subscribers nationwide served by one of the four largest vertically integrated 
cable operators has increased substantially since 2002, and cable operators have continued to raise prices 
in excess of inflation.268 While cable MSOs claim that the emergence of telephone companies as new 
video competitors demonstrates that competition is flourishing, the fact is that, based on estimates 
provided by the cable industry, competitive MVPDs, excluding DBS operators, serve approximately three 
percent of all MVPD subscribers nationwide, which accounts for less than three million total MVPD 
subscribers.269 Moreover, as we explained in our decision on franchising reform, competition from cable 
overbuilders is minimal, with only a few hundred examples of competitive franchises throughout the 
nation.270 This is one reason why we have explored ways to lower barriers to entry in the video 
  
262 See Qwest Comments at 4.
263 See NRTC Comments at 5.
264 See AT&T Comments at 19.
265 See id. at 19-20; AT&T Reply Comments at 4.
266 See Comcast Reply Comments at 19.
267 See supra note 100 (indicating that DBS operators have an approximate 30 percent share of the MVPD market).
268 See 2006 Cable Price Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 15087-88,  2.
269 See supra note 96 (indicating that cable operators have an approximate 67 percent share of the MVPD market); 
supra note 100 (indicating that DBS operators have an approximate 30 percent share of the MVPD market); 
USTelecom Comments at 10 (citing 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2506-07,  8 (stating that, as of June 2005, 
only 2.9 percent of MVPD subscribers receive service from an alternative provider to cable or DBS)); see also
CA2C Comments at 5 (Despite the growth of DBS, cable operators have still maintained their position in the 
market.); USTelecom Comments at 9 (Now, nearly five years since the [2002 Extension Order], the MSOs grip 
on the multichannel video market has remained firm . . . .).
270 See Local Franchising Report and Order, 22 FCC Rcd at 5110,  19.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
37
marketplace.271 Although we are encouraged by developments since 2002, we do not believe these 
developments have been significant enough for us to reverse the Commissions previous conclusion that 
cable operators have market dominance of sufficient magnitude that, in the absence of the prohibition, 
they would be able to act in an anticompetitive manner.272
51. We also conclude that cable-affiliated programmers continue to have an economic 
incentive to favor their affiliated cable operators over competitive MVPDs by entering into exclusive 
agreements.  We agree that in many instances a cable-affiliated programmer may choose to provide its 
programming to as many platforms as possible in order to maximize advertising and subscription 
revenues.  In other cases, however, cable-affiliated programmers will have an incentive to withhold 
programming from competitive MVPDs in order to favor their affiliated cable operator.  Our conclusion 
that vertically integrated cable programmers retain the incentive to withhold programming from their 
competitors is reinforced by specific factual evidence that vertically integrated programmers have 
withheld and continue to withhold programming, including both sports and non-sports programming, 
from competitive MVPDs.273  While many of these examples pertain to terrestrially delivered 
programming that is beyond the scope of Section 628(c)(2)(D), we find that these examples are 
nonetheless significant because they demonstrate that, absent a prohibition, cable-affiliated programmers 
will engage in withholding of programming from competitive MVPDs.  Moreover, because it is outside of 
the scope of the program access provisions, the withholding of terrestrially delivered programming 
presents the most direct, factually based evidence of cable MSO behavior if the prohibition is permitted to 
lapse.  If vertically integrated programmers had no economic incentive other than to distribute their 
programming to as many platforms as possible, then we would not expect to see such examples of 
withholding.274  
52. While the cable industrys share of MVPD subscribers nationwide has decreased from 78 
percent to approximately 67 percent since the 2002 Extension Order,275 we conclude that this market 
share is still sufficient to enable cable-affiliated programmers to make withholding vertically integrated 
programming a profitable strategy.  Moreover, while the cable industrys share of MVPD subscribers 
nationwide has declined since the 2002 Extension Order, it has remained above or near the 78 percent 
  
271 See id. at 5111,  20; MDU Access NPRM, 22 FCC Rcd at 5938,  6.
272 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12143-45,  45-46.
273 See supra  49 (discussing evidence of withholding of cable-affiliated programming from competitive MVPDs); 
DIRECTV, Inc. v. Comcast Corporation, 15 FCC Rcd 22802, 22807-08,  11-14 (2000) (resolving program access 
dispute), affg, EchoStar Communications Corporation v. Comcast Corporation, 14 FCC Rcd 2089 (1999), 
DIRECTV, Inc. v. Comcast Corporation, 13 FCC Rcd 21822 (1998), affd sub nom. EchoStar Communications 
Corporation v. FCC, 292 F.3d 749 (D.C. Cir. 2002); RCN Telecom Services of New York, Inc. v. Cablevision 
Systems Corporation et al., 14 FCC Rcd at 17103-07,  20-27 (resolving program access dispute), affirmed RCN 
Telecom Services of New York, Inc. v. Cablevision Systems Corporation et al., 16 FCC Rcd 12048 (2001); see also
EchoStar Comments at 9 (Indeed, cable conglomerates have already demonstrated their willingness to abuse 
exclusive programming rights to gain market share and harm consumers.  The well-worn example of Comcasts 
conduct in Philadelphia with its SportsNet asset is again instructive.).
274 While cable MSOs claim that competitive MVPDs were unable to demonstrate any harm to their ability to 
compete in one of these cases (Channel 4 San Diego) (see Cablevision Comments at 26 (citing Adelphia Order, 21 
FCC Rcd at 8271,  148)), this is irrelevant to the issue of whether cable-affiliated programmers have the incentive
to engage in withholding of programming from competitive MVPDs.  These examples demonstrate that, absent a 
prohibition, cable-affiliated programmers have an incentive to engage in withholding.  
275 See supra note 96 (indicating that cable operators have an approximate 67 percent share of the MVPD market).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
38
level in many Designated Market Areas (DMAs),276 indicating that cable operators retain the same  
share of MVPD subscribers in many markets as in 2002.277 In the 2002 Extension Order, based on the 
cable industrys 78 percent national market share at the time, the Commission found that a cable-only 
distribution strategy would reduce potential subscribership or viewership for a cable-affiliated 
programming network by one-fifth.278 The Commission concluded that the revenues foregone by a cable-
affiliated programmer by refusing to sell to competitive MVPDs would thus be relatively low.279 While 
the reduction in potential nationwide subscribership or viewership has now increased to one-third based 
on the cable industrys current national market share of approximately 67 percent, we find that this 
reduction in potential subscribership or viewership has not reached a point where withholding would be 
unprofitable.280 Moreover, because the share of MVPD subscribers held by cable operators is above or 
near 78 percent in many DMAs, there is no reduction in potential subscribership or viewership in many 
regional areas from that which we observed in the 2002 Extension Order.281 As the Commission did in 
the 2002 Extension Order, we find that the costs (i.e., foregone revenues) incurred by a cable-affiliated 
programmer by refusing to sell to competitive MVPDs would be offset by (i) revenues from increased 
subscriptions to the services of its affiliated cable operator resulting from subscribers that switch to cable 
to obtain access to the cable-exclusive programming;282 (ii) revenues from increased rates charged by the 
  
276 A DMA is a geographic market designation that defines each television market exclusive of others, based on 
measured viewing patterns.  Each county in the United States is allocated to a market based on which home-market 
stations receive a preponderance of total viewing hours in the county.  For purposes of this calculation, both over-
the-air and cable television viewing are included.  See Time Warner Entertainment, Memorandum Opinion and 
Order, DA 07-3400, 2007 WL 2159623,  2 (MB, 2007).
277 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12132-33,  20 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1247,  5).  
Based on data from Nielsen Media Research, as of July 2007, the share of MVPD subscribers held by cable 
operators exceeds 78 percent in 36 out of 210 DMAs and is between 75 and 78 percent in an additional 16 DMAs.  
See DMA Household Universe Estimates July 2007: Cable And/Or ADS (Alternate Delivery Systems), 
http://www.tvb.org/nav/build_frameset.asp (follow Research Central hyperlink; then follow Market Track 
hyperlink; then follow Cable and ADS Penetration by DMA hyperlink) (last visited Aug. 2, 2007).  These include 
sixteen of the Top 50 most-populated DMAs:  New York (No.1; 83.7 percent cable market share); Philadelphia (No. 
4; 81.1 percent cable market share); Boston (No. 7; 87.1 percent cable market share); Tampa-St. Pete (No. 12; 81.1 
percent cable market share); Seattle (No. 14; 79.3 percent cable market share); Cleveland-Akron (No. 17; 78.6 
percent cable market share); Orlando (No. 19; 75.7 percent cable market share); Pittsburgh (No. 22; 79.6 percent 
cable market share); Baltimore (No. 24; 80.3 percent cable market share); San Diego (No. 27; 87.1 percent cable 
market share); Hartford-New Haven, CT (No. 28; 86.4 percent cable market share); Columbus (No. 32; 78 percent 
cable market share); Milwaukee (No. 34; 79.1 percent cable market share); Harrisburg-Lancaster, PA (No. 41; 79.5 
percent cable market share); Norfolk-Portsmouth-Newport News, VA (No. 42; 77.6 percent cable market share); Las 
Vegas (No. 43; 75.9 percent cable market share).  See id. 
278 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12147-48,  53.
279 See id.
280 We also noted in the 2002 Extension Order that if vertically integrated programmers entered into exclusive 
arrangements with only the top ten MVPDs (excluding DBS providers), those programmers would still retain access 
to over 66 percent of all MVPD subscribers, which reflected a three percent increase from 1994.  See 2002 
Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12148,  53 n.172.  These figures are similar in the current video distribution
market.  Today, if vertically integrated programmers entered into exclusive arrangements with only the top ten 
MVPDs (excluding DBS providers), those programmers would still retain access to over 60 percent of all MVPD 
subscribers.  See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2620, Table B-3.
281 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12147-48,  53.
282 See id.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
39
affiliated cable operator in response to increased demand for its services resulting from its ability to offer 
exclusive programming;283 and (iii) revenues resulting from the ability of the cable-affiliated programmer 
to raise the price it charges for programming to other cable operators in return for exclusivity.284 Thus, 
particularly where competitive MVPDs are limited in their market share, a cable-affiliated programmer 
will be able to recoup a substantial amount, if not all, of the revenues foregone by pursuing a withholding 
strategy.  In the long term, a withholding strategy may result in a reduction in competition in the video
distribution market, thereby allowing the affiliated cable operator to raise rates.  As discussed in 
Appendix C, we have also made critical value calculations which conclude that withholding of some 
nationally distributed programming networks could be profitable if as little as 1.9 percent of non-cable 
subscribers were to switch to cable as a result of the withholding.285 We believe that these subscriber 
numbers are sufficiently low as to make it likely that cable MSOs will pursue national cable only 
withholding strategies with some networks in the absence of the exclusivity prohibition.  We thus 
conclude that the one-third share of the MVPD market held by competitive MVPDs remains limited 
enough to allow cable-affiliated programmers to successfully and profitably implement a withholding 
strategy.  
53. We also find that three additional developments since 2002 provide cable-affiliated 
programmers with an even greater economic incentive to withhold programming from competitive 
MVPDs:  (i) the increase in horizontal consolidation in the cable industry; (ii) the increase in clustering of 
cable systems; and (iii) the recent emergence of new entrants in the video market place, such as telephone 
companies.  
54. Horizontal Consolidation.  The cable industry has continued to consolidate since 2002.  
Since this time, the percentage of MVPD subscribers receiving their video programming from one of the 
four largest vertically integrated cable MSOs (Comcast, Time Warner, Cox, and Cablevision) has 
increased from 34 percent286 to between 54 and 56.75 percent.287 Moreover, the percentage of MVPD 
subscribers receiving their video programming from one of the four largest cable MSOs (Comcast, Time 
Warner, Cox, and Charter) has increased from 48 percent288 to between 53 and 60 percent after taking into 
account the recent acquisition by Comcast and Time Warner of cable systems formerly owned by 
Adelphia.289 Thus, while the evidence demonstrates that the market share of small-to-medium sized, non-
vertically integrated cable operators has declined, the market share of large cable operators, and in 
particular those that own cable programming, has increased substantially since 2002.  In the 2002 
Extension Order, the Commission observed that because four of the five largest vertically integrated cable 
operators served 34 percent of all MVPD subscribers, they could reap a substantial portion of the gains 
from withholding programming from their rivals.290 Now that the market share of the four largest 
  
283 See id.
284 See id.
285 See Appendix C,  21.
286 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12133,  20 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1341, Table C-
3).
287 See supra note 131 (discussing percentage of MVPD subscribers receiving their video programming from one of 
the four largest vertically integrated cable MSOs).       
288 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12133,  21.
289 See supra note 129 (discussing percentage of MVPD subscribers receiving their video programming from one of 
the four largest cable operators).
290 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12147-48,  53.  
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
40
vertically integrated cable MSOs has increased to between 54 and 56.75 percent, the largest vertically 
integrated cable operators stand to gain even more from a withholding strategy.291 Thus, the increase in 
horizontal consolidation in the cable industry since 2002 increases the incentive to pursue anticompetitive 
withholding strategies.       
55. Clustering.  The cable industry has continued to form regional clusters since the 2002 
Extension Order, when approximately 80 percent of cable subscribers were served by systems that were 
part of regional clusters.292 Today, taking into account the sale of Adelphias systems to Comcast and 
Time Warner, some estimate that the percentage of cable subscribers served by systems that are part of 
regional clusters has increased to between 85 and 90 percent.293 The Commission concluded in the 2002 
Extension Order that horizontal consolidation and clustering combined with affiliation with regional 
programming contributed to the cable industrys overall market dominance.294 Given the increase in 
horizontal consolidation and regional clustering since 2002, this statement is no less true today.  With a 
regional programming denial strategy, a cable-affiliated programmer foregoes only those revenues 
associated with the subscribers of competitive MVPDs within the cluster, not the revenues associated 
with subscribers of competitive MVPDs nationwide.295 As the Commission concluded previously, in 
many cities where cable MSOs have clusters, the market penetration of competitive MVPDs is much 
lower and cable market penetration is much higher than their nationwide penetration rates.296 Moreover, 
due to the national distribution of DBS services and the insufficient mass of DBS subscribers on a 
regional basis, DBS operators do not have an economic base for substantial regional programming 
investments on a market-by-market basis.297 As a result, the cost to a cable-affiliated programmer of 
withholding regional programming is lower in many cases than the cost of withholding national 
programming.  Moreover, the affiliated cable operator will obtain a substantial share of the benefits of a 
withholding strategy because its share of subscribers within the cluster is likely to be inordinately high.298  
While Comcast claims that increased clustering may result in synergies and cost-saving efficiencies, this 
  
291 See EchoStar Comments at 2-6; USTelecom Comments at 9-10; see also supra note 131 (discussing percentage 
of MVPD subscribers receiving their video programming from one of the four largest vertically integrated cable 
MSOs).
292 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12133-34,  22 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1252,  14).
293 See Consumer Groups Reply at 4-5. 
294 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12125,  4.
295 See id. at 12148-49,  54.
296 See id.  For example, according to data from Nielsen Media Research, the collective market penetration of 
competitive MVPDs in many DMAs where cable MSOs have clusters is far less than their collective nationwide 
market penetration rate (approximately 33 percent):  San Diego (13.7 percent), New York (18.2 percent), 
Philadelphia (19.8 percent), and San Francisco (26.9 percent).  See DMA Household Universe Estimates July 2007:  
Cable And/Or ADS (Alternate Delivery Systems), http://www.tvb.org/nav/build_frameset.asp (follow Research 
Central hyperlink; then follow Market Track hyperlink; then follow Cable and ADS Penetration by DMA 
hyperlink) (last visited Aug. 2, 2007).  As the Commission acknowledged in the 2002 Extension Order, this market 
penetration data may not correspond exactly to cable MSO cluster boundaries, and there are likely other factors, 
such as line-of-sight, in addition to cable competition that affect city market penetration.  See 2002 Extension Order, 
17 FCC Rcd at 12148-49,  54 n.177.  Nevertheless, we believe that this market penetration data provide support for 
the position that market penetration of competitive MVPDs is lower in certain cable cluster areas than nationwide.  
See id.
297 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12151,  59.
298 See id.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
41
has no relevance to the issue of the impact of increased clustering on the potential for regional 
programming denial strategies.299  
56. As discussed further in Appendix C, although cables national share of total MVPD 
subscribers has declined, the situation is somewhat different at the individual market level.  In some 
markets, the cable share of MVPD subscribers remains high, well above the average level and, indeed, 
above the 2002 national level of 78 percent that we found problematic in the 2002 Extension Order.300  
However, clustering -- an increase over time in the number of cable subscribers and homes passed by a 
single MSO in particular markets (accomplished via internal growth as well as by acquisitions) -- also 
enhances the potential profitability of withholding regional programming from rivals.  To understand the 
impact of this development in the cable television sector, we consider the calculations of a vertically 
integrated satellite cable programmer (VISCP) that is contemplating a cable-only strategy of
withholding its RSN from DBS and other non-cable MVPDs in the market.  If the RSN is withheld, the 
VISCP will lose, initially, all those subscribers who were receiving the RSN via non-cable MVPDs.  
Some of those subscribers will switch to cable in order to retain access to the RSN.  Of course, only those 
subscribers whose homes are passed by cable have the option to switch.  Thus, the share of television 
households in the market that are passed by cable, either the VISCPs cable affiliate or other operators, is 
of importance.  With respect to those subscribers that switch to a cable operator other than the VISCPs 
cable affiliate, the VISCP will simply regain the revenues (affiliation fee and network advertising revenue 
per subscriber) lost due to withholding from the non-cable MVPDs.  However, with respect to those who 
switch to the VISCPs cable affiliate, the VISCP will gain substantially more.  Those who switch to the 
VISCPs cable affiliate do not simply purchase the RSN.  Rather, they must purchase a full video package 
from the VISCPs cable affiliate.  Thus, the VISCP and its cable affiliate gain the full additional profit 
from a new subscriber, in addition to regaining the network advertising revenue per subscriber lost 
temporarily due to the withholding.301 The key point is that the larger the share of television households 
in the market that is served by the VISCPs cable affiliate (i.e., the larger the ratio of homes passed by the 
VISCPs cable affiliate to total television households), the larger is the total number of switching 
subscribers that switch to the VISCPs cable affiliate (as opposed to switching to another cable operator), 
and the greater is the potential compensating gain to the VISCP and its cable affiliate.  
57. Thus, separate from what has been occurring in the national MVPD market, certain 
developments in the cable market may have made withholding of regional networks potentially more 
profitable than previously.  Two types of empirical analyses can be performed to assess these 
developments.  First, it is possible to track changes in clustering from 2002 to 2007 for certain key MSOs.  
Second, it is possible, under certain simplifying assumptions, to assess the circumstances under which 
withholding of regional programming would be profitable in the absence of the exclusivity restriction. 302
  
299 See Comcast Reply Comments at 13-14.
300 Nielsen Media Research data for May 2007 indicate that there are 40 DMAs with a wired cable percentage of 
total subscription television households greater than 78 percent.  The 40 comprise: 13 in the top 50 markets, another 
8 in the top 100 markets, and 19 in markets above 100.  Of the 14 markets with shares between 75 and 78 percent, 
there are 4 in the top 50, another 5 in the top 100, and 5 above 100.  See DMA Household Universe Estimates May 
2007:  Cable And/Or ADS (Alternate Delivery Systems), http://www.tvb.org/nav/build_frameset.asp (follow 
Research Central hyperlink; then follow Market Track hyperlink; then follow Cable and ADS Penetration by 
DMA hyperlink; then follow ADS Archives hyperlink) (last visited Aug. 2, 2007).
301 There is no gain in affiliation fee, since the VISCP is paying that to its affiliate for its own subscribers.  
302 Hughes Order, 19 FCC Rcd at 633-48, Appendix D (explaining methodology).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
42
58. Analysis of Increase in Clustering from 2002 to 2007.  Substantial increases in clustering, 
i.e., the number of DMAs in which homes passed by a single cable operator is a large share of total 
television households, would mean that withholding is likely more profitable than it was before.  This 
calculus (assuming the market structure and financial parameters stated in Appendix C) applies not only 
to markets where there is a VISCP, but to any market, since, if the exclusivity limit were relaxed, any 
cable operator would be permitted to start a new regional network or acquire an existing one and then 
withhold it from rivals.  As discussed in Appendix C, we conclude that there has been a substantial 
increase in clustering among the two largest vertically integrated cable operators since adoption of the 
2002 Extension Order.
59. Analysis of Profitability of Withholding of Regional Programming.  The second type of 
analysis we conducted was to estimate directly the profitability of withholding a regional network based 
on the structure of the market303and certain financial parameters.304 These calculations were made for all 
DMAs for which data were available, using Comcast and Time Warner subscriber and profitability 
estimates from public sources, and using 2006 data on the average affiliate fee and network advertising 
revenue per subscriber for an RSN.  The analysis yields a critical value, representing the percentage of 
current non-cable MVPD subscribers in a DMA that would need to switch to cable in response to 
withholding of an RSN in order to make this strategy profitable.  In order to determine what critical value 
is realistic, we examined the case of Philadelphia, where Comcast is currently withholding its RSN from 
DBS operators.  As explained in Appendix C, withholding in the Philadelphia DMA of an RSN with 
average profile would be profitable if 5.45 to 8.4 percent of non-cable MVPD subscribers switched to 
cable.  Conducting the analysis using the actual 2006 profile of the Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia RSN 
yields critical values in the 6.81 to 10.49 percent range.  As explained in detail in Appendix C, the data 
demonstrates that (i) withholding would be profitable for Comcast in as many as 39 DMAs;305 and (ii) 
withholding would be profitable for Time Warner in as many as 20 DMAs.306 The calculations further 
demonstrate that, using Comcast profitability figures and the Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia RSN 
profile, withholding becomes profitable when a single MSO reaches homes passing roughly 60 percent of 
television households in a DMA.  Using Time Warner profitability and the Comcast SportsNet 
Philadelphia RSN profile, withholding would become profitable when a single MSO reaches homes 
passing at least 80 percent of television households in a DMA.  Our assessment of the calculated critical 
values convinces us that, in a significant range of cases, withholding of an RSN would be profitable for 
the VISCP and that, absent the exclusivity prohibition, valuable programming would be withheld from 
rival MVPDs.
60. Recent Entrants.  Another significant development since 2002 is the emergence of new 
entrants into the video marketplace, including telephone companies.307 We agree that vertically integrated 
  
303 Factors considered include:  the share of television households in the market passed by a VISCPs cable affiliate; 
the share of television households in the market passed by other cable operators; and the share of television 
households in the market that subscribe to a non-cable MVPD.
304 Factors considered include:  per subscriber profits (net of amortized subscriber acquisition cost) earned per month 
by the VISCPs cable affiliate on a new cable subscriber; affiliate fee revenue per subscriber earned by the VISCP 
from its regional network; and network advertising revenue per subscriber earned by the VISCP from its regional 
network.
305 The data indicates that Comcast provides service to at least part of 97 DMAs.
306 The data indicates that Time Warner provides service to at least part of 89 DMAs.
307 At the time of the 2002 Extension Order, competition in the video marketplace from telephone companies had 
not yet emerged.  Indeed, we stated at the time that the strong overbuild competition from local exchange carriers 
(continued.)
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
43
cable programmers may have an even greater economic incentive to withhold programming from these 
recent entrants in the video marketplace.  Because recent entrants have minimal subscriber bases at this 
time, the costs that a cable-affiliated programmer would incur from withholding programming from 
recent entrants are negligible.308 To be sure, a vertically integrated programmer that withholds 
programming from one competitive MVPD in a market would generally need to withhold the 
programming from all other competitive MVPDs in the market, thereby increasing the foregone revenues 
resulting from a withholding strategy.309 Even so, the short term costs to the vertically integrated 
programmer of withholding its programming from all competitive MVPDs (i.e., the reduction in potential 
advertising or subscription revenues) are likely to be outweighed by the long term benefits to its affiliated 
cable operator of (i) hindering and potentially eliminating competition from new entrants, including those 
with substantial resources such as incumbent telephone companies; and (ii) increased revenues resulting 
from attracting subscribers away from competitive MVPDs.  Cable MSOs suggest that if the justification 
for extending the exclusive contract prohibition is the emergence of new competitors, then the exclusive 
contract prohibition could be extended in perpetuity whenever new potential competitors emerge.310 We 
disagree.  As discussed above, vertically integrated programmers are likely to have the incentive to 
withhold programming only when their affiliated cable operators have a sufficient share of the 
distribution market to minimize the impact of foregone subscription and advertising revenues from 
denying access to other distributors.  At this time, we conclude that vertically integrated programmers are 
likely to retain this incentive given the 67 percent share of the video distribution market held by cable 
operators.  If competition in the MVPD market continues to develop and cable market share continues to 
decline, however, the incentive of vertically integrated programmers to engage in withholding will 
presumably diminish to the extent that we may be able to relax the exclusive contract prohibition.  
Moreover, the availability of exclusivity petitions pursuant to Section 628(c)(2) and (4) allows for 
appropriate treatment of unique competitive situations.
61. Cable MSOs argue that new entrants in the video marketplace such as AT&T and 
Verizon will never exit the video distribution market regardless of whether they are denied access to 
cable-affiliated programming because of the substantial sunk investments they have already made in 
video distribution networks.311 In considering whether to allow the exclusive contract prohibition to 
sunset, our primary focus is on the impact that sunset would have on competition and diversity in the 
distribution of video programming generally, not on individual competitors and not on programming 
(Continued from previous page)    
and others that Congress anticipated as a result of the 1996 amendments to the Communications Act has, as yet, 
failed to develop.  See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12144-45,  46.
308 See AT&T Comments at 5; Verizon Comments at 12; AT&T Reply Comments at 8-9; RCN Reply Comments at 
10.
309 We note that, if the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D) were to sunset, other program access 
provisions in Section 628 would remain, including the prohibition on discrimination.  See 47 U.S.C.  628(c)(2)(B); 
47 C.F.R.  76.1002(b).  Thus, a vertically integrated programmer that withholds programming from a recent entrant 
with a minimal subscriber base but chooses to offer the programming to all other competitive MVPDs in the market 
could be found in violation of the program access rules based on an unreasonable refusal to sell.  See First Report 
and Order, 8 FCC Rcd at 3412-13,  116 (stating that non-price discrimination could include a vendors refusing to 
initiate discussions with a particular distributor when the vendor has sold its programming to that distributors 
competitor).  As discussed below, while other program access provisions in Section 628 would remain if Section 
628(c)(2)(D) were to sunset, we find that these other provisions are insufficient to preserve and protect competition 
at this time.  See infra n. 320.
310 See NCTA Reply Comments 2, 4; see also Comcast Comments at 5 n.5.
311 See Cablevision Comments at 15-16; Cablevision Reply Comments at 11; Time Warner Reply Comments at 21.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
44
diversity.312 Thus, the more salient point for our analysis is not whether individual competitors will 
remain in the market if the exclusive contract prohibition were to sunset, but how competition in the video 
distribution market will be impacted if the exclusive contract prohibition were to sunset.  We find that 
absent the exclusive contract prohibition, the ability of competitive MVPDs, including large and 
established companies, to compete will be severely hindered, thereby adversely impacting the market for 
distribution of video services.313 Cablevision argues that a competitive MVPD could engage in 
competitive countermeasures in reaction to a cable-affiliated programmers decision to withhold must 
have programming, such as lowering prices, acquiring other programming on an exclusive basis, or 
launching new services of its own.314 We find, however, that these countermeasures would not be 
sufficient to deprive cable-affiliated programmers of the incentive to withhold programming or to 
mitigate the impact to the competitive MVPD of being unable to offer subscribers essential programming.  
The record reflects that, despite the availability of these countermeasures, cable-affiliated programmers 
have withheld programming from competitive MVPDs and in two instances  San Diego and 
Philadelphia  that such withholding has had a material adverse impact on competition in the video 
distribution market.315 As the Commission concluded in the 2002 Sunset Order, the prohibition on 
exclusivity therefore remains necessary to preserve and protect diversity in distribution of video 
programming.
62. We disagree with cable MSOs that argue that enforcement of antitrust laws will be 
sufficient to address anticompetitive use of exclusive contracts.316 In passing the exclusive contract 
prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D), Congress concluded the opposite by requiring the Commission to 
enforce a presumptive ban on exclusive contracts rather than relying on reactive application of antitrust 
laws to existing exclusive arrangements.317 Moreover, the legislative history of the 1992 Cable Act 
reflects Congresss concern regarding the prohibitive cost of pursuing an antitrust suit.318 As the 
Commission emphasized in the 2002 Extension Order, Congress already determined that antitrust laws 
were not a viable alternative for achieving the governments goals in this instance.319 As discussed 
above, we do not believe that Congresss goal of achieving competition and diversity in the video 
distribution marketplace has been achieved.  Accordingly, we believe that continued reliance on the 
exclusive contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D) rather than reliance solely on antitrust laws better 
serves the intent of Congress.320
  
312 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(2)(D); see 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12150,  58 and 12152,  62; see infra
Section III.A.3.c.
313 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12152-53,  63.
314 See Cablevision Comments at 8, 17; Cablevision Reply Comments at 11-12.
315 See supra  39 (discussing impact on competitive MVPD subscribership from withholding of cable-affiliated 
programming) and  49 (discussing evidence of withholding of cable-affiliated programming from competitive 
MVPDs).
316 See Comcast Comments at 23-24; Comcast Reply Comments at 22.
317 See CA2C Reply Comments at 3; EchoStar Reply Comments at 15-16; Qwest Reply Comments at 7 n.22; 
Verizon Reply Comments at 6.  EchoStar notes that antitrust enforcement is slow, time-consuming, and provides no 
means to check anticompetitive behavior prospectively, other than through a stay.  EchoStar Reply Comments at 15. 
318 S. Rep. No. 102-92, at 29 (1991), reprinted in 1992 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1133, 1162.
319 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12143,  45 n.138.
320 As we concluded in the 2002 Extension Order, Sections 628(b), 628(c)(2)(A), and 628(c)(2)(B) of the 
Communications Act are not adequate substitutes for the particularized protection afforded under Section 
(continued.)
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
45
63. We recognize the benefits of exclusive contracts and vertical integration cited by some 
cable MSOs, such as encouraging innovation and investment in programming and allowing for product 
differentiation among distributors.321  We do not believe, however, that these purported benefits 
outweigh the harm to competition and diversity in the video distribution marketplace that would result if 
we were to lift the exclusive contract prohibition.  In addition, the Commissions rules permit cable-
affiliated programmers to seek approval to enter into an exclusive contract based on a demonstration that 
the exclusive arrangement serves the public interest consistent with factors established by Congress.322  
Despite the option to seek approval to enter into exclusive contracts, only ten exclusivity petitions have 
been filed in the fifteen years since enactment of Section 628(c)(2)(D) in the 1992 Cable Act.  Of these 
petitions, two were granted,323 three were denied,324 and five were dismissed at the request of the parties.  
Of the three exclusivity petitions that have been denied, all of the networks that were the subject of these 
petitions (Court TV, Speed, and Sci-Fi Channel) have flourished despite the lack of exclusivity.325
(Continued from previous page)    
628(c)(2)(D).  See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12153-54,  65 n. 206.  We stated that (i) Section 
628(c)(2)(D) places the burden on the party seeking exclusivity to show that an exclusive contract meets the 
statutory public interest standard and that no other program access provision provides this protection; (ii) these other 
provisions were all enacted as part of the 1992 Cable Act, indicating that, despite the existence of these other 
program access provisions, Congress found the exclusive contract prohibition to be necessary to preserve and 
protect competition and diversity; (iii) as compared to Section 628(c)(2)(D), Section 628(b) carries with it an added 
burden to demonstrate that the purpose or effect of the conduct complained of was to hinder significantly or to 
prevent an MVPD from providing programming to subscribers or customers; (iv) conduct of undue influence 
necessary to establish a violation of Section 628(c)(2)(A) may be difficult for the Commission or complainants to 
establish; and (v) the prohibition of non-price discrimination in Section 628(c)(2)(B) requires the complainant to 
demonstrate the conduct was unreasonable which may be difficult to establish.  See id. (citing First Report and 
Order, 8 FCC Rcd at 3424,  145).  No commenter provides any basis for us to revisit these conclusions.  Moreover, 
we note that some competitive MVPDs argue that allowing the exclusive contract prohibition to sunset would 
provide cable-affiliated programmers with an incentive to enter into exclusive contracts with their affiliated cable 
operators to avoid allegations of unfair acts or practices or discrimination with respect to their dealings with 
unaffiliated distributors.  See EchoStar Comments at 11 n.22; USTelecom Comments at 13.  
321 See Cablevision Comments at 29 and Appendix B at 2 (arguing that exclusivity leads to beneficial product 
differentiation, whereby creators and distributors respond to exclusivity strategies of their rivals by producing and 
distributing distinct content offerings that enable them to maintain a unique presence in the marketplace); Comcast 
Comments at 13-18.  Comcast notes that its competitor, DIRECTV, has used exclusive arrangements with various 
sports leagues as a competitive tool to attract customers away from cable operators.  See Comcast Comments at 18.
322 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(4); see also 47 C.F.R.  76.1002(c)(4).
323 See New England Cable News Channel, Memorandum Opinion and Order, 9 FCC Rcd 3231 (1994); 
NewsChannel, Memorandum Opinion and Order, 10 FCC Rcd 691 (CSB, 1994).
324 See Time Warner Cable, Memorandum Opinion and Order, 9 FCC Rcd 3221, 3230,  55 (1994) (denying 
exclusivity petition for Courtroom Television (Court TV)); Outdoor Life Network and Speedvision Network, 
Memorandum Opinion and Order, 13 FCC Rcd 12226, 12242,  28 (CSB, 1998) (denying exclusivity petition for 
the Outdoor Life Network (OLN) and Speedvision Network (Speedvision)); Cablevision Industries Corp. and 
Sci-Fi Channel, Memorandum Opinion and Order, 10 FCC Rcd 9786, 9791,  32 (CSB, 1995) (denying exclusivity 
petition for the Sci-Fi Channel).
325 The following data demonstrates that the three programming networks for which exclusivity was denied (Court 
TV, Speed, and Sci-Fi Channel) have prospered despite the lack of exclusivity.  Court TVs subscribership increased 
from 16.1 million in 1994 to 87.9 million in 2006, and its prime-time ratings increased from 0.15 in 1994 to 0.81 in 
2005.  See Kagan Research, LLC, Economics of Basic Cable Networks  13th Annual Edition at 37-38, 50-52 (2007) 
(Kagan Report 13th Edition); Kagan Research, LLC, Economics of Basic Cable Networks  9th Annual Edition at 
42, 44 (2003) (Kagan Report 9th Edition).  OLNs (now known as Versus) subscribership increased from 18 
(continued.)
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
46
c. Impact on Programming
64. We find above that the exclusive contract prohibition continues to be necessary to 
preserve and protect diversity in the distribution of programming.326 While cable MSOs contend that the 
exclusive contract prohibition reduces incentives for cable operators and competitive MVPDs to create 
and invest in new programming, we find no evidence to support this theory.327 To the contrary, the 
number of vertically integrated satellite-delivered national programming networks has more than doubled 
since 1994 when the rule implementing the exclusive contract prohibition took effect328 and has continued 
to increase since 2002 when the Commission last examined the exclusive contract prohibition.329  
Moreover, the number of national programming networks has increased by almost 400 percent since 
(Continued from previous page)    
million in 1998 to 67.8 million in 2006.  See Kagan Report 13th Edition at 37-38, 50-52.  Speedvisions (now known 
as Speed) subscribership increased from 20 million in 1998 to 65.9 million in 2006.  See id.  The Sci-Fi Channels 
subscribership increased from 27.4 million in 1995 to 88.1 million in 2006, and its prime-time ratings increased 
from 0.65 in 1995 to 1.04 in 2005, making it the fifteenth-ranked programming network by prime-time ratings.  See 
Kagan Report 13th Edition at 37-38, 50-52; Kagan Report 9th Edition at 42, 44; see also 12th Annual Report, 12 FCC 
Rcd at 2655, Table C-6; Qwest Reply Comments at 6-7 ([N]otwithstanding the Commissions refusal to give them 
an exemption from Section 628(c)(2)(D)s prohibition on exclusivity, [Speed and Versus] have grown to become 
two of the more popular niche-oriented cable channels in circulation.). 
326 As we stated in the 2002 Extension Order, while we recognize that the exclusive contract prohibitions impact on 
programming diversity is one component of our analysis, Congress directed that our primary focus should be on 
preserving and protecting diversity in the distribution of video programming -- i.e., ensuring that as many MVPDs 
as possible remain viable distributors of video programming.  See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12152,  
62 (emphasis in original).  
327 Cablevision argues that the exclusive contract prohibition (i) deprives cable operators of the incentive to invest in 
new programming because the prohibition requires them to share the programming with their competitors; and (ii) 
deprives competitive MVPDs of the incentive to invest in programming because the prohibition provides them with 
access to programming developed by their competitors.  See Cablevision Comments at 10, 27-29 and Appendix B at 
26-27.  Cablevision and Comcast also argue that some new MVPDs, such as AT&T and Verizon, have sufficient 
resources to invest their own programming.  See Cablevision Comments at 5, 10, 29; Comcast Reply Comments at 
6.
328 Compare Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming, 
First Report and Order, 9 FCC Rcd 7442, 7589-92 (1994) (1st Annual Report) (56 vertically integrated national 
programming networks) with 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2575,  157 (116 vertically integrated national  
programming networks).
329 Compare 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12131-32,  18 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1309-
10,  157 (104 vertically integrated national programming networks)) with 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2575, 
 157 (116 vertically integrated national programming networks); see EchoStar Comments at 4 (The number of 
new vertically integrated programming networks since 2002 described herein undercuts any suggestion that this 
prohibition prevents or limits the ability or desire of cable conglomerates to create new programming assets.); 
USTelecom Comments at 19; Verizon Reply Comments at 4 ([N]o reasonable basis exists for the Commission to 
conclude that the exclusive contract prohibition has had or will have any adverse impact on the development of 
programming, particularly when experience proves otherwise.); see also Letter from Stephanie L. Podey, Counsel 
for Comcast Corporation, to Ms. Marlene H. Dortch, FCC, MB Docket Nos. 07-29, 06-189 (June 13, 2007), 
Attachment at 3 (stating that Comcast continues to invest in new programming networks and noting Comcasts 
partnering in 2006 with CSTV to launch The mtn., a national network dedicated to sports programming, as well as 
Comcasts investment in additional regional sports networks); EchoStar Comments at 7-8 (noting new vertically 
integrated cable networks launched since 2002).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
47
1994330 and by 80 percent since 2002.331 There is also evidence that some competitive MVPDs have 
begun to invest in their own programming despite their ability to access cable-affiliated programming 
based on the exclusive contract prohibition and the program access rules.332 Accordingly, we find no 
basis to conclude that extending the exclusive contract prohibition will create a disincentive for the 
creation of new programming.333  
65. We are mindful that our decision to extend the exclusive contract prohibition must 
withstand an intermediate scrutiny test pursuant to First Amendment jurisprudence.334 As the D.C. 
Circuit explained in rejecting a facial challenge to the constitutionality of the exclusive contract 
prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D), the prohibition will survive intermediate scrutiny if it furthers an 
important or substantial governmental interest; if the governmental interest is unrelated to the suppression 
of free expression; and if the incidental restriction on alleged First Amendment freedoms is no greater 
than is essential to the furtherance of that interest.335  For the reasons discussed herein, our decision to 
extend the exclusive contract prohibition satisfies this intermediate scrutiny test.  First, in Time Warner, 
the court found that the governmental interest Congress intended to achieve in enacting the exclusive 
contract prohibition was the promotion of fair competition in the video marketplace, and that this 
interest was substantial.336 Moreover, the court noted Congress conclusion that the benefits of these 
provisions -- the increased speech that would result from fairer competition in the video programming 
marketplace -- outweighed the disadvantages [resulting in] the possibility of reduced economic incentives 
to develop new programming.337  We disagree with cable MSOs to the extent they argue that the 
substantial government interest in achieving competition in the video distribution market has been met.338  
As discussed above, cable operators still have a dominant share of MVPD subscribers (approximately 67 
  
330 Compare 1st Annual Report, 9 FCC Rcd at 7589-92 (107 satellite-delivered national programming networks) with
12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2575,  157 (531 satellite-delivered national programming networks).
331 Compare 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12131-32,  18 (citing 8th Annual Report, 17 FCC Rcd at 1309-
10,  157 (237 satellite-delivered national programming networks)) with 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2575,  
157 (531 satellite-delivered national programming networks). 
332 For example, Verizon has invested in new programming for its FiOS TV service.  In March 2007, Verizon 
announced that it was launching FiOS1, a local television channel for FiOS TV subscribers in the Washington, DC 
metropolitan area that offers local weather, traffic, news, sports, and community features. See FiOS1, Verizons 
First Local TV Channel, Debuts in Washington, D.C., Metro Area, FiOS TV Subscribers to Get Local Information, 
Sports and Features All Day on FiOS1, http://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2007/fios1-verizons-
first-local.html (last visited July 27, 2007).  Verizon also announced that it expects to launch similar channels in 
other markets this year.  See id.  
333 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12153,  64.
334 See Cablevision Comments at 10; Comcast Reply Comments at 3; NCTA Reply Comments at 8-10; Time 
Warner Reply Comments at 20-21.
335 Time Warner Entertainment Co. L.P. v. FCC, 93 F.3d 957, 978 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (quoting Turner Broadcasting 
System, Inc. v. FCC, 512 U.S. 622, 662 (1994) (quoting United States v. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367, 377 (1968)).  
336 Id.  Moreover, one of Congress express findings in enacting the 1992 Cable Act was that [t]here is a substantial 
governmental and First Amendment interest in promoting a diversity of views provided through multiple technology 
media.  Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992, Pub. L. No. 102-385, 106 Stat. 1460 
(1992),  2(a)(6).
337 Time Warner Entertainment Co. L.P., 93 F.3d at 979 (citing S. Rep. No. 92, 102d Cong., 2d Sess. 4 (1991), at 26-
28, reprinted in 1992 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1133, 1159-61).
338 See NCTA Reply Comments at 9-10.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
48
percent), have raised prices in excess of inflation despite the emergence of new competitors,339 and still 
own significant programming networks.340 Accordingly, we conclude that competition and diversity in 
the video distribution market has not reached the level at which Congress intended the exclusive contract 
prohibition would sunset.341 Second, in Time Warner, the court held that the governmental objective in 
adopting the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D) was unrelated to the suppression of 
free speech.342 In this Order, we extend the exclusive contract prohibition for an additional five years but 
do not otherwise modify the prohibition.  Thus, the prohibition remains unrelated to the suppression of 
free speech, as the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals previously held.343  Third, in Time Warner, the court 
rejected claims that the exclusive contract prohibition was not narrowly tailored to achieve the stated 
government interest.344  In this Order, we extend the exclusive contract prohibition for a term of five 
years but do not otherwise modify the prohibition.  Thus, the prohibition remains narrowly tailored to 
meet the statutes objective, and any incidental restriction on alleged First Amendment freedoms is no 
greater than is essential to the furtherance of that objective.345  
66. We note that cable MSOs argue that the exclusive contract prohibition is not narrowly 
tailored because it is allegedly both overinclusive (in that it applies to new, unpopular, and other 
types of programming that are arguably not essential to the viability of competition in the video 
distribution market) and underinclusive (in that it does not apply to certain non-cable-affiliated 
programming that may be necessary for viable competition in the MVPD market).346 We reject proposals 
to modify the scope of the exclusive contract prohibition for the reasons discussed in Section III.A.4.  
Moreover, we note that the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D) is not absolute.  Rather, 
cable-affiliated programmers may seek approval to enter into exclusive programming contracts that 
satisfy the criteria set forth by Congress in Section 628(c)(2) and (4).347 Thus, requests to enter into 
exclusive contracts for new, unpopular, and other types of programming cited by cable MSOs as non-
essential to the viability of competition can be addressed through individual exclusivity petitions.348  
Finally, as discussed above, we have found no evidence that the exclusive contract prohibition is creating 
  
339 See 2006 Cable Price Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 15087-88,  2 (Overall, cable prices increased more than 5 percent 
last year and by 93 percent since the period immediately prior to Congresss enactment of the Telecommunications 
Act of 1996.  Expanded basic prices rose more than 6 percent or twice the rate of inflation last year.). 
340 See supra Section III.A.2.
341 See AT&T Reply Comments at 13 n.48 (stating that the exclusive contract prohibition continues to materially 
advance an important or substantial government interest).
342 See Time Warner Entertainment Co. L.P., 93 F.3d at 978 ([T]he vertically integrated programming provisions 
apply to only a limited number of companies for a perfectly legitimate reason:  the antitrust concerns underlying the 
statute arise precisely because the number of vertically integrated companies is small.  The vertically integrated 
programmer provisions are thus not structured in a manner that raise[s] suspicions that their objective was, in fact, 
the suppression of certain ideas. (quoting Turner, 512 U.S. at 660, 114 S.Ct. at 2468)).
343 See id. at 978.
344 See id. at 978-79.
345 See id.
346 See Comcast Reply Comments at 3; NCTA Reply Comments at 9.
347 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(2) and (4).
348 As noted above, only ten exclusivity petitions have been filed to date.  See supra  63.  Of these petitions, two 
were granted, three were denied, and five were dismissed at the request of the parties.  
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
49
a disincentive for the creation of new programming.349 Despite claims that the exclusive contract 
prohibition deprives cable operators and others of the incentive to invest in new programming, thereby 
restricting the creation of new programming, the record reflects the opposite.350 Thus, contrary to these 
contentions, the prohibition has fostered, not restricted, speech.
4. Scope of Exclusive Contract Prohibition
67. Various commenters argue that the exclusive contract prohibition is both overinclusive 
and underinclusive with respect to the type of programming and MVPDs it covers.  Some commenters 
ask the Commission to either narrow or expand the scope of the prohibition accordingly.  Some cable 
MSOs argue that this alleged overinclusiveness and underinclusiveness render the exclusive contract 
prohibition arbitrary and capricious under the Administrative Procedures Act.351 As discussed below, we 
decline to either narrow or expand the exclusive contract prohibition.
a. Narrowing the Prohibition
(i) Narrowing Based on Status of Programming Network
68. For the reasons discussed below, we decline to narrow the scope of the exclusive contract 
prohibition based on the status of the programming network.  The exclusive contract prohibition in 
Section 628(c)(2)(D) and the implementing rules pertain to all satellite-delivered programming networks 
that are vertically integrated with a cable operator, regardless of their popularity.  Some cable MSOs 
argue that the prohibition is thus overinclusive because it includes new and unpopular programming 
networks that are not essential to the ability of an MVPD to compete.  These cable MSOs ask the 
Commission to narrow the scope of the exclusion contract prohibition based on the status of the 
programming network by (i) allowing exclusive arrangements for new and unpopular programming;352
(ii) allowing exclusive arrangements for regional non-sports programming;353 and (iii) allowing exclusive 
arrangements for RSNs in DMAs served by more than one unaffiliated RSN.354  
69. As an initial matter, we note that in adopting the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 
628(c)(2)(D), Congress applied the prohibition to all cable-affiliated programming.  Congress did not 
distinguish between different types of cable-affiliated programming.  Instead, Congress in Section 
628(c)(4) established criteria whereby cable-affiliated programmers could petition the Commission for 
authority to enter into exclusive arrangements despite the general rule prohibiting all such exclusive 
  
349 See supra  63.
350 See id.
351 See, e.g., Cablevision Comments at 30-32; Comcast Comments at 24-26; Comcast Reply Comments at 25-28.  
These cable MSOs also raise First Amendment concerns, which we address above in Section III.A.3.c. 
352 See Cablevision Comments at 31 (arguing that the following types of programming cannot be considered 
necessary to protect competition:  (i) national networks with low average prime-time ratings; (ii) new programming 
services since they cannot be considered essential to the continued viability of competing MVPDs; and (iii) cable 
networks that are not deemed important by market participants to warrant carriage to a significant number of 
households).
353 See id. (stating that the Commission concluded in the Adelphia proceeding that access to regional non-sports 
programming is not essential to competition, citing Adelphia Order (21 FCC Rcd at 8279,  169)).
354 See id. (arguing that where RSNs are competing for sporting events, there is little risk that an exclusive 
arrangement for one network will foreclose competition).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
50
arrangements.355 Requests to remove certain cable-affiliated programming networks from the prohibition 
can be addressed through these individual exclusivity petitions.356 Accordingly, as the Commission 
concluded in the 2002 Extension Order, we believe that treating all satellite cable programming and 
satellite broadcast programming uniformly for purposes of the exclusive contract prohibition is consistent 
with Section 628(c)(2)(D) and the definitions set forth in Sections 628(i)(1) and (3).357 Moreover, no 
commenter has provided a rational and workable definition of must have programming that would 
allow us to apply the exclusive contract prohibition to only this type of programming.  In the 2002 
Extension Order, the Commission recognized the difficulty of developing an objective process of 
general applicability to determine what programming may or may not be essential to preserve and protect 
competition and further noted that any attempt to distinguish between different types of cable-affiliated 
programming is likely to raise Constitutional concerns.358 Cable MSOs asking us to narrow the scope of 
the prohibition suggest no workable mechanisms for alleviating these concerns.    
(ii) Narrowing Based on Status of Cable Operator
70. For the reasons discussed below, we decline to narrow the scope of the exclusive contract 
prohibition based on the status of the cable operator.  Cable MSOs argue that we should narrow the 
exclusive contract prohibition by allowing certain types of exclusive arrangements based on the status of 
the cable operator, such as (i) those involving an affiliated cable operator whose network passes only a 
small number of households throughout the nation;359 (ii) those between a cable operator and an affiliated 
programming network outside the footprint of the affiliated cable operator;360 and (iii) those involving 
affiliated cable operators that face competition from both DBS and telephone companies.361  
71. In adopting the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D), Congress applied 
the prohibition to all cable operators.  Congress did not distinguish between different types of cable 
operators for purposes of Section 628(c)(2)(D).  Moreover, in adopting the exclusive contract prohibition, 
Congress has already delineated a geographic demarcation applicable to the prohibition  areas served 
  
355 See 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(4); 47 C.F.R.  76.1002(c)(4).
356 We remind those cable MSOs urging exemption of certain types of programming from the exclusive contract 
prohibition that the Commission will entertain individual exclusivity petitions as Congress mandated.  See 47 U.S.C. 
 548(c)(4); 47 C.F.R.  76.1002(c)(4).  In the 2002 Extension Order, we provided an example of one type of 
vertically integrated programming that may qualify for exclusivity.  See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 
12135-36,  25 (if a vertically integrated programmer contemplates the introduction of innovative services with 
limited or niche audiences and believes that these services will not be economically viable without a period during 
which they are offered on an exclusive basis, we encourage such programmer to petition the Commission to approve 
a period of exclusivity).      
357 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12156,  69.
358 Id.
359 See Cablevision Comments at 30-31.
360 See Cablevision Comments at 30-31; Time Warner Reply Comments at 20.
361 See Cablevision Comments at 31-32.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
51
by a cable operator.362 Congress did not provide that the exclusive contract prohibition should vary 
based on the competitive circumstances in individual geographic areas served by a cable operator.363  
72. We also find that these attempts to narrow the exclusive contract prohibition would harm 
competition in the video distribution marketplace.  One of the key anticompetitive practices that the 
exclusive contract prohibition addresses is the practice of leveraging cables market power collectively by 
withholding affiliated programming from rival MVPDs while selling the affiliated programming to other 
cable operators which do not compete with one another.  A cable operator may gain by weakening a 
current or potential rival (such as a DBS operator) even in markets that the cable operator itself does not 
serve.364 Thus, proposals to narrow the exclusive contract prohibition by allowing exclusive 
arrangements outside of the footprint of the affiliated cable operator or with cable operators whose 
networks pass only a small number of households throughout the nation will impede competition in the 
video distribution marketplace.  We similarly find that allowing exclusive arrangements for affiliated 
cable operators that face competition from both DBS and telephone companies would harm competition 
in the video distribution marketplace.  We conclude herein that a cable operator will not lose the incentive 
and ability to enter into an exclusive arrangement in a given geographic area simply because it faces 
competition from both DBS operators and telephone companies in that area.  As discussed above, the key 
consideration is the market share of the cable operator relative to other competitors.  Indeed, in areas 
where a telephone company has recently entered the video distribution market, its market share will be 
minimal, providing cable operators with the ability and incentive to enter into exclusive arrangements that 
adversely impact competition.365
(iii) Narrowing Based on Status of Competitive MVPD
73. For the reasons discussed below, we decline to narrow the exclusive contract prohibition 
by precluding certain competitive MVPDs from benefiting from the prohibition.  Comcast and 
Cablevision ask us to narrow the exclusive contract prohibition by precluding certain competitive MVPDs 
from benefiting from the prohibition, such as competitive MVPDs that (i) have been in the MVPD market 
  
362 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(2)(D); see also 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12156-57,  70.
363 We again note that through individual exclusivity petitions, the Commission may determine (in accordance with 
statutory criteria) whether a particular exclusive contract, otherwise prohibited under Section 628(c)(2)(D), is in the 
public interest.  See 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(4); 47 C.F.R.  76.1002(c)(4).  
364 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12140-41,  36-39; see also DIRECTV Comments at 8-9; CA2C 
Reply Comments at 7.
365 See supra  60 (discussing incentives of vertically integrated cable programmers to withhold programming from 
recent entrants in the video marketplace).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
52
for more than five years;366 (ii) have extensive resources;367 or (iii) enter into exclusive contracts for 
programming.368
74. Section 628 makes no distinction among MVPDs of the kind suggested by these 
commenters.  Moreover, we find that adopting such restrictions on the entities that can benefit from the 
prohibition will limit competition in the video distribution market369 and will result in no discernible 
public interest benefits.370 The resources of competitors or the number of years they have spent in the 
market has no bearing on the goal of Section 628(c)(2)(D) to preclude exclusive contracts in order to 
facilitate competition in the video distribution market.  Rather, if cable operators have exclusive access to 
non-substitutable content that is essential for viable competition and they have the incentive to withhold 
such content, the amount of resources of competitive MVPDs or their longevity in the market will not be 
able to overcome that competitive advantage.371 Comcast asks us to prevent competitive MVPDs that 
themselves enter into exclusive programming contracts from being the beneficiaries of the exclusive 
contract prohibition applied to cable-affiliated programmers.372 Section 628, however, does not exempt 
cable operators from its restrictions based on the contracting practices of non-cable MVPDs. 
b. Expanding the Prohibition
(i) Expanding the Prohibition to Non-Cable-Affiliated 
Programming
75. For the reasons discussed below, we decline to apply an exclusive contract prohibition to 
non-cable-affiliated programming.  The exclusive contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D) and the 
implementing rules pertain only to programming networks that are vertically integrated with a cable 
  
366 See Comcast Comments at 26 (stating that, after five years in the video distribution business, a competitor 
should be able to sink or swim on its own); see also Cablevision Comments at 5 (Cablevision faces competition 
from two DBS providers, each of which has a subscriber base at least four times larger than its own . . . .  Each of 
those entities has the ability to invest in its own programming, just as Cablevision did.).
367 See Comcast Comments at 26 (arguing that the benefits of the exclusive contract prohibition should not be 
available to a company with over 10 million customers or to a company that is part of an enterprise with a market 
capitalization of over $100 billion); see also Cablevision Comments at 5 (Cablevision faces competition from . . . 
Verizon and AT&T, whose market capitalizations are 10 and 25 times larger, respectively, than Cablevisions.  Each 
of those entities has the ability to invest in its own programming, just as Cablevision did.).
368 See Comcast Comments at 26.
369 See AT&T Reply Comments at 12-13 (stating that proposals by Cablevision and Comcast to narrow the exclusive 
contract prohibition would gut the rule precisely where it might be of use to competitors with a viable opportunity 
to offer consumers a real alternative to cable:  those with experience, those with capital, and those with a foothold in 
the market); CA2C Reply Comments at 9 (stating that these proposals would ensure that the rules have no 
application to any significant competitor that Cablevision and Comcast face, thereby making sure the rules are 
meaningless); Verizon Reply Comments at 12-13.
370 See supra Section III.A.3.c (concluding that there is no evidence that the exclusive contract prohibition has had 
an adverse impact on the incentives for creation of new programming). 
371 See Verizon Reply Comments at 11-12 (That a new video entrant may have a large market capitalization or a 
sizeable number of telephone customers does not ensure competitive success in the video market when the entrant 
cannot offer the programming subscribers want to see.).
372 See Comcast Comments at 26.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
53
operator, as that term is defined in the Communications Act.373 Competitive MVPDs, as well as some 
cable MSOs,374 argue that the prohibition is thus underinclusive because it does not pertain to certain non-
cable-affiliated programming that is necessary for MVPDs to compete. They ask the Commission to 
prohibit exclusive contracts for (i) all must have programming networks, regardless of whether the 
network is affiliated with a cable operator;375 and (ii) all programming networks vertically integrated with 
any MVPD, including DBS operators and new MVPDs such as AT&T and Verizon.376  
76. As an initial matter, to the extent that an MVPD meets the definition of a cable 
operator under the Communications Act, the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D) 
already applies to its affiliated programming and, thus, no further action is required on our part.377 We 
have previously explained that the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D) does not extend 
to unaffiliated programming networks and programming networks affiliated with non-cable MVPDs, such 
as DBS operators.378
77. Moreover, the record before us in this proceeding does not provide sufficient evidence 
upon which to conclude that non-cable-affiliated programming is being withheld from MVPDs to a 
significant extent or that such withholding is adversely impacting competition in the video distribution 
market.  Accordingly, we seek comment on this issue in the NPRM.  We agree with DIRECTV that the 
economic premise underlying the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D) is that the cable 
industrys dominance of the video distribution market enables cable operators to successfully withhold 
affiliated programming from rival MVPDs in order to limit competition in the distribution market.379 The 
record before us in this proceeding does not provide us with adequate evidence to conclude that those 
exclusive programming arrangements entered into by non-cable MVPDs have harmed competition in the 
video distribution market.380 Because we have not been presented with sufficient evidence in this 
  
373 See 47 U.S.C.  522(5) (defining a cable operator); id.  522(7) (defining a cable system); Definition of a 
Cable System, 5 FCC Rcd 7638, 7638-39,  6-11 (1990).
374 See, e.g., Comcast Comments at 24 ([T]o the extent that MVPDs cannot survive without access to certain 
programming, it is irrelevant whether that programming is affiliated; what matters is whether that programming is 
must have in order to compete.); see also Cablevision Comments at 27.
375 See NCTA Comments at 4-5; RCN Comments at 12-18; SureWest Comments at 9; ACA Reply Comments at 7-
8; RCN Reply Comments at 12-13; SureWest Reply Comments at 8-9.
376 See ACA Comments at 2, 8-9, 11-13; ACA Reply Comments at 6-7; SureWest Reply Comments at 8.
377 Moreover, as AT&T notes, Section 628(j) of the Communications Act provides that any provision of Section 628 
that applies to a cable operator also applies to any common carrier or its affiliate that provides video programming.  
See 47 U.S.C.  548(j); see also AT&T Reply Comments at 6 n.19.
378 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12158,  74 (The program access rules, including the exclusivity 
prohibition, apply only to satellite-delivered program services in which a cable operator has an attributable 
interest.).
379 See DIRECTV Reply Comments at 3 (Section 628s prohibition on exclusivity is specific for a reason. . . . 
Congress never considered exclusivity per se to be anticompetitive.  Congress found, however, that, because cable 
operators possess market power, programmers affiliated with those cable operators could harm emerging 
competition by withholding affiliated programming from cables rivals.) (footnotes omitted); see also Broadcast 
Networks Reply Comments at 3-4 ([T]he program access rules are based on the narrow antitrust concern that a 
vertically-integrated programmer might withhold programming in order to prevent or hinder competition to that 
programmers MVPD operations.  It is axiomatic that this concern has always been and remains entirely non-
existent for non-vertically integrated programming.) (footnotes omitted).
380 The one example of an exclusive programming arrangement entered into by a competitive MVPD is DIRECTVs 
exclusive deals for certain national sports programming with the National Football League, college basketball, 
(continued.)
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
54
proceeding to consider a rule that prohibits exclusive contracts for non-cable-affiliated programming, we 
need not address here our statutory authority to apply an exclusive contract prohibition to such 
programming.381
(ii) Expanding the Prohibition to Terrestrially Delivered 
Programming
78. We decline to apply an exclusive contract prohibition to terrestrially delivered 
programming at this time.  Some competitive MVPDs argue that the Commission should apply the 
exclusive contract prohibition to terrestrially delivered programming networks, citing various provisions 
of the Communications Act in addition to Section 628(c) for statutory support.382 The exclusive contract 
prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D) pertains only to vertically integrated satellite cable programming 
and vertically integrated satellite broadcast programming.383  The Communications Act defines both 
terms to include only programming transmitted or retransmitted by satellite for reception by cable 
(Continued from previous page)    
Major League Baseball, and NASCAR.  See ACA Comments at 9 n.17; RCN Comments at 17-18.  Unlike in the 
case of cable operators (see supra  52), there is no evidence in the record to conclude that a competitive MVPD can 
make exclusivity a profitable strategy over the long term.  Moreover, commenters have not provided any evidence of 
competitive harm resulting from their inability to offer this programming.  Unlike in the case of cable-affiliated 
regional sports programming, we have no evidence that the inability to access this sports programming has impacted 
MVPD subscribership.  See supra  39 (discussing impact on MVPD subscribership of inability to access cable-
affiliated RSNs).
381 Commenters cite provisions of the Communications Act other than Section 628(c)(2)(D) as providing the 
Commission with statutory support to apply an exclusive contract prohibition to non-cable-affiliated programming.  
See RCN Comments at 16-17 (citing Sections 4(i) and 628(b) of the Communications Act); SureWest Comments at 
9 n.17 (referring to unspecified provisions of the Communications Act).  We found no basis to consider DBS 
operators as cable operators as defined in Section 602 for purposes of the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 
628(c)(2)(D), as requested by RCN.  See RCN Comments at 17 n.48.  As we have concluded previously, the 
definition of a cable system and a cable operator in the Communications Act does not include DBS.  See 47 
U.S.C.  522(5) (defining a cable operator); id.  522(7) (defining a cable system); Definition of a Cable 
System, 5 FCC Rcd at 7638-39,  6-11; see also DIRECTV Reply Comments at 5-6.
382 See SureWest Comments at 7-8 (citing Section 4(i) of the Communications Act); Verizon Comments at 14 
(same); id. at 14 (citing Section 303(r) of the Communications Act); SureWest Comments at 8 (citing Section 601(6) 
of the Communications Act); RICA Comments at 5 (citing Section 612(g) of the Communications Act); id. at 5 
(citing Section 616(a) of the Communications Act); SureWest Comments at 7 (citing Section 628(b) of the 
Communications Act); see also AT&T Comments at 9 n.24; BSPA Comments at 16-18; EchoStar Comments at 4.  
The Commission previously declined to address arguments regarding the Commissions statutory authority to 
address terrestrially delivered programming under Sections 4(i) and 303(r) of the Communications Act.  See 1998 
Program Access Order, 13 FCC Rcd at 15856,  71 n.222.  The Commission has also stated that given that 628 
does not by its terms apply to terrestrially-delivered programming, it is not appropriate for the Commission to 
exercise ancillary jurisdiction to extend, in the context of a complaint proceeding, program access regulation to 
terrestrially-delivered programming.  RCN Telecom Services v. Cablevision Systems Corp., 16 FCC Rcd 12048, 
12055,  18 (2001).  The Commission has stated there may be circumstances where moving programming from 
satellite to terrestrial delivery could be cognizable under Section 628(b) as an unfair method of competition or 
deceptive practice if it precluded competitive MVPDs from providing satellite cable programming.  Id. at 12053,  
15; DIRECTV, 15 FCC Rcd at 22807; Implementation of Section 302 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Open 
Video Systems, 11 FCC Rcd 18223, 18325,  197 n.451 (1996) (we do not foreclose a challenge under Section 
628(b) to conduct that involves moving satellite delivered programming to terrestrial distribution in order to evade 
application of the program access rules and having to deal with competing MVPDs).
383 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(2)(D).  
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
55
operators.384 Based on these definitions as well as the legislative history of the 1992 Cable Act, the 
Commission has previously concluded that terrestrially delivered programming (such as programming 
delivered by programmers to cable operators by fiber) is outside of the direct coverage of the exclusive 
contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D).385 As we have concluded previously, we decline to apply 
the exclusive contract prohibition to terrestrially delivered programming pursuant to Section 
628(c)(2)(D).386 Commenters have failed to provide any new evidence or arguments that would lead us to 
reconsider our previous conclusion that terrestrially delivered programming is outside of the direct 
coverage of Section 628(c)(2)(D).387 We continue to believe that the plain language of the definitions of 
satellite cable programming and satellite broadcast programming as well as the legislative history of 
the 1992 Cable Act place terrestrially delivered programming beyond the scope of Section 
628(c)(2)(D).388 In the NPRM, we seek further comment on whether other provisions of the 
Communications Act provide the Commission with statutory authority to extend our program access 
rules, including an exclusive contract prohibition, to terrestrially delivered programming, and whether we 
should extend the prohibition to cover such programming.389  
5. Length of New Term
79. We conclude that the exclusive contract prohibition will be extended for five years 
subject to review during the last year of this extension period (i.e., between October 2011 and October 
2012).  As we concluded in the 2002 Extension Order, we do not believe that establishing a fixed date for 
sunset of the exclusive contract prohibition without further review will serve the public interest.  Section 
628(c)(5) does not expressly state a term for how long the prohibition should continue if we decide that it 
should be extended, thereby providing the Commission with the discretion to prescribe this period.390 In 
the 2002 Extension Order, the Commission stated that establishing a fixed date for sunset of the 
prohibition without conducting a further proceeding to determine whether the prohibition is still 
necessary to preserve and protect competition and diversity in the distribution of video programming is 
not consistent with Congressional intent.391 We cannot predict now how future changes in the video 
distribution market will impact the continued need for the exclusive contract prohibition.  Rather, we 
  
384 The term satellite cable programming means video programming which is transmitted via satellite and which 
is primarily intended for direct receipt by cable operators for their retransmission to cable subscribers, except that 
such term does not include satellite broadcast programming.  47 U.S.C.  548(i)(1); 47 U.S.C.  605(d)(1); see also
47 C.F.R.  76.1000(h).  The term satellite broadcast programming means broadcast video programming when 
such programming is retransmitted by satellite and the entity retransmitting such programming is not the broadcaster 
or an entity performing such retransmission on behalf of and with the specific consent of the broadcaster.  47 
U.S.C.  548(i)(3); see also C.F.R.  76.1000(f).  
385 See DIRECTV, Inc. v. Comcast Corp. et al.,15 FCC Rcd 22802, 22807,  12 (2000); see also 2002 Extension 
Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12158,  73.
386 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12158,  73; DIRECTV, Inc., 15 FCC Rcd at 22807,  12; 1998 
Program Access Order, 13 FCC Rcd at 15856,  71; see also AT&T Comments at 9 n.24; SureWest Comments at 7-
8; SureWest Reply Comments at 6-8.
387 DIRECTV, Inc., 15 FCC Rcd at 22807,  12; see Comcast Reply Comments at 29-30. 
388 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12158,  73.
389 See infra Section IV.B.
390 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12159-60,  77.
391 See id. at 12160,  78; see also AT&T Reply Comments at 13 n.50; EchoStar Reply Comments at 13 n.22.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
56
believe that providing for a limited extension subject to further review is a more prudent approach and 
comports better with Congressional intent than a predetermined sunset date. 
80. In the Notice, we sought comment on whether the exclusive contract prohibition should 
automatically sunset upon a specific event or events in the marketplace.392 Commenters argue that the 
exclusive contract prohibition should not sunset upon the materialization of specific marketplace 
events.393 OPASTCO/ITTA argues that technological developments and marketplace evolutions are 
occurring too frequently for the Commission to predict when the rule should sunset without a thorough 
review.394 We agree that the evolving nature of the video distribution and programming markets makes it 
difficult if not impossible to determine in this proceeding what specific marketplace events would 
demonstrate that competition in the MVPD market is sufficient such that the exclusive contract 
prohibition can sunset.  We note that commenters have not provided adequate suggestions as to such 
marketplace events.  As discussed above, we believe that a more appropriate approach that is supported 
by Congressional intent is to continue to assess the developments in the video distribution and 
programming markets to determine if the market has evolved in a way that would allow us to abolish the 
exclusive contract prohibition.
81. As the Commission concluded in the 2002 Extension Order, we will review whether the 
exclusive contract prohibition remains necessary during the last year of the five-year extension.  We 
believe that five years could be a sufficient amount of time for competition to develop in the video 
distribution and programming markets.395 Given the marketplace developments over the last five years, 
such as the emergence of telephone companies into the video distribution market as well as other pro-
competitive trends, including an increase in the number of programming networks, a decrease in the 
percentage of popular national and regional networks that are vertically integrated with cable operators, 
and an increase in the market penetration of MVPDs that compete with incumbent cable operators, we 
conclude that this review of the continuing necessity of the exclusivity prohibition has been a useful 
exercise of Commission resources.  Accordingly, we believe that five years is an appropriate period of 
time to revisit the exclusivity prohibition.  We also emphasize that, if adequate competition emerges 
before five years, the Commission could initiate its review earlier either on its own motion or in response 
to a petition.396 Moreover, we will continue to evaluate petitions for exclusivity under the public interest 
factors established by Congress.397
6. Other Programming Issues
82. Small and rural telephone MVPDs raise additional concerns in their comments regarding 
the difficulties they face in trying to obtain access to programming, such as tying of desired with 
undesired programming and unwarranted security requirements.398 We find that these concerns are 
  
392 See Notice, 22 FCC Rcd at 4258,  11.
393 See EATEL Video Comments at 5; OPASTCO/ITTA Comments at 3-5; SureWest Comments at 2-4. 
394 See OPASTCO/ITTA Comments at 5.
395 A five-year extension was supported by a wide-range of competitive MVPDs and consumer groups.  See AT&T 
Comments at 5; BSPA Comments at 4; CA2C Comments at ii-iii, 2; DIRECTV Comments at 12; EATEL Video 
Comments at 5; EchoStar Comments at 10; NTCA Comments at 3; OPASTCO/ITTA Comments at 3-5; RICA 
Comments at 3; SureWest Comments at 2-4; Consumer Groups Reply Comments at 7.
396 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12126,  5.
397 See 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(4); 47 C.F.R.  76.1002(c)(4).
398 See NTCA Comments at 6-8; OPASTCO/ITTA Comments at 5-8.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
57
beyond the scope of the programming issues raised in the Notice, which pertained only to the prohibition 
on exclusive contracts for satellite-delivered vertically integrated programming under Section 
628(c)(2)(D) and the extension of that prohibition pursuant to Section 628(c)(5).399 We did not seek 
comment on these issues in the Notice and, accordingly, do not have a sufficient record upon which to 
address these concerns in this Order.  We seek further comment on these issues in the NPRM.  
B. Modification of Program Access Complaint Procedures
83. As discussed below, we revise our program access complaint procedures.  Specifically, 
we codify the existing requirement that respondents to program access complaints must attach to their 
answers copies of any documents that they rely on in their defense; find that in the context of a complaint 
proceeding, it would be unreasonable for a respondent not to produce all the documents requested by the 
complainant or ordered by the Commission, provided that such documents are in its control and relevant 
to the dispute; codify the Commissions authority to issue default orders granting a complaint if a 
respondent fails to comply with discovery requests; and allow parties to choose, within 20 days of the 
close of the pleading cycle, to engage in voluntary commercial arbitration of their program access 
complaints.  
84. In the Notice, the Commission sought comment on whether and how the procedures for 
resolving program access disputes under Section 628 should be modified.400 In general, Comcast, NCTA, 
and Time Warner, as well as the Broadcast Networks, argue that changes to the Commissions program
access complaint procedures are not necessary.401 Comcast asserts that the Commission has carefully 
designed the program access procedural rules to provide effective relief by placing the least evidentiary 
burdens on those seeking relief and ensuring a speedy resolution of complaints; and that proposed 
changes to the process will make the program access complaint process more complicated, more costly, 
and more time-consuming.402  NCTA asserts that most program access complaints have been disposed of 
relatively quickly or resulted in settlements.403 Time Warner asserts that the appropriate way to resolve 
carriage disputes is for the parties to hash out their differences at the bargaining table, and the 
Commission should retain its existing policies and procedures, which encourage such negotiations.404  
Time Warner argues that expanding the program access rules would be inconsistent with the norm of 
relying on the marketplace to govern contracts between private parties.405 Time Warner asserts that 
because the rules apply to only a very small number of program networks, these networks are forced to 
face a burdensome regulatory regime not encountered by the vast majority of their program network 
competitors.406  The Broadcast Networks also opposes changes to the process.407
  
399 See Notice, 22 FCC Rcd at 4258,  12 (we seek comment on any other issues appropriate to our inquiry in 
accordance with Section 628(c)(5)).
400 See Notice, 22 FCC Rcd at 4259-4260,  13-16.
401 See Comcast Comments at 26-28; Broadcast Networks Reply Comments at 3; NCTA Reply Comments at 10; 
Time Warner Reply Comments at 5.
402 See Comcast Comments at 26-28.
403 See NCTA Comments at 9.
404 See Time Warner Reply Comments at 2.
405 See id. at 5.
406 Id.
407 See Broadcast Networks Reply Comments at 3.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
58
85. Parties recommending changes to the rules urge the Commission to focus on three areas 
of reform: acceleration of the deliberative process; providing a workable discovery mechanism; and 
protecting consumers during the pendency of complaint proceedings.408  OPASTCO/ITAA argues that the 
current process is so costly and time-consuming that it is impracticable for rural carriers to pursue a 
program access complaint.409 NTCA states that small rural carriers are at a disadvantage under the 
current procedures.410  EchoStar relies on its own experience to conclude that the current process does not 
provide an effective regulatory backstop to protect against protracted negotiations that can result in loss of 
subscribers and significant financial uncertainty for competitive MVPDs.411 In addition, EchoStar argues 
that the current procedures fail to provide a reliable means to ensure that all relevant documentation is 
available to Commission staff and the parties.412  AT&T urges reforms to make Section 628 a more 
effective deterrent to anticompetitive conduct by cable incumbents.413 Specifically, parties wishing to 
change the current process raise five issues:  the length of the pleading cycle; discovery options; the 
parties status pending resolution of complaints; time limits for resolving complaints; and arbitration as an 
alternate route to filing a complaint.  We address all these issues below with the exception of the parties 
status pending complaint resolution, which we address in the NPRM.
1. Pleading Cycle
86. In this Order, we retain our existing pleading cycle.  The Commissions existing rules 
provide that an MVPD aggrieved by conduct that it believes constitutes a violation of Section 628 and the 
Commissions program access rules may file a complaint with the Commission.414 A complainant must 
first notify the programming vendor that it intends to file the complaint and allow the vendor 10 days to 
respond.415 Once a complaint is filed, the cable operator or satellite programming vendor must answer 
within 20 days of service of the complaint.416 Replies to the answer are due within 15 days of service of 
the answer.417  
87. EchoStar asserts that a tighter pleading cycle will be more conducive to an efficient 
resolution of complaints.418 It suggests a 10-day limit for filing an answer and a 5-day reply period.419 It 
recommends that all service be electronic and that weekly status conferences be held to ensure 
progress.420 AT&T suggests that the Commission apply its existing formal complaint process to program 
  
408 See EchoStar Comments at 30.
409 See OPASTCO/ITAA Comments at 8.
410 See NTCA Comments at 6.
411 See EchoStar Comments at 13.
412 See id. at 14.
413 See AT&T Reply Comments at 2.
414 See 47 C.F.R.  76.7 and 76.1003.
415 47 C.F.R.  76.1003(b). 
416 47 C.F.R.  76.7(b)(2)(ii); 47 C.F.R.  76.1003(a).
417 47 C.F.R.  76.7(c)(3); 47 C.F.R.  76.1003(a). 
418 See EchoStar Comments at 25.
419 See id.
420 See id.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
59
access complaints and delegate resolution to the Enforcement Bureau.421 NCTA opposes a more 
expeditious pleading cycle because the cycle is already among the shortest time frames in Commission 
regulation.422 NCTA argues that reducing the timing of the pleading cycle further would not materially 
affect the overall time frame for resolving disputes, and would impose additional hardship on 
respondents.423
88. The original program access complaint pleading cycle called for a 30-day response time 
and 20-day reply window.  In the 1998 Program Access Order, the Commission adopted a more 
streamlined pleading cycle and reduced those times to 20 and 15 days respectively.  The Commissions 
rules generally require answers to complaints to advise the parties and the Commission fully and 
completely of the nature of any and all defenses and respond specifically to all material allegations of 
the complaint or risk being deemed in default and having the complaint granted.424 In addition, answers 
to program access complaints must contain specific information pertinent to the type of complaint, 
whether it is an exclusivity complaint, a discrimination complaint, or a price discrimination complaint, 
and must include written documentary evidence.425
89. Discussion.  We find that the existing 20-day response time is necessary to allow 
sufficient time for a respondent to provide a complete defense.  We encourage resolution of program 
access complaints based on the pleadings.426 A shorter pleading cycle would not necessarily improve the 
overall time for complaint resolution because incomplete or rushed responses could lead to the need for 
further pleadings and discovery.  We therefore decline to adopt a more expedited pleading cycle.  
However, we believe that electronic filing may help improve the speed of resolution and, therefore, we
will continue to study this issue internally to determine if it is technologically feasible to require 
electronic filing for program access complaints, which necessarily involve a number of confidential 
documents.  Currently, parties may voluntarily submit electronic copies of their pleadings to staff via e-
mail in order to expedite review.  
90. Regarding mandatory weekly status conferences, the Commission currently has the 
authority to hold status conferences at any time and any party may request that a status conference be 
held.427 We believe that this provides the necessary flexibility to conduct status conferences as frequently 
as needed and decline to modify this rule to require mandatory weekly status conferences.  Finally, we 
decline to shift the burden of complaint resolution to the Enforcement Bureau.  We believe that program 
  
421 See AT&T Comments at 30.  As part of the 1996 Act, Congress enacted deadlines for the Commissions 
resolution of complaints alleging unreasonably discriminatory or otherwise unlawful conduct filed against 
telecommunications carriers subject to the requirements of the Communications Act.  See 47 U.S.C.  208(b)(1), 
260(b), 271(d)(6)(B), and 275(c); Implementation of the Telecommunications Act of 1996:  Amendment of Rules 
Governing Procedures to be Followed When Formal Complaints are Filed Against Common Carriers, Report and 
Order, 12 FCC Rcd 22497, 22499-04 (1997) (Formal Complaint Order).  In the Formal Complaint Order, the 
Commission adopted new or amended standards and procedures related to the processing and resolution of formal 
complaints against common carriers, including pre-filing negotiation requirements, pleading cycles, discovery, 
status conferences, damages procedures, prima facie claims, and burdens of proof.
422 See NCTA Comments at 9-10.
423 See id. at 9-10.
424 47 C.F.R.  76.7(b)(2).
425 See 47 C.F.R.  76.1003(e).
426 See First Report and Order, 8 FCC Rcd at 3389-90,  75.
427 See 47 C.F. R.  76.8.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
60
access complaints are more appropriately handled by Media Bureau staff with expertise on the issues 
involved in program access disputes.
2. Discovery
91. In this Order, after reviewing our discovery rules pertaining to program access disputes, 
we codify the existing requirement that respondents to program access complaints must attach to their 
answers copies of any documents that they rely on in their defense; find that in the context of a complaint 
proceeding, it would be unreasonable for a respondent not to produce all the documents either requested 
by the complainant or ordered by the Commission, provided that such documents are in its control and 
relevant to the dispute; and emphasize that the Commission will use its authority to issue default orders 
granting a complaint if a respondent fails to comply with its discovery requests.  The respondent shall 
have the opportunity to object to any request for documents.428 Such request shall be heard, and 
determination made, by the Commission. The respondent need not produce the disputed discovery 
material until the Commission has ruled on the discovery request.
92. Competitive MVPDs urge the Commission to revise the discovery rules applicable to 
program access complaint proceedings.429 USTelecom argues for mandatory automatic disclosure of 
specific information in response to a complaint to ensure adequate factual information is available to 
resolve the complaint.430 USTelecom urges the Commission to permit party-directed discovery on a case-
by-case case basis and to craft case-specific confidentiality protections for sensitive information.431 RCN 
proposes that programmers carriage contracts be available, subject to confidential treatment, because 
such agreements are essential for determining whether the programmer is discriminating in price, terms, 
and conditions.432 RCN argues that restrictive confidentiality and non-disclosure requirements prevent 
buyers from knowing whether the rates, terms, and conditions offered are consistent with those provided 
to affiliated MVPDs and competitors.433 EchoStar argues for discovery that is simultaneous with the 
complaint that includes six carriage contracts, both affiliated and unaffiliated, with discovery disputes 
resolved within ten days.434 EchoStar also urges the Commission to incorporate the discovery mechanism 
used in common carrier complaint proceedings.435
93. According to CA2C, while the Commission may have been seeking to prevent excessive 
discovery cost and delay in establishing its current rules, the result has been that key documents are not 
made available in complaint proceedings, including programming contracts with competitors that are 
necessary to show prima facie discrimination.436 CA2C and BSPA urge the Commission to make clear 
that respondents to discrimination complaints must produce these contracts, subject to confidential 
treatment.437 These parties also request that the Commission make clear that staff may order discovery, in 
  
428 See infra  95, 98.
429 See AT&T Comments at 30-32; CA2C Comments at 22-24. 
430 See USTelecom Comments at 20.
431 See id. 
432 See RCN Comments at 20.
433 See id.
434 See EchoStar Comments at 27.
435 See id. (citing 47 C.F.R.  1.729).
436 See CA2C Comments at 23.
437 See id. (citing 47 C.F.R.  76.9); BSPA Comments at 7.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
61
consultation with or at the request of the parties, in order to facilitate resolution of the case.438 AT&T 
asserts that the Commission should apply its procedures for adjudicating formal complaints to program 
access disputes, including rules governing pleading, discovery, and motions.439 AT&T asserts that 
respondents should submit copies of all contracts and documents relevant to the complaint, subject to a 
codified and standardized protective order.440 The Consumer Groups also supports additional tools for 
discovery.441
94. Comcast, NCTA, and Time Warner see no need for changes to the discovery rules.442  
NCTA argues that the proposed changes would automatically force programmers to disclose highly 
confidential and proprietary information and that the Commission considered and rejected similar 
suggestions in 1998 when it affirmed the use of Commission-controlled discovery.443  Time Warner 
asserts that EchoStars proposal to require a programmer to submit six carriage contracts for comparison 
with the complainants contract would allow MVPDs to engage in fishing expeditions for highly 
confidential and competitively sensitive information and would give them substantially increased and 
unfair leverage in their negotiations with programmers.444 Time Warner argues that the current rules 
permit discovery where warranted and that expanded discovery would create a procedural quagmire due 
to the complex nature of programming contracts.445 Time Warner asserts that protective orders do not 
adequately eliminate the potential for harm from disclosure of confidential information.446
95. Discussion.  We take measures to ensure that the Commission has the information 
necessary to expeditiously resolve program access complaints.  In this regard, we take two actions:  1) we 
codify the requirement that a respondent must attach to its answer all documents that it expressly 
references or relies upon in defending a program access claim; and 2) we find that in the context of a 
complaint proceeding, it would be unreasonable for a respondent not to produce all the documents either 
requested by the complainant or ordered by the Commission, provided that such documents are in its 
control and relevant to the dispute.  The respondent shall have the opportunity to object to any request for 
documents that are not in its control or relevant to the dispute.  Such request shall be heard, and 
determination made, by the Commission.  Until the objection is ruled upon, the obligation to produce the 
disputed material is suspended.  Any party who fails to timely provide discovery requested by the 
opposing party to which it has not raised an objection as described above may be deemed in default and 
an order may be entered in accordance with the allegations contained in the complaint, or the complaint 
may be dismissed with prejudice.
96. Respondents Answer.  In the 1998 Program Access Order, the Commission clarified 
that, to the extent that a respondent expressly references and relies upon a document or documents in 
defending a program access claim, the respondent must attach that document or documents to its 
  
438 See CA2C Comments at 24; BSPA Comments at 7.
439 See AT&T Comments at 30 (citing 47 C.F.R.  1.70, et seq.).
440 See id. at 30-32.
441 See Consumer Groups Reply Comments at 8.
442 See Comcast Reply Comments at 36; NCTA Reply Comments at 10, Time Warner Reply Comments at 7.
443 See NCTA Reply Comments at 11.
444 See Time Warner Reply Comments at 3.
445 See id. at 4.
446 See id. at 12.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
62
answer.447 In this Order, we expressly codify that requirement in the Commissions rules.448 To the 
extent that there has been any confusion about this requirement in the past, we clarify that a respondent 
must attach the necessary documentation to its answer to a program access complaint, subject to our rules 
on confidential filings.  Subsequent to the 1998 Program Access Order, the Commission, in the 1998 
Biennial Review, further clarified the response requirements for specific types of program access 
complaints.449 To the extent that a respondent fails to include the permissive attachments identified in our 
rules that are necessary to a resolution of the complaint, the Commission may require the production of 
further documents.450 Moreover, a program access complainant is entitled, either as part of its complaint 
or through a motion filed after the respondents answer is submitted, to request that Commission staff 
order discovery of any evidence necessary to prove its case.451 Respondents are also free to request 
discovery.  
97. Submission of Necessary Information.  We believe that expanded discovery will improve 
the quality and efficiency of the Commissions resolution of program access complaints. Accordingly, 
we find that it would be unreasonable for a respondent not to produce all the documents either requested 
by the complainant or ordered by the Commission,452 provided that such documents are in its control and 
relevant to the dispute. In reaching this finding, we agree with the assertions of RCN and other 
competitors that the availability of programmers carriage contracts, subject to confidential treatment, are 
essential for determining whether the programmer is discriminating in price, terms, and conditions.  The 
Commissions rules allow the Commission staff to order production of any documents necessary to the 
resolution of a program access complaint, including documents upon which a complainant must rely to 
make its prima facie case.453 The subject discovery may require the production of confidential material, 
including the disclosure of carriage contracts, subject to our confidentiality rules.  While we retain this 
process for the Commission to order the production of documents and other discovery, we will also allow 
parties to a program access complaint to serve requests for discovery directly on opposing parties.454  
98. Parties to a program access complaint may serve requests for discovery directly on 
opposing parties, and file a copy of the request with the Commission.  As discussed above, the respondent 
shall have the opportunity to object to any request for documents that are not in its control or relevant to 
the dispute. Such request shall be heard, and determination made, by the Commission.  Until the 
objection is ruled upon, the obligation to produce the disputed material is suspended.  Any party who fails 
to timely provide discovery requested by the opposing party to which it has not raised an objection as 
described above may be deemed in default and an order may be entered in accordance with the allegations 
contained in the complaint, or the complaint may be dismissed with prejudice.455  
  
447 See 1998 Program Access Order, 13 FCC Rcd at 15849-50,  56.
448 See Appendix D,  76.1003(e).
449 1998 Biennial Review, 14 FCC Rcd at 438, Appendix A,  9 (modifications to  76.1003); see 47 C.F.R.  
76.1003(e).
450 See 47 C.F.R.  76.1003(e); 47 C.F.R.  76.7(e)(2).
451 See 47 C.F.R.  76.7(e), (f).
452 Indeed, in such circumstances, failure to produce the subject documents would also be a violation of a 
Commission order.
453 See 47 C.F.R.  76.7(e), (f).
454 See Appendix D,  76.1003(j).
455 Id.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
63
99. We reiterate that respondents to program access complaints must produce in a timely 
manner, the contracts and other documentation that are necessary to resolve the complaint, subject to 
confidential treatment.456 In order to prevent abuse, the Commission will strictly enforce its default rules 
against respondents who do not answer complaints thoroughly or do not respond in a timely manner to 
permissible discovery requests with the necessary documentation attached.457 Respondents that do not 
respond in a timely manner to all discovery ordered by the Commission will risk penalties, including 
having the complaint against them granted by default.458 Likewise, a complainant that fails to respond 
promptly to a Commission order regarding discovery will risk having its complaint dismissed with 
prejudice.459 Finally, a party that fails to respond promptly to a request for discovery to which it has not 
raised a proper objection will be subject to these sanctions as well.460
100. Confidential Material.  We understand that this approach requires the submission of 
confidential and extremely competitively-sensitive information.461 Accordingly, in order to appropriately 
safeguard this confidential information we believe it is necessary to revise the standard protective order 
and declaration (Protective Order) for use in program access proceedings.462 The Protective Order sets 
out the methodology for producing and protecting pleading or discovery material that is deemed by the 
submitting party to contain confidential information.463 The Protective Order states that, once the 
authorized representative of the reviewing party has signed the appropriate declaration, the submitting 
party shall provide a copy of the confidential information to authorized representatives upon request. 464  
Authorized representatives of reviewing parties are limited to counsel and their associated attorneys, 
paralegals, clerical staff and other employees, to the extent reasonably necessary to render professional 
services; specified persons, including employees of the reviewing parties, requested by counsel to furnish 
technical or other expert advice or service, or otherwise engaged to prepare material for the express 
purpose of formulating filings in the program access proceeding, other than persons in a position to use 
the confidential information for competitive commercial or business purposes; and any person designated 
  
456 See 47 C.F.R.  76.9.
457 See Appendix D,  76.1003(j).
458 Id.
459 Id.
460 Id.
461 See, e.g., 47 C.F.R.  0.457(d)(iv) (treating as presumptively privileged and confidential programming contracts 
between programmers and multichannel video programming distributors).  In this regard, we note that in a recent 
program access dispute, the Media Bureau expeditiously granted a complainants request for discovery and issued a 
protective order to safeguard the highly confidential discovery subject matter.  See EchoStar Satellite L.L.C. v. Home 
Box Office, Inc., CSR 7070-P (filed Nov. 15, 2006).
462 See 1998 Program Access Order, 13 FCC Rcd at 15865.  The Protective Order is intended to facilitate and 
expedite review of documents containing privileged or confidential trade secrets and commercial or financial
information.  Id.
463 Id. at 15865-69,  3.  Confidential information is information submitted to the Commission which the submitting 
party has determined in good faith (i) constitutes trade secrets and commercial or financial information which is 
privileged or confidential within the meaning of Exemption 4 of the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C.  
552(b)(4); and (ii) falls within the terms of Commission orders designating the items for treatment as confidential 
information.  Id. at 15865,  1(c).  The Commission may determine that all or part of the information claimed as 
confidential information is not entitled to such treatment.  See also 47 C.F.R.  76.9 (general procedures for 
protecting confidentiality of information).  
464 1998 Program Access Order, 13 FCC Rcd at 15867,  9.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
64
by the Commission in the public interest, upon such terms as the Commission may deem proper.465  
Confidential information shall not be used for competitive business purposes, and shall not be used or 
disclosed except in accordance with the Protective Order.466  
101. To ensure that confidential information is not improperly used for competitive business 
purposes, we intend to make an important revision to the Protective Order.  Specifically, we revise it to 
reflect that any personnel, including in-house counsel, involved in competitive decision-making are 
prohibited from accessing the confidential information.  We more specifically define the limitations on 
access by including language that the Commission routinely uses in the merger protective orders.467 The 
Protective Order currently prohibits access to confidential information by specified persons that are in a 
position to use the information for competitive commercial or business purposes.  We modify the 
language of the Protective Order to reflect that any counsel, or other persons, including in-house counsel, 
that are involved in competitive decision-making are prohibited from access to confidential material.  We 
further define competitive decision-making to include any activities, association, or relationship with any 
person, including the complainant, client, or any authorized representative, that involves rendering advice 
or participation in any or all of said persons business decisions that are or will be made in light of similar 
or corresponding information about a competitor.468
  
465 Id. at 15867,  7.  Before an authorized representative may obtain access to confidential information, he or she 
must execute a declaration which states that under penalty of perjury he or she has agreed to be bound by the 
Protective Order.  Id. at 15866,  5, 6 and at 15870.  The declaration states that the reviewing party shall not 
disclose the confidential information to anyone except in accordance with the terms of the Protective Order and that 
the confidential information shall be used only for purposes of the program access proceeding.  Id. 
466 Id. at 15867,  11.
467 See, e.g., News Corporation and the DirecTV Group, Inc., Transferors, and Liberty Media Corporation, 
Transferee, For Authority to Transfer Control, Protective Order, 2007 WL 1482032 (MB, rel. May 21, 2007).
468 Id.  The terminology we insert today concerning activities, associations or relationships that involve rendering 
advice or participation in business decisions that are or will be made in light of similar or corresponding 
information about a competitor has been standard language used in our merger protective orders.  See Worldcom, 
Inc. and MCI Communications Corp, Transfer of Control, 13 FCC Rcd 11166, 11168 (1998).  Our definition of  
competitive decision-making as such is consistent with federal court cases.  See, e.g., U.S. Steel Corp. v. United 
States, 730 F.2d 1465, 1468 n.3 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (noting that the competitive decision-making is a shorthand for a 
counsels activities, association, and relationship with a client that are such as to involve counsels advice and 
participation in any or all of the clients decisions ... made in light of similar or corresponding information about a 
competitor); see also Brown Bag Software v. Symantec Corp. 960 F.2d 1465, 1470 (9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied 506 
U.S. 869 (1992) (defining competitive decision-making as advising on decisions about pricing or design made in 
light of similar or corresponding information about a competitor).  This terminology was more recently discussed in 
Intervet, Inc. v. Merial Ltd., 241 F.R.D. 55 (D.D.C. 2007) as follows: Thus, U.S. Steel would preclude access to 
information to anyone who was positioned to advise the client as to business decisions that the client would make 
regarding, for example, pricing, marketing, or design issues when that party granted access has seen how a 
competitor has made those decisions. E.g., Brown Bag Software, 960 F.2d at 1471 (counsel could not be expected to 
advise client without disclosing what he knew when he saw competitors trade secrets as to those very topics); 
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co v. United States, 929 F.2d 1577, 1579-80 (Fed.Cir. 1991) (determination by agency 
forbidding access was arbitrary when lawyer precluded from access testified that he was not involved in pricing, 
technical design, selection of vendors, purchasing and marketing strategies); Volvo Penta of the Americas, Inc. v. 
Brunswick Corp., 187 F.R.D. 240, 242 (E.D.Va. 1999) (competitive decision-making involves decisions that affect 
contracts, marketing, employment, pricing, product design and other decisions made in light of similar or 
corresponding information about a competitor); Glaxo Inc. v. Genpharm Pharm., Inc., 796 F.Supp. 872, 876 
(E.D.N.C. 1992) (improper to preclude in-house counsel from access to confidential information because he gave no 
(continued.)
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
65
102. In order to appropriately safeguard confidential information, we revise the Protective 
Order for use in program access proceedings to find that any personnel, including in-house counsel, (i) 
that are involved in competitive decision-making, (ii) are in a position to use the confidential information 
for competitive commercial or business purposes, or (iii) whose activities, association, or relationship 
with the complainant, client, or any authorized representative involve rendering advice or participation in 
any or all of said persons business decisions that are or will be made in light of similar or corresponding 
information about a competitor, are prohibited from accessing the confidential information.469
103. A protective order constitutes both an order of the Commission and an agreement 
between the party executing the declaration and the submitting party.  The Commission has full authority 
to fashion appropriate sanctions for violations of its protective orders, including but not limited to 
suspension or disbarment of attorneys from practice before the Commission, forfeitures, cease and desist 
orders, and denial of further access to confidential information in Commission proceedings. We intend to 
vigorously enforce any transgressions of the provisions of our protective orders. 470
3. Time Frame for Resolving Program Access Complaints
104. In this Order, we retain our current goals for resolving program access complaints with 
the intent to expedite complaints filed by small companies without existing carriage contracts.  Under the 
current process, the Commission has set forth goals for the resolution of program access complaints as 
five months from the submission of a complaint for denial of programming cases, and nine months for all 
other program access complaints, such as price discrimination cases.471 Competitive MVPDs believe that 
the Commission should establish a firm deadline by which program access complaints must be 
resolved.472 OPASTCO/ITTA claim that the current process is so time consuming and costly that rural 
carriers forgo filing complaints and they urge the Commission to establish procedures that will provide 
for timely resolution of complaints.473 ACA and the Consumer Groups also support mandatory time 
frames for complaint resolution.  Verizon urges the Commission to establish a firm deadline of five 
months by which all complaints should be resolved.474 USTelecom suggests three months for denial of 
programming cases and six months for all other complaints.475 NTCA urges that a firm rather than 
suggested deadline be established.  EchoStar argues for a 45-day shot clock deadline with a one-time 
45-day extension for complex cases.476
105. CA2C advocates a 120-day time frame for all cases, beginning with the close of 
pleadings.477 The SBA Office of Advocacy and BSPA support this time frame.478 CA2C suggests, 
(Continued from previous page)    
advice to his client about competitive decisions such as pricing, scientific research, sales, or marketing). Id. at 57-
58.
469 See Appendix E, Standard Protective Order and Declaration for Use in Section 628 Program Access Proceedings.
470 See Appendix D,  76.1003(k).
471 See 1998 Program Access Order, 13 FCC Rcd at 15842-43,  41.
472 See AT&T Comments at 27-29; CA2C Comments at 22; Verizon Comments at 13-14.  
473 See OPASTCO/ITTA Comments at 8.
474 See Verizon Comments at 16.
475 See USTelecom Comments at 21.
476 See EchoStar Comments at 25.
477 See CA2C Comments at 22.  We note that CA2Cs 120-day time limit beginning at the end of the pleading cycle 
is no shorter than the Commissions current time frame for resolving routine program access complaints.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
66
however, that the time limit be suspended to facilitate settlement negotiations.479 CA2C asserts that, 
rather than complaints being resolved in the five- to nine-month time frame envisioned in the 1998 
Program Access Order, complaints often take years to resolve, which has a disparate impact on new 
entrants, through prolonged delays in a competitors ability to carry must have programming pending 
resolution of denial of carriage complaints.480 CA2C also asserts that the existing time frames have a 
negative impact on existing competitive providers, by imposing the continued payment of discriminatory 
prices over a prolonged period of time in price discrimination cases, and forcing competitors to divert 
inordinate resources to prosecution of program access complaints.481
106. AT&T asserts that delays in processing a complaint can cripple the ability of a new 
entrant to attract new subscribers and tarnish public perception of a new entrants video offering during a 
critical period when consumers are forming initial impressions of that offering.482 AT&T argues that the 
Commission should adopt a 90-day binding deadline for complaint resolution, consistent with the 90-day 
deadline for Section 271 complaints.483 NCTA states that it does not oppose a more expedited time frame 
for Commission resolution of complaints, so long as cable operators and programmers are provided with 
sufficient time to respond to complaints.484  Comcast does not object to the Commission firming up its 
deadlines for action on complaints.485
107. Discussion.  We agree that program access complaints should be resolved in a timely 
manner, but the time frames for resolving complaints must be realistic.  We will retain our goals of 
resolving program access complaints within five months from the submission of a complaint for denial of 
programming cases, and nine months for all other program access complaints, such as price 
discrimination cases.  In the 1998 Program Access Order, in imposing goals for the resolution of 
complaints, the Commission attempted to ascertain what can be accomplished on a consistent basis.  The 
Commission found that a single time limit would require the Commission to adopt a longer time limit 
than would be necessary in many cases.486 Consistent with the Commissions other statutory deadlines, 
the Commission adopted time frames that commenced from the time of the filing of a complaint.  The 
Commissions designation of a five-month limit was consistent with the five-month period in which 
Congress required the Commission to resolve certain complaints against common carriers.487 Other 
program access complaints, including price discrimination cases, were given a nine-month time frame for 
resolution, excluding the time necessary to resolve bifurcated damages issues.488 The Commission 
determined that these were realistic goals, achievable given the Commissions limited resources and 
(Continued from previous page)    
478 See BSPA Comments at 19; SBA Office of Advocacy Comments at 8.
479 See CA2C Comments at 22.
480 See id. at 21.  CA2C offers no specific examples to establish that program access complaints often take years to 
resolve since adoption of the 1998 Program Access Order time frames.
481 See id. at 21.
482 See AT&T Comments at 28.
483 See id. at 29 (citing 47 U.S.C.  271).
484 See NCTA Comments at 14.
485 See Comcast Reply Comments at 4.
486 See 1998 Program Access Order, 13 FCC Rcd at 15842,  39.
487 See id. at 15842,  41, n.121 (citing 47 U.S.C. 208(b)(1)); see also Formal Complaint Order, 12 FCC Rcd at 
22499, n.4.
488 See 1998 Program Access Order, 13 FCC Rcd at 15842,  41.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
67
overall statutory duties.  The Commission also provided for the suspension of the time limits upon motion 
by parties seeking to pursue settlement negotiations.489
108. We find that these time limits for resolution are still reasonable.  We fail to see a direct 
correlation between a more expedited process for the resolution of program access complaints and lower 
litigation costs to complainants.  Indeed, we believe that overly accelerated pleading and discovery time 
periods can lead to increased litigation costs if the parties are required to hire additional staff and counsel 
in attempting to meet unrealistic deadlines.  However, we are concerned with delays in the resolution of 
complaints filed by new entrants, especially small businesses, and therefore, the Commission will 
expedite the resolution of such complaints and, as discussed above in Section III.B.2, will strictly enforce 
its default rules against respondents who do not answer complaints thoroughly with the necessary 
documentation attached.490  
4. Arbitration
109. In this Order, we expand the use of voluntary arbitration for resolution of program access 
disputes, by increasing opportunities for parties to choose arbitration in lieu of Commission resolution of 
a pending complaint, and refrain from imposing a mandatory arbitration requirement at this time.  
Competitive MVPDs urge the Commission to implement arbitration measures into the program access 
complaint process.  NTCA, OPASTCO/ITTA, and SureWest, as well as the SBA Office of Advocacy, all 
support some form of arbitration.491 ACA, BSPA, EchoStar, and RCN, as well as Consumer Groups, all 
urge the adoption of baseball-style commercial arbitration rules, similar to those approved in 
connection with two recent mergers (Adelphia and Hughes Orders).492 BSPA believes that the 
arbitration rules adopted in the two merger cases are a good template for arbitration rules that the 
Commission should adopt as part of its program access rules.  BSPA and RCN point out that the ultimate 
goal of establishing an arbitration option is to push the parties toward agreement prior to a complete 
breakdown in negotiations.493  RCN points out that the rationale for adopting an arbitration remedy in the 
Adelphia and Hughes proceedings applies equally in this context because vertically integrated 
programmers have similar incentives to use temporary foreclosures during negotiations.494 BSPA argues 
that there is precedent for the use of third parties to adjudicate disputes under the Communications Act.495  
EchoStar asserts that arbitration of program access complaints is consistent with all statutory 
  
489 See id. at 15843,  42.
490 See 47 C.F.R.  76.7(b)(2)(iii).
491 See NTCA Comments at 6; OPASTCO/ITTA Comments at 8; SBA Office of Advocacy Comments at 8; 
SureWest Comments at 10.
492 See BSPA Comments at 7 (citing Adelphia Order; Hughes Order); ACA Comments at 10 (same); EchoStar 
Comments at 18 (same); RCN Comments at 19 (same); Consumer Groups Reply Comments at 7 (same).
493 See BSPA Comments at 8; RCN Comments at 19.
494 See RCN Comments at 19.
495 See BSPA Comments at 12-14 (citing Improving Public Safety Communications in the 800 MHz Band, et al., 19 
FCC Rcd 14969, 15070-71, 15074-75 and n.509 (2004); Amendment of the Commissions Rules to Establish New 
Personal Communications Services, 9 FCC Rcd 4957, 5037 (1994); Amendment of the Commissions Rules 
Regarding a Plan for Sharing the Costs of Microwave Relocation, 11 FCC Rcd 8825 (1996)).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
68
requirements, including the 1992 Cable Act, the Administrative Procedure Act,496 and the Administrative 
Dispute Resolution Act of 1996,497 as well as with the subdelegation doctrine.498
110. Comcast states that the Commission should not require arbitration of disputes.499  
Comcast asserts that Section 628 assigns the responsibility to adjudicate disputes to the Commission and 
there is no provision of law that authorizes the Commission to mandate binding arbitration.500  NCTA 
asserts that mandatory arbitration would improperly delegate the Commissions responsibilities to an 
outside party or, if the Commission provides for de novo review of the arbitrators decision, would add an 
extra, time-consuming layer to what is now an expeditious process.501 NCTA states that establishing a 
mandatory commercial arbitration provision similar to those imposed in the Adelphia and Hughes
proceedings would be neither lawful nor advisable.502 NCTA points out that the Commission already has 
procedures in place that allow parties to agree to invoke alternative dispute resolution (ADR) to resolve 
certain factual disputes in lieu of referral to an administrative law judge, consistent with the 
Commissions ADR policy which relies on ADR as a purely voluntary measure.503 NCTA continues 
that Section 628 provides the Commission with no authority to adopt one-sided arbitration rules and a 
party cannot be involuntarily subjected to arbitration of these complaints.504
111. The Broadcast Networks urge the Commission to refrain from imposing binding 
arbitration as a catch-all solution, contending there is no problem in need of solution, the Commission 
already has sufficient and effective remedies in place to resolve program access disputes, and the overlay 
of an additional layer of process would serve to prolong the Commissions deliberative process.505  
Moreover, the Broadcast Networks argue that the Commission has no authority to delegate its statutory 
obligation to resolve program access complaints.506 Time Warner urges the Commission to reject 
mandatory arbitration of program access complaints.507 Time Warner argues that because arbitration is 
generally a matter of contract, and federal law prohibits an agency from requiring consent to arbitration in 
  
496 5 U.S.C.  551 et seq.
497 Id.  571-584.
498 See EchoStar Comments at 20.  Under subdelegation principles, agencies may refer matters outside the agency 
for fact-finding and the issuance of preliminary decisions, provided the decisions remain subject to final agency 
review.  See United States Telecom Ass'n v. FCC, 359 F.3d 554, 565-68 (DC Cir. 2004), cert. denied, 125 S.Ct. 313, 
316, 345 (2004).  Providing for de novo review by the Commission of arbitration awards satisfies this requirement.  
See National Park & Conservation Association v. Stanton, 54 F. Supp. 2d 7, 18-19 (D.D.C. 1999) (rejecting as 
unlawful a procedure by which the agency completely shift[ed] its responsibility to an outside council and 
retain[ed] virtually no final authority over the action -- or inaction -- of the Council).
499 See Comcast Comments at 28.
500 See id.
501 NCTA Comments at 12-14.
502 Id. at 11.
503 See NCTA Reply Comments at 12 (citing Comcast Comments at 29); Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution 
Procedures in Commission Proceedings and Proceedings in which the Commission is a Party, 6 FCC Rcd 5669, 
5670,  12 (1991).
504 See NCTA Reply Comments at 13.
505 See Broadcast Networks Reply Comments at 3-4.
506 See id. at 4.
507 See Time Warner Reply Comments at 4.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
69
order to ensure that it is truly voluntary, a mandatory arbitration requirement would be ultra vires and 
unlawful.508
112. Discussion.  We decline to impose mandatory arbitration as a rule in all program access 
cases at this time.  We would like to see how arbitration of program access disputes, either through a 
merger condition or through voluntary arbitration, is working over time, to determine if modifications to 
the arbitration process are necessary prior to imposing a mandatory requirement on all parties to all 
program access complaints.  Once there is a track record for arbitration of program access disputes, we 
will be able to determine which types of disputes lend themselves more readily to resolution by arbitration 
and which may be more judiciously resolved by the Commission in the first instance.  
113. The current rules allow parties to voluntarily engage in ADR, including arbitration, in 
lieu of an administrative hearing.509 However, we believe that parties to program access complaints 
should be able to voluntarily choose arbitration prior to the Commission making a determination to 
forward the complaint to an administrative law judge and that the Adelphia Order provide adequate 
guidance for the arbitration process.510 Therefore, the Commission will suspend action on a complaint 
where both parties agree to use ADR, including commercial arbitration, within 20 days following the 
close of the pleading cycle.  Parties may agree that voluntary arbitration is a quick and productive way to 
resolve their commercial disputes.  Moreover, we will continue to monitor developments in the 
marketplace and will, if necessary, revisit in the future whether to adopt a mandatory arbitration 
requirement.
IV. NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING
A. Procedure for Shortening Term of Extension of Exclusive Contract Prohibition
114. In light of the five-year extension of the exclusivity ban, the Commission seeks comment 
on whether it can establish a procedure that would shorten the term of the extension if, after two years 
(i.e., October 5, 2009) a cable operator can show competition from new entrant MVPDs has reached a 
certain penetration level in the DMA. We seek comment on what this penetration level should be. And, 
we seek comment on whether two years or some other time frame is the appropriate period of time.  
Finally, we ask parties to comment on whether a market-by-market analysis is appropriate as both a legal 
and policy matter.
B. Extending Program Access Rules to Terrestrially Delivered Cable-Affiliated 
Programming
115. In comments on the NPRM, competitive MVPDs provided various examples of 
withholding of terrestrially delivered cable-affiliated programming.511 Moreover, in the Order, we note 
the Commissions previous findings that in two instances  Philadelphia and San Diego  withholding of 
terrestrially delivered cable-affiliated programming has had a material adverse impact on competition in 
  
508 See id.
509 See 47 C.F.R.  76.7(g)(2).  Section 572(a) of the Administrative Dispute Resolution Act (ADRA) provides 
that [a]n agency may use a dispute resolution proceeding for the resolution of an issue in controversy that relates to 
an administrative program, if the parties agree to such proceeding.  5 U.S.C.  572(a).  Section 575(a)(1) authorizes 
the use of arbitration as an alternative means of dispute resolution whenever all parties consent.  5 U.S.C.  
575(a)(1). 
510 See Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8836, Appendix B, and 8340, Appendix C.
511 See supra  49.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
70
the video distribution market.512 As discussed in the Order, however, the Commission has previously 
concluded that terrestrially delivered programming is outside of the direct coverage of the exclusive 
contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D).513 In the Order, we state our continued view that the plain 
language of the definitions of satellite cable programming and satellite broadcast programming as 
well as the legislative history of the 1992 Cable Act place terrestrially delivered programming beyond the 
scope of Section 628(c)(2)(D).514 Commenters, however, cite various other provisions of the 
Communications Act as providing the Commission with statutory authority to extend the program access 
rules, including an exclusive contract prohibition, to terrestrially delivered cable-affiliated programming, 
such as Sections 4(i), 201(b), 303(r), 601(6), 612(g), 616(a), 628(b), and 706.515  
116. As demonstrated by the examples of withholding of RSNs in San Diego and Philadelphia, 
we believe that withholding of terrestrially delivered cable-affiliated programming is a significant concern 
that can adversely impact competition in the video distribution market.  To address this concern, we seek 
comment on whether it would be appropriate to extend our program access rules to all terrestrially 
delivered cable-affiliated programming pursuant to Sections 4(i), 201(b), 303(r), 601(6), 612(g), 616(a), 
628(b), or 706, or any other provision under the Communications Act.516 In particular, we note our 
previous conclusion that the ability to offer a viable video service is linked intrinsically to broadband 
  
512 See id.
513 See supra  78.
514 See id.
515 See SureWest Comments at 7-8 (citing Section 4(i) of the Communications Act); Verizon Comments at 14 
(same); id. at 14 (citing Section 303(r) of the Communications Act); SureWest Comments at 8 (citing Section 601(6) 
of the Communications Act); RICA Comments at 5 (citing Section 612(g) of the Communications Act); id. at 5 
(citing Section 616(a) of the Communications Act); SureWest Comments at 7 (citing Section 628(b) of the 
Communications Act); see also AT&T Comments at 9 n.24; BSPA Comments at 16-18; EchoStar Comments at 4.  
516 See 47 U.S.C.  154(i) (The Commission may perform any and all acts, make such rules and regulations, and 
issue such orders, not inconsistent with this chapter, as may be necessary in the execution of its functions.); 47 
U.S.C.  201(b) (The Commission may prescribe such rules and regulations as may be necessary in the public 
interest to carry out the provisions of this chapter.); 47 U.S.C.  303(r) (The Commission from time to time, as 
public convenience, interest, or necessity requires, shall . . . (r) Make such rules and regulations and prescribe such 
restrictions and conditions, not inconsistent with law, as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter 
. . . .); 47 U.S.C.  521(6) (stating that one of the purposes of Title VI (Cable Communications) of the 
Communications Act is to promote competition in cable communications . . . .); 47 U.S.C.  532(g) (stating that 
when cable systems with 36 or more activated channels are available to 70 percent of households within the United 
States and are subscribed to by 70 percent of the households to which such systems are available, the Commission 
may promulgate any additional rules necessary to provide diversity of information sources); 47 U.S.C.  536(a) 
(stating that the Commission shall establish regulations governing program carriage agreements and related 
practices between cable operators or other multichannel video programming distributors and video programming 
vendors); 47 U.S.C.  548(b) (It shall be unlawful for a cable operator, a satellite cable programming vendor in 
which a cable operator has an attributable interest, or a satellite broadcast programming vendor to engage in unfair 
methods of competition or unfair or deceptive acts or practices, the purpose or effect of which is to hinder 
significantly or to prevent any multichannel video programming distributor from providing satellite cable 
programming or satellite broadcast programming to subscribers or consumers.); 47 U.S.C.  157 nt. (stating that the 
Commission shall encourage the deployment on a reasonable and timely basis of advanced telecommunications 
capability to all Americans . . . by utilizing, in a manner consistent with the public interest, convenience, and 
necessity, . . . measures that promote competition in the local telecommunications market, or other regulating 
methods that remove barriers to infrastructure investment).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
71
deployment.517 We seek comment on whether the ability to offer terrestrially delivered cable-affiliated 
programming is needed to offer a viable video service and, accordingly, whether extending the program 
access rules, including the prohibition on exclusive contracts, to terrestrially delivered cable-affiliated 
programming would promote the goal of Section 706 to facilitate broadband deployment.  In addition, we 
note that the plain language of Section 628(b), like Section 628(c)(2)(D), specifies satellite cable 
programming and satellite broadcast programming.518 We seek comment regarding whether we have 
the authority to extend our program access rules to all terrestrially delivered cable-affiliated programming 
by way of statutory provisions granting general authority to the Commission, in light of the specific 
authority in Section 628 that limits their scope to satellite programming.
117. We also seek comment on the extent to which cable operators are shifting delivery of 
affiliated programming from satellite delivery to terrestrial delivery and whether such action is intended 
to evade the program access rules.  We note Verizons claim that Cablevisions programming subsidiary, 
Rainbow, has made standard definition feeds of its RSNs available by satellite, but HD feeds available 
terrestrially, thereby avoiding the program access rules, including the exclusive contract prohibition, for 
HD feeds.519 We seek comment on whether the program access rules should apply to all feeds of the 
same programming, including both standard and HD feeds, regardless of whether one feed is delivered 
terrestrially.  We also seek comment on whether shifting the HD feed of vertically integrated cable 
programming to terrestrial delivery is an unfair method of competition or an unfair or deceptive act in 
violation of Section 628(b) of the Communications Act.520  
C. Expanding the Exclusive Contract Prohibition to Non-Cable-Affiliated Programming
118. We also seek comment on whether to expand the exclusive contract prohibition to apply 
to non-cable-affiliated programming that is affiliated with a different MVPD, principally a DBS provider.  
As discussed above, to the extent that an MVPD meets the definition of a cable operator under the 
Communications Act, the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D) already applies to its 
affiliated programming.521 Moreover, as noted above, Section 628(j) of the Communications Act 
provides that any provision of Section 628, including the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 
628(c)(2)(D), that applies to a cable operator also applies to any common carrier or its affiliate that 
provides video programming.522 Programming affiliated with other MVPDs, such as DBS providers, is 
beyond the scope of the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D).  We seek comment on 
  
517 See Local Franchising Report and Order, 22 FCC Rcd at 5132-33,  62 (The record here indicates that a 
providers ability to offer video service and to deploy broadband networks are linked intrinsically, and the federal 
goals of enhanced cable competition and rapid broadband deployment are interrelated.) (footnote omitted).
518 See 47 U.S.C.  548(b); 548(c)(2)(D). 
519 See Verizon Comments at 13-14; Verizon Reply Comments at 5.
520 47 U.S.C. 548(b).  The Commission has stated there may be circumstances where moving programming from 
satellite to terrestrial delivery could be cognizable under Section 628(b) as an unfair method of competition or 
deceptive practice if it precluded competitive MVPDs from providing satellite cable programming.  See RCN 
Telecom Services v. Cablevision Systems Corp., 16 FCC Rcd 12048, 12053,  15; DIRECTV, 15 FCC Rcd at 22807; 
Implementation of Section 302 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Open Video Systems, 11 FCC Rcd 18223, 
18325,  197 n.451 (1996) (we do not foreclose a challenge under Section 628(b) to conduct that involves moving 
satellite delivered programming to terrestrial distribution in order to evade application of the program access rules 
and having to deal with competing MVPDs).
521 See supra  76.   
522 See supra note 377; see also 47 U.S.C.  548(j).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
72
whether to extend the exclusive contract prohibition to non-cable-affiliated programming that is affiliated 
with a different MVPD, principally a DBS provider, pursuant to Sections 4(i), 201(b), 303(r), 601(6), 
612(g), 616(a), 628(b), or 706, or any other provision under the Communications Act.523
D. Tying of Desired Programming with Undesired Programming
119. Small and rural cable operators and other MVPDs have raised concerns regarding tying 
of MVPDs rights to carry broadcast stations with carriage of other owned or affiliated broadcast stations 
in the same or a distant market or one or more affiliated non-broadcast network.524 For example, in 2002, 
the American Cable Association (ACA), representing small cable operators, filed a Petition for Inquiry 
stating that broadcast networks and station groups engage in unfair retransmission tying arrangements.525  
ACA explains that tying harms small cable operators and their consumers by increasing the costs of basic 
cable and reducing program choices.526 Small and rural cable operators and other MVPDs, in addition to 
recent program access complainants, have also raised concerns regarding the practice of programmers to 
tie marquee programming, such as premium channels or regional sports programming, with unwanted, or 
less desirable, programming.527 For example, in their comments on the Notice, OPASTCO/ITAA, 
representing small and rural MVPDs, cites the practice of programmers to require carriage of less popular 
programming in specified (usually basic) tiers in return for the right to carry popular programming as an 
onerous and unreasonable condition that denies consumers choice and impedes entry into the MVPD 
market.528  
120. When programming is available for purchase only through programmer-controlled 
packages that include both desired and undesired programming, MVPDs face two choices.  First, the 
MVPD can refuse the tying arrangement, thereby potentially depriving itself of desired, and often 
economically vital, programming that subscribers demand and which may be essential to attracting and 
retaining subscribers.  Second, the MVPD can agree to the tying arrangement, thereby incurring costs for 
programming that its subscribers do not demand and may not want, with such costs being passed on to 
subscribers in the form of higher rates, and also forcing the MVPD to allocate channel capacity for the 
unwanted programming in place of programming that its subscribers prefer. 529 In either case, the MVPD 
and its subscribers are harmed by the refusal of the programmer to offer each of its programming services 
on a stand-alone basis.  We note that the competitive harm and adverse impact on consumers would be 
the same regardless of whether the programmer is affiliated with a cable operator or a broadcaster or is 
affiliated with neither a cable operator nor a broadcaster, such as networks affiliated with a non-cable 
MVPD or a non-affiliated independent network.  Moreover, we note that small cable operators and 
MVPDs are particularly vulnerable to such tying arrangements because they do not have leverage in 
negotiations for programming due to their smaller subscriber bases.530 As discussed in more detail below, 
  
523 See supra n. 516.
524 See supra  82.
525 American Cable Associations Petition for Inquiry into Retransmission Consent Practices (filed October 1, 2002) 
(ACA 2002 Petition).
526 See id. at 2, 18.
527 EchoStar Satellite L.L.C. v. Home Box Office, Inc., CSR 7070-P, filed November 15, 2006, dismissed at the 
request of the parties on February 5, 2007, DA 07-2661.  
528 See OPASTCO/ITTA Comments at 5-8.
529 See ACA 2002 Petition at 2 (Due to limited capacity of smaller cable systems, tying arrangements restrict the 
ability of those systems to carry additional services.).
530 See NTCA Comments at 8.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
73
we seek comment on these various types of tying arrangements.  Given the problems associated with such 
tying arrangements, we seek comment on whether it may be appropriate for the Commission to preclude 
them.  We also seek comment on the extent to which these disparities in bargaining power are the result 
of media consolidation, and, if so, what steps the Commission can and should take to redress the 
imbalance.
121. Tying of Broadcast Programming.  We seek comment on the tying of MVPDs rights to 
carry broadcast stations with carriage of other owned or affiliated broadcast stations in the same or a 
distant market or one or more affiliated non-broadcast networks.  Section 325(b)(3)(C) of the 
Communications Act obligates broadcasters and multichannel video programming distributors to 
negotiate retransmission consent agreements in good faith.531 Specifically, the Commission must 
establish regulations that:
until January 1, 2010, prohibit a television broadcast station that provides 
retransmission consent from engaging in exclusive contracts for carriage 
or failing to negotiate in good faith, and it shall not be a failure to 
negotiate in good faith if the television broadcast station enters into 
retransmission consent agreements containing different terms and 
conditions, including price terms, with different multichannel video 
programming distributors if such different terms and conditions are 
based on competitive marketplace considerations.532  
122. In its Good Faith Order, the Commission adopted rules implementing the good faith 
negotiation provisions and the complaint procedures for alleged rule violations.533 The Good Faith Order
adopted a two-part test for good faith.534 The first part of the test consists of a brief, objective list of 
negotiations standards.535 The second part of the good faith test is based on a totality of the circumstances 
standard.536
  
531 47 U.S.C.  325(b)(3)(C).   
532 47 U.S.C.  325(b)(3)(C)(ii).   Pursuant to the Satellite Home Viewer Extension and Reauthorization Act of 2004 
(SHVERA), Congress extended 47 U.S.C.  325(b)(3)(C) until 2010 and amended that section to impose a 
reciprocal good faith retransmission consent bargaining obligation on MVPDs. The Commission adopted rules 
implementing Section 207 of SHVERA.  See In the Matter of: Implementation of Section 207 of the Satellite Home 
Viewer Extension and Reauthorization Act of 2004: Reciprocal Bargaining Obligation,  20 FCC Rcd 10339 (2005).  
(Reciprocal Bargaining Order).    
533 Implementation of the Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act of 1999: Retransmission Consent Issues, 15 FCC 
Rcd 5445 (2000) (Good Faith Order), recon. granted in part, 16 FCC Rcd 15599 (2001).  
534 Good Faith Order, 15 FCC Rcd at 5457.
535 Id. at 5462-64.  First, a broadcaster may not refuse to negotiate with an MVPD regarding retransmission consent.  
Second, a broadcaster must appoint a negotiating representative with authority to bargain on retransmission consent 
issues.  Third, a broadcaster must agree to meet at reasonable times and locations and cannot act in a manner that 
would unduly delay the course of negotiations.  Fourth, a broadcaster may not put forth a single, unilateral proposal.  
Fifth, a broadcaster, in responding to an offer proposed by an MVPD, must provide considered reasons for rejecting 
any aspects of the MVPDs offer.  Sixth, a broadcaster is prohibited from entering into an agreement with any party 
conditioned upon denying retransmission consent to any MVPD.  Finally, a broadcaster must agree to execute a 
written retransmission consent agreement that sets forth the full agreement between the broadcaster and the MVPD.  
Id.; see 47 C.F.R.  76.65(b)(1)(i)-(vii).        
536 Good Faith Order, 15 FCC Rcd at 5458; 47 C.F.R.  76.65(b)(2).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
74
123. The Commission has held that [r]efusal by a Negotiating Entity to put forth more than a 
single, unilateral proposal is a per se violation of a broadcast licensees good faith obligation.537 The 
Commission has also indicated that such requirement is not limited to monetary considerations, but also 
applies to situations where a broadcaster is unyielding in its insistence upon carriage of a secondary 
programming service undesired by the cable operator as a condition of granting its retransmission 
consent:
Take it, or leave it bargaining is not consistent with an affirmative 
obligation to negotiate in good faith.  For example, a broadcaster might 
initially propose that, in exchange for carriage of its signal, an MVPD 
carry a cable channel owned by, or affiliated with, the broadcaster.  The 
MVPD might reject such offer on the reasonable grounds that it has no 
vacant channel capacity and request to compensate the broadcaster in 
some other way.  Good faith negotiation requires that the broadcaster at 
least consider some form of consideration other than carriage of affiliated 
programming. This standard does not, in any way, require a broadcaster 
to reduce the amount of consideration it desires for carriage of its signal.  
This standard only requires that the broadcaster be open to discussing 
more than one form of consideration in seeking compensation for 
retransmission of its signal by MVPDs.538  
124. As discussed above, ACA in 2002 filed a Petition for Inquiry regarding the 
Commissions retransmission consent rules.539 ACAs Petition raises concerns about broadcasters alleged 
abuse of the retransmission consent process.540 ACA asserts that broadcast networks and station groups 
engage in unfair retransmission tying arrangements.  ACA asserts that small cable operators have minimal 
bargaining power during negotiations and are targets for abuse because of their lack of resources to file 
complaints and engage in disputes.        
  
537 47 C.F.R.  76.65(b)(1)(iv). 
538 Good Faith Order, 15 FCC Rcd at 5463,  43. 
539 American Cable Associations Petition for Inquiry into Retransmission Consent Practices (filed October 1, 2002).  
This petition will be placed in the record of this proceeding.  ACA also filed a Petition for Rulemaking to Amend 
47 CFR  76.64,76.93 and 76.103 on March 2, 2005, which asserted that competition and consumers are harmed 
when broadcasters use exclusivity and network affiliate agreements to extract supracomepetitive prices for 
retransmission consent from small cable companies.  See Public Notice, Report No. 2696, RM-11203 (March 17, 
2005). 
540 We note that that in its Retransmission Consent and Exclusivity Rules: Report to Congress Pursuant to Section 
208 of the Satellite Home Viewer Extension and Reauthorization Act of 2004 (September 8, 2005) (available at 
http://www.fcc.gov/mb/policy/shvera.html), the Commission addressed the tying issue.  The Commission noted 
cable operators widespread concern that retransmission consent negotiations frequently involve broadcasters tying 
carriage of their signals to numerous affiliated non-broadcast programming networks.  Id. at 25.  The Report noted 
that since the Commissions decision to deny broadcasters the ability to assert dual and multicast must carry, 
broadcasters have begun using their retransmission consent negotiations to negotiate carriage of their digital signals, 
thus furthering the digital transition by increasing the number of households with access to digital signals.  If 
broadcasters are limited in their ability to accept in-kind compensation, they should be granted full carriage rights 
for digital signals, including all free over-the-air digital multicast streams. Should Congress consider proposals 
circumscribing retransmission consent compensation, we encouraged review of related rules and policies to maintain 
proper balance.  Id.  
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
75
125. We seek comment on the current status of carriage negotiations in todays marketplace.  
We seek comment on whether broadcasters are tying carriage of their broadcast signals to carriage of 
other owned or affiliated broadcast stations in the same or a distant market or one or more affiliated non-
broadcast networks and, if so, how retransmission consent negotiations are impacted.  We ask if broadcast 
networks and station groups engage in retransmission consent tying arrangements that result in harm to 
small cable operators and their customers.  We ask if the Commissions good faith negotiation regulations 
provide enough protection for small cable operators and small broadcasters in the negotiation process, 
taking into account the administrative burdens and costs of engaging in a contested case before the 
Commission.  We seek comment on whether and how the Commissions good faith negotiation 
regulations should be modified to address these concerns.  Also, we ask what the effect of any 
modifications would be on the economic underpinnings of broadcast-affiliated programmers.
126. We also seek comment on whether the Commission has the jurisdiction to preclude tying 
arrangements by broadcasters, without modification of the retransmission consent regime by Congress.  
The legislative history of Section 325 addresses the right of broadcasters to seek carriage of additional 
channels as part of retransmission consent transactions:  Other broadcasters may not seek monetary 
compensation, but instead negotiate other issues with cable systems, such as joint marketing efforts, the 
opportunity to provide news inserts on cable channels, or the right to program an additional channel on a 
cable system.  It is the Committees intention to establish a marketplace for the disposition of the rights to 
retransmit broadcast signals; it is not the Committees intention in this bill to dictate the outcome of the 
ensuing marketplace negotiations.541 Congress appeared to contemplate carriage of broadcast-affiliated 
cable channels as part of legitimate retransmission consent negotiations.  
127. In addition, we seek comment regarding whether there are grounds for the Commission to 
depart from prior holdings that permitted broadcasters to negotiate the carriage of affiliated channels as 
part of retransmission consent negotiations.  The Commission has stated that examples of bargaining 
proposals presumptively consistent with competitive marketplace considerations and the good faith 
negotiation requirement include proposals for carriage conditioned on carriage of any other 
programming, such as a broadcasters digital signals, an affiliated cable programming service, or another 
broadcast station either in the same or a different market.542 We held that such a proposal contains 
presumptively legitimate terms and conditions or forms of consideration and found nothing to suggest 
that such a request is impermissible or anything other than a competitive marketplace 
consideration.543 In 2001, the Commission considered but refused to adopt rules specifically prohibiting 
tying arrangements.544 The Commission concluded that such arrangements are permitted, but stated it 
would continue to monitor the situation with respect to potential anticompetitive conduct by broadcasters.  
We seek comment on whether market circumstances and industry practices have changed to warrant a 
different conclusion.  
128. Lastly, we ask whether Commission action to preclude tying arrangements is consistent 
with the First Amendment.  On the one hand, it could be argued that restricting such arrangements 
infringes the right of broadcasters to express a message by packaging together certain content.  On the 
other hand, we note that the Supreme Court has observed that the programming offered on various 
  
541 S.Rep. No. 102-92, at 35-36 (1991), accompanying S.12, 102nd Cong. (1991). 
542 Implementation of the Satellite Home View Improvement Act of 1999; Retransmission Consent Issues, Good 
Faith Negotiation and Exclusivity, 15 FCC Rcd 5445, 5469 (2000).
543  Id.
544 Carriage of Digital Television Broadcast Signals; Amendments to Part 76 of the Commissions Rules, 
Implementation of the Satellite Home View Improvement Act of 1999, 16 FCC Rcd 2598, 2613 (2001).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
76
channels by video distributors consists of individual, unrelated segments that happen to be transmitted 
together for individual selection by members of the audience.545 Unlike newspapers and magazines, the 
Court suggested that these segments do not contribute something to a common theme expressed by the 
distributor to its subscribers.546  
129. Tying of Satellite Cable Programming.  Small and rural MVPDs as well as program 
access complainants have asserted that tying practices by satellite cable programmers constitute unfair 
methods of competition or unfair or deceptive acts or practices, the purpose or effect of which is to hinder 
significantly or to prevent any [MVPD] from providing satellite cable programmingto subscribers or 
consumers in violation of Section 628(b) of the Communications Act.547 At the time of the First Report 
and Order, the Commission declined to adopt specific rules under Section 628(b) to address tying, while 
clearly reserving the right to do so if necessary:
Neither the record of this proceeding nor the legislative history offer much insight into 
the types of practices that might constitute a violation of the statute with respect to the 
unspecified unfair practices prohibited by Section 628(b).  The objectives of the 
provision, however, are clearly to provide a mechanism for addressing those types of 
conduct, primarily associated with horizontal and vertical concentration within the cable 
and satellite cable programming field, that inhibit the development of multichannel video 
distribution competition.
*  *  *  *  *
Thus, although the types of conduct more specifically referenced in the statute, i.e., 
exclusive contracting, undue influence among affiliates, and discriminatory sales 
practices, appear to be the primary areas of congressional concern, Section 628(b) is a 
clear repository of Commission jurisdiction to adopt additional rules or to take additional 
actions to accomplish the statutory objectives should additional types of conduct emerge 
as barriers to competition and obstacles to broader distribution of satellite 
cableprogramming.548
130. We seek comment on the current status of carriage negotiations in todays marketplace.  
We seek comment on whether satellite cable programmers are tying carriage of their desirable channels to 
carriage of other less desirable owned or affiliated channels.  We ask whether and how such tying 
arrangements affect small cable operators and their customers.  We seek comment on whether take-it-or-
leave-it tying arrangements (i.e., where the purchase of desired programming is conditioned on the 
purchase of undesired programming) without any alternative offer to provide the programming on a 
stand-alone basis are prevalent in the industry; and if so, whether such an arrangement is a violation of 
Section 628(b).  As discussed above, in such situations, MVPDs are victims of an unfair method of 
competition that hinders significantly or prevents MVPDs from providing satellite cable programming to 
subscribers.  
131. We also seek comment on whether the Commission has the jurisdiction to preclude tying 
arrangements by satellite cable programmers under Section 628(b) or any other statutory authority.  We 
  
545 Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston, Inc., 515 U.S. 557, 576 (1995).
546 Id.
547 47 U.S.C. 548(b).
548 First Report and Order, 8 FCC Rcd at 3373.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
77
seek comment on whether Section 628(b) requires satellite cable programmers to offer each of their 
programming services on a stand-alone basis to all MVPDs at reasonable rates, terms, and conditions.  
Moreover, to the extent that we decide in this proceeding to extend the Commissions program access 
rules to terrestrially delivered cable-affiliated programming networks, we seek comment on whether we 
should also require terrestrially delivered cable-affiliated programming networks to be offered on a stand-
alone basis to all MVPDs at reasonable rates, terms, and conditions.  Lastly, we ask whether Commission 
action to preclude tying arrangements by satellite cable programmers is consistent with the First 
Amendment.   
132. Tying of Other Programming.  We also seek comment on whether we have the 
jurisdiction or authority to require networks that are affiliated with neither a cable operator nor a 
broadcaster, such as networks affiliated with a non-cable MVPD or a non-affiliated independent network, 
to be offered on a stand-alone basis to all MVPDs at reasonable rates, terms, and conditions.  We seek 
comment on the extent to which such programming networks have engaged in unfair tying practices or 
other abusive practices that would require regulatory intervention.  We seek comment on whether it 
would be appropriate to regulate these programming networks in such a manner pursuant to Sections 4(i), 
201(b), 303(r), 601(6), 612(g), 616(a), and 706, or any other provision under the Communications Act.
E. Program Access Concerns Raised by Small and Rural MVPDs
133. As discussed above, small and rural MVPDs raise additional issues in their comments 
regarding obstacles they face in trying to obtain access to programming.549 They ask the Commission to 
examine various conditions they describe as onerous and unreasonable, which they allege are imposed by 
programmers on small and rural MVPDs for access to content, including restrictions on the use of shared 
headends for receiving content.550 NTCA and OPASTCO/ITTA claim that use of a shared headend is an 
economical means for multiple rural MVPDs to provide video service in a high-cost area, but that 
programmers have expressed concern with the potential for the use of shared headends to result in 
unauthorized reception of programming.551 NTCA states that while shared headend providers are 
currently negotiating with content providers to resolve these issues, it is concerned that rural consumers 
served by shared headends may lose access to programming if these negotiations fail.552 In addition to the 
issue of shared headends, small and rural MVPDs ask the Commission to examine other conditions 
imposed by programmers, including (i) requiring MVPDs to enter into mandatory non-disclosure 
agreements with programmers, which prevents small and rural MVPDs from obtaining information about 
  
549 See NTCA Comments at 6-8; OPASTCO/ITTA Comments at 5-8.
550 See NTCA Comments at 6-7; OPASTCO/ITTA Comments at 8.
551 See NTCA Comments at 7 (Some small video providers serve less than 300 residents within their service areas.  
If many small rural video providers were required to invest approximately $1 to $3 million in a head-end, manage 
and maintain the network and absorb the programming costs, they could never expect to recover their investment 
nor provide affordable/competitive video services throughout their service areas.).
552 See id. at 7; OPASTCO/ITTA at 8 (asking the Commission to establish that the use of shared headends may not 
serve as an excuse for programmers to impose inordinately high rates or unwarranted encryption restrictions beyond 
those necessary for a reasonable degree of protection).  In response to these concerns, NCTA and Comcast argue 
that the issue of restrictions on the use of shared headends is not within the Commissions authority under Section 
628 and that the use of shared headends raises a security issue that is relevant to all programming networks, 
regardless of whether the programming network is affiliated with a cable operator.  See NCTA Reply Comments at 
14-15; Comcast Reply Comments at 31-32.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
78
the market value of programming;553 (ii) requiring small and rural MVPDs to provide programmers with 
hundreds of advertising slots;554 and (iii) mandating unwarranted security requirements that extend 
beyond the legitimate need to protect programming.555 OPASTCO/ITTA claim that all of these 
conditions impede the entry of small and rural telephone companies into the video distribution 
marketplace.  We seek comment on the extent to which such practices are occurring in the marketplace 
and, if so, whether we should, and whether we have the authority to, take action to address these 
practices.  
F. Modification of Program Access Complaint Procedures
134. Remedies for Violations.  We seek comment on whether to add an arbitration-type step as 
part of the Commissions determination of an appropriate remedy for program access violations.  We 
agree with commenters that commercial arbitration requires parties to put forth their best effort to resolve 
disputes or risk the arbitrator adopting the opposing parties proposals.556 This type of pressure can 
encourage the parties to resolve their differences through settlement.  We believe that a modified version 
of this method can encourage negotiation among the parties.  Therefore, we seek comment on whether, 
when feasible, the Commission should request, as part of its evaluation of the appropriate remedy to 
impose for program access violations, that the parties each submit their best final offer proposal for the 
rates, terms, or conditions under review.  We seek comment on whether the Commission should have the 
discretion to adopt one of the parties proposals as the remedy for the program access complaint.
135. Status of Existing Contract Pending Resolution of Program Access Complaint.  While 
we decline to adopt mandatory arbitration in lieu of the Commissions complaint process in the Order, we 
issue this NPRM on the issue of a provision for complainants to request a stay of any action or proposed 
action that would change an existing program contract that is the subject of a program access complaint, 
pending the resolution of the program access complaint.  Some competitive providers recommend a 
standstill requirement for pre-existing carriage contracts during adjudication of program access 
disputes, to preserve the status quo until the program access complaint has been resolved.557 In a recent 
merger transaction, in adopting conditions for arbitration of program access disputes, the Commission 
required that an aggrieved MVPD have continued access to the programming in question under the terms 
and conditions of the expired contract, pending resolution of the dispute.558 Verizon supports a five-
month long standstill provision while complaints are being resolved.  BSPA, RCN, and USTelecom 
support a standstill provision pending the resolution of the complaint, wherein carriage is continued and
the parties are subject to the same price, terms, and conditions of the existing contract, with any new price 
  
553 See OPASTCO/ITTA Comments at 6; see also Comments of OPASTCO, MB Docket No. 06-189 (December 29, 
2006), at 12.
554 See OPASTCO/ITTA Comments at 6.
555 See id. 
556 See Echostar Comments at n. 36; BSPA Comments at n. 16 (citing Hughes Order, 19 FCC Rcd 473, 552,  174 
and n.490, which concluded that final offer arbitration has the attractive ability to induce two sides to reach their 
own agreement, lest they risk the possibility that a relatively extreme offer of the other side may be selected by the 
arbitrator (citing Steven J. Brams, Negotiation Games: Applying Game Theory to Negotiation and Arbitration, 
Routledge, 2003 at 264)).
557 See BSPA Comment at 7; Verizon Comments at 16-17; BSPA Reply Comments at 15. 
558 See Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8337, Appendix B,  B(2)(c).  Provision of the disputed programming during 
the pendency of arbitration was not required in the case of the first time requests for programming where no carriage 
agreement had previously existed between the parties.  See id., Appendix B,  B(2)(d).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
79
arising out of resolution to be applied retroactively to the date of the complaint.559 BSPA asserts that 
vertically integrated programmers covered by the program access rules have incentives to use temporary 
foreclosure strategies during negotiations for programming and, therefore, standstill agreements should be 
made part of the program access complaint procedures.560 Other parties favoring a standstill provision 
include ACA, EchoStar, and SureWest.561 EchoStar asserts that there can be no doubt that the 
Commission has the authority to promulgate a standstill requirement as a lesser interim remedy where 
interruption of carriage threatens to cause irreparable injury to the public.562
136. NCTA opposes any standstill provision and states that there is no authority that allows 
the Commission to interfere in the right to contract in this way.563  Time Warner asserts that the standstill 
requirement would prohibit a network from de-authorizing carriage by an MVPD, but would allow the 
MVPD to drop the network, creating an unfair bargaining situation.564 Time Warner believes that any 
standstill requirement would increase the likelihood of program access complaints because the MVPD 
will have a strong incentive to file a complaint just to protect the status quo and decrease the chances that 
parties will resolve their disputes because the incentive of either party to negotiate could be reduced once 
the status quo is protected.565 Comcast and the Broadcast Networks also oppose any standstill 
requirement.566
137. We agree that the threat of temporary foreclosure pending resolution of a complaint may 
impair settlement negotiations and may discourage parties from filing legitimate complaints.567 We 
request comment on whether the issuance of temporary stay orders would encourage parties to resolve 
program access disputes and to make use of the Commissions complaint procedures when needed.  We 
request comment on whether complainants must formally request such relief from the Commission and 
must establish that they are likely to prevail on the merits of their complaint; will suffer irreparable harm 
absent a stay; that the balance of harms to the parties favors grant of a stay; and that the public interest 
favors grant of the stay.568 We request comment on whether, as part of a showing of irreparable harm, 
  
559 See BSPA Comments at 14-15; RCN Comments at 19-20; USTelecom Comments at 27.
560 See BSPA Comments at 15.
561 See ACA Comments at 8; EchoStar Comments at 30; SureWest Comments at 10.
562 See ACA Comments at 8; EchoStar Comments at 30; SureWest Comments at 10.
563 See NCTA Reply Comments at 14.
564 See Time Warner Reply Comments at 19.
565 See id.
566 See Broadcast Networks Reply Comments at 3; Comcast Reply Comments at 38.
567 In the Adelphia Order, the Commission discussed circumstances wherein temporary foreclosure of programming 
service may be profitable even where permanent foreclosure is not.  See Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8257-58,  
121.  By temporarily foreclosing supply of the programming to an MVPD competitor or by threatening to engage in 
temporary foreclosure, the integrated firm may improve its bargaining position so as to be able to extract a higher 
price from the MVPD competitor than it could have negotiated if it were a non-integrated programming supplier.  
See id.  The Commission included, as a measure to alleviate such foreclosure strategies, a requirement that, upon 
receiving timely notice of an MVPDs intent to arbitrate, program carriage be continued under the existing terms 
and conditions. See id. at Appendix B,  B(2)(c); see also Hughes Order, 19 FCC Rcd at 544-48,  153-162 and 
633, Appendix D.
568 See, e.g., Virginia Petroleum Jobbers Assn v. FPC, 259 F.2d 921, 925 (D.C. Cir. 1958); see also Hispanic 
Information and Telecomm. Network, Inc., 20 FCC Rcd 5471, 5480,  26 (2005) (affirming Bureaus denial of 
request for stay on grounds applicant failed to establish four criteria demonstrating stay is warranted).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
80
complainants may discuss the likelihood that subscribers would switch MVPDs to obtain the 
programming in dispute for a long enough period to make the strategy profitable to the respondent.  We 
request comment on whether these stays should be routinely granted when the facts support their issuance 
and that they will help to encourage settlement negotiations.  We request comment on the nature of the 
stay, that is, whether both the complainant and the respondent will be subject to the stay order, and 
required to fulfill their respective obligations under the terms and conditions of the carriage contract in 
issue, while the stay is in effect.  We request comment on whether complainants will be permitted to drop 
the programming that is the subject of the program access dispute unless and until a request to dismiss the 
complaint with prejudice is granted by the Commission.  We request comment on whether the length of 
the stay should be entirely discretionary.  Finally, we request comment on whether the Commission 
should include, as part of its final order resolving the complaint or resolving damages, adjustments to its 
remedies that make the terms of the new agreement between the parties retroactive to the expiration date 
of the previous agreement.
V. PROCEDURAL MATTERS
A. Filing Requirements 
138. Ex Parte Rules.  The Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in this proceeding will be treated as 
permit-but-disclose subject to the permit-but-disclose requirements under Section 1.1206(b) of the 
Commissions rules.569  Ex parte presentations are permissible if disclosed in accordance with 
Commission rules, except during the Sunshine Agenda period when presentations, ex parte or otherwise, 
are generally prohibited.  Persons making oral ex parte presentations are reminded that a memorandum 
summarizing a presentation must contain a summary of the substance of the presentation and not merely a 
listing of the subjects discussed. More than a one- or two-sentence description of the views and 
arguments presented is generally required.570 Additional rules pertaining to oral and written presentations 
are set forth in Section 1.1206(b).
139. Comments and Reply Comments.  Pursuant to sections 1.415 and 1.419 of the 
Commissions rules, 47 CFR  1.415, 1.419, interested parties may file comments and reply comments 
on or before the dates indicated on the first page of this document.  Comments may be filed using:  (1) the 
Commissions Electronic Comment Filing System (ECFS), (2) the Federal Governments eRulemaking 
Portal, or (3) by filing paper copies.571  
 Electronic Filers:  Comments may be filed electronically using the Internet by accessing the 
ECFS:  http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/ecfs/ or the Federal eRulemaking Portal:  
http://www.regulations.gov.  Filers should follow the instructions provided on the website for 
submitting comments.  
 For ECFS filers, if multiple docket or rulemaking numbers appear in the caption of this 
proceeding, filers must transmit one electronic copy of the comments for each docket or 
rulemaking number referenced in the caption.  In completing the transmittal screen, filers 
should include their full name, U.S. Postal Service mailing address, and the applicable 
docket or rulemaking number.  Parties may also submit an electronic comment by 
Internet e-mail. To get filing instructions, filers should send an e-mail to ecfs@fcc.gov, 
  
569 See 47 C.F.R.  1.1206(b), as revised.  
570 See id.  1.1206(b)(2).
571 See Electronic Filing of Documents in Rulemaking Proceedings, 63 FR 24121 (1998).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
81
and include the following words in the body of the message, get form.  A sample form 
and directions will be sent in response.
 Paper Filers:  Parties who choose to file by paper must file an original and four copies of each 
filing.  If more than one docket or rulemaking number appears in the caption of this 
proceeding, filers must submit two additional copies for each additional docket or rulemaking 
number.  Filings can be sent by hand or messenger delivery, by commercial overnight 
courier, or by first-class or overnight U.S. Postal Service mail (although we continue to 
experience delays in receiving U.S. Postal Service mail).  All filings must be addressed to the 
Commissions Secretary, Office of the Secretary, Federal Communications Commission.
 The Commissions contractor will receive hand-delivered or messenger-delivered paper 
filings for the Commissions Secretary at 236 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Suite 110, 
Washington, DC  20002.  The filing hours at this location are 8:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.  All 
hand deliveries must be held together with rubber bands or fasteners.  Any envelopes 
must be disposed of before entering the building.
 Commercial overnight mail (other than U.S. Postal Service Express Mail and Priority 
Mail) must be sent to 9300 East Hampton Drive, Capitol Heights, MD  20743.
 U.S. Postal Service first-class, Express, and Priority mail must be addressed to 445 12th
Street, SW, Washington DC  20554.
140. People with Disabilities:  To request materials in accessible formats for people with 
disabilities (braille, large print, electronic files, audio format), send an e-mail to fcc504@fcc.gov or call 
the Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau at 202-418-0530 (voice), 202-418-0432 (tty).
141. Availability of Documents.  Comments, reply comments, and ex parte submissions will 
be available for public inspection during regular business hours in the FCC Reference Center, Federal 
Communications Commission, 445 12th Street, S.W., CY-A257, Washington, D.C., 20554.  Persons with 
disabilities who need assistance in the FCC Reference Center may contact Bill Cline at (202) 418-0267 
(voice), (202) 418-7365 (TTY), or bill.cline@fcc.gov.  These documents also will be available from the 
Commissions Electronic Comment Filing System.  Documents are available electronically in ASCII, 
Word 97, and Adobe Acrobat.  Copies of filings in this proceeding may be obtained from Best Copy and 
Printing, Inc., Portals II, 445 12th Street, S.W., Room CY-B402, Washington, D.C., 20554; they can also 
be reached by telephone, at (202) 488-5300 or (800) 378-3160; by e-mail at fcc@bcpiweb.com; or via 
their website at http://www.bcpiweb.com.  To request materials in accessible formats for people with 
disabilities (Braille, large print, electronic files, audio format), send an e-mail to fcc504@fcc.gov or call 
the Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau at (202) 418-0531 (voice), (202) 418-7365 (TTY).
142. Information.  For additional information on this proceeding, contact Steven Broeckaert, 
Steven.Broeckaert@fcc.gov; David Konczal, David.Konczal@fcc.gov; or Katie Costello, 
Katie.Costello@fcc.gov; of the Media Bureau, Policy Division, (202) 418-2120.
B. Initial and Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
143. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (IRFA).  The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 
1980, as amended (RFA),572 requires that a regulatory flexibility analysis be prepared for notice and 
  
572 The RFA, see 5 U.S.C.  601  612, has been amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness 
Act of 1996 (SBREFA), Pub. L. No. 104-121, Title II, 110 Stat. 857 (1996).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
82
comment rule making proceedings, unless the agency certifies that the rule will not, if promulgated, have 
a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.573 The RFA generally defines 
the term small entity as having the same meaning as the terms small business, small organization, 
and small governmental jurisdiction.574 In addition, the term small business has the same meaning as 
the term small business concern under the Small Business Act.575 A small business concern is one 
which:  (1) is independently owned and operated; (2) is not dominant in its field of operation; and (3) 
satisfies any additional criteria established by the Small Business Administration (SBA).576 As required 
by the RFA,577 the Commission has prepared an Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (IRFA) of the 
possible significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities of the proposals addressed 
in the NPRM.  The IRFA is set forth in Appendix F.
144. Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (FRFA). As required by the RFA,578 the 
Commission has prepared an FRFA relating to the Report and Order.  The FRFA is set forth in Appendix 
G.
C. Paperwork Reduction Act Analysis
145. Initial Paperwork Reduction Act Analysis.  The NPRM has been analyzed with respect to 
the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA),579 and contains proposed information collection 
requirements.  The Commission, as part of its continuing effort to reduce paperwork burdens, invites the 
general public and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to comment on the proposed 
information collection requirements contained in this Notice, as required by the PRA.
146. Written comments on the PRA proposed information collection requirements must be 
submitted by the public, the OMB, and other interested parties on or before 60 days after publication in 
the Federal Register.  Comments should address: (a) whether the proposed collection of information is 
necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Commission, including whether the 
information shall have practical utility; (b) the accuracy of the Commissions burden estimates; (c) ways 
to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information collected; and (d) ways to minimize the 
burden of the collection of information on the respondents, including the use of automated collection 
techniques or other forms of information technology.  In addition, pursuant to the Small Business 
Paperwork Relief Act of 2002,580 we seek specific comment on how we might further reduce the 
information collection burden for small business concerns with fewer than 25 employees.
  
573 5 U.S.C.  605(b).
574 Id.  601(6).
575 Id.  601(3) (incorporating by reference the definition of small business concern in the Small Business Act, 15 
U.S.C.  632).  Pursuant to 5 U.S.C.  601(3), the statutory definition of a small business applies unless an agency, 
after consultation with the Office of Advocacy of the Small Business Administration and after opportunity for public 
comment, establishes one or more definitions of such term which are appropriate to the activities of the agency and 
publishes such definition(s) in the Federal Register. Id.  601(3).
576 15 U.S.C.  632.
577 See 5 U.S.C.  603.
578 See 5 U.S.C.  604.
579 The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA), Pub. L. No. 104-13, 109 Stat 163 (1995) (codified in Chapter 35 
of title 44 U.S.C.).
580 The Small Business Paperwork Relief Act of 2002 (SBPRA), Pub. L. No. 107-198, 116 Stat 729 (2002) 
(codified in Chapter 35 of title 44 U.S.C.); see 44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(4).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
83
147. In addition to filing comments with the Office of the Secretary, a copy of any comments 
on the proposed information collection requirements contained herein should be submitted to Cathy 
Williams, Federal Communications Commission, 445 12th St, S.W., Room 1-C823, Washington, D.C., 
20554, or via the Internet at PRA@fcc.gov; and also to Jasmeet Seehra, OMB Desk Officer, Room 10236
NEOB, 725 17th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20503, or via Internet to 
Jasmeet_K._Seehra@omb.eop.gov, or via fax at 202-395-5167.
148. Further Information. For additional information concerning the PRA proposed 
information collection requirements contained in this NPRM, contact Cathy Williams at 202-418-2918, or 
via the Internet at PRA@fcc.gov.
149. Final Paperwork Reduction Act Analysis.  This document contains new information 
collection requirements subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA), Public Law 104-13.  It 
will be submitted to the OMB for review under Section 3507(d) of the PRA.  OMB, the general public, 
and other Federal agencies are invited to comment on the new information collection requirements 
contained in this proceeding.  In addition, we note that pursuant to the Small Business Paperwork Relief 
Act of 2002, Public Law 107-198, see 44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(4), we will seek specific comment on how the 
Commission might further reduce the information collection burden for small business concerns with 
fewer than 25 employees.
150. We have assessed the effects of the new information collection requirements, and find 
that those requirements will benefit companies with fewer than 25 employees by facilitating the resolution 
of program access complaints and that these requirements will not burden those companies.  
D. Congressional Review Act
151. Congressional Review Act.  The Commission will send a copy of this Report and Order 
and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in a report to be sent to Congress and the Government 
Accountability Office pursuant to the Congressional Review Act, see 5 U.S.C.  801(a)(1)(A).
VI. ORDERING CLAUSES
152. Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED, pursuant to the authority found in Sections 4(i), 303(r), 
and 628 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C.  154(i), 303(r), and 548, this 
Report and Order and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking IS ADOPTED.
153. IT IS ORDERED that, pursuant to the authority found in Sections 4(i), 303(r), and 628 
of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C.  154(i), 303(r), and 548, the Commissions 
rules ARE HEREBY AMENDED as set forth in Appendix D.
154. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that (i) pursuant to 5 U.S.C.  553(d)(3) and 47 C.F.R.  
1.427(b), the amendment to Section 76.1002(c)(6) and new Sections 76.1003(i) and 76.1003(k) WILL 
BECOME EFFECTIVE upon publication in the Federal Register;581 and (ii) the amendment to Section 
  
581 See 5 U.S.C.  553(d)(3) (The required publication or service of a substantive rule shall be made not less than 30 
days before its effective date, except ... as otherwise provided by the agency for good cause found and published 
with the rule.); see also 47 C.F.R.  1.103(a), 1.427(b).  
Section 76.1002(c)(6) provides that the exclusive contract prohibition set forth in Section 76.1002(c)(2) will expire 
on October 5, 2007.  See 47 C.F.R.  76.1002(c)(6).  Accordingly, it is necessary for the five-year extension of this 
prohibition reflected in the amendment to Section 76.1002(c)(6) adopted herein to take effect by October 5, 2007.  
We thus find good cause to make the amendment to Section 76.1002(c)(6) effective upon publication in the Federal 
Register.  We note further that this amendment extends an existing requirement and does not impose any new 
(continued.)
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
84
76.1003(e)(1) and new Section 76.1003(j) contain information collection requirements subject to the PRA 
and WILL BECOME EFFECTIVE upon approval by the Office of Management and Budget.582
155. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Commissions Consumer and Governmental 
Affairs Bureau, Reference Information Center, SHALL SEND a copy of this Report and Order and 
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking including the Initial and Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis, to the 
Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration.
156. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Commission SHALL SEND a copy of this 
Report and Order and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in a report to be sent to Congress and the 
Government Accountability Office pursuant to the Congressional Review Act, see 5 U.S.C.  
801(a)(1)(A).
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
Marlene H. Dortch
Secretary
(Continued from previous page)    
requirements on any entity.  Accordingly, no entity will be harmed as a result of our decision to make this 
amendment effective upon publication in the Federal Register. 
We also find good cause to make the amendments to our procedural rules adopted herein, other than those that 
require OMB approval, effective upon publication in the Federal Register.  These rules are (i) new Section
76.1003(i), which allows parties to a program access dispute to voluntarily engage in ADR; and (ii) new Section
76.1003(k), which pertains to the Commissions authority to issue protective orders regarding confidential material
submitted in program access complaint proceedings and to issue appropriate sanctions for violations of its protective 
orders.  These new rules are essential to our goal of expeditiously resolving program access complaints.  We find 
good cause to make these amendments effective upon publication in the Federal Register so that parties to all 
program access complaint proceedings, including those currently pending before the Commission, can benefit from 
these new rules.  With respect to new Section 76.1003(i) regarding ADR, we note this procedure is voluntary and 
requires both parties to agree to engage in alternative dispute resolution; thus, no entity will be harmed as a result of 
our decision to make this amendment effective upon publication in the Federal Register.  With respect to new 
Section 76.1003(k) regarding protective orders, we note that this rule enhances existing safeguards provided under 
our form protective order, and will facilitate and expedite the review of privileged and/or confidential documents; 
thus, no entity will be harmed as a result of our decision to make this amendment effective upon publication in the 
Federal Register.  
582 The Commission will publish a document in the Federal Register announcing the effective date of the 
amendment to Section 76.1003(e)(1) and new Section 76.1003(j).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
85
APPENDIX A
List of Commenters
Comments filed in MB Docket No. 07-29
American Cable Association 
AT&T Inc.
Broadband Service Providers Association 
Cablevision Systems Corp.
Carol L. Carlson
Coalition for Competitive Access to Content  
Comcast Corporation
DIRECTV, Inc.
EATEL Video, LLC
EchoStar Satellite L.L.C.
National Cable & Telecommunications Association 
National Rural Telecommunications Cooperative
National Telecommunications Cooperative Association
Office of Advocacy of the United States Small Business Administration
Organization for the Promotion and Advancement of Small Telecommunications Companies and the 
Independent Telephone and Telecommunications Alliance (Joint Comments)
Qwest Communications International Inc.
RCN Telecom Services, Inc.
The Rural Independent Competitive Alliance 
SureWest Communications
The United States Telecom Association 
Verizon
Reply Comments filed in MB Docket No. 07-29
American Cable Association 
AT&T Inc.
Cablevision Systems Corp.
Coalition for Competitive Access to Content  
Comcast Corporation
Consumer Federation of America, Consumers Union, Free Press, Media Access Project, and 
Communications Workers of America (Joint Reply Comments)
DIRECTV, Inc.
EchoStar Satellite L.L.C.
National Cable & Telecommunications Association 
Qwest Communications International Inc.
RCN Telecom Services, Inc.
SureWest Communications
Time Warner Inc.
Verizon
The Walt Disney Company, CBS Corporation, Fox Entertainment Group, and NBC Universal (Joint 
Reply Comments)
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
86
APPENDIX B
Response to Cablevision Regarding Analysis in Adelphia Order
1. This Appendix provides further details of the review of Cablevisions critique of the 
Commissions RSN analysis in Appendix D of the Adelphia Order.1 In the Adelphia Order, the 
Commission conducted a statistical (regression) analysis that found, after holding other relevant factors 
constant, that non-cable MVPDs had significantly lower market shares in markets where they were denied 
access to a RSN.2 The regression analysis was part of a larger uniform price increase strategy analysis, 
designed to assess the impact of changes in regional market shares for Comcast and Time Warner on their 
incentives to raise RSN prices.  The resulting calculations indicate that in some markets the largest 
applicant would have an incentive to raise RSN prices by more than five percent.  This result formed part 
of the rationale for imposing certain conditions on the Adelphia applicants.  
2. One parameter needed for the uniform price increase strategy analysis is the amount by 
which subscribership to a competitive MVPD would fall if that MVPD were to choose not to carry the 
RSN.  Cablevision asserts that the analysis confuses harm to competitors with harm to consumers . . . .  
Importantly, it tells us nothing about the effects of exclusive RSN deals on consumer welfare.3 Neither 
the regression analysis nor the larger uniform price increase strategy analysis in which it is embedded 
purport to provide a numerical estimate of the strategys impact on consumer welfare.  However, the 
results of the analysis inform the Commissions predictive judgment, based on the mode of analysis 
employed in the Department of Justice (DOJ) Merger Guidelines, that withholding RSNs from rival 
MVPDs would reduce MVPD competition and harm customers.  Therefore, we do not agree that the 
regression analysis tells us nothing about the effects of  exclusive RSN deals on consumer welfare.
3. In order to assess Cablevisions critique of the regression analysis itself, it is necessary to 
describe the analysis briefly.  Commission staff specified and estimated a model to explain DBS 
penetration (the actual dependent variable is the alternative delivery system penetration, from Nielsen 
Media Research) as a function of cable prices, cable system characteristics, population demographics, 
and DBS program offerings.4 The cable system data came from the 2005 FCC Cable Price Survey and 
the demographic data for the county within which each cable system in the sample is located came from 
the U.S. Census.
4. The regression equation contains dummy variables for the three markets, Philadelphia, 
San Diego, and Charlotte, in which local RSNs were not made available to DBS.  The estimated 
coefficients on these dummy variables are negative in all three cases and statistically significant in the 
case of Philadelphia and San Diego.  The magnitude of the coefficients indicates that in Philadelphia, 
DBS penetration is 40.5% lower than it would be if the local RSN were available to DBS.  The 
corresponding figure for San Diego is 33.3%.  
5. Most of Cablevisions criticisms of the regression model address the claimed omission of 
certain possibly relevant explanatory variables.  However, some of the variables claimed to be left out 
  
1 See Cablevision Comments, Appendix B at 24-25.
2 See Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8341-50, Appendix D.
3 See Cablevision Comments, Appendix B at 24-25.
4 See Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8344, Appendix D,  14.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
87
were, in fact, included.  Moreover, omission of an explanatory variable does not necessarily indicate that 
the coefficients on the relevant dummy variables are inaccurate or biased.   In other words, the impact on 
DBS penetration of withholding an RSN could still be measured accurately, even if not every relevant 
explanatory variable were included in the regression.  Nevertheless, after reviewing some specific 
Cablevision comments, we report on supplementary regression results that explicitly include variables 
that the Cablevision critique claims were inappropriately omitted. 
6. As an initial matter, we examine some specific assertions made by Cablevision:
The analysis simply tests whether DBS penetration is different in Philadelphia, San 
Diego, and Charlotte than it is elsewhere, but not why it is different in those places.
Results of the FCC analysis show that the control variables do not explain all of the 
differences between Philadelphia, San Diego, and the rest of the nation, but provides no 
reason to believe that the lack of access to an RSN is the key factor.
Many variables likely to be important in explaining DBS penetration are omitted, such as 
the extent of local marketing of DBS, the quality of local DBS service, terrain and foliage 
coverage, and the extent and local marketing of cable, among others.
the model should include some information about the number and quality of RSNs in 
an areaIt is not possible to capture all the relevant information related to RSNs in a 
dichotomous variable indicating whether there is an exclusive RSN in a region.  
Moreover, the analysis should control for city or regional fixed effects, not include a few 
and claim that tests the effects of RSN access.5
7. In fact, the analysis is designed to hold constant other relevant determinants of variations 
in DBS penetration.  If it does so, then the coefficients on the dummy variables for the three cities would 
capture the effect of RSN exclusivity.  Moreover, the fact that the control variables do not explain all of 
the variation in DBS penetration does not mean that the coefficients on the dummy variables are biased.  
Additionally, omitted variables would affect the coefficients of the dummy variables only if they are 
correlated with any included variables, and Cablevision does not assert any such correlation.6 Moreover, 
some of the variables Cablevision claims are omitted are actually included.  The variable reflecting 
carriage of local broadcast signals is a prominent indicator of the quality of local DBS service.  Other 
than that, DBS channel lineups do not differ across markets.  Furthermore, the latitude variable takes 
account, albeit indirectly, of terrain variations.  The look angle for a satellite dish is greater at lower 
latitudes, which means that it takes a greater degree of terrain roughness to obscure the view of the 
satellite.
8. One consequence of differences across markets in the number and quality of RSNs is 
differences in demand for these networks.  The Commission analysis does, in fact, control for systematic 
differences across markets in demand for RSNs via the key DMA variable, which takes on a value of 
one when the relevant cable system is in a DMA that is home to a professional sports team from one of 
the four major sports leagues.  The presumption is that demand for RSNs is higher in these home markets 
  
5 See Cablevision Comments, Appendix B at 24-25.
6 See generally Wooldridge, Jeffrey M. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (Cambridge, MA: 
MIT Press) 2002 at 50-51, 61-70.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
88
than in others.  To the extent that the primary determinant of RSN demand and quality is availability of 
local professional teams from the major sports leagues, the key issues are whether there is a local team or 
teams, and whether the team or teams is available to DBS subscribers as well as cable subscribers.  By 
and large, all RSNs (even in markets with more than one RSN splitting carriage of local major league 
teams) are available to DBS in markets outside the three specified.  Although Cablevision provides no 
specific suggestion on how to characterize RSN quality more precisely, we attempt to account for it in 
the new regression results reported below.
9. Cablevision also asserts that even if one believes the model is valid, the results on the 
Charlotte dummy variable contradict the FCCs interpretation.7 In fact, the coefficient on the Charlotte 
dummy is negative, which is in accord with, rather than contradictory to, the hypothesis.  However, the 
estimated coefficient does not meet standard benchmarks for statistical significance.  The Charlotte RSN 
carried one relevant professional team and, as pointed out in the text of the Adelphia Order:  [T]he 
Charlotte Bobcats are a relatively new team and do not yet have a strong enough following to induce large 
numbers of subscribers to switch MVPDs.8 Accordingly, this result may be one specific manifestation 
of the quality differences that Cablevision speaks of in general terms.  Moreover, unlike many other 
cases, the Charlotte RSN was carried on the digital tier, which made it unusually expensive to acquire.9  
10. Cablevisions suggestion that a full-blown fixed effects model would be appropriate is 
reasonable in principle.10 However, Cablevision fails to note that, to estimate such a model, it would be 
necessary to have data for a time period or periods when the RSNs were made available to all MVPDs in 
addition to data for a time period or periods when the RSNs were withheld from rival MVPDs.  Data for 
the former situation are not available, so it was not possible to estimate a full-blown fixed effects 
model.  However, it is possible to estimate the Adelphia Order Appendix D model with some additional 
variables added.  
11. The results reported below address Cablevisions claim that the regression equation 
reported in Appendix D of the Adelphia Order suffers from omitted variable bias, which could call into 
question the results of that regression.  Our analysis indicates that this claim is unfounded.  Indeed, 
adding the variables suggested by Cablevision to our previous regressions appears to strengthen the 
conclusions in Appendix D of the Adelphia Order.  Our analysis indicates that Appendix D of the 
Adelphia Order may have been unduly conservative in its assessment of the reduction in DBS 
subscribership in DMAs in which DBS operators are denied RSNs.
12. Cablevision claims that we did not adjust for the quality of the RSN in our regression, 
instead treating all RSNs as equal.  We know of no available direct measure of RSN quality, but we did, 
in fact, include a rough proxy for RSN quality: key DMA, a dummy variable which equals one if there 
is a professional sports team in a given DMA, zero otherwise.  This would adjust the regression if demand 
is different for multichannel video services in DMAs that contain professional sports teams.  Nonetheless, 
in response to the critique we include in our analysis below an additional variable:  a count of professional
sports teams in each DMA, excluding National Football League teams, which generally do not appear on 
RSNs.  Instead of just one or zero, this count ranges from zero to seven, and potentially could represent a 
  
7 See Cablevision Comments, Appendix B at 24-25.
8 Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8271-72,  151.
9 See http://www.nba.com/bobcats/news/release_cset_preview_041202.html
10 Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8271-72,  151.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
89
supply-side potential quality measure for RSNs.  As shown in the results below, this variable does not 
alter our previous conclusions and, in fact, strengthens them.
13. Cablevision also claims that adjusting for the roughness of terrain will explain variations 
in DBS subscribership, and the lack of a variable measuring terrain biases our results.  Again, we 
previously included a rough proxy for terrain, the natural log of latitude.  Since DBS satellites are located 
over the southern United States, as latitude increases moving northward, DBS dishes must be pointed 
closer to the horizon.  Presumably, the closer the dish is pointed to the horizon, the more likely terrain 
will interfere with the required clear view of DBS satellites.  As expected, this variable in our previous 
regression shows a negative sign, although it was not statistically significant.11 Nonetheless, we included 
several new variables that measure more directly the effect of terrain.  First, we include the natural log of 
the standard deviation of the elevation in the county, which is a measure of roughness of terrain.12 The 
log of latitude remains, and we also include an interactive variable between the log of standard deviation 
of elevation and the log of latitude, which will capture the combined effect of roughness of terrain and 
dish angle.  Again, addition of these variables only strengthens the conclusions reached in the Adelphia 
Order.
14. As before, we follow Wise and Duwadi (2005) in the specification of a model to examine 
DBS penetration and the variables that affect it.  The model estimates the impact of cable prices, cable 
system characteristics, population demographics, and DBS program offerings on the percent of television 
households subscribing to DBS service.  Each observation in our data corresponds to an incumbent cable 
system responding to the 2005 FCC Cable Price Survey.13 The survey provides information on the 
service rates and characteristics of the responding cable operators cable systems.  We use an estimate 
from Nielsen Media Research of the number of households subscribing to alternative delivery systems 
in a county to construct our measure of DBS penetration.  Demographic variables are also available at the 
county level from the 2000 Census.
15. We use a partial log-linear functional form where the dependent and continuous 
independent variables are transformed using the natural logarithm.14 We estimate variations of the 
following equation:
LN DBS PENETRATION = B0 + B1?LN CABLE PRICE + B2?LN CABLE CHANNELS + 
B3?PHILLY + B4?SANDIEGO + B5?CHARLOTTE + B6? KEYDMA +B7? TEAM COUNT (or 
KEYDMA) + B8? DBSOVERAIR + B9? CABLECOMP + B10?HDTV + B11?INTERNET + B12?LN 
INCOME + B13?LN MULTIDWELL + B14?LN LATITUDE + B15?LN STANDARD DEVIATION 
ELEVATION + B16?LN STANDARD DEVIATION ELEVATION*LATITUDE + ? 
  
11 The model in the Adelphia Order was based on Andrew S. Wise and Kiran Duwadi, Competition between Cable 
Television and Direct Broadcast Satellite: The Importance of Switching Costs and Regional Sports Networks, 1 J.
COMPETITION L. & ECON. 679 (2005) (Wise and Duwadi (2005)), which showed a negative and statistically 
significant log of latitude coefficient.
12 The source of the added terrain variables is the SRTM Global Digital Elevation Model provided by ESRI, Inc., 
which is derived from the NASA/NGA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) from the U.S. Geological 
Survey's EROS Data Center.  The resolution is 3 arc seconds (90 meters).
13 We eliminate observations from cable systems that do not offer digital programming.  Two more observations are 
lost when adding variables measuring terrain roughness discussed below.
14 This transformation allows the coefficients on the continuous variables to be interpreted as elasticities.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
90
Where:
LN DBS PENETRATION is the log of the percent of television households subscribing to an 
alternative delivery system in the county containing the responding cable system;
LN CABLE PRICE is the log of the recurring monthly charge for the basic tier plus the next additional 
package of channels offered by the responding cable system;15
LN CABLE CHANNELS is the log of the number of cable channels offered by the responding cable 
system on the basic tier plus the next additional package of channels;
PHILLY is an indicator variable taking on the value of 1 when the responding cable system is located in 
the Philadelphia DMA;
SANDIEGO is an indicator variable taking on the value of 1 when the responding cable system is 
located in the San Diego DMA;
CHARLOTTE is an indicator variable taking on the value of 1 when the responding cable system is 
located in the Charlotte DMA;
TEAM COUNT is a count of professional sports teams by DMA, excluding National Football League 
teams.
KEYDMA is an indicator variable taking on the value of 1 when the responding cable system is located 
in a DMA that is home to a professional sports team that is a member of Major League Baseball, the 
National Basketball Association, the National Football League, or the National Hockey League;
DBSOVERAIR is an indicator variable taking on the value of 1 when one or both DBS operators offer 
local broadcast signals in the DMA where the responding cable system is located;
CABLECOMP is an indicator variable taking on the value of 1 when the cable system competes against 
a second cable operator;
HDTV is an indicator variable taking on the value of 1 when the responding cable system offers one or 
more channels in high-definition format;
INTERNET is an indicator variable taking on the value of 1 when the responding cable system offers 
high-speed Internet access;
LN INCOME is the log of the median household income in the county containing the responding 
system;
LN MULTIDWELL is the log of the percent of households in multiple dwelling units (MDUs) in the 
county containing the responding system;16
  
15 More than 90% of subscribers purchase at least the first two tiers of services.  In addition, most regional sports 
networks are carried on one of these two tiers.
16 We define a multiple dwelling unit as one that contains two or more housing units in one building.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
91
LN LATITUDE is the log of the latitude of the county containing the responding system.
LN STANDARD DEVIATION ELEVATION is the log of the standard deviation of the elevation of the 
county containing the responding system; and
LN STANDARD DEVIATION ELEVATION*LATITUDE is an interaction variable between LN 
STANDARD DEVIATION ELEVATION and LN LATITUDE.
16. We use instrumental variables to account for possible endogeneity of the cable price and 
the number of cable channels.  We use the natural logs of system capacity (MHz) and the number of 
subscribers served nationally by the cable system owner, as well as the number of networks with which 
the cable system owner is vertically integrated, as excluded instruments.  We perform estimation using 
the generalized method of moments.
17. The first regression differs from the Adelphia Order only in adding TEAM COUNT.
Table 1
DBS Penetration and RSN Access
Dependent Variable: LN DBS PENETRATIONIndependent Variables
Coefficient z-statistic
LN CABLE PRICE 2.11* 2.15
LN CABLE CHANNELS -1.11* -2.61
PHILLY -0.53* -6.59
SANDIEGO -0.47* -5.52
CHARLOTTE -0.21 -1.45
KEYDMA 0.21* 3.29
TEAM COUNT -0.03 -1.94
DBSOVERAIR -0.09 -1.43
CABLECOMP 0.27 1.18
HDTV -0.12 -1.53
INTERNET -0.06 -0.52
LN INCOME -0.29* -2.44
LN MULTIDWELL -0.37* -10.45
LN LATITUDE -0.01 -0.03
CONSTANT -0.73 -0.26
Observations 676
Centered R-Squared 0.26
F-Statistic  (14, 661) 40.57
Hansen J Statistic 27.22
* - significant at 95% confidence level
Most coefficients change only slightly in terms of statistical significance or magnitude as compared to the 
results reported in Appendix D of the Adelphia Order.  The magnitude of both PHILLY and SANDIEGO 
rise, and both are still highly statistically significant.  CHARLOTTE drops slightly, but remains not 
statistically significant.  In sum, the addition of TEAM COUNT only strengthens the approach taken in 
the Adelphia Order. 
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
92
18. The second regression differs from the Adelphia Order by adding TEAM COUNT, LN 
STANDARD DEVIATION ELEVATION and LN STANDARD DEVIATION 
ELEVATION*LATITUDE.  Thus, it addresses all of the omitted variable claims.
Table 2
DBS Penetration and RSN Access
Dependent Variable: LN DBS PENETRATIONIndependent Variables
Coefficient z-statistic
LN CABLE PRICE 1.06 1.22
LN CABLE CHANNELS -0.72* -1.96
PHILLY -0.51* -6.59
SANDIEGO -0.87* -9.37
CHARLOTTE -0.22 -1.64
KEYDMA 0.23* 4.13
TEAM COUNT -0.04* -3.03
DBSOVERAIR -0.09 -1.59
CABLECOMP 0.04 0.18
HDTV -0.11 -1.57
INTERNET -0.02 -0.21
LN INCOME -0.21 -1.89
LN MULTIDWELL -0.39* -11.53
LN LATITUDE 0.38 0.91
LN STANDARD DEVIATION 
ELEVATION
1.01* 2.59
LN STANDARD DEVIATION 
ELEVATION*LATITUDE
-0.25* -2.31
CONSTANT -1.08 -0.34
Observations 674
Centered R-Squared 0.42
F-Statistic  (16, 657) 81.41
Hansen J Statistic 30.65
* - significant at 95% confidence level
This model also does not change the conclusions in the Adelphia Order and, if anything, strengthens 
them.  The magnitude of the PHILLY and CHARLOTTE coefficients are virtually the same (although 
CHARLOTTE is closer to statistical significance), but the magnitude of SANDIEGO is more than 
double.  This indicates that we may, in fact, have underestimated the effect of denial of RSNs on DBS 
subscribership. 
19. Conclusion.  In summary, while the added variables may add some precision and 
understanding to the dynamics behind DBS subscription, they do not alter the conclusions of our earlier 
analysis.  The addition or subtraction of variables will yield different magnitudes for the coefficients 
measuring the effect on DBS penetration in areas in which DBS is unable to carry RSNs, but whatever the 
mix of variables, the negative effect on DBS penetration of RSN withholding remains clear.  Adding 
variables to our equation, in response to suggestions made by Cablevision, actually appears to strengthen 
our results and confirms that the analytic approach in the Adelphia Order was a reasonable one.  
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
93
APPENDIX C
Impact of Clustering on Withholding Strategy and 
Analysis of Profitability of Withholding Strategy
1. This appendix (i) examines changes in the magnitude of clustering since the 2002 
Extension Order; (ii) assesses the impact of clustering on the incentives of cable operators to withhold 
regional programming from rivals; and (iii) assesses the incentives of cable operators to withhold national 
programming from rivals.  The analysis focuses on the two largest MSOs, Comcast and Time Warner, 
both of which are vertically integrated.  
I. Data
2. The analysis draws on two sets of data from Warren Publishing (Warren) pertaining to 
cable subscribership and homes passed, with each set designed as a census of all cable systems in the U.S.  
The first dataset contains data from January 2003, and the second dataset contains data from July 2007.1  
From each one, we extracted the data for all systems owned by Time Warner and by Comcast.  Once the 
data for each cable operator were extracted, systems were sorted according to the respective cable 
operator, and then were sorted again by Designated Market Area (DMA).  For each cable operator, we 
counted all of the subscriber and homes passed (HP) data for each DMA served.  Each of these figures 
was entered into a spreadsheet showing the total number of homes passed and subscribers that each cable 
operator had in each DMA for each time period.  A column was then added to each spreadsheet to provide 
the Nielsen television household (TVHH) count for each DMA for the relevant time period.
3. Since Warren generates its datasets through polling of each system, and because the 
responses are voluntary, each of the Warren datasets contained missing or incomplete information.  At 
times, the subscriber data presented exceeded Nielsen TVHH counts, and more often, the HP data 
presented exceeded Nielsens statistic for the number of TVHH in the DMA, or subscribers exceeded HP.  
In order to resolve these inconsistencies, we obtained datasets from another source for each of the two 
time periods examined.  The additional data are from Centris, which uses random sampling to generate 
estimates of each MSOs ownership of cable subscribers in each DMA.2
4. The following describes the cases in which we attempted adjustments to the Warren data 
and the adjustments actually made.
Problem #1.  Subscribers > Nielsen TVHH.3 In these cases, where possible, we replaced the subscriber
figure according to formula #1. 
Problem #2. HP > Nielsen TVHH.4 In these cases, where possible, we replaced the HP figure according 
to formula #2.
  
1 Warren Publishing, CABLE: General Information-January 2003; Warren Publishing, CABLE: General 
Information-July 2007.
2 CENTRISBridge.  We preferred Warren as a primary data source because it is based on polling of, or at least an 
attempt to poll, all cable systems rather than sampling.
3 Two cases:  TW2007-49 Buffalo; Comcast2007-38 West Palm.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
94
Problem #3.  HP< Subs.5 In these cases, where possible, we replaced the HP figure according to formula 
#2.
Problem #4.  Subscriber data, HP data, or both were deemed insufficient because of lack of systems 
reporting in that DMA.6 In these cases, where possible, we replaced the Warren subscriber statistic 
according to formula #1, and we replaced the HP figure according to formula #2.
The data adjustment formulas are as follows:
Formula #1.  Subscribers = Centris-reported subscribers (16 cases)
Formula #2.  HP = (Centris subscriber count for cable operator/Centris subscriber count for entire 
DMA)*Nielsen TVHH (79 cases).7  
5. After making the modifications described, it became evident that some of these 
modifications had created new inconsistencies.  We applied formula #1 or formula #2 as appropriate (6 
cases).8 This process left 12 cases that required additional attention, because there was not sufficient 
Centris data available to apply our adjustment formulas.  
In four cases, we used an adaptation of Formula #2 as follows:
(Continued from previous page)    
4 Sixteen cases:  TW2003-71 Honolulu, 161 Palm Springs, 192 Laredo; Comcast+AT&T2003-3 Chicago, 59 
Richmond; TW2007-49 Buffalo, 58 Dayton, 72 Honolulu, 78 Rochester, 79 Syracuse, 157 Birmingham, 187 
Laredo, 203 Zanesville; Comcast2007-11 Detroit, 18 Denver, 182 Charlottesville.
5 TW2003-31 Milwaukee, 44 Buffalo, 51 Jacksonville, 78 Omaha, 80 Syracuse, 91 Burlington, 103 Greenville, 167 
Utica, 173 Elmira, 199 Mankato; Comcast+AT&T2003-21 Pittsburgh, 32 Cincinnati, 35 Greenville, 39 West Palm, 
50 Louisville,53 Wilkes Barre, 83 Huntsville, 87 South Bend, 107 Tallahassee, 169 Missoula; Comcast w/o 
AT&T2003- 35 Greenville, 50 Louisville, 83 Huntsville, 107 Tallhassee; TW2007-19 Orlando; Comcast2007-
7Boston, 23 Portland, 25 Indianapolis, 38 West Palm, 48 Louisville, 61 Richmond, 64 Ft. Myers, 65 Charleston, 66 
Flint, 84 Huntsville, 88 South Bend, 98 Johnstown, 148 Salisbury, 165 Hattiesburg, 181 Harrisonburg.
6Forty-one cases (six both, nine subs only, twenty-six HP only):  Both Subs and HP missing: TW 2003-87 South 
Bend, TW2007-40 Birmingham, 44 Memphis, 109 Springfield, 132 Columbus,176 Watertown. Subs only missing: 
Comcast+AT&T2003-122 Macon, 127 Yakima; Comcast w/o AT&T2003-122 Macon; Comcast2007-74 Portland, 
77 Spokane, 106 Ft. Wayne, 120 Eugene, 166 Clarksburg, 185 Meridian.  HP only missing:  TW2003-20 Orlando, 
21 Pittsburgh, 60 Tulsa, 162 Gainesville; Comcast+AT&T2003-40 Birmingham, 118 Fargo, 119 Santa Barbara, 180 
Bowling Green; Comcast w/o AT&T-17 Miami, 18 Denver, 53 Wilkes Barre, 59 Richmond, 111 Lansing, 119 Santa 
Barbara, 180 Bowling Green; TW2007-22 Pittsburgh, 35 Salt Lake, 38 West Palm, 110 Reno, 184 Greenwood; 
Comcast2007-40 Birmingham, 42 Norfolk, 51 Providence, 122 Obispo, 135 Monroe, 183 Bowling Green.
7 Note that Formula #2 assumes that TVHH is a rough proxy for total HP.  Based on nationwide homes passed 
figures, this is not an unreasonable assumption.  See infra note 14.  In DMAs where Time Warner or Comcast was 
identified as the only provider in that DMA, the figure is exactly equal to the number of Nielsen TVHH in that 
DMA.  Where Time Warner or Comcast is a provider among two or more providers, we thus allocated HP according 
to their share of subscribers in that DMA.
8 Six cases: Comcast+AT&T2003-122 Macon; Comcast w/o AT&T2003-17 Miami, 53 Wilkes Barre, 59 Richmond, 
111 Lansing, 122 Macon; 
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
95
Formula #3:  HP = (Warren subscriber count for cable operator/Warren subscriber count for entire 
DMA)*Nielsen TVHH.9
6. Of the remaining cases, we eliminated seven from our dataset on the grounds that the 
presence of the MSO in question was apparently very small,10 and we eliminated one case, even though 
the presence of the MSO in question was not small, because we did not have enough additional data to 
correct properly the apparent inconsistency in the data.11
II. Analysis of Increase in Clustering from 2002 to 2007
7. The above-described procedures have generated a set of data that reasonably represents 
the state of ownership of cable systems by Comcast and Time Warner as of January 200312 and July 2007.  
It is also important to note that the 2002 Extension Order was adopted prior to Comcasts acquisition of 
AT&T Broadband.  For this reason, the following results include separate calculations for Comcast with 
and without AT&T Broadband.  
 For Comcast with AT&T Broadband, the share of homes passed in total television 
households increased in 61 markets, decreased in 57 markets, and remained the same in 90 
markets.
 For Comcast without AT&T Broadband, the share of homes passed in total television 
households increased in 73 markets, decreased in 25 markets, and remained the same in 110 
markets.13  
 For Time Warner, the share of homes passed in total television households increased in 60 
markets, decreased in 40 markets, and stayed the same in 105 markets.14
8. Focusing on markets that saw the largest changes in the ratio of homes passed to 
television households by a single MSO:
 Comcast with AT&T Broadband had 23 markets with an increase of at least 20 percentage 
points and only 16 with a decrease of at least that magnitude. 
  
9 Four cases: TW2003-20 Orlando, 199 Mankato; Comcast+AT&T2003-169 Missoula; TW2007-19 Orlando.  
10 Seven cases:  TW2003-87 South Bend, 162 Gainesville; Comcast+AT&T2003-118 Fargo, 127 Yakima; TW2007-
25 Indianapolis, 38 West Palm, 88 South Bend.
11 Warren Publishing indicates that in 2003, Time Warner had three systems in the Jacksonville, Brunswick DMA.  
All three systems reported subscribers, but only two systems reported homes passed.  As a result, we accounted 
for more subscribers than homes passed.  In order to resolve this inconsistency in the data (Problem #3 - HP<Subs), 
we first applied Formula #2 to the DMA statistics.  Application of the formula, however, also resulted in HP<Subs.  
Subsequently, the same result was obtained after application of Formula #3.  This was the only DMA in which the 
data could not be resolved using the corrective methodology described herein..
12 The earliest data available are for January 2003, six months after the adoption of the 2002 Extension Order.  
13 Data limitations made it impossible to complete the calculation for two DMAs.
14 Data limitations made it impossible to complete the calculation for five DMAs.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
96
 Comcast without AT&T Broadband had 43 markets with an increase of at least 20 percentage 
points and two with a decrease of at least that magnitude. 
 Time Warner had 18 markets with an increase of at least 20 percentage points and 14 with a 
decrease of at least that magnitude.  
9. Focusing on markets in which the ratio of homes passed to total television households is 
the largest:
 The number of markets in which Comcasts share is 70 percent or more increased from 18 to 
30 (with AT&T Broadband) and from seven to 30 (without AT&T Broadband).
 The number of markets in which Time Warners share is 70 percent or more dropped from 24 
to 23. 
 
III. Analysis of Profitability of Withholding of Regional Programming
10. The critical value analysis is designed to examine the costs and benefits to a vertically 
integrated satellite cable programmer (VISCP) of withholding an RSN from non-cable MVPDs in the 
local market.  This is sometimes referred to as the cable only distribution strategy.  The critical value is 
the minimum share of subscribers to non-cable MVPDs in the market that would have to switch to cable 
in response to withholding in order to make the strategy profitable.  The critical value calculations are 
based on current DMA market structure, specifically the shares of television households (TVHH) passed 
by Comcast and Time Warner, financial data for Comcast and Time Warner, and the 2006 average profile 
of RSNs (i.e., average affiliation fees and network advertising revenues per subscriber per month).
11. The calculations are based on publicly-available data and are designed to establish that, 
under plausible conditions, it would be profitable for a VISCP to withhold a RSN from all non-cable 
MVPDs in the DMA.  It is assumed that some share of non-cable MVPD subscribers would switch to 
cable in response to withholding and that these subscribers are in the same areas of the market served by 
the VISCPs cable affiliate and in areas served by other cable operators.  Moreover, it is assumed that all 
TVHH in the market are passed by cable.15 The homes passed data for Comcast and Time Warner are 
taken directly from the Warren Publishing database; it is assumed that all other TVHH are passed by 
other cable operators.  The calculations also assume that, prior to withholding, all MVPD subscribers 
receive the RSN.
The following notation is used to define the critical value:
V the critical value
TVHH number of television households in the DMA
HPASSED the number of TVHH in the DMA passed by the VISCPs cable affiliate
ADS the share of TVHH in the DMA that subscribes to non-cable MVPDs
  
15 This is a reasonable assumption.  National data from Kagan Research LLC indicate that more than 100 percent of 
occupied homes are passed by cable.  See NCTA 2007 Industry Overview, p. 7, 
http://i.ncta.com/ncta_com/PDFs/NCTA_Annual_Report_04.24.07.pdf (last visited August 14, 2007).  The 
assumption that all TVHH are passed by cable was also made in the uniform price increase analysis in the Adelphia 
Order.  See Adelphia Order, 21 FCC Rcd at 8347, Appendix D  22.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
97
P the monthly per-subscriber profit that the VISCPs cable affiliate earns on an 
additional subscriber (net of amortized set-top box (STB) cost)
FEE the monthly per-subscriber affiliation fee charged by the VISCP (prior to 
withholding)
AD the monthly per-subscriber network advertising revenues earned by the
RSN
12. The critical value is the share of non-cable MVPD subscribers that would switch to cable 
in response to withholding.  It is calculated by comparing the losses and gains associated with 
withholding.
The loss from withholding is:  (ADS*TVHH) * (AD + FEE).  This is the total number of MVPD 
subscribers in the DMA that do not subscribe to cable multiplied by the loss per subscriber of advertising 
revenue and affiliate fee.
The gain from withholding is: 
[V *(ADS*TVHH)] *
[((HPASSED/TVHH)*(P + AD)) + (1-(HPASSED/TVHH))* (AD + FEE)]
The expression on the first line is the number of non-cable MVPD subscribers who chose to 
switch to cable.  The expression on the second line is the average gain to the VISCP and its cable affiliate 
per subscriber who switches.  It is a weighted average of the gain from a subscriber who switches to the 
VISCP and its cable affiliate (marginal profits from a new subscriber plus regained network advertising 
revenue) and the gain from a subscriber who switches to another cable operator in the market (regained 
affiliate fee and network advertising revenue).  In order for withholding to be profitable, gains have to be 
equal to or greater than losses.  Setting the term for gains equal to the term for losses makes it possible to 
solve for V, the critical value.  Specifically, the critical value is:
(AD + FEE)/((HPASSED/TVHH)* (P+AD)) + ((1-(HPASSED/TVHH)* (AD + FEE))16
13. As noted above, HPASSED data come from Warren Publishing.17 TVHH figures by 
DMA are available from Nielsen.18 Average RSN revenue profiles (AD and FEE) are available from 
Kagan Research LLC.  For 2006, FEE was $1.44 and AD was $0.45.19 The current analysis examines the 
profitability of withholding a regional network with this particular revenue profile and thus would apply 
to a network with some other type of content as long as the revenue profile is the same.  Marginal profit 
per subscriber figures were compiled by FCC staff for two major vertically integrated MSOsTime 
Warner and Comcast.  In each case, average revenue per subscriber per month and average variable cost 
  
16 This formula is a modified version of the one used in the Hughes Order.  See Hughes Order, 19 FCC Rcd at 643, 
Appendix D n.60.
17 Warren Publishing, CABLE: General Information-January 2003; Warren Publishing, CABLE: General 
Information-July 2007.
18 See U.S. TV Household Estimates  Ranked by Households, http://www.tvb.org/nav/build_frameset.asp (follow 
Research Central hyperlink; then follow Market Track hyperlink; then follow U.S. TV Households by 
Market) (last visited Aug. 2, 2007).
19 See Kagan Research LLC, Media Sports Business at 4 (March 30, 2007).  The calculations also use the specific 
profile for Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia (AD is $0.40 and FEE is $1.97) from this source.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
98
per subscriber per month were obtained from company public financial reports (Annual Report and Form 
10K).  For each company, an upper bound and a lower bound profit figure was computed.  The upper 
bound figure is based on the assumption that those subscribers that switch to the VISCPs cable affiliate 
purchase voice, video, and data services in the same proportion as do the firms existing video 
subscribers.  The lower bound figure is based on the assumption that those subscribers that switch to the 
VISCPs cable affiliate purchase only video services, but in the same proportion as the firms existing 
video subscribers.
14. The analysis requires the marginal profit when a cable operator acquires an additional 
customer due to the lack of programming on a competing MVPD. We use measures of the cable 
operators average revenue per subscriber to estimate the additional revenue that the firm would gain. To 
estimate the cost of serving the additional customer, we use the cable operators costs net of 
its infrastructure and other overhead costs since serving an additional customer would not require building 
additional cable plant or expanding the size of the operators headquarters staff.  The profit calculations
are made for the year 2006.  Year-end total revenues are derived from the 10-K or Annual Report.20 From 
this, total expensed costs associated with the same year-end period (represented in the 10-K or Annual 
Report as either total cost of revenues or total operating expenses.) are subtracted from Revenues.21  
This result, divided by the total number of subscribers served,22 and then divided by 12 yields the 
marginal profit (gross of subscriber acquisition cost) per subscriber per month for the MSOs entire cable 
operation.  The marginal profit per subscriber is closely related to the degree of competition within the 
MVPD market.  As such, the results of the analysis will vary based upon the amount of competition.  
When competition is vigorous in the market, marginal profit per subscriber will be low and the incumbent 
cable operator will be less likely to find it profitable to withhold programming.  When competition in the 
MVPD market is weak, marginal profit per subscriber will be high and it will generally be profitable to 
withhold programming.  Accordingly, the calculation incorporates the current degree of competition in 
the MVPD market.  One empirical indicator of the degree of competition is the cable share of MVPD 
households.
15. The lower bound of the marginal profit estimate is derived from a calculation of marginal 
profit based on the revenues generated by the video services provided by the MSO.  This assumes that 
new subscribers never purchase voice and data services, and purchase video services in the same 
proportion as existing customers.  Segmented revenues figures are commonly broken out by cable MSOs 
in the Segment Operating Results section of the 10-K or Annual Report.23 The elements of video-
related revenues typically consist of subscription revenues and advertising revenues.24 Since operating 
expenses are typically not broken out by type of service (or at least not all of the elements of operating 
expenses), a proportional rate must be derived from total revenues and total expenses to approximate the 
video portion of operating expenses.  Depending on the method of reporting employed by each MSO, the 
application of the proportion is in some instances applied to the total operating expenses.  In instances 
  
20 Comcast, Annual Report for the Year Ended Dec. 31, 2006, at 28 (Comcast 2006 Annual Report).  Time 
Warner, Form 10-K for the Year-Ended Dec. 31, 2006, at 101 (Time Warner 2006 10-K).
21 Comcast 2006 Annual Report at 28; at 101.  The cost category Sales General & Administrative is not subtracted 
from Revenues because these expenses apply to the entire corporation and cannot be matched with a particular 
service or group of subscribers.
22 Comcast 2006 Annual Report at 29; Time Warner 2006 10-K at 71, 76.
23 Comcast 2006 Annual Report at 28; Time Warner 2006 10-K at 71, 76.
24 Comcast 2006 Annual Report at 28. Time Warner 2006 10-K at 71, 76.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
99
where specific video-related costs (e.g., programming costs) are broken out by the MSO, the proportion is 
simply applied to the other categories of expenses that that are not easily segmented across video and data 
services.25 Subtracting a proportional estimate of operating expenses from video-related revenues and 
dividing by total subscribers served26 and by 12 yields an estimate of marginal profit per subscriber per 
month (gross of subscriber acquisition cost)for the video-related services of the entire corporation.  
16. In order to conduct the critical value analysis, it is necessary to compute marginal profit 
net of amortized subscriber acquisition costs.  The data on subscriber acquisition costs come from an 
analyst report on Comcast.27 The report assumes that each new subscriber requires two digital set-top 
boxes and that those who subscribe to advanced digital services (i.e., HD and/or DVR) have one 
advanced and one standard set-top box.  The report assigns a cost of $400 to advanced set-top boxes and a 
cost of $120 to standard set-top boxes.  The report estimates that $45 per new subscriber of installation 
costs is amortized.  It provides a weighted average subscriber acquisition cost of $278 and an average 
subscriber life of 45 months over which to amortize subscriber acquisition costs.28 The calculations 
assume a discount rate of 10 percent.29 The monthly per-subscriber profit that the VISCPs cable affiliate 
earns on an additional subscriber (net of amortized STB cost) is calculated as average revenue per 
subscriber per month less average variable cost per subscriber per month less monthly amortized 
subscriber acquisition cost.30
17. Critical value calculations are made for every DMA in which either Comcast or Time 
Warner had subscribers as of 2007.  The results will vary with the share of homes passed by the VISCPs 
cable affiliate.  If the percentage of homes passed is very low, then a high percentage of subscribers 
would need to shift in order to make withholding of the prototype network profitable.  When the 
percentage of homes passed is very high, then a lower percentage of subscribers would need to shift in 
order to make withholding of the prototype network profitable.  In order to decide on plausible critical 
values, we examine the most prominent example of RSN withholding, Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia.  
Using the average RSN revenue profile and Comcasts value for HPASSED/TVHH in the Philadelphia 
DMA, the critical values for Philadelphia (where we know that withholding is profitable) are 5.45% for 
  
25 Comcast 2006 Annual Report at 28. Time Warner 2006 10-K at 71, 76.  As with the upper bound calculation, the 
cost category Sales General &Administrative are not part of the calculation for the lower bound.   
26 Comcast 2006 Annual Report at 29; Time Warner 2006 10-K at 71, 76.
27 See Bear Stearns, Comcast Corp.: Reframing the CAPEX  Issue; 2Q07 Preview (July 19, 2007), Exhibit 4 and 
associated notes (Bear Stearns Report).
28 The analyst report combines the data used herein with a figure it calls Scalable Infrastructure CAPEX and other 
data to calculate internal rates of return.  As noted in note 9 to the report, they indicate that this figure is not 
necessarily a variable cost.  They include it in their calculations for their purposes, but it is not included in the 
current subscriber acquisition cost calculations.
29 See Hughes Order, 19 FCC Rcd at 635, Appendix D,  4.
30 In the absence of a separate source for Time Warners subscriber acquisition costs, we use the Comcast figures for 
Time Warner as well.  It should also be noted that the subscriber acquisition costs are based on a weighted average 
across all (Comcast) subscribers.  This is exactly what is needed for the upper bound profitability calculations, 
which assume that new subscribers switching to the VISCPs cable affiliate purchase voice, video, and data services 
in the same proportion as existing subscribers.  It is not ideal for the lower bound calculations, but data were not 
available to disaggregate the video subscribers from the total to make a separate estimate of subscriber acquisition 
costs for video subscribers only.  See Bear Stearns Report.  The fact that, of the two non-video categories, one has a 
subscriber acquisition cost below the weighted average and one above suggests that using the weighted average is 
not unreasonable, although it may be slightly low for the lower bound profitability calculations.  
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
100
the upper bound profitability and 8.40% for the lower bound profitability.  We calculate the minimum 
amount of switching that must occur for the withholding of Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia to be a 
profitable endeavor for Comcast. This calculation uses the high and low estimates for the marginal profit 
earned by Comcast and the actual 2006 revenue profile of Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia. If Comcasts 
marginal profit is high, then at least 6.81% of competing MVPDs customers must have switched to 
Comcast for the withholding to be profitable. If Comcasts marginal profit is low, then at least 10.49% of 
competing MVPDs customers must have switched to Comcast for the withholding to be profitable. This 
gives us a range of the minimum subscriber shifts that must be occurring in Philadelphia for the endeavor 
to be profitable. This is an estimate of the critical value in Philadelphia in regards to Comcast SportsNet.
18. Applying these cutoff values for V to the calculated switching values yields the following 
results.  For Comcast, using the average RSN profile, withholding would be profitable in 26 DMAs.31  
These are the DMAs in which Comcasts share of TVHH passed is greater than 73.7%; 13 of the 26 are 
among the top 50 DMAs in size.  Using the Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia profile, withholding would 
be profitable in an additional 13 DMAs, of which 8 are in the top 50.32 At this threshold, the Comcast 
share of TVHH passed is at least 60.4%.
19. With regard to Time Warner, it is appropriate to apply the cutoffs derived from the upper 
bound profitability calculations to the upper bound calculated critical values and the cutoffs derived from 
the lower bound profitability calculations to the lower bound critical values, since the upper and lower 
bound calculations embody different assumptions about the behavior of those who switch to cable.  For 
the upper bound calculations, there are five DMAs in which it would be profitable for Time Warner to 
withhold an RSN of average revenue profile using the lower (5.46%) criterion and an additional 15 
DMAs using the higher (6.83%) criterion.33 Seven of the 20 DMAs in question are among the top 50.  
For the lower bound Time Warner calculations, there are no markets in which withholding would be 
profitable using the lower (8.44%) criterion and 13 DMAs in which withholding would be profitable 
using the upper (10.54%) criterion.  Four of the 13 are in the top 50 DMAs.
20. Conclusion.  The critical value calculations are forward-looking in nature.  Although 
based on imperfect data, they nonetheless provide a basis for concluding that, absent the program access 
exclusivity prohibition, withholding of a RSN (or any other regional network with similar revenue 
profile) would be profitable in a significant number of DMAs.  The calculations suggest that if, through 
clustering, Time Warner, Comcast, or any other VISCP attained a sufficiently high share of television 
households passed by its cable systems in a particular DMA, withholding could be profitable there as 
well.
IV. Analysis of Profitability of Withholding of National Programming
21. It is also possible to calculate the minimum fraction of non-cable subscribers that must 
shift to cable in order to make withholding profitable.  The method used to calculate these critical values 
is the same as that for regional programming, and the profitability estimates used are the same.  The 
Warren data permit us to calculate the national share of cable homes passed by Comcast (34.08%) and 
Time Warner (21.89%).  We retain the assumption that all homes nationwide are passed by cable.  Data 
  
31 The data indicates that Comcast provides service to at least part of 97 DMAs.
32 The nature of the critical value formula is such that, for Comcast, any market that meets a cutoff for the upper 
bound profitability level would also meet it for the lower bound profitability level.
33 The data indicates that Time Warner provides service to at least part of 89 DMAs.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
101
on affiliation fees and network advertising revenue per subscriber per month are available from Kagan 
Research LLC.34 Calculations were made for 11 popular networks, on the assumption that they were 
owned by Comcast or by Time Warner.  For Comcast, the critical values of the 11 networks ranged from 
1.9 to 28.3 percent for the upper bound profitability scenario and from 3 to 40 percent for the lower bound 
profitability scenario.  For Time Warner, the upper bound profitability scenario critical value range was 
3.9 to 45.8 percent, while the lower bound profitability scenario critical value range was 6.7 to 63.6 
percent for the 11 networks.  
  
34 Kagan Research, LLC, Economics of Basic Cable Networks 2007, at 36-40, 60-62, 80-82; Kagan Research, LLC, 
Media Trends 2006, at 66-67; Kagan Research LLC, Cable Program Investor, Jun. 29, 2007, at 10.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
102
APPENDIX D
Revised Rules
Part 76 of Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations is amended as follows:
Part 76  MULTICHANNEL VIDEO AND CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE
1. The authority citation for Part 76 continues to read as follows:
AUTHORITY: 47 U.S.C. 151, 152, 153, 154, 301, 302, 302a, 303, 303a, 307, 308, 309, 312, 315, 317, 
325, 338, 339, 340, 503, 521, 522, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 543, 544, 544a, 545, 548, 549, 552, 
554, 556, 558, 560, 561, 571, 572 and 573.
2. Section 76.1002 is amended by revising paragraph (c)(6) to read as follows:
76.1002  Specific Unfair Practices Prohibited.
* * * * *
(c) ***
(6) Sunset provision.  The prohibition of exclusive contracts set forth in paragraph (c)(2) of this section 
shall cease to be effective on October 5, 2012, unless the Commission finds, during a proceeding to be 
conducted during the year preceding such date, that said prohibition continues to be necessary to preserve 
and protect competition and diversity in the distribution of video programming.
3. Section 76.1003 is amended by adding a sentence to the end of paragraph (e)(1) and by adding
paragraphs (i), (j) and (k) to read as follows:
76.1003  Program access proceedings.
* * * * *
(e) Answer. (1) * * *  To the extent that a cable operator, satellite cable programming vendor or satellite 
broadcast programming vendor expressly references and relies upon a document or documents in 
asserting a defense or responding to a material allegation, such document or documents shall be included 
as part of the answer.
* * * * *
(i)  Alternative dispute resolution.  Within 20 days of the close of the pleading cycle, the parties to the 
program access dispute may voluntarily engage in alternative dispute resolution, including commercial 
arbitration.  The Commission will suspend action on the complaint if both parties agree to use alternative 
dispute resolution.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
103
(j) Discovery.  In addition to the general pleading and discovery rules contained in  76.7 of this part, 
parties to a program access complaint may serve requests for discovery directly on opposing parties, and 
file a copy of the request with the Commission.  The respondent shall have the opportunity to object to 
any request for documents that are not in its control or relevant to the dispute.  Such request shall be 
heard, and determination made, by the Commission.  Until the objection is ruled upon, the obligation to
produce the disputed material is suspended.  Any party who fails to timely provide discovery requested by 
the opposing party to which it has not raised an objection as described above, or who fails to respond to a 
Commission order for discovery material, may be deemed in default and an order may be entered in 
accordance with the allegations contained in the complaint, or the complaint may be dismissed with 
prejudice.
(k) Protective Orders.  In addition to the procedures contained in  76.9 of this part related to the 
protection of confidential material, the Commission may issue orders to protect the confidentiality of 
proprietary information required to be produced for resolution of program access complaints.  A 
protective order constitutes both an order of the Commission and an agreement between the party 
executing the protective order declaration and the party submitting the protected material.  The 
Commission has full authority to fashion appropriate sanctions for violations of its protective orders, 
including but not limited to suspension or disbarment of attorneys from practice before the Commission, 
forfeitures, cease and desist orders, and denial of further access to confidential information in 
Commission proceedings.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
104
APPENDIX E
Standard Protective Order and Declaration For Use in Section 628 Program Access Proceedings
Before the
Federal Communications Commission
Washington, D.C. 20554
In the Matter of 
[Name of Proceeding] 
)
)
)
Docket No. ________________
PROTECTIVE ORDER
1. This Protective Order is intended to facilitate and expedite the review of documents obtained 
from a person in the course of discovery that contain trade secrets and privileged or confidential 
commercial or financial information.  It establishes the manner in which Confidential Information, as 
that term is defined herein, is to be treated. The Order is not intended to constitute a resolution of the 
merits concerning whether any Confidential Information would be released publicly by the Commission 
upon a proper request under the Freedom of Information Act or other applicable law or regulation, 
including 47 C.F.R.  0.442.
2. Definitions.
a. Authorized Representative. Authorized Representative shall have the meaning set 
forth in Paragraph 7.
b. Commission. Commission means the Federal Communications Commission or any 
arm of the Commission acting pursuant to delegated authority.
c. Confidential Information. Confidential Information means (i) information submitted 
to the Commission by the Submitting Party that has been so designated by the Submitting Party and 
which the Submitting Party has determined in good faith constitutes trade secrets and commercial or 
financial information which is privileged or confidential within the meaning of Exemption 4 of the 
Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C.  552(b)(4) and (ii) information submitted to the Commission by 
the Submitting Party that has been so designated by the Submitting Party and which the Submitting Party 
has determined in good faith falls within the terms of Commission orders designating the items for 
treatment as Confidential Information. Confidential Information includes additional copies of, notes, and 
information derived from Confidential Information.
d. Declaration. Declaration means Attachment A to this Protective Order.
e. Reviewing Party. Reviewing Party means a person or entity participating in this 
proceeding or considering in good faith filing a document in this proceeding.
f. Submitting Party. Submitting Party means a person or entity that seeks confidential 
treatment of Confidential Information pursuant to this Protective Order.
2. Claim of Confidentiality.  The Submitting Party may designate information as 
Confidential Information consistent with the definition of that term in Paragraph 2.c of this Protective 
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
105
Order. The Commission may, sua sponte or upon petition, pursuant to 47 C.F.R.  0.459 and 0.461, 
determine that all or part of the information claimed as Confidential Information is not entitled to such 
treatment.
3. Procedures for Claiming Information is Confidential.  Confidential Information submitted to 
the Commission shall be filed under seal and shall bear on the front page in bold print, CONTAINS 
PRIVILEGED AND CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION - DO NOT RELEASE. Confidential 
Information shall be segregated by the Submitting Party from all non-confidential information submitted 
to the Commission.  To the extent a document contains both Confidential Information and non-
confidential information, the Submitting Party shall designate the specific portions of the document 
claimed to contain Confidential Information and shall, where feasible, also submit a redacted version not 
containing Confidential Information.
4. Storage of Confidential Information at the Commission.  The Secretary of the Commission or 
other Commission staff to whom Confidential Information is submitted shall place the Confidential 
Information in a non-public file. Confidential Information shall be segregated in the files of the 
Commission, and shall be withheld from inspection by any person not bound by the terms of this 
Protective Order, unless such Confidential Information is released from the restrictions of this Order 
either through agreement of the parties, or pursuant to the order of the Commission or a court having 
jurisdiction.
5. Access to Confidential Information.  Confidential Information shall only be made available to 
Commission staff, Commission consultants and to counsel to the Reviewing Parties, or if a Reviewing 
Party has no counsel, to a person designated by the Reviewing Party.  Before counsel to a Reviewing 
Party or such other designated person designated by the Reviewing Party may obtain access to 
Confidential Information, counsel or such other designated person must execute the attached Declaration. 
Consultants under contract to the Commission may obtain access to Confidential Information only if they 
have signed, as part of their employment contract, a non-disclosure agreement the scope of which 
includes the Confidential Information, or if they execute the attached Declaration.
6. Disclosure.  Counsel to a Reviewing Party or such other person designated pursuant to 
Paragraph 5 may disclose Confidential Information to other Authorized Representatives to whom 
disclosure is permitted under the terms of paragraph 7 of this Protective Order only after advising such 
Authorized Representatives of the terms and obligations of the Order.  In addition, before Authorized 
Representatives may obtain access to Confidential Information, each Authorized Representative must 
execute the attached Declaration.
7. Authorized Representatives shall be limited to:
a. Subject to Paragraph 7.d, counsel for the Reviewing Parties to this proceeding, 
including in-house counsel, actively engaged in the conduct of this proceeding and their associated 
attorneys, paralegals, clerical staff and other employees, to the extent reasonably necessary to render 
professional services in this proceeding; 
b. Subject to Paragraph 7.d, specified persons, including employees of the Reviewing 
Parties, requested by counsel to furnish technical or other expert advice or service, or otherwise engaged 
to prepare material for the express purpose of formulating filings in this proceeding; and 
c. Subject to Paragraph 7.d., any person designated by the Commission in the public 
interest, upon such terms as the Commission may deem proper; except that,
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
106
d. disclosure shall be prohibited to any persons in a position to use the Confidential 
Information for competitive commercial or business purposes, including persons involved in competitive 
decision-making, which includes, but is not limited to, persons whose activities, association or 
relationship with the Reviewing Parties or other Authorized Representatives involve rendering advice or 
participating in any or all of the Reviewing Parties, Associated Representatives or any other persons 
business decisions that are or will be made in light of similar or corresponding information about a 
competitor.
8. Inspection of Confidential Information.  Confidential Information shall be maintained by a 
Submitting Party for inspection at two or more locations, at least one of which shall be in Washington, 
D.C.  Inspection shall be carried out by Authorized Representatives upon reasonable notice not to exceed 
one business day during normal business hours.
9. Copies of Confidential Information.  The Submitting Party shall provide a copy of the 
Confidential Material to Authorized Representatives upon request and may charge a reasonable copying 
fee not to exceed twenty five cents per page.  Authorized Representatives may make additional copies of 
Confidential Information but only to the extent required and solely for the preparation and use in this 
proceeding.  Authorized Representatives must maintain a written record of any additional copies made 
and provide this record to the Submitting Party upon reasonable request.  The original copy and all other 
copies of the Confidential Information shall remain in the care and control of Authorized Representatives 
at all times.  Authorized Representatives having custody of any Confidential Information shall keep the 
documents properly and fully secured from access by unauthorized persons at all times.
10. Filing of Declaration.  Counsel for Reviewing Parties shall provide to the Submitting 
Party and the Commission a copy of the attached Declaration for each Authorized Representative within 
five (5) business days after the attached Declaration is executed, or by any other deadline that may be 
prescribed by the Commission.
11. Use of Confidential Information.  Confidential Information shall not be used by any 
person granted access under this Protective Order for any purpose other than for use in this proceeding 
(including any subsequent administrative or judicial review), shall not be used for competitive business 
purposes, and shall not be used or disclosed except in accordance with this Order.  This shall not preclude 
the use of any material or information that is in the public domain or has been developed independently 
by any other person who has not had access to the Confidential Information nor otherwise learned of its 
contents.
12. Pleadings Using Confidential Information.  Submitting Parties and Reviewing Parties 
may, in any pleadings that they file in this proceeding, reference the Confidential Information, but only if 
they comply with the following procedures:
a. Any portions of the pleadings that contain or disclose Confidential Information must be 
physically segregated from the remainder of the pleadings and filed under seal;
b. The portions containing or disclosing Confidential Information must be covered by a 
separate letter referencing this Protective Order;
c. Each page of any Party's filing that contains or discloses Confidential Information 
subject to this Order must be clearly marked: Confidential Information included pursuant to Protective 
Order, [cite proceeding]; and
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
107
d. The confidential portion(s) of the pleading, to the extent they are required to be served, 
shall be served upon the Secretary of the Commission, the Submitting Party, and those Reviewing Parties 
that have signed the attached Declaration.  Such confidential portions shall be served under seal, and shall 
not be placed in the Commission's Public File unless the Commission directs otherwise (with notice to the 
Submitting Party and an opportunity to comment on such proposed disclosure).  A Submitting Party or a 
Reviewing Party filing a pleading containing Confidential Information shall also file a redacted copy of 
the pleading containing no Confidential Information, which copy shall be placed in the Commission's 
public files.  A Submitting Party or a Reviewing Party may provide courtesy copies of pleadings 
containing Confidential Information to Commission staff so long as the notations required by this 
Paragraph 12 are not removed.
13. Violations of Protective Order.  Should a Reviewing Party that has properly obtained 
access to Confidential Information under this Protective Order violate any of its terms, it shall 
immediately convey that fact to the Commission and to the Submitting Party.  Further, should such 
violation consist of improper disclosure or use of Confidential Information, the violating party shall take 
all necessary steps to remedy the improper disclosure or use.  The Violating Party shall also immediately 
notify the Commission and the Submitting Party, in writing, of the identity of each party known or 
reasonably suspected to have obtained the Confidential Information through any such disclosure.  The 
Commission retains its full authority to fashion appropriate sanctions for violations of this Protective 
Order, including but not limited to suspension or disbarment of attorneys from practice before the 
Commission, forfeitures, cease and desist orders, and denial of further access to Confidential Information 
in this or any other Commission proceeding.  Nothing in this Protective Order shall limit any other rights 
and remedies available to the Submitting Party at law or equity against any party using Confidential 
Information in a manner not authorized by this Protective Order.
14. Termination of Proceeding.  Within two weeks after final resolution of this proceeding 
(which includes any administrative or judicial appeals), Authorized Representatives of Reviewing Parties 
shall, at the direction of the Submitting Party, destroy or return to the Submitting Party all Confidential 
Information as well as all copies and derivative materials made, and shall certify in a writing served on 
the Commission and the Submitting Party that no material whatsoever derived from such Confidential 
Information has been retained by any person having access thereto, except that counsel to a Reviewing 
Party may retain two copies of pleadings submitted on behalf of the Reviewing Party.  Any confidential 
information contained in any copies of pleadings retained by counsel to a Reviewing Party or in materials 
that have been destroyed pursuant to this paragraph shall be protected from disclosure or use indefinitely 
in accordance with paragraphs 9 and 11 of this Protective Order unless such Confidential Information is 
released from the restrictions of this Order either through agreement of the parties, or pursuant to the 
order of the Commission or a court having jurisdiction.
15. No Waiver of Confidentiality.  Disclosure of Confidential Information as provided herein 
shall not be deemed a waiver by the Submitting Party of any privilege or entitlement to confidential 
treatment of such Confidential Information.  Reviewing Parties, by viewing these materials: (a) agree not 
to assert any such waiver; (b) agree not to use information derived from any confidential materials to seek 
disclosure in any other proceeding; and (c) agree that accidental disclosure of Confidential Information 
shall not be deemed a waiver of the privilege.
16. Additional Rights Preserved.  The entry of this Protective Order is without prejudice to 
the rights of the Submitting Party to apply for additional or different protection where it is deemed 
necessary or to the rights of Reviewing Parties to request further or renewed disclosure of Confidential 
Information.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
108
17. Effect of Protective Order.  This Protective Order constitutes an Order of the Commission 
and an agreement between the Reviewing Party, executing the attached Declaration, and the Submitting 
Party.
18. Authority.  This Protective Order is issued pursuant to Sections 4(i) and 4(j) of the 
Communications Act as amended, 47 U.S.C.  154(i), (j) and 47 C.F.R.  0.457(d).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
109
Attachment A to Standard Protective Order
DECLARATION
In the Matter of )
[Name of Proceeding] ) Docket No.________________
I, _____________________________, hereby declare under penalty of perjury that I 
have read the Protective Order that has been entered by the Commission in this proceeding, and that I 
agree to be bound by its terms pertaining to the treatment of Confidential Information submitted by 
parties to this proceeding.  I understand that the Confidential Information shall not be disclosed to anyone 
except in accordance with the terms of the Protective Order and shall be used only for purposes of the 
proceedings in this matter.  I acknowledge that a violation of the Protective Order is a violation of an 
order of the Federal Communications Commission.  I acknowledge that this Protective Order is also a 
binding agreement with the Submitting Party.  I am not in a position to use the Confidential Information 
for competitive commercial or business purposes, including competitive decision-making, and my 
activities, association or relationship with the Reviewing Parties, Authorized Representatives, or other 
persons does not involve rendering advice or participating in any or all of the Reviewing Parties, 
Associated Representatives or other persons business decisions that are or will be made in light of 
similar or corresponding information about a competitor. 
(signed) __________________________
(printed name) _____________________
(representing) ______________________
(title) _____________________________
(employer) _________________________
(address) __________________________
(phone) ___________________________
(date) _____________________________
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
110
APPENDIX F
Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
1. As required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980, as amended (the RFA)1 the 
Commission has prepared this Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (IRFA) of the possible significant 
economic impact on small entities by the policies and rules proposed in the Notice of Proposed 
Rulemaking (NPRM).2 Written public comments are requested on this IRFA.  Comments must be 
identified as responses to the IRFA and must be filed by the deadlines for comments provided on the first 
page of the document.  The Commission will send a copy of the NPRM, including this IRFA, to the Chief 
Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration (SBA).3 In addition, the NPRM and IRFA 
(or summaries thereof) will be published in the Federal Register.4
A. Need for, and Objectives of, the Proposed Rules
2. Overview.  The NPRM considers Commission action with respect to seven issues.  First, 
the Commission is considering whether it can establish a procedure that would shorten the term of the 
five-year extension of the exclusive contract prohibition if, after two years (i.e., October 5, 2009) a cable 
operator can show competition from new entrant MVPDs has reached a certain penetration level in a 
Designated Market Area.5 Second, the Commission is contemplating the extension of its program access 
rules to terrestrially delivered cable-affiliated programmers in order to facilitate competition in the video 
distribution market.6 Third, the Commission is considering whether to expand the exclusive contract 
prohibition to apply to non-cable-affiliated programming that is affiliated with a different MVPD, 
principally a Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) provider.7 Fourth, the NPRM is contemplating whether it 
may be appropriate for the Commission to preclude the practice of programmers to require multichannel 
video programming distributors (MVPDs) to purchase and carry undesired programming in return for 
the ability to purchase and carry desired programming.8 The NPRM considers whether to instead require 
programmers to offer each of their programming services on a stand-alone basis to all MVPDs.  Fifth, the 
NPRM contemplates action to address concerns raised by small and rural MVPDs regarding conditions 
imposed by programmers for access to content.9 The NPRM also contemplates revising the 
Commissions program access complaint procedures in two respects.10 First, the NPRM is considering 
whether to establish a process whereby a program access complainant may seek a temporary stay of any 
proposed changes to its existing programming contract pending resolution of a complaint.11 Second, the 
  
1 The RFA, see 5 U.S.C.  601  612, has been amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness 
Act of 1996 (SBREFA), Pub. L. No. 104-121, Title II, 110 Stat. 857 (1996).
2 See 5 U.S.C.  603.  
3 See 5 U.S.C.  603(a).
4 See id.
5 See NPRM  114.
6 See id.  115-117.
7 See id.  118.
8 See id.  119-132.
9 See id.  133.
10 See id.  134-137.
11 See id.  134.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
111
NPRM contemplates revising the Commissions program access complaint procedures by requiring 
parties to submit to the Commission, when requested, final offer proposals as part of the remedy phase 
of the complaint process.12 Each of these issues is discussed in further detail below.  
3. Procedure for Shortening Term of Extension of Exclusive Contract Prohibition.  Section 
628(c)(2)(D) of the Communications Act prohibits, in areas served by a cable operator, exclusive 
contracts for satellite cable programming or satellite broadcast programming between vertically integrated 
programming vendors and cable operators unless the Commission determines that such exclusivity is in 
the public interest.13 In MB Docket 07-29, the Commission decided to extend this prohibition for five 
years, until October 5, 2012.  In light of the five-year extension of the exclusivity ban, the NPRM
considers whether it can establish a procedure that would shorten the term of the extension if, after two 
years (i.e., October 5, 2009), a cable operator can show competition from new entrant MVPDs has 
reached a certain penetration level in the DMA.  The NPRM contemplates what this penetration level 
should be, whether two years or some other time frame is the appropriate period of time, and whether a 
market-by-market analysis is appropriate as both a legal and policy matter.
4. Terrestrially Delivered Cable-Affiliated Programming.  Congress enacted the program 
access provisions contained in Section 628 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, as part of 
the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 (1992 Act).14  The program 
access provisions are intended to increase competition and diversity in the multichannel video 
programming market, as well as to foster the development of competition to traditional cable systems, by 
prescribing regulations that govern the access by competing MVPDs to satellite cable programming and 
satellite broadcast programming.15 The Commission has previously concluded that terrestrially 
delivered programming (i.e., programming transmitted or retransmitted by satellite for direct reception by 
cable operators) is not covered by the definitions of satellite cable programming and satellite broadcast 
programming.16 Thus, terrestrially delivered programming is not subject to the program access 
provisions.  The Commission has previously found that cable operators have withheld terrestrially 
delivered cable-affiliated programming from competitive MVPDs and that this has resulted in a material 
adverse impact on competition in the video distribution market.17 To remedy this concern, the NPRM
  
12 See id.  135-137.
13 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(2)(D).
14 Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992, Pub. L. No. 102-385, 106 Stat. 1460 (1992). 
15 The term satellite cable programming means video programming which is transmitted via satellite and which is 
primarily intended for direct receipt by cable operators for their retransmission to cable subscribers, except that 
such term does not include satellite broadcast programming.  47 U.S.C.  548(i)(1); 47 U.S.C.  605(d)(1); see also
47 C.F.R.  76.1000(h).  The term satellite broadcast programming means broadcast video programming when 
such programming is retransmitted by satellite and the entity retransmitting such programming is not the broadcaster 
or an entity performing such retransmission on behalf of and with the specific consent of the broadcaster.  47 
U.S.C.  548(i)(3); see also C.F.R.  76.1000(f).  
16 See DIRECTV, Inc. v. Comcast Corp. et al.,15 FCC Rcd 22802, 22807,  12 (2000); see also Implementation of 
the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992  Development of Competition and 
Diversity in Video Programming Distribution: Section 628(c)(5) of the Communications Act: Sunset of Exclusive 
Contract Prohibition, Report and Order, 17 FCC Rcd 12124, 12158,  73 (2002).
17 See Applications for Consent to the Assignment and/or Transfer of Control of Licenses, Adelphia Communications 
Corporation, Assignors to Time Warner Cable, Inc., Assignees, et al., Memorandum Opinion and Order, 21 FCC 
Rcd 8203, 8271,  149 (2006) (Adelphia Order).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
112
considers whether to extend the program access provisions to all terrestrially delivered cable-affiliated 
programming pursuant to various provisions of the Communications Act, such as Sections 4(i), 201(b), 
303(r), 601(6), 612(g), 616(a), 628(b), and 706.18 The Commission also seeks information as to whether 
cable operators, again with anti-competitive results, are shifting delivery of affiliated programming from 
satellite delivery to terrestrial delivery and whether such action is intended to evade the program access 
rules.
5. Expanding the Exclusive Contract Prohibition to Non-Cable-Affiliated Programming.  
The NPRM is considering whether to expand the exclusive contract prohibition to apply to non-cable-
affiliated programming that is affiliated with a different MVPD, principally a DBS provider.  To the 
extent that an MVPD meets the definition of a cable operator under the Communications Act, the 
exclusive contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D) already applies to its affiliated programming.19  
Moreover, Section 628(j) of the Communications Act provides that any provision of Section 628, 
including the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D), that applies to a cable operator also 
applies to any common carrier or its affiliate that provides video programming.20 Programming affiliated 
with other MVPDs, such as DBS providers, is beyond the scope of the exclusive contract prohibition in 
Section 628(c)(2)(D).  The NPRM is considering whether to extend the exclusive contract prohibition to 
non-cable-affiliated programming that is affiliated with a different MVPD, principally a DBS provider, 
pursuant to Sections 4(i), 201(b), 303(r), 601(6), 612(g), 616(a), 628(b), or 706, or any other provision 
under the Communications Act.
6. Tying.  Various MVPDs have raised concerns regarding the practice of some 
programmers to require MVPDs to purchase and carry undesired programming in return for the right to 
carry desired programming, referred to as tying.  When presented with a tying arrangement, MVPDs 
face two choices.  First, the MVPD can refuse the tying arrangement, thereby potentially depriving itself 
of desired, and often economically vital, programming that subscribers demand and which may be 
essential to attracting and retaining subscribers.  Second, the MVPD can agree to the tying arrangement, 
thereby incurring costs for programming that its subscribers do not demand and may not want, with such 
costs being passed on to subscribers in the form of higher rates, and also forcing the MVPD to allocate 
channel capacity for the unwanted programming in place of programming that its subscribers prefer.  In 
either case, the MVPD and its subscribers are harmed by the refusal of the programmer to offer each of its 
programming services on a stand-alone basis.  The NPRM explains that small cable operators and MVPDs 
are particularly vulnerable to such tying arrangements because they do not have leverage in negotiations 
for programming due to their smaller subscriber bases.  Given the problems associated with such tying 
arrangements, the NPRM is contemplating whether it may be appropriate for the Commission to preclude 
them and to instead require each programming service to be offered on a stand-alone basis to all MVPDs.  
The NPRM considers precluding the tying practices of broadcasters, satellite cable programmers, 
terrestrially delivered cable-affiliated programmers, and programmers that are affiliated with neither a 
cable operator nor a broadcaster, such as networks affiliated with a non-cable MVPD or a non-affiliated 
independent programmer.  
7. Concerns Raised by Small and Rural MVPDs.  Small and rural MVPDs have raised 
concerns regarding obstacles they face in trying to obtain access to programming which impede 
  
18 See 47 U.S.C.  154(i); 47 U.S.C.  201(b); 47 U.S.C.  303(r); 47 U.S.C.  521(6); 47 U.S.C.  532(g); 47 U.S.C. 
 536(a); 47 U.S.C.  548(b); 47 U.S.C.  157 nt.
19 See Order  76.   
20 See supra note 377; see also 47 U.S.C.  548(j).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
113
competition in the video distribution marketplace.  These obstacles include (i) restrictions on the use of 
shared headends for receiving content; (ii) requiring small and rural MVPDs to enter into mandatory non-
disclosure agreements with programmers; (iii) requiring small and rural MVPDs to provide programmers 
with advertising slots; and (iv) mandating unwarranted security requirements.  The NPRM contemplates 
Commission action to address these practices.
8. Modification of Program Access Complaint Procedures.  The NPRM also contemplates 
revising the Commissions program access complaint procedures in two respects.  First, the NPRM
contemplates adding an arbitration-type step as part of the Commissions determination of an appropriate 
remedy for program access violations.  The NPRM is considering whether, when feasible, the 
Commission should request, as part of its evaluation of the appropriate remedy to impose for program 
access violations, that the parties each submit their best final offer proposal for the rates, terms or 
conditions under review.  The NPRM considers whether the Commission should have the discretion to 
adopt one of the parties proposals as the remedy for the program access complaint.  Second, the NPRM is 
considering whether to allow complainants to request a stay of any action or proposed action that would 
change an existing program contract that is the subject of a program access complaint, pending the 
resolution of the program access complaint.  In the NPRM, the Commission agrees that the threat of 
temporary foreclosure pending resolution of a complaint may impair settlement negotiations and may 
discourage parties from filing legitimate complaints.  The NPRM thus contemplates whether the issuance 
of temporary stay orders would encourage parties to resolve program access disputes and to make use of 
the Commissions complaint procedures when needed.  The NPRM considers whether complainants 
should be required to formally request such relief from the Commission and establish that they are likely 
to prevail on the merits of their complaint; will suffer irreparable harm absent a stay; that the balance of 
harms to the parties favors grant of a stay; and that the public interest favors grant of the stay.  The NPRM
also considers whether, as part of a showing of irreparable harm, complainants may discuss the likelihood 
that subscribers would switch MVPDs to obtain the programming in dispute for a long enough period to 
make the strategy profitable to the respondent.  The NPRM further contemplates whether these stays 
should be routinely granted when the facts support their issuance and that they will help to encourage 
settlement negotiations.  The NPRM considers the nature of the stay, that is, whether both the complainant 
and the respondent will be subject to the stay order, and required to fulfill their respective obligations 
under the terms and conditions of the carriage contract in issue, while the stay is in effect.  The NPRM
also contemplates whether complainants will be permitted to drop the programming that is the subject of 
the program access dispute unless and until a request to dismiss the complaint with prejudice is granted 
by the Commission.  The NPRM considers whether the length of the stay should be entirely discretionary.  
The NPRM also considers whether the Commission should include, as part of its final order resolving the 
complaint or resolving damages, adjustments to its remedies that make the terms of the new agreement 
between the parties retroactive to the expiration date of the previous agreement.
9. In the NPRM, the Commission seeks comment on the foregoing issues.  In particular, the 
NPRM invites comment on issues that may impact small entities, including MVPDs and programmers.   
B. Legal Basis
10. The authority for the action proposed in the rulemaking is contained in Section 4(i), 303, 
and 628 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C.  154(i), 303, and 548.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
114
C. Description and Estimate of the Number of Small Entities to Which the 
Proposed Rules Will Apply
11. The RFA directs agencies to provide a description of, and where feasible, an estimate of 
the number of small entities that may be affected by the proposed rules, if adopted.21 The RFA generally 
defines the term small entity as having the same meaning as the terms small business, small 
organization, and small governmental jurisdiction.22 In addition, the term small business has the 
same meaning as the term small business concern under the Small Business Act.23 A small business 
concern is one which:  (1) is independently owned and operated; (2) is not dominant in its field of 
operation; and (3) satisfies any additional criteria established by the Small Business Administration 
(SBA).24
12. Wired Telecommunications Carriers.  The 2007 North American Industry Classification 
System (NAICS) defines Wired Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) to 
include the following three classifications which were listed separately in the 2002 NAICS:  Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers (2002 NAICS Code 517110), Cable and Other Program Distribution (2002 
NAISC Code 517510), and Internet Service Providers (2002 NAISC Code 518111).25 The 2007 NAISC 
defines this category as follows:  This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in operating 
and/or providing access to transmission facilities and infrastructure that they own and/or lease for the 
transmission of voice, data, text, sound, and video using wired telecommunications networks.  
Transmission facilities may be based on a single technology or a combination of technologies.  
Establishments in this industry use the wired telecommunications network facilities that they operate to 
provide a variety of services, such as wired telephony services, including VoIP services; wired (cable) 
audio and video programming distribution; and wired broadband Internet services.  By exception, 
establishments providing satellite television distribution services using facilities and infrastructure that 
they operate are included in this industry.26 The SBA has developed a small business size standard for 
Wired Telecommunications Carriers, which is all firms having 1,500 employees or less.27 According to 
Census Bureau data for 2002, there were a total of 27,148 firms in the Wired Telecommunications 
Carriers category (2002 NAISC Code 517110) that operated for the entire year; 6,021 firms in the Cable 
and Other Program Distribution category (2002 NAISC Code 517510) that operated for the entire year; 
and 3,408 firms in the Internet Service Providers category (2002 NAISC Code 518111) that operated for 
  
21 5 U.S.C.  603(b)(3).
22 5 U.S.C.  601(6).
23 5 U.S.C.  601(3) (incorporating by reference the definition of small-business concern in the Small Business 
Act, 15 U.S.C.  632).  Pursuant to 5 U.S.C.  601(3), the statutory definition of a small business applies unless an 
agency, after consultation with the Office of Advocacy of the Small Business Administration and after opportunity 
for public comment, establishes one or more definitions of such term which are appropriate to the activities of the 
agency and publishes such definition(s) in the Federal Register.
24 15 U.S.C.  632.
25 See 2007 NAICS U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/ n07-
n02.xls).
26 U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 NAICS Definitions, 517110 Wired Telecommunications Carriers; 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/def/ND517110.HTM#N517110.
27 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2002 NAICS code 517110).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
115
the entire year.28 Of these totals, 25,374 of 27,148 firms in the Wired Telecommunications Carriers 
category (2002 NAISC Code 517110) had less than 100 employees; 5,496 of 6,021 firms in the Cable and 
Other Program Distribution category (2002 NAISC Code 517510) had less than 100 employees; and 
3,303 of the 3,408 firms in the Internet Service Providers category (2002 NAISC Code 518111) had less 
than 100 employees.29 Thus, under this size standard, the majority of firms can be considered small.
13. Cable and Other Program Distribution. The 2002 NAICS defines this category as 
follows:  This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged as third-party distribution systems 
for broadcast programming. The establishments of this industry deliver visual, aural, or textual 
programming received from cable networks, local television stations, or radio networks to consumers via 
cable or direct-to-home satellite systems on a subscription or fee basis. These establishments do not 
generally originate programming material.30 This category includes, among others, cable operators, 
direct broadcast satellite (DBS) services, home satellite dish (HSD) services, satellite master antenna 
television (SMATV) systems, and open video systems (OVS).  The SBA has developed a small 
business size standard for Cable and Other Program Distribution, which is all such firms having $13.5 
million or less in annual receipts.31 According to Census Bureau data for 2002, there were a total of 1,191 
firms in this category that operated for the entire year.32 Of this total, 1,087 firms had annual receipts of 
under $10 million, and 43 firms had receipts of $10 million or more but less than $25 million.33 Thus, 
under this size standard, the majority of firms can be considered small.
14. Cable System Operators (Rate Regulation Standard). The Commission has also
developed its own small business size standards for the purpose of cable rate regulation.  Under the 
Commissions rules, a small cable company is one serving 400,000 or fewer subscribers nationwide.34  
As of 2006, 7,916 cable operators qualify as small cable companies under this standard.35 In addition, 
  
28 U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject Series: Information, Table 2, Employment Size of 
Establishments for the United States: 2002 (2002 NAISC Code 517110; 2002 NAISC Code 517510; 2002 NAISC 
Code 518111) (issued November 2005).
29 Id.
30 U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 NAICS Definitions, 517510 Cable and Other Program Distribution; 
http://www.census.gov/epcd/naics02/def/NDEF517.HTM.  As discussed above, the 2007 NAICS defines Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) to include, among others, Cable and Other Program 
Distribution (2002 NAISC Code 517510).  See 2007 NAICS U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/n07-n02.xls).
31 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2002 NAICS code 517510).
32 U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject Series: Information, Table 4, Receipts Size of Firms for the 
United States: 2002 (NAICS code 517510) (issued November 2005).
33 Id.  An additional 61 firms had annual receipts of $25 million or more.
34 47 C.F.R.  76.901(e).  The Commission determined that this size standard equates approximately to a size 
standard of $100 million or less in annual revenues.  Implementation of Sections of the 1992 Cable Act: Rate 
Regulation, Sixth Report and Order and Eleventh Order on Reconsideration, 10 FCC Rcd 7393, 7408 (1995).
35 74 TELEVISION AND CABLE FACTBOOK F-2 (Warren Comm. News eds., 2006); Top 25 MSOs  NCTA.com, 
available at http://www.ncta.com/ContentView.aspx?contentId=73 (last visited September 6, 2007).  We arrived at 
7,916 cable operators qualifying as small cable companies by subtracting the ten cable companies with over 400,000 
subscribers found on the NCTA website from the 7,926 total number of cable operators found in the Television and 
Cable Factbook.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
116
under the Commissions rules, a small system is a cable system serving 15,000 or fewer subscribers.36  
Industry data indicate that 6,139 systems have under 10,000 subscribers, and an additional 379 systems 
have 10,000-19,999 subscribers.37 Thus, under this standard, most cable systems are small.    
15. Cable System Operators (Telecom Act Standard).  The Communications Act of 1934, as 
amended, also contains a size standard for small cable system operators, which is a cable operator that, 
directly or through an affiliate, serves in the aggregate fewer than 1 percent of all subscribers in the 
United States and is not affiliated with any entity or entities whose gross annual revenues in the aggregate 
exceed $250,000,000.38 There are approximately 65.4 million cable subscribers in the United States 
today.39 Accordingly, an operator serving fewer than 654,000 subscribers shall be deemed a small 
operator, if its annual revenues, when combined with the total annual revenues of all its affiliates, do not 
exceed $250 million in the aggregate.40 Based on available data, we find that the number of cable 
operators serving 654,000 subscribers or less totals approximately 7,916.41 We note that the Commission 
neither requests nor collects information on whether cable system operators are affiliated with entities 
whose gross annual revenues exceed $250 million.42 Although it seems certain that some of these cable 
system operators are affiliated with entities whose gross annual revenues exceed $250,000,000, we are 
unable at this time to estimate with greater precision the number of cable system operators that would 
qualify as small cable operators under the definition in the Communications Act.
16. Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Service. DBS service is a nationally distributed 
subscription service that delivers video and audio programming via satellite to a small parabolic dish 
antenna at the subscribers location.  Because DBS provides subscription services, DBS falls within the 
SBA-recognized definition of Cable and Other Program Distribution.43 This definition provides that a 
small entity is one with $13.5 million or less in annual receipts.44 Currently, three operators provide DBS 
  
36 47 C.F.R.  76.901(c).  
37 Warren Communications News, Television & Cable Factbook 2006, U.S. Cable Systems by Subscriber Size, 
page F-2 (data current as of Oct. 2005).  The data do not include 718 systems for which classifying data were not 
available.
38 47 U.S.C.  543(m)(2); see 47 C.F.R.  76.901(f) & nn. 1-3.
39 See Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming, 
Twelfth Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd 2503, 2507,  10 and 2617, Table B-1 (2006) (12th Annual Report).  
40 47 C.F.R.  76.901(f); see Public Notice, FCC Announces New Subscriber Count for the Definition of Small 
Cable Operator, DA 01-158 (Cable Services Bureau, Jan. 24, 2001).
41 74 TELEVISION AND CABLE FACTBOOK F-2 (Warren Commcns News eds., 2006); Top 25 MSOs  NCTA.com, 
available at http://www.ncta.com/ContentView.aspx?contentId=73 (last visited September 6, 2007).  We arrived at 
7,916 cable operators qualifying as small cable companies by subtracting the ten cable companies with over 654,000 
subscribers found on the NCTA website from the 7,926 total number of cable operators found in the Television and 
Cable Factbook.
42 The Commission does receive such information on a case-by-case basis if a cable operator appeals a local 
franchise authoritys finding that the operator does not qualify as a small cable operator pursuant to  76.901(f) of 
the Commissions rules.  See 47 C.F.R.  76.909(b).
43 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2002 NAICS code 517510).  As discussed above, the 2007 NAICS defines Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) to include, among others, Cable and Other Program 
Distribution (2002 NAISC Code 517510).  See 2007 NAICS U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/n07-n02.xls).
44 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2002 NAICS code 517510).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
117
service, which requires a great investment of capital for operation:  DIRECTV, EchoStar (marketed as the 
DISH Network), and Dominion Video Satellite, Inc. (Dominion) (marketed as Sky Angel).45 All three 
currently offer subscription services.  Two of these three DBS operators, DIRECTV46 and EchoStar 
Communications Corporation (EchoStar),47 report annual revenues that are in excess of the threshold 
for a small business.  The third DBS operator, Dominions Sky Angel service, serves fewer than one 
million subscribers and provides 20 family and religion-oriented channels.48 Dominion does not report its 
annual revenues.  The Commission does not know of any source which provides this information and, 
thus, we have no way of confirming whether Dominion qualifies as a small business.  Because DBS 
service requires significant capital, we believe it is unlikely that a small entity as defined by the SBA 
would have the financial wherewithal to become a DBS licensee.  Nevertheless, given the absence of 
specific data on this point, we recognize the possibility that there are entrants in this field that may not yet 
have generated $13.5 million in annual receipts, and therefore may be categorized as a small business, if 
independently owned and operated. 
17. Private Cable Operators (PCOs) also known as Satellite Master Antenna Television 
(SMATV) Systems.  PCOs, also known as SMATV systems or private communication operators, are video 
distribution facilities that use closed transmission paths without using any public right-of-way.  PCOs 
acquire video programming and distribute it via terrestrial wiring in urban and suburban multiple dwelling 
units such as apartments and condominiums, and commercial multiple tenant units such as hotels and 
office buildings.  The SBA definition of small entities for Cable and Other Program Distribution Services 
includes PCOs and, thus, small entities are defined as all such companies generating $13.5 million or less 
in annual receipts.49 Currently, there are approximately 150 members in the Independent Multi-Family 
Communications Council (IMCC), the trade association that represents PCOs.50 Individual PCOs often 
serve approximately 3,000-4,000 subscribers, but the larger operations serve as many as 15,000-55,000 
subscribers.  In total, PCOs currently serve approximately one million subscribers.51 Because these 
operators are not rate regulated, they are not required to file financial data with the Commission.  
Furthermore, we are not aware of any privately published financial information regarding these operators.  
Based on the estimated number of operators and the estimated number of units served by the largest ten 
PCOs, we believe that a substantial number of PCO may qualify as small entities.
18. Home Satellite Dish (HSD) Service. Because HSD provides subscription services, 
HSD falls within the SBA-recognized definition of Cable and Other Program Distribution, which includes 
  
45 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2538-39,  70 and 2620, Table B-3.
46 DIRECTV is the largest DBS operator and the second largest MVPD, serving an estimated 15.72 million 
subscribers nationwide as of June 2005.  See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2620, Table B-3.
47 EchoStar, which provides service under the brand name Dish Network, is the second largest DBS operator and 
one of the four largest MVPDs, serving an estimated 12.27 million subscribers nationwide.  Id.
48 See id. at 2540,  73 .
49 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2002 NAICS code 517510).  As discussed above, the 2007 NAICS defines Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) to include, among others, Cable and Other Program 
Distribution (2002 NAISC Code 517510).  See 2007 NAICS U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/n07-n02.xls).
50 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2564-65,  130.  Previously, the Commission reported that IMCC had 250 
members; see Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming,
Tenth Annual Report, 19 FCC Rcd 1606, 1666,  90 (2004) (10th Annual Report).
51 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2564-65,  130.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
118
all such companies generating $13.5 million or less in revenue annually.52 HSD or the large dish segment 
of the satellite industry is the original satellite-to-home service offered to consumers, and involves the 
home reception of signals transmitted by satellites operating generally in the C-band frequency.  Unlike 
DBS, which uses small dishes, HSD antennas are between four and eight feet in diameter and can receive 
a wide range of unscrambled (free) programming and scrambled programming purchased from program 
packagers that are licensed to facilitate subscribers receipt of video programming.  There are 
approximately 30 satellites operating in the C-band, which carry over 500 channels of programming 
combined; approximately 350 channels are available free of charge and 150 are scrambled and require a 
subscription.  HSD is difficult to quantify in terms of annual revenue.  HSD owners have access to 
program channels placed on C-band satellites by programmers for receipt and distribution by MVPDs.  
Commission data shows that, between June 2004 and June 2005, HSD subscribership fell from 335,766 
subscribers to 206,358 subscribers, a decline of more than 38 percent.53 The Commission has no 
information regarding the annual revenue of the four C-Band distributors.
19. Broadband Radio Service and Educational Broadband Service.  Broadband Radio 
Service comprises Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS) systems and Multipoint 
Distribution Service (MDS).54 MMDS systems, often referred to as wireless cable, transmit video 
programming to subscribers using the microwave frequencies of MDS and Educational Broadband 
Service (EBS) (formerly known as Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS)).55 We estimate that the 
number of wireless cable subscribers is approximately 100,000, as of March 2005.  As previously noted, 
the SBA definition of small entities for Cable and Other Program Distribution, which includes such 
companies generating $13.5 million in annual receipts, appears applicable to MDS and ITFS.56  
20. The Commission has also defined small MDS (now BRS) entities in the context of 
Commission license auctions.  For purposes of the 1996 MDS auction, the Commission defined a small 
business as an entity that had annual average gross revenues of less than $40 million in the previous three 
calendar years.57 This definition of a small entity in the context of MDS auctions has been approved by 
the SBA.58 In the MDS auction, 67 bidders won 493 licenses.59 Of the 67 auction winners, 61 claimed 
  
52 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (NAICS code 517510).  As discussed above, the 2007 NAICS defines Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) to include, among others, Cable and Other Program 
Distribution (2002 NAISC Code 517510).  See 2007 NAICS U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/n07-n02.xls).
53 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2617, Table B-1.  HSD subscribership declined more than 33 percent 
between June 2003 and June 2004.  See id.
54 Amendment of Parts 1, 21 73, 74, and 101 of the Commissions Rules to Facilitate the Provision of Fixed and 
Mobile Broadband Access, Educational and Other Advanced Services in the 2150-2162 and 2500-2690 MHz Bands, 
WT Docket No. 03-66, RM-10586, Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 19 FCC Rcd 
14165 (2004).
55 See id.
56 As discussed above, the 2007 NAICS defines Wired Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) 
to include, among others, Cable and Other Program Distribution (2002 NAISC Code 517510).  See 2007 NAICS 
U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/ n07-n02.xls).
57 47 C.F.R.  21.961(b)(1) (2002).
58 Amendment of Parts 21 and 74 of the Commissions Rules with Regard to Filing Procedures in the Multipoint 
Distribution Service and in the Instructional Television Fixed Service, Report and Order, 10 FCC Rcd 9589 (1995).
59 MDS Auction No. 6 began on November 13, 1995, and closed on March 28, 1996 (67 bidders won 493 licenses).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
119
status as a small business.  At this time, the Commission estimates that of the 61 small business MDS 
auction winners, 48 remain small business licensees.  In addition to the 48 small businesses that hold 
BTA authorizations, there are approximately 392 incumbent MDS licensees that have gross revenues that 
are not more than $40 million and are thus considered small entities.60 MDS licensees and wireless cable 
operators that did not receive their licenses as a result of the MDS auction fall under the SBA small 
business size standard for Cable and Other Program Distribution, which includes all such entities that do 
not generate revenue in excess of $13.5 million annually.61 Information available to us indicates that 
there are approximately 850 of these licensees and operators that do not generate revenue in excess of 
$13.5 million annually.  Therefore, we estimate that there are approximately 850 small entity MDS (or 
BRS) providers, as defined by the SBA and the Commissions auction rules.
21. Educational institutions are included in this analysis as small entities; however, the 
Commission has not created a specific small business size standard for ITFS (now EBS).62 We estimate 
that there are currently 2,032 ITFS (or EBS) licensees, and all but 100 of the licenses are held by 
educational institutions.  Thus, we estimate that at least 1,932 ITFS licensees are small entities.
22. Local Multipoint Distribution Service. Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) is 
a fixed broadband point-to-multipoint microwave service that provides for two-way video 
telecommunications.63 The SBA definition of small entities for Cable and Other Program Distribution, 
which includes such companies generating $13.5 million in annual receipts, appears applicable to 
LMDS.64 The Commission has also defined small LMDS entities in the context of Commission license 
auctions.  In the 1998 and 1999 LMDS auctions,65 the Commission defined a small business as an entity 
that had annual average gross revenues of less than $40 million in the previous three calendar years.66  
Moreover, the Commission added an additional classification for a very small business, which was 
defined as an entity that had annual average gross revenues of less than $15 million in the previous three 
  
60 Hundreds of stations were licensed to incumbent MDS licensees prior to implementation of Section 309(j) of the 
Communications Act of 1934.  47 U.S.C.  309(j).  For these pre-auction licenses, the applicable standard is SBAs 
small business size standards for other telecommunications (annual receipts of $13.5 million or less).  See 13 
C.F.R.  121.201 (2007 NAICS code 517910).
61 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (NAICS code 517510).  As discussed above, the 2007 NAICS defines Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) to include, among others, Cable and Other Program 
Distribution (2002 NAISC Code 517510).  See 2007 NAICS U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/n07-n02.xls).
62 In addition, the term small entity under SBREFA applies to small organizations (nonprofits) and to small 
governmental jurisdictions (cities, counties, towns, townships, villages, school districts, and special districts with 
populations of less than 50,000).  5 U.S.C.  601(4)-(6).  We do not collect annual revenue data on ITFS licensees.
63 See Local Multipoint Distribution Service, Second Report and Order, 12 FCC Rcd 12545 (1997).
64 As discussed above, the 2007 NAICS defines Wired Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) 
to include, among others, Cable and Other Program Distribution (2002 NAISC Code 517510).  See 2007 NAICS 
U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/n07-n02.xls).
65 The Commission has held two LMDS auctions:  Auction No. 17 and Auction No. 23.  Auction No. 17, the first 
LMDS auction, began on February 18, 1998, and closed on March 25, 1998 (104 bidders won 864 licenses).  
Auction No. 23, the LMDS re-auction, began on April 27, 1999, and closed on May 12, 1999 (40 bidders won 161 
licenses).
66 See LMDS Order, 12 FCC Rcd at 12545.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
120
calendar years.67 These definitions of small business and very small business in the context of the 
LMDS auctions have been approved by the SBA.68 In the first LMDS auction, 104 bidders won 864 
licenses.  Of the 104 auction winners, 93 claimed status as small or very small businesses.  In the LMDS 
re-auction, 40 bidders won 161 licenses.  Based on this information, we believe that the number of small 
LMDS licenses will include the 93 winning bidders in the first auction and the 40 winning bidders in the 
re-auction, for a total of 133 small entity LMDS providers as defined by the SBA and the Commissions 
auction rules.
23. Open Video Systems (OVS). The OVS framework provides opportunities for the 
distribution of video programming other than through cable systems.  Because OVS operators provide 
subscription services,69 OVS falls within the SBA-recognized definition of Cable and Other Program 
Distribution Services, which provides that a small entity is one with $ 13.5 million or less in annual 
receipts.70 The Commission has approved approximately 120 OVS certifications with some OVS 
operators now providing service.71 Broadband service providers (BSPs) are currently the only significant 
holders of OVS certifications or local OVS franchises, even though OVS is one of four statutorily-
recognized options for local exchange carriers (LECs) to offer video programming services.  As of June 
2005, BSPs served approximately 1.4 million subscribers, representing 1.49 percent of all MVPD 
households.72 Among BSPs, however, those operating under the OVS framework are in the minority.73  
As of June 2005, RCN Corporation is the largest BSP and 14th largest MVPD, serving approximately 
371,000 subscribers.74 RCN received approval to operate OVS systems in New York City, Boston, 
Washington, D.C. and other areas.  The Commission does not have financial information regarding the 
entities authorized to provide OVS, some of which may not yet be operational.  We thus believe that at 
least some of the OVS operators may qualify as small entities.
24. Cable and Other Subscription Programming. The Census Bureau defines this category 
as follows: This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in operating studios and facilities 
for the broadcasting of programs on a subscription or fee basis . . . . These establishments produce 
programming in their own facilities or acquire programming from external sources.  The programming 
material is usually delivered to a third party, such as cable systems or direct-to-home satellite systems, for 
  
67 Id.
68 See Letter to Daniel Phythyon, Chief, Wireless Telecommunications Bureau, FCC from A. Alvarez, 
Administrator, SBA (January 6, 1998).
69 See 47 U.S.C.  573.
70 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (NAICS code 517510).  As discussed above, the 2007 NAICS defines Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) to include, among others, Cable and Other Program 
Distribution (2002 NAISC Code 517510).  See 2007 NAICS U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/n07-n02.xls). 
71 See Current Filings for Certification of Open Video Systems, http://www.fcc.gov/mb/ovs/csovscer.html (last 
visited July 25, 2007); Current Filings for Certification of Open Video Systems, 
http://www.fcc.gov/mb/ovs/csovsarc.html (last visited July 25, 2007).
72 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2617, Table B-1.
73 OPASTCO reports that less than 8 percent of its members provide service under OVS certification.  See id. at 
2548-49,  88 n.336.
74 See id. at 2549,  89.  WideOpenWest is the second largest BSP and 16th largest MVPD, with cable systems 
serving about 292,500 subscribers as of June 2005.  See id.  The third largest BSP is Knology, which was serving 
approximately 179,800 subscribers as of June 2005.  See id.  
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
121
transmission to viewers.75 The SBA has developed a small business size standard for firms within this 
category, which is all firms with $13.5 million or less in annual receipts.76 According to Census Bureau 
data for 2002, there were 270 firms in this category that operated for the entire year.77 Of this total, 217 
firms had annual receipts of under $10 million and 13 firms had annual receipts of $10 million to 
$24,999,999.78 Thus, under this category and associated small business size standard, the majority of 
firms can be considered small.
25. Small Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers.  We have included small incumbent local 
exchange carriers in this present RFA analysis.  A small business under the RFA is one that, inter alia, 
meets the pertinent small business size standard (e.g., a telephone communications business having 1,500 
or fewer employees), and is not dominant in its field of operation.79 The SBAs Office of Advocacy 
contends that, for RFA purposes, small incumbent local exchange carriers are not dominant in their field 
of operation because any such dominance is not national in scope.80 We have therefore included small 
incumbent local exchange carriers in this RFA, although we emphasize that this RFA action has no effect 
on Commission analyses and determinations in other, non-RFA contexts.
26. Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (LECs).  Neither the Commission nor the SBA 
has developed a small business size standard specifically for incumbent local exchange services.  The 
appropriate size standard under SBA rules is for the category Wired Telecommunications Carriers.  Under 
that size standard, such a business is small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees.81 According to 
Commission data,82 1,307 carriers have reported that they are engaged in the provision of incumbent local 
exchange services.  Of these 1,307 carriers, an estimated 1,019 have 1,500 or fewer employees and 288 
have more than 1,500 employees.  Consequently, the Commission estimates that most providers of 
incumbent local exchange service are small businesses.
27. Competitive Local Exchange Carriers, Competitive Access Providers (CAPs), Shared-
Tenant Service Providers, and Other Local Service Providers. Neither the Commission nor the SBA 
has developed a small business size standard specifically for these service providers.  The appropriate size 
standard under SBA rules is for the category Wired Telecommunications Carriers.  Under that size 
  
75 U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 NAICS Definitions, 515210 Cable and Other Subscription Programming; 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/def/ND515210.HTM#N515210. 
76 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (NAICS code 515210).
77 U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject Series: Information, Establishment and Firm Size 
(Including Legal Form of Organization): 2002, Table 4 (NAICS code 515210) (issued November 2005).
78 Id.  An additional 40 firms had annual receipts of $25 million or more.
79 15 U.S.C.  632.
80 Letter from Jere W. Glover, Chief Counsel for Advocacy, SBA, to William E. Kennard, Chairman, FCC (May 27, 
1999).  The Small Business Act contains a definition of small-business concern, which the RFA incorporates into 
its own definition of small business.  See 15 U.S.C.  632(a) (Small Business Act); 5 U.S.C.  601(3) (RFA).  
SBA regulations interpret small business concern to include the concept of dominance on a national basis.  See 13 
C.F.R.  121.102(b).
81 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2007 NAICS code 517110).
82 FCC, Wireline Competition Bureau, Industry Analysis and Technology Division, Trends in Telephone Service 
at Table 5.3, page 5-5 (February 2007) (Trends in Telephone Service).  This source uses data that are current as of 
October 20, 2005.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
122
standard, such a business is small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees.83 According to Commission data,84
859 carriers have reported that they are engaged in the provision of either competitive access provider 
services or competitive local exchange carrier services.  Of these 859 carriers, an estimated 741 have 
1,500 or fewer employees and 118 have more than 1,500 employees.  In addition, 16 carriers have 
reported that they are Shared-Tenant Service Providers, and all 16 are estimated to have 1,500 or fewer 
employees.  In addition, 44 carriers have reported that they are Other Local Service Providers.  Of the 
44, an estimated 43 have 1,500 or fewer employees and one has more than 1,500 employees.  
Consequently, the Commission estimates that most providers of competitive local exchange service, 
competitive access providers, Shared-Tenant Service Providers, and Other Local Service Providers 
are small entities.
28. Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution.  The Census Bureau defines 
this category as follows:  This industry group comprises establishments primarily engaged in generating, 
transmitting, and/or distributing electric power. Establishments in this industry group may perform one or 
more of the following activities: (1) operate generation facilities that produce electric energy; (2) operate 
transmission systems that convey the electricity from the generation facility to the distribution system; 
and (3) operate distribution systems that convey electric power received from the generation facility or 
the transmission system to the final consumer.85 The SBA has developed a small business size standard 
for firms in this category:  A firm is small if, including its affiliates, it is primarily engaged in the 
generation, transmission, and/or distribution of electric energy for sale and its total electric output for the 
preceding fiscal year did not exceed 4 million megawatt hours.86 According to Census Bureau data for 
2002, there were 1,644 firms in this category that operated for the entire year.87 Census data do not track 
electric output and we have not determined how many of these firms fit the SBA size standard for small, 
with no more than 4 million megawatt hours of electric output.  Consequently, we estimate that 1,644 or 
fewer firms may be considered small under the SBA small business size standard.
29. Television Broadcasting. The SBA defines a television broadcast station as a small 
business if such station has no more than $13.0 million in annual receipts.88 Business concerns included 
in this industry are those primarily engaged in broadcasting images together with sound.89 The 
  
83 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2007 NAICS code 517110).
84 See Trends in Telephone Service at Table 5.3.
85 U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 NAICS Definitions, 2211 Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution; 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/def/NDEF221.HTM#N2211.
86 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2007 NAICS codes 221111, 221112, 221113, 221119, 221121, 221122, footnote 1).
87 U S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject Series:  Utilities, Establishment and Firm Size (Including 
Legal Form of Organization):  2002, Table 4 (2007 NAICS codes 221111, 221112, 221113, 221119, 221121, 
221122) (issued November 2005).
88 See 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2007 NAICS Code 515120). 
89 U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 NAICS Definitions, 515120 Television Broadcasting; 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/def/ND515120.HTM#N515120,  This category description provides further that 
these establishments operate television broadcasting studios and facilities for the programming and transmission of 
programs to the public.  These establishments also produce or transmit visual programming to affiliated broadcast 
television stations, which in turn broadcast the programs to the public on a predetermined schedule.  Programming 
may originate in their own studios, from an affiliated network, or from external sources.  Id.  Separate census 
categories pertain to businesses primarily engaged in producing programming.  See Motion Picture and Video 
Production, 2007 NAICS code 512110 (http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/def/ND512110.HTM#N512110); Motion 
Picture and Video Distribution, 2007 NAICS Code 512120 (http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/def/
(continued.)
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
123
Commission has estimated the number of licensed commercial television stations to be 1,376.90  
According to Commission staff review of the BIA Financial Network, MAPro Television Database 
(BIA) on March 30, 2007, approximately 986 of an estimated 1,374 commercial television stations91 (or 
approximately 72 percent) have revenues of $13.5 million or less.  We note, however, that, in assessing 
whether a business concern qualifies as small under the above definition, business (control) affiliations92
must be included.  Our estimate, therefore, likely overstates the number of small entities that might be 
affected by our action, because the revenue figure on which it is based does not include or aggregate 
revenues from affiliated companies.  The Commission has estimated the number of licensed NCE 
television stations to be 380.93 The Commission does not compile and otherwise does not have access to 
information on the revenue of NCE stations that would permit it to determine how many such stations 
would qualify as small entities.
30. In addition, an element of the definition of small business is that the entity not be 
dominant in its field of operation.  We are unable at this time to define or quantify the criteria that would 
establish whether a specific television station is dominant in its field of operation.  Accordingly, the 
estimate of small businesses to which rules may apply do not exclude any television station from the 
definition of a small business on this basis and are therefore over-inclusive to that extent.  Also, as noted, 
an additional element of the definition of small business is that the entity must be independently owned 
and operated.  We note that it is difficult at times to assess these criteria in the context of media entities 
and our estimates of small businesses to which they apply may be over-inclusive to this extent.
D. Description of Proposed Reporting, Recordkeeping and other Compliance 
Requirements
31. The rules ultimately adopted as a result of this NPRM may contain new or modified 
information collections.  We anticipate that none of the changes would result in an increase to the 
reporting and recordkeeping requirements of small entities.  We invite small entities to comment in 
response to the NPRM.  
E. Steps Taken to Minimize Significant Impact on Small Entities and 
Significant Alternatives Considered
32. The RFA requires an agency to describe any significant alternatives that it has considered 
in proposing regulatory approaches, which may include the following four alternatives (among others): 
(1) the establishment of differing compliance or reporting requirements or timetables that take into 
account the resources available to small entities; (2) the clarification, consolidation, or simplification of 
compliance or reporting requirements under the rule for small entities; (3) the use of performance, rather 
(Continued from previous page)    
ND512120.HTM#N512120); Teleproduction and Other Post-Production Services, 2007 NAICS Code 512191 
(http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/def/ND512191.HTM#N512191); and Other Motion Picture and Video 
Industries, 2007 NAICS Code 512199 (http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/def/ ND512199.HTM#N512199).
90 See News Release, Broadcast Station Totals as of December 31, 2006, 2007 WL 221575 (dated Jan. 26, 2007) 
(Broadcast Station Totals); also available at http://www.fcc.gov/mb/. 
91 We recognize that this total differs slightly from that contained in Broadcast Station Totals, supra note 81; 
however, we are using BIAs estimate for purposes of this revenue comparison.  
92 [Business concerns] are affiliates of each other when one concern controls or has the power to control the other 
or a third party or parties controls or has to power to control both.  13 C.F.R.  121.103(a)(1).
93 See Broadcast Station Totals, supra note 81.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
124
than design, standards; and (4) an exemption from coverage of the rule, or any part thereof, for small 
entities.94 First, regarding the establishment of a procedure that would shorten the five-year term of the 
extension of the exclusive contract prohibition, the Commission may choose to establish such a procedure 
or, in the alternative, it may not choose to do so.  Second, regarding the extension of the program access 
rules to terrestrially delivered cable-affiliated programmers, the Commission may choose to extend these 
rules to terrestrially delivered cable-affiliated programmers or, in the alternative, it may choose not to 
extend these rules to such programmers.  Third, regarding expansion of the exclusive contract prohibition 
to apply to non-cable-affiliated programming that is affiliated with a different MVPD, principally a DBS 
provider, the Commission may choose to extend the exclusive contract prohibition to apply to such non-
cable-affiliated programming or, in the alternative, it may choose not to extend the exclusive contract 
prohibition to such programming.  Fourth, regarding the practice of programmers to engage in tying of 
desired with undesired programming, the Commission may choose to preclude all such tying 
arrangements or, in the alternative, it may choose not to preclude any such arrangements or, in the 
alternative, it may choose to preclude only certain tying arrangements.  Fifth, with respect to concerns 
raised by small and rural MVPDs regarding conditions imposed by programmers for access to content, the 
Commission may choose to take action to address some or all of these concerns or, in the alternative, it 
may choose not to take action to address these concerns.  Sixth, regarding the establishment of a process 
whereby a program access complainant may seek a temporary stay of any proposed changes to its existing 
programming contract pending resolution of the complaint, the Commission may establish such a process 
or, in the alternative, it may choose not to establish such a process.  Seventh, regarding the requirement 
that parties submit to the Commission, when requested, final offer proposals as part of the remedy 
phase of the complaint process, the Commission may adopt such a requirement or, in the alternative, it 
may choose not to adopt such a requirement.  We invite comment on the options the Commission is 
considering, or alternatives thereto as referenced above, and on any other alternatives commenters may 
wish to propose for the purpose of minimizing significant economic impact on smaller entities. 
F. Federal Rules Which Duplicate, Overlap, or Conflict with the Commissions 
Proposals
None.
  
94 5 U.S.C.  603(c).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
125
APPENDIX G
Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
1. As required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980, as amended (RFA),1 an Initial 
Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (IRFA) was incorporated in the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in MB 
Docket No. 07-29 (hereinafter referred to as the Notice).2  The Commission sought written public 
comment on the proposals in the Notice, including comment on the IRFA.  The comments received are 
discussed below.  This present Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (FRFA) conforms to the RFA.3
A. Need for, and Objectives of, the Rules Adopted
2. Background.  Congress enacted the program access provisions contained in Section 628 
of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, as part of the Cable Television Consumer Protection 
and Competition Act of 1992 (1992 Act).  Section 628 is intended to encourage entry into the 
multichannel video programming distribution (MVPD) market by existing or potential competitors to 
traditional cable operators by requiring cable operators to make available to MVPDs the programming 
necessary for them to become viable competitors.4 Specifically, this proceeding involves (i) Section 
628(c)(2)(D), which prohibits, in areas served by a cable operator, exclusive contracts for satellite cable 
programming or satellite broadcast programming between vertically integrated programming vendors and 
cable operators unless the Commission determines that such exclusivity is in the public interest;5 and (ii) 
the Commissions procedures for resolving program access disputes under Section 628.
3. Extension of Exclusive Contract Prohibition.  Section 628(c)(5) of the Communications 
Act directed that the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 628(c)(2)(D) would cease to be effective on 
October 5, 2002, unless the Commission found in a proceeding conducted between October 2001 and 
October 2002 that the prohibition continues to be necessary to preserve and protect competition and 
diversity in the distribution of video programming.6 In October 2001, the Commission issued a Notice of 
Proposed Rulemaking seeking comment on whether the exclusive contract prohibition continued to be 
necessary pursuant to the criteria set forth in Section 628(c)(5).7 In June 2002, the Commission issued 
a decision concluding that the exclusive contract prohibition continued to be necessary pursuant to 
  
1 See 5 U.S.C.  603. The RFA has been amended by the Contract With America Advancement Act of 1996, Pub. L. 
No. 104-121, 110 Stat. 847 (1996) (CWAAA).  See 5 U.S.C.  601 et. seq.  Title II of the CWAAA is the Small 
Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (SBREFA).
2 See Implementation of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992  Development of 
Competition and Diversity in Video Programming Distribution: Section 628(c)(5) of the Communications Act: 
Sunset of Exclusive Contract Prohibition, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 22 FCC Rcd 4252 (2007) (the Notice).
3 See 5 U.S.C.  604.  We note that, because our action with respect to the exclusive contract prohibition in Section 
628(c)(2)(D) retains the status quo in this context, we could have certified our action under the RFA.  See generally 
5 U.S.C.  605.
4 Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992, Pub. L. No. 102-385, 106 Stat. 1460 (1992). 
5 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(2)(D).
6 47 U.S.C.  548(c)(5).
7 See Implementation of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992  Development of 
Competition and Diversity in Video Programming Distribution: Section 628(c)(5) of the Communications Act: 
Sunset of Exclusive Contract Prohibition, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 16 FCC Rcd 19074 (2001).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
126
these criteria and therefore extended the prohibition for five years (i.e., through October 5, 2007).8 The 
Commission also provided that, during the year before the expiration of the five-year extension of the 
exclusive contract prohibition, it would conduct another review to determine whether the exclusive 
contract prohibition continues to be necessary to preserve and protect competition and diversity in the 
distribution of video programming.9 We issued the Notice in February 2007 to initiate this review.10
4. The Order herein adopted retains for five years (until October 5, 2012) the prohibition on 
exclusive contracts for satellite cable programming and satellite broadcast programming between 
vertically integrated programming vendors and cable operators as set forth in Section 628(c)(2)(D) of the 
Communications Act and Section 76.1002(c)(2) of the Commissions rules.
5. In the Order, we analyze the changes that have occurred in the video programming and 
distribution markets since 2002 when we last decided that the exclusive contract prohibition continued to 
be necessary to preserve and protect competition.  While the markets for both programming and 
distribution reflect some pro-competitive trends since 2002, we conclude that these developments are not 
sufficient to allow us to decide that the exclusive contract prohibition is no longer necessary to preserve 
and protect competition and diversity in the distribution of video programming.  We then assess whether 
vertically integrated programmers today retain both the ability and incentive to favor their affiliated cable 
operators over nonaffiliated MVPDs such that competition and diversity in the distribution of video 
programming would not be preserved and protected.  We conclude that vertically integrated programmers 
retain this ability and incentive.  Thus, we find that the exclusive contract prohibition is necessary to 
preserve and protect competition and diversity in the distribution of video programming.  We therefore 
extend the exclusive contract prohibition for five years subject to review during the last year of this 
extension period.  
6. In the Order, we also reject proposals presented by some commenters to narrow the 
exclusive contract prohibition based on the status of the programming, the cable operator, or the 
competitive MVPD.  We find that narrowing the prohibition in this manner is not supported by the 
Communications Act and would not promote competition.  We also reject proposals presented by some 
commenters to expand the exclusive contract prohibition to non-cable-affiliated programming and 
unaffiliated programming.  We find that expanding the prohibition is not supported by the 
Communications Act and that there is no record evidence to support such an expansion of the prohibition. 
We also considered the possibility of allowing the exclusive contract prohibition to sunset.  Because we 
conclude that the exclusive contract prohibition is necessary to preserve and protect competition and 
diversity in the video distribution market, we decide not to allow the exclusive contract prohibition to 
sunset.  The decision to retain the exclusive contract prohibition will facilitate competition in the video 
distribution market, thereby benefiting various competitive MVPDs including those that are smaller 
entities.  Therefore, we conclude that our decision to retain the exclusive contract prohibition set forth in 
Section 628(c)(2)(D) benefits smaller entities as well as larger entities.        
  
8 See Implementation of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992  Development of 
Competition and Diversity in Video Programming Distribution: Section 628(c)(5) of the Communications Act: 
Sunset of Exclusive Contract Prohibition, 17 FCC Rcd 12124 (2002) (2002 Extension Order); see also 47 C.F.R. 
 76.1002(c)(6).  
9 See 2002 Extension Order, 17 FCC Rcd at 12161,  80.
10 See Notice, 22 FCC Rcd 4252 (2007).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
127
7. Modification of Program Access Complaint Procedures.  The Commissions rules 
provide that any MVPD aggrieved by conduct that it believes constitutes a violation of Section 628 and 
the Commissions program access rules may file a complaint at the Commission.11 In the Notice, we 
considered whether and how our procedures for resolving program access disputes under Section 628 
should be modified.12 Among other things, we considered (i) whether specific time limits on the 
Commission, the parties, or others would promote a speedy and just resolution of these disputes; (ii) 
whether our rules governing discovery and protection of confidential information are adequate; and (iii) 
whether the Commission should adopt alternative procedures or remedies such as mandatory standstill 
agreements and arbitration.13
8. In the Order, to facilitate the resolution of program access complaints, we modify our 
procedures for resolving such complaints by (i) codifying the requirements that a respondent in a program 
access complaint proceeding who expressly relies upon a document in asserting a defense must include 
the document as part of its answer; (ii) finding that in the context of a complaint proceeding, it would be 
unreasonable for a respondent not to produce all the documents either requested by the complainant or 
ordered by the Commission, provided that such documents are in its control and relevant to the dispute; 
(iii) codifying the Commissions authority to issue default orders granting a complaint if the respondent 
fails to comply with discovery requests; and (iv) allowing parties to a program access complaint 
proceeding to voluntarily engage in alternative dispute resolution, including commercial arbitration, 
during which time Commission action on the complaint will be suspended.  We also retain our goals of 
resolving program access complaints within five months from the submission of a complaint for denial of 
programming cases, and within nine months for all other program access complaints, such as price 
discrimination cases.  
B. Summary of Significant Issues Raised by Public Comments in Response to 
the IRFA
9. In its Comments on the IRFA, the Office of Advocacy of the United States Small 
Business Administration (SBA Office of Advocacy) claims that the Commissions IRFA in this 
proceeding was inadequate because it allegedly (i) did not contain a complete economic analysis of the 
impact of a decision to allow the exclusive contract prohibition to sunset on the small entities listed in the 
IRFA; (ii) failed to consider alternatives to allowing the prohibition to sunset that will achieve the 
Commissions goals while minimizing burdens on small entities; and (iii) failed to collect data on the 
impact of a sunset of the prohibition on small businesses that offer video programming to customers, such 
as sports bars, smalls entities in the hospitality industry, and certain housing developments.14 The SBA 
Office of Advocacy Office argues that without access to video content demanded by subscribers, small 
providers of video services will not be able to compete in the MVPD market.15 Accordingly, the SBA 
Office of Advocacy urges a three-year extension of the exclusive contract prohibition.16 Although not 
filed specifically in response to the IRFA, comments were filed in response to the Notice by small 
competitive MVPDs and small cable operators that urged the Commission to retain the exclusive contract 
  
11 47 C.F.R.  76.7 and 76.1003.
12 See Notice, 22 FCC Rcd at 4259-4260,  13-16.
13 See id.
14 See SBA Office of Advocacy Comments at 4-7.
15 See id. at 4.
16 See id. at 6.    
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
128
prohibition and to revise the procedures for resolving program access complaints.  These commenters 
argued that they will be unable to viably compete in the video distribution market if denied access to 
vertically integrated programming. Moreover, they argued that the current program access complaint 
process is costly and time-consuming such that it makes it impracticable for small carriers to pursue filing 
a program access complaint.  Our response to all such comments is contained in paragraph 31 infra.
C. Description and Estimate of the Number of Small Entities to Which the 
Proposed Rules Will Apply
10. The RFA directs agencies to provide a description of, and where feasible, an estimate of 
the number of small entities that may be affected by the proposed rules, if adopted.17 The RFA generally 
defines the term small entity as having the same meaning as the terms small business, small 
organization, and small governmental jurisdiction.18 In addition, the term small business has the 
same meaning as the term small business concern under the Small Business Act.19 A small business 
concern is one which:  (1) is independently owned and operated; (2) is not dominant in its field of 
operation; and (3) satisfies any additional criteria established by the Small Business Administration 
(SBA).20\
11. Wired Telecommunications Carriers.  The 2007 North American Industry Classification 
System (NAICS) defines Wired Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) to 
include the following three classifications which were listed separately in the 2002 NAICS:  Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers (2002 NAICS Code 517110), Cable and Other Program Distribution (2002 
NAISC Code 517510), and Internet Service Providers (2002 NAISC Code 518111).21 The 2007 NAISC 
defines this category as follows:  This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in operating 
and/or providing access to transmission facilities and infrastructure that they own and/or lease for the 
transmission of voice, data, text, sound, and video using wired telecommunications networks.  
Transmission facilities may be based on a single technology or a combination of technologies.  
Establishments in this industry use the wired telecommunications network facilities that they operate to 
provide a variety of services, such as wired telephony services, including VoIP services; wired (cable) 
audio and video programming distribution; and wired broadband Internet services.  By exception, 
establishments providing satellite television distribution services using facilities and infrastructure that 
they operate are included in this industry.22 The SBA has developed a small business size standard for 
Wired Telecommunications Carriers, which is all firms having 1,500 employees or less.23 According to 
  
17 5 U.S.C.  603(b)(3).
18 5 U.S.C.  601(6).
19 5 U.S.C.  601(3) (incorporating by reference the definition of small-business concern in the Small Business 
Act, 15 U.S.C.  632).  Pursuant to 5 U.S.C.  601(3), the statutory definition of a small business applies unless an 
agency, after consultation with the Office of Advocacy of the Small Business Administration and after opportunity 
for public comment, establishes one or more definitions of such term which are appropriate to the activities of the 
agency and publishes such definition(s) in the Federal Register.
20 15 U.S.C.  632.
21 See 2007 NAICS U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/ n07-
n02.xls).
22 U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 NAICS Definitions, 517110 Wired Telecommunications Carriers; 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/def/ND517110.HTM#N517110.
23 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2002 NAICS code 517110).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
129
Census Bureau data for 2002, there were a total of 27,148 firms in the Wired Telecommunications 
Carriers category (2002 NAISC Code 517110) that operated for the entire year; 6,021 firms in the Cable 
and Other Program Distribution category (2002 NAISC Code 517510) that operated for the entire year; 
and 3,408 firms in the Internet Service Providers category (2002 NAISC Code 518111) that operated for 
the entire year.24 Of these totals, 25,374 of 27,148 firms in the Wired Telecommunications Carriers 
category (2002 NAISC Code 517110) had less than 100 employees; 5,496 of 6,021 firms in the Cable and 
Other Program Distribution category (2002 NAISC Code 517510) had less than 100 employees; and 
3,303 of the 3,408 firms in the Internet Service Providers category (2002 NAISC Code 518111) had less 
than 100 employees.25 Thus, under this size standard, the majority of firms can be considered small.
12. Cable and Other Program Distribution. The 2002 NAICS defines this category as 
follows:  This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged as third-party distribution systems 
for broadcast programming. The establishments of this industry deliver visual, aural, or textual 
programming received from cable networks, local television stations, or radio networks to consumers via 
cable or direct-to-home satellite systems on a subscription or fee basis. These establishments do not 
generally originate programming material.26 This category includes, among others, cable operators, 
direct broadcast satellite (DBS) services, home satellite dish (HSD) services, satellite master antenna 
television (SMATV) systems, and open video systems (OVS).  The SBA has developed a small 
business size standard for Cable and Other Program Distribution, which is all such firms having $13.5 
million or less in annual receipts.27 According to Census Bureau data for 2002, there were a total of 1,191 
firms in this category that operated for the entire year.28 Of this total, 1,087 firms had annual receipts of 
under $10 million, and 43 firms had receipts of $10 million or more but less than $25 million.29 Thus, 
under this size standard, the majority of firms can be considered small.
13. Cable System Operators (Rate Regulation Standard). The Commission has also 
developed its own small business size standards for the purpose of cable rate regulation.  Under the 
Commissions rules, a small cable company is one serving 400,000 or fewer subscribers nationwide.30  
As of 2006, 7,916 cable operators qualify as small cable companies under this standard.31 In addition, 
  
24 U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject Series: Information, Table 2, Employment Size of 
Establishments for the United States: 2002 (2002 NAISC Code 517110; 2002 NAISC Code 517510; 2002 NAISC 
Code 518111) (issued November 2005).
25 Id.
26 U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 NAICS Definitions, 517510 Cable and Other Program Distribution; 
http://www.census.gov/epcd/naics02/def/NDEF517.HTM.  As discussed above, the 2007 NAICS defines Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) to include, among others, Cable and Other Program 
Distribution (2002 NAISC Code 517510).  See 2007 NAICS U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/n07-n02.xls).
27 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2002 NAICS code 517510).
28 U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject Series: Information, Table 4, Receipts Size of Firms for the 
United States: 2002 (NAICS code 517510) (issued November 2005).
29 Id.  An additional 61 firms had annual receipts of $25 million or more.
30 47 C.F.R.  76.901(e).  The Commission determined that this size standard equates approximately to a size 
standard of $100 million or less in annual revenues.  Implementation of Sections of the 1992 Cable Act: Rate 
Regulation, Sixth Report and Order and Eleventh Order on Reconsideration, 10 FCC Rcd 7393, 7408 (1995).
31 74 TELEVISION AND CABLE FACTBOOK F-2 (Warren Comm. News eds., 2006); Top 25 MSOs  NCTA.com, 
available at http://www.ncta.com/ContentView.aspx?contentId=73 (last visited September 6, 2007).  We arrived at 
(continued.)
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
130
under the Commissions rules, a small system is a cable system serving 15,000 or fewer subscribers.32  
Industry data indicate that 6,139 systems have under 10,000 subscribers, and an additional 379 systems 
have 10,000-19,999 subscribers.33 Thus, under this standard, most cable systems are small.    
14. Cable System Operators (Telecom Act Standard).  The Communications Act of 1934, as 
amended, also contains a size standard for small cable system operators, which is a cable operator that, 
directly or through an affiliate, serves in the aggregate fewer than 1 percent of all subscribers in the 
United States and is not affiliated with any entity or entities whose gross annual revenues in the aggregate 
exceed $250,000,000.34 There are approximately 65.4 million cable subscribers in the United States 
today.35 Accordingly, an operator serving fewer than 654,000 subscribers shall be deemed a small 
operator, if its annual revenues, when combined with the total annual revenues of all its affiliates, do not 
exceed $250 million in the aggregate.36 Based on available data, we find that the number of cable 
operators serving 654,000 subscribers or less totals approximately 7,916.37 We note that the Commission 
neither requests nor collects information on whether cable system operators are affiliated with entities 
whose gross annual revenues exceed $250 million.38 Although it seems certain that some of these cable 
system operators are affiliated with entities whose gross annual revenues exceed $250,000,000, we are 
unable at this time to estimate with greater precision the number of cable system operators that would 
qualify as small cable operators under the definition in the Communications Act.
15. Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Service. DBS service is a nationally distributed 
subscription service that delivers video and audio programming via satellite to a small parabolic dish 
antenna at the subscribers location.  Because DBS provides subscription services, DBS falls within the 
SBA-recognized definition of Cable and Other Program Distribution.39 This definition provides that a 
(Continued from previous page)    
7,916 cable operators qualifying as small cable companies by subtracting the ten cable companies with over 400,000 
subscribers found on the NCTA website from the 7,926 total number of cable operators found in the Television and 
Cable Factbook.
32 47 C.F.R.  76.901(c).  
33 Warren Communications News, Television & Cable Factbook 2006, U.S. Cable Systems by Subscriber Size, 
page F-2 (data current as of Oct. 2005).  The data do not include 718 systems for which classifying data were not 
available.
34 47 U.S.C.  543(m)(2); see 47 C.F.R.  76.901(f) & nn. 1-3.
35 See Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming, 
Twelfth Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd 2503, 2507,  10 and 2617, Table B-1 (2006) (12th Annual Report).  
36 47 C.F.R.  76.901(f); see Public Notice, FCC Announces New Subscriber Count for the Definition of Small 
Cable Operator, DA 01-158 (Cable Services Bureau, Jan. 24, 2001).
37 74 TELEVISION AND CABLE FACTBOOK F-2 (Warren Commcns News eds., 2006); Top 25 MSOs  NCTA.com, 
available at http://www.ncta.com/ContentView.aspx?contentId=73 (last visited September 6, 2007).  We arrived at 
7,916 cable operators qualifying as small cable companies by subtracting the ten cable companies with over 654,000 
subscribers found on the NCTA website from the 7,926 total number of cable operators found in the Television and 
Cable Factbook.
38 The Commission does receive such information on a case-by-case basis if a cable operator appeals a local 
franchise authoritys finding that the operator does not qualify as a small cable operator pursuant to  76.901(f) of 
the Commissions rules.  See 47 C.F.R.  76.909(b).
39 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2002 NAICS code 517510).  As discussed above, the 2007 NAICS defines Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) to include, among others, Cable and Other Program 
(continued.)
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
131
small entity is one with $13.5 million or less in annual receipts.40 Currently, three operators provide DBS 
service, which requires a great investment of capital for operation:  DIRECTV, EchoStar (marketed as the 
DISH Network), and Dominion Video Satellite, Inc. (Dominion) (marketed as Sky Angel).41 All three 
currently offer subscription services.  Two of these three DBS operators, DIRECTV42 and EchoStar 
Communications Corporation (EchoStar),43 report annual revenues that are in excess of the threshold 
for a small business.  The third DBS operator, Dominions Sky Angel service, serves fewer than one 
million subscribers and provides 20 family and religion-oriented channels.44 Dominion does not report its 
annual revenues.  The Commission does not know of any source which provides this information and, 
thus, we have no way of confirming whether Dominion qualifies as a small business.  Because DBS 
service requires significant capital, we believe it is unlikely that a small entity as defined by the SBA 
would have the financial wherewithal to become a DBS licensee.  Nevertheless, given the absence of 
specific data on this point, we recognize the possibility that there are entrants in this field that may not yet 
have generated $13.5 million in annual receipts, and therefore may be categorized as a small business, if 
independently owned and operated. 
16. Private Cable Operators (PCOs) also known as Satellite Master Antenna Television 
(SMATV) Systems.  PCOs, also known as SMATV systems or private communication operators, are video 
distribution facilities that use closed transmission paths without using any public right-of-way.  PCOs 
acquire video programming and distribute it via terrestrial wiring in urban and suburban multiple dwelling 
units such as apartments and condominiums, and commercial multiple tenant units such as hotels and 
office buildings.  The SBA definition of small entities for Cable and Other Program Distribution Services 
includes PCOs and, thus, small entities are defined as all such companies generating $13.5 million or less 
in annual receipts.45 Currently, there are approximately 150 members in the Independent Multi-Family 
Communications Council (IMCC), the trade association that represents PCOs.46 Individual PCOs often 
serve approximately 3,000-4,000 subscribers, but the larger operations serve as many as 15,000-55,000 
subscribers.  In total, PCOs currently serve approximately one million subscribers.47 Because these 
operators are not rate regulated, they are not required to file financial data with the Commission.  
Furthermore, we are not aware of any privately published financial information regarding these operators.  
(Continued from previous page)    
Distribution (2002 NAISC Code 517510).  See 2007 NAICS U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/n07-n02.xls).
40 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2002 NAICS code 517510).
41 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2538-39,  70 and 2620, Table B-3.
42 DIRECTV is the largest DBS operator and the second largest MVPD, serving an estimated 15.72 million 
subscribers nationwide as of June 2005.  See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2620, Table B-3.
43 EchoStar, which provides service under the brand name Dish Network, is the second largest DBS operator and 
one of the four largest MVPDs, serving an estimated 12.27 million subscribers nationwide.  Id.
44 See id. at 2540,  73 .
45 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2002 NAICS code 517510).  As discussed above, the 2007 NAICS defines Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) to include, among others, Cable and Other Program 
Distribution (2002 NAISC Code 517510).  See 2007 NAICS U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/n07-n02.xls).
46 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2564-65,  130.  Previously, the Commission reported that IMCC had 250 
members; see Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming,
Tenth Annual Report, 19 FCC Rcd 1606, 1666,  90 (2004) (10th Annual Report).
47 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2564-65,  130.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
132
Based on the estimated number of operators and the estimated number of units served by the largest ten 
PCOs, we believe that a substantial number of PCO may qualify as small entities.
17. Home Satellite Dish (HSD) Service. Because HSD provides subscription services, 
HSD falls within the SBA-recognized definition of Cable and Other Program Distribution, which includes 
all such companies generating $13.5 million or less in revenue annually.48 HSD or the large dish segment 
of the satellite industry is the original satellite-to-home service offered to consumers, and involves the 
home reception of signals transmitted by satellites operating generally in the C-band frequency.  Unlike 
DBS, which uses small dishes, HSD antennas are between four and eight feet in diameter and can receive 
a wide range of unscrambled (free) programming and scrambled programming purchased from program 
packagers that are licensed to facilitate subscribers receipt of video programming.  There are 
approximately 30 satellites operating in the C-band, which carry over 500 channels of programming 
combined; approximately 350 channels are available free of charge and 150 are scrambled and require a 
subscription.  HSD is difficult to quantify in terms of annual revenue.  HSD owners have access to 
program channels placed on C-band satellites by programmers for receipt and distribution by MVPDs.  
Commission data shows that, between June 2004 and June 2005, HSD subscribership fell from 335,766 
subscribers to 206,358 subscribers, a decline of more than 38 percent.49 The Commission has no 
information regarding the annual revenue of the four C-Band distributors.
18. Broadband Radio Service and Educational Broadband Service.  Broadband Radio 
Service comprises Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS) systems and Multipoint 
Distribution Service (MDS).50 MMDS systems, often referred to as wireless cable, transmit video 
programming to subscribers using the microwave frequencies of MDS and Educational Broadband 
Service (EBS) (formerly known as Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS)).51 We estimate that the 
number of wireless cable subscribers is approximately 100,000, as of March 2005.  The SBA definition of 
small entities for Cable and Other Program Distribution, which includes such companies generating $13.5 
million in annual receipts, appears applicable to MDS and ITFS.52  
19. The Commission has also defined small MDS (now BRS) entities in the context of 
Commission license auctions.  For purposes of the 1996 MDS auction, the Commission defined a small 
business as an entity that had annual average gross revenues of less than $40 million in the previous three 
calendar years.53 This definition of a small entity in the context of MDS auctions has been approved by 
  
48 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (NAICS code 517510).  As discussed above, the 2007 NAICS defines Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) to include, among others, Cable and Other Program 
Distribution (2002 NAISC Code 517510).  See 2007 NAICS U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/n07-n02.xls).
49 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2617, Table B-1.  HSD subscribership declined more than 33 percent 
between June 2003 and June 2004.  See id.
50 Amendment of Parts 1, 21 73, 74, and 101 of the Commissions Rules to Facilitate the Provision of Fixed and 
Mobile Broadband Access, Educational and Other Advanced Services in the 2150-2162 and 2500-2690 MHz Bands, 
WT Docket No. 03-66, RM-10586, Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 19 FCC Rcd 
14165 (2004).
51 See id.
52 As discussed above, the 2007 NAICS defines Wired Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) 
to include, among others, Cable and Other Program Distribution (2002 NAISC Code 517510).  See 2007 NAICS 
U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/n07-n02.xls).
53 47 C.F.R.  21.961(b)(1) (2002).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
133
the SBA.54 In the MDS auction, 67 bidders won 493 licenses.55 Of the 67 auction winners, 61 claimed 
status as a small business.  At this time, the Commission estimates that of the 61 small business MDS 
auction winners, 48 remain small business licensees.  In addition to the 48 small businesses that hold 
BTA authorizations, there are approximately 392 incumbent MDS licensees that have gross revenues that 
are not more than $40 million and are thus considered small entities.56 MDS licensees and wireless cable 
operators that did not receive their licenses as a result of the MDS auction fall under the SBA small 
business size standard for Cable and Other Program Distribution, which includes all such entities that do 
not generate revenue in excess of $13.5 million annually.57 Information available to us indicates that 
there are approximately 850 of these licensees and operators that do not generate revenue in excess of 
$13.5 million annually.  Therefore, we estimate that there are approximately 850 small entity MDS (or 
BRS) providers, as defined by the SBA and the Commissions auction rules.
20. Educational institutions are included in this analysis as small entities; however, the 
Commission has not created a specific small business size standard for ITFS (now EBS).58 We estimate 
that there are currently 2,032 ITFS (or EBS) licensees, and all but 100 of the licenses are held by 
educational institutions.  Thus, we estimate that at least 1,932 ITFS licensees are small entities.
21. Local Multipoint Distribution Service. Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) is 
a fixed broadband point-to-multipoint microwave service that provides for two-way video 
telecommunications.59 The SBA definition of small entities for Cable and Other Program Distribution, 
which includes such companies generating $13.5 million in annual receipts, appears applicable to 
LMDS.60 The Commission has also defined small LMDS entities in the context of Commission license 
auctions.  In the 1998 and 1999 LMDS auctions,61 the Commission defined a small business as an entity 
  
54 Amendment of Parts 21 and 74 of the Commissions Rules with Regard to Filing Procedures in the Multipoint 
Distribution Service and in the Instructional Television Fixed Service, Report and Order, 10 FCC Rcd 9589 (1995).
55 MDS Auction No. 6 began on November 13, 1995, and closed on March 28, 1996 (67 bidders won 493 licenses).
56 Hundreds of stations were licensed to incumbent MDS licensees prior to implementation of Section 309(j) of the 
Communications Act of 1934.  47 U.S.C.  309(j).  For these pre-auction licenses, the applicable standard is SBAs 
small business size standards for other telecommunications (annual receipts of $13.5 million or less).  See 13 
C.F.R.  121.201 (2007 NAICS code 517910).
57 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (NAICS code 517510).  As discussed above, the 2007 NAICS defines Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) to include, among others, Cable and Other Program 
Distribution (2002 NAISC Code 517510).  See 2007 NAICS U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/n07-n02.xls).
58 In addition, the term small entity under SBREFA applies to small organizations (nonprofits) and to small 
governmental jurisdictions (cities, counties, towns, townships, villages, school districts, and special districts with 
populations of less than 50,000).  5 U.S.C.  601(4)-(6).  We do not collect annual revenue data on ITFS licensees.
59 See Local Multipoint Distribution Service, Second Report and Order, 12 FCC Rcd 12545 (1997).
60 As discussed above, the 2007 NAICS defines Wired Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) 
to include, among others, Cable and Other Program Distribution (2002 NAISC Code 517510).  See 2007 NAICS 
U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/n07-n02.xls).
61 The Commission has held two LMDS auctions:  Auction No. 17 and Auction No. 23.  Auction No. 17, the first 
LMDS auction, began on February 18, 1998, and closed on March 25, 1998 (104 bidders won 864 licenses).  
Auction No. 23, the LMDS re-auction, began on April 27, 1999, and closed on May 12, 1999 (40 bidders won 161 
licenses).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
134
that had annual average gross revenues of less than $40 million in the previous three calendar years.62  
Moreover, the Commission added an additional classification for a very small business, which was 
defined as an entity that had annual average gross revenues of less than $15 million in the previous three 
calendar years.63 These definitions of small business and very small business in the context of the 
LMDS auctions have been approved by the SBA.64 In the first LMDS auction, 104 bidders won 864 
licenses.  Of the 104 auction winners, 93 claimed status as small or very small businesses.  In the LMDS 
re-auction, 40 bidders won 161 licenses.  Based on this information, we believe that the number of small 
LMDS licenses will include the 93 winning bidders in the first auction and the 40 winning bidders in the 
re-auction, for a total of 133 small entity LMDS providers as defined by the SBA and the Commissions 
auction rules.
22. Open Video Systems (OVS). The OVS framework provides opportunities for the 
distribution of video programming other than through cable systems.  Because OVS operators provide 
subscription services,65 OVS falls within the SBA-recognized definition of Cable and Other Program 
Distribution Services, which provides that a small entity is one with $ 13.5 million or less in annual 
receipts.66 The Commission has approved approximately 120 OVS certifications with some OVS 
operators now providing service.67 Broadband service providers (BSPs) are currently the only significant 
holders of OVS certifications or local OVS franchises, even though OVS is one of four statutorily-
recognized options for local exchange carriers (LECs) to offer video programming services.  As of June 
2005, BSPs served approximately 1.4 million subscribers, representing 1.49 percent of all MVPD 
households.68 Among BSPs, however, those operating under the OVS framework are in the minority.69  
As of June 2005, RCN Corporation is the largest BSP and 14th largest MVPD, serving approximately 
371,000 subscribers.70 RCN received approval to operate OVS systems in New York City, Boston, 
Washington, D.C. and other areas. The Commission does not have financial information regarding the 
entities authorized to provide OVS, some of which may not yet be operational.  We thus believe that at 
least some of the OVS operators may qualify as small entities.
  
62 See LMDS Order, 12 FCC Rcd at 12545.
63 Id.
64 See Letter to Daniel Phythyon, Chief, Wireless Telecommunications Bureau, FCC from A. Alvarez, 
Administrator, SBA (January 6, 1998).
65 See 47 U.S.C.  573.
66 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (NAICS code 517510).  As discussed above, the 2007 NAICS defines Wired 
Telecommunications Carriers (2007 NAISC Code 517110) to include, among others, Cable and Other Program 
Distribution (2002 NAISC Code 517510).  See 2007 NAICS U.S. Matched to 2002 NAICS U.S. (available at 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/n07-n02.xls). 
67 See Current Filings for Certification of Open Video Systems, http://www.fcc.gov/mb/ovs/csovscer.html (last 
visited July 25, 2007); Current Filings for Certification of Open Video Systems, 
http://www.fcc.gov/mb/ovs/csovsarc.html (last visited July 25, 2007).
68 See 12th Annual Report, 21 FCC Rcd at 2617, Table B-1.
69 OPASTCO reports that less than 8 percent of its members provide service under OVS certification.  See id. at 
2548-49,  88 n.336.
70 See id. at 2549,  89.  WideOpenWest is the second largest BSP and 16th largest MVPD, with cable systems 
serving about 292,500 subscribers as of June 2005.  See id.  The third largest BSP is Knology, which was serving 
approximately 179,800 subscribers as of June 2005.  See id.  
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
135
23. Cable and Other Subscription Programming. The Census Bureau defines this category 
as follows: This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in operating studios and facilities 
for the broadcasting of programs on a subscription or fee basis . . . . These establishments produce 
programming in their own facilities or acquire programming from external sources.  The programming 
material is usually delivered to a third party, such as cable systems or direct-to-home satellite systems, for 
transmission to viewers.71 The SBA has developed a small business size standard for firms within this 
category, which is all firms with $13.5 million or less in annual receipts.72 According to Census Bureau 
data for 2002, there were 270 firms in this category that operated for the entire year.73 Of this total, 217 
firms had annual receipts of under $10 million and 13 firms had annual receipts of $10 million to 
$24,999,999.74 Thus, under this category and associated small business size standard, the majority of 
firms can be considered small.
24. Small Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers.  We have included small incumbent local 
exchange carriers in this present RFA analysis.  A small business under the RFA is one that, inter alia, 
meets the pertinent small business size standard (e.g., a telephone communications business having 1,500 
or fewer employees), and is not dominant in its field of operation.75 The SBAs Office of Advocacy 
contends that, for RFA purposes, small incumbent local exchange carriers are not dominant in their field 
of operation because any such dominance is not national in scope.76 We have therefore included small 
incumbent local exchange carriers in this RFA, although we emphasize that this RFA action has no effect 
on Commission analyses and determinations in other, non-RFA contexts.
25. Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (LECs).  Neither the Commission nor the SBA 
has developed a small business size standard specifically for incumbent local exchange services.  The 
appropriate size standard under SBA rules is for the category Wired Telecommunications Carriers.  Under 
that size standard, such a business is small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees.77 According to 
Commission data,78 1,307 carriers have reported that they are engaged in the provision of incumbent local 
exchange services.  Of these 1,307 carriers, an estimated 1,019 have 1,500 or fewer employees and 288 
have more than 1,500 employees.  Consequently, the Commission estimates that most providers of 
incumbent local exchange service are small businesses.
  
71 U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 NAICS Definitions, 515210 Cable and Other Subscription Programming; 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/def/ND515210.HTM#N515210. 
72 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (NAICS code 515210).
73 U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject Series: Information, Establishment and Firm Size 
(Including Legal Form of Organization): 2002, Table 4 (NAICS code 515210) (issued November 2005).
74 Id.  An additional 40 firms had annual receipts of $25 million or more.
75 15 U.S.C.  632.
76 Letter from Jere W. Glover, Chief Counsel for Advocacy, SBA, to William E. Kennard, Chairman, FCC (May 27, 
1999).  The Small Business Act contains a definition of small-business concern, which the RFA incorporates into 
its own definition of small business.  See 15 U.S.C.  632(a) (Small Business Act); 5 U.S.C.  601(3) (RFA).  
SBA regulations interpret small business concern to include the concept of dominance on a national basis.  See 13 
C.F.R.  121.102(b).
77 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2007 NAICS code 517110).
78 FCC, Wireline Competition Bureau, Industry Analysis and Technology Division, Trends in Telephone Service 
at Table 5.3, page 5-5 (February 2007) (Trends in Telephone Service).  This source uses data that are current as of 
October 20, 2005.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
136
26. Competitive Local Exchange Carriers, Competitive Access Providers (CAPs), Shared-
Tenant Service Providers, and Other Local Service Providers. Neither the Commission nor the SBA 
has developed a small business size standard specifically for these service providers.  The appropriate size 
standard under SBA rules is for the category Wired Telecommunications Carriers.  Under that size 
standard, such a business is small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees.79 According to Commission data,80
859 carriers have reported that they are engaged in the provision of either competitive access provider 
services or competitive local exchange carrier services.  Of these 859 carriers, an estimated 741 have 
1,500 or fewer employees and 118 have more than 1,500 employees.  In addition, 16 carriers have 
reported that they are Shared-Tenant Service Providers, and all 16 are estimated to have 1,500 or fewer 
employees.  In addition, 44 carriers have reported that they are Other Local Service Providers.  Of the 
44, an estimated 43 have 1,500 or fewer employees and one has more than 1,500 employees.  
Consequently, the Commission estimates that most providers of competitive local exchange service, 
competitive access providers, Shared-Tenant Service Providers, and Other Local Service Providers 
are small entities.
27. Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution.  The Census Bureau defines 
this category as follows:  This industry group comprises establishments primarily engaged in generating, 
transmitting, and/or distributing electric power. Establishments in this industry group may perform one or 
more of the following activities: (1) operate generation facilities that produce electric energy; (2) operate 
transmission systems that convey the electricity from the generation facility to the distribution system; 
and (3) operate distribution systems that convey electric power received from the generation facility or 
the transmission system to the final consumer.81 The SBA has developed a small business size standard 
for firms in this category:  A firm is small if, including its affiliates, it is primarily engaged in the 
generation, transmission, and/or distribution of electric energy for sale and its total electric output for the 
preceding fiscal year did not exceed 4 million megawatt hours.82 According to Census Bureau data for 
2002, there were 1,644 firms in this category that operated for the entire year.83 Census data do not track 
electric output and we have not determined how many of these firms fit the SBA size standard for small, 
with no more than 4 million megawatt hours of electric output.  Consequently, we estimate that 1,644 or 
fewer firms may be considered small under the SBA small business size standard.
D. Description of Reporting, Recordkeeping and other Compliance 
Requirements
28. The rules adopted in the Report and Order will impose additional reporting, 
recordkeeping, and compliance requirements on complainants and respondents in program access disputes 
by (i) codifying the requirements that a respondent in a program access complaint proceeding who 
expressly relies upon a document in asserting a defense must include the document as part of its answer; 
and (ii) finding that in the context of a complaint proceeding, it would be unreasonable for a respondent 
  
79 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2007 NAICS code 517110).
80 See Trends in Telephone Service at Table 5.3.
81 U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 NAICS Definitions, 2211 Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution; 
http://www.census.gov/naics/2007/def/NDEF221.HTM#N2211.
82 13 C.F.R.  121.201 (2007 NAICS codes 221111, 221112, 221113, 221119, 221121, 221122, footnote 1).
83 U S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census, Subject Series:  Utilities, Establishment and Firm Size (Including 
Legal Form of Organization):  2002, Table 4 (2007 NAICS codes 221111, 221112, 221113, 221119, 221121, 
221122) (issued November 2005).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
137
not to produce all the documents either requested by the complainant or ordered by the Commission, 
provided that such documents are in its control and relevant to the dispute.  
E. Steps Taken to Minimize Significant Impact on Small Entities and 
Significant Alternatives Considered
29. The RFA requires an agency to describe any significant alternatives that it has considered 
in proposing regulatory approaches, which may include the following four alternatives (among others): 
(1) the establishment of differing compliance or reporting requirements or timetables that take into 
account the resources available to small entities; (2) the clarification, consolidation, or simplification of 
compliance or reporting requirements under the rule for small entities; (3) the use of performance, rather 
than design, standards; and (4) an exemption from coverage of the rule, or any part thereof, for small 
entities.84  
30. The Notice invited comment on issues that had the potential to have significant economic 
impact on some small entities, including (i) whether the exclusive contract prohibition remains necessary 
to preserve and protect competition in the video distribution market; and (ii) whether and how our 
procedures for resolving program access disputes under Section 628 should be modified.  
31. Extension of Exclusive Contract Prohibition.  As discussed in Section A, the decision to 
extend the exclusive contract prohibition for five years will facilitate competition in the video distribution 
market by ensuring that competitive MVPDs continue to have access to the programming they need to 
compete.  The decision therefore confers benefits upon various competitive MVPDs, including those that 
are smaller entities.  Moreover, the decision avoids the adverse impact to smaller entities that the SBA 
Office of Advocacy Office and others stated would occur if the prohibition were to sunset.85 Therefore, 
we conclude that our decision to retain the exclusive contract prohibition set forth in Section 628(c)(2)(D) 
benefits smaller entities as well as larger entities.  The alternative of allowing the exclusive contract 
prohibition to expire would hinder competition in the video distribution market, thereby harming smaller 
entities.
32. Modification of Program Access Complaint Procedures.  As discussed in Section A, the 
decision to modify the procedures for resolving program access disputes will facilitate the processing and 
resolution of program access complaints, thereby conferring benefits upon smaller entities as well as 
larger entities that seek to compete in the video distribution marketplace.  The alternative of retaining the 
current program access complaint procedures would not facilitate the resolution of program access 
complaints and would thereby harm smaller entities that file such complaints.
F. Report to Congress
33. The Commission will send a copy of the Report and Order and Notice of Proposed 
Rulemaking, including this FRFA, in a report to be sent to Congress pursuant to the Congressional 
Review Act.86 In addition, the Commission will send a copy of the Report and Order and Notice of 
Proposed Rulemaking, including this FRFA, to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the SBA.  A copy of 
  
84 5 U.S.C.  603(c).
85 See SBA Office of Advocacy Comments at 4-7.
86 See 5 U.S.C.  801(a)(1)(A).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
138
the Report and Order and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and FRFA (or summaries thereof) will also be 
published in the Federal Register.87
  
87 See 5 U.S.C.  604(b).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
139
STATEMENT OF 
CHAIRMAN KEVIN J. MARTIN
Re: In the Matter of Implementation of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition 
Act of 1992 Development of Competition and Diversity in Video Programming Distribution: 
Section 628(c)(5) of the Communications Act: Sunset of Exclusive Contract Prohibition--Review 
of the Commissions Program Access Rules and Examination of Programming Tying 
Arrangements
Fostering greater competition in the market for the delivery of multichannel video programming 
is a primary and long-standing goal of federal communications policy.  The program access rules, in 
particular the prohibition against exclusive contracts, have been instrumental in the growth of viable 
competitors in the multichannel video programming distribution (MVPD) market.  Today we determine 
that while competition has improved, vertically integrated programmers still have an incentive and ability 
to favor their affiliated cable operators over competitive MVPDs.  The item we adopt today ensures that 
the competition in this market will continue unabated by retaining the ban on exclusive contracts for 
vertically integrated programmers for another five years.  We therefore make sure that new entrants, in 
addition to existing players, will continue to have access to critical programming on a nondiscriminatory 
basis.
Significantly, todays Order makes the program access complaint process more effective by 
requiring the production of the information necessary to fairly and objectively adjudicate a complaint.  
This expanded discovery will improve the quality and efficiency of the Commissions resolution of 
program access complaints.  The availability of programmers carriage contracts, subject to confidential 
treatment, is essential for determining whether the programmer is discriminating in price, terms, and 
conditions.  
I am particularly pleased that the Commission has initiated an inquiry into the tying practices of 
programmers.  Broadcast and cable programmers routinely tie marquee programming, such as premium 
channels or regional sports programming, with unwanted or less desirable programming.  The 
Commission seeks comment on whether to end these practices by requiring programmers to offer 
channels to MVPDs on a stand-alone basis.  I believe that if a cable operator only wants one channel, it 
should not have to take 10 or 20 channels in order to get that one.  This is a particularly important issue 
for small and rural MVPDs and can be a significant obstacle to becoming a viable competitor in the 
MVPD market.  And, I am also concerned about the impact the tying of channels has on consumers who 
ultimately bear the costs of unwanted programming in the form of higher prices.
Consumers have seen their cable bills double over the last decade at the same time the costs for 
all other communications services have declined.  I take cable operators at their word when they point to 
the increased cost of programming as the reason for the increased cost borne by consumers. As the 
Commission begins its examination of these tying arrangements we should bear in mind their impact on 
consumers in terms of prices and program choice.  
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
140
STATEMENT OF 
COMMISSIONER MICHAEL J. COPPS
APPROVING IN PART, AND CONCURRING IN PART
Re: In the Matter of Implementation of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition 
Act of 1992 - Development of Competition and Diversity in Video Programming Distribution: Section 
628(c)(5) of the Communications Act: Sunset of Exclusive Contract Prohibition; Review of the 
Commissions Program Access Rules and Examination of Programming Tying Arrangements
 
The program access rules are one of the true success stories of the 1992 Cable Act. It is no 
exaggeration to say that without these rules, the DBS industry as we know it would not exist. Cable 
operators still have the incentive and ability to discriminate against their competitors regarding access to 
affiliated programming. Access to cable-affiliated programming wasand continues to bevital for the 
growth of a competitive marketplace. New entrants unanimously remind us of this and today the 
Commission once again unanimously so concludes. 
 The Commission will look at the exclusivity ban in another five years. I cannot say with certainty 
what the marketplace will look like in 2012 and whether the exclusivity ban can safely be sunset. I do 
know it cannot be permitted to do so in 2007.  In this regard, I would not have raised the possibility of 
shortening the term of extension in markets where new entrants are gaining a foothold.  It seems to me 
that this is precisely the time that an incumbents incentive to unfairly deny programming to a competitor 
is most acute.  
 On the tying issue, I would make two points. First, this is primarily about the imbalance in 
bargaining power when a small MVPD negotiates with large media programming conglomerates. But 
what this issue is really tied to, like so many other broadcast and cable issues, is media consolidation, and 
if we fail to view it as such we do serious injustice to the future of our nations all-important media.
There are huge imbalances in the media industry brought on by consolidation, and this Commission needs 
to understand these imbalances and interconnections and deal with them broadly and effectively. Second, 
I do not want to broadly inhibit broadcast stations from negotiating for carriage of their multicast signals 
in exchange for carriage of their main digital signal. Perhaps one day the industry and the Commission 
will get serious about the public interest obligations of DTV broadcasters and we can be talking about 
program that really serves the interests of localism, diversity and competition, but precluding negotiations 
about multicast programming that could ultimately serve the public interest may foreclose options that we 
may not really want to foreclose.
 Finally, while I am generally in favor of ensuring that complainants at the Commission have the 
information they need to prove their case, I believe that the discovery procedures adopted in this item go 
too far, and, paradoxically, not far enough.  They go too far in establishing a bare relevance and control 
standard for discovery requests with no apparent limits on requests that are duplicative or unduly 
burdensome.  I fear that these rules will embroil the Commission in an endless stream of discovery 
disputes as the parties vie for competitive advantage.  On the other hand, I believe the decision does not 
go far enough because if we are going to liberalize our discovery rules, it ought to apply to contexts 
beyond program access  such as cases dealing with petitions to deny broadcast station license renewals 
and transfers.  I hope that parties in other disputes file waivers with the Commission asking for liberalized 
discovery. If sunshine is the best disinfectant, we ought to let the sun shine into every nook and cranny of 
the Commission.
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
141
STATEMENT OF
COMMISSIONER JONATHAN S. ADELSTEIN
Re:  In the Matter of Implementation of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 
1992  Development of Competition and Diversity in Video Programming Distribution: Section 628(c)(5) of 
the Communications Act: Sunset of Exclusive Contract Prohibition Report and Order; Review of the 
Commissions Program Access Rules and Examination of Programming Tying Arrangements
Today, I am pleased to support a five-year extension of the Commissions program access rules, 
specifically the prohibition on exclusive contracts between vertically-integrated satellite cable or 
broadcast programmers and cable operators. These rules continue to be necessary to not only promote 
competition and diversity in the distribution of video programming, but to also encourage further 
investment in the deployment of broadband and other advanced services.  Extending the program access 
rules truly promotes the twin goals of enhanced cable competition and accelerated broadband deployment.
As it turns out, video programming is a killer application that is driving broadband and indeed the 
entire communications industry.  Almost 86 percent of U.S. households get their video programming 
from a multi-channel video programming distributor (MVPD).  Competitive access to video 
programming, therefore, serves as an important incentive to entrepreneurs, from small businesses to major 
companies like Verizon, AT&T and Qwest, to enter the video delivery market, make substantial 
investments to upgrade their networks, and provide consumers with competitive video, voice and data 
bundled service offerings.  
According to the Coalition for Competitive Access to Content, a leading group of competitive 
video providers, trade associations and consumer groups, video revenues represent between 35 and 55 
percent of the total broadband networks revenues.  Simply put, video revenues are essential for the 
economic success of capital investment in broadband networks. 
I have always supported legally permissible, sustainable means to promote video competition and 
broadband deployment.  Todays decision does just that.  It ensures that some, though not all, cable 
programming will be available to competitive video providers on fair and non-discriminatory terms and 
conditions.  It preserves the program access regimes recognition that product differentiation is a
legitimate competitive tool, but the withholding of highly sought programming by a dominant provider 
leads to barriers of entry that harm competition, the industry and consumers.  
As our most recent Video Competition Report shows, competition in video distribution and 
programming markets has intensified, and with the entry of local exchange carriers and other broadband 
providers, competition in certain areas will truly be robust. According to our Report, from 2001 to 2005, 
the number of cable subscribers, as a share of total MVPD subscribers, has decreased from 77 percent to 
69 percent. Commensurately, DBS subscribership has increased from 18 percent to 27 percent.  While 
the competitive presence of DBS has reduced cables dominance, concentration remains a concern: the 
top four MVPDs serve 63 percent of all MVPD subscribers, up five percent from 2004. Program access 
and vertical integration remain major areas of concern.
The Order and Further Notice address these concerns by extending our program access rules and 
seeking comment on whether DBS should be subject to the program access rules.  While the only 
vertically-integrated DBS provider currently complies with our access rules pursuant to a merger 
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
142
condition,1 we should examine whether the rules should apply, especially since our program access 
regime applies to cable and common carriers.
I believe that video distribution and the resultant revenue stream will continue to drive broadband 
deployment, which can benefit consumers and the free flow of information beyond the video marketplace.  
Consumers will benefit not only from more choices, better service and lower prices, but consumers also 
stand to gain from a more robust exchange in the marketplace of ideas. 
I have long expressed grave concerns about the negative effects of media consolidation in this 
country, and have focused on the problems raised by growing vertical integration of programming and 
distribution. Vast new distribution networks promise to limit the ability of any vertically integrated 
conglomerates from imposing an economic, cultural or political agenda on the public with few alternative 
choices. I truly believe the benefits of video competition extend beyond the many typical advantages of 
competition that accrue to consumers, and can actually improve the health of our overall democracy.
One note of concern about this Order is the curious turn it takes in revising the discovery process.  
The Commission decides here it is unreasonable for a respondent not to produce on request all the 
relevant documents requested by the complainant without a clear discovery standard and a meaningful 
mediation process.  The modification to our existing rules is surprising because, to date, there has not 
been a single instance where the Commission has requested documents that a party has refused to 
produce.
The Order provides no articulated basis in law, administrative policy or practice to justify such a 
radical change in Commission policy.  The problem with the production of documents has not been a 
failure of our procedural rules; rather, it has been a failure of will  the Commissions will.  It has taken 
the Commission, on average, seven months to resolve on the merits three out of the 13 complaints filed 
since December 1998 that the parties did not settle.
The persistent failure of this Commission to act on program access complaints and to request 
documents in a diligent manner will not be remedied by opening the floodgates to unfettered discovery.  
Nor will it lead to prompt resolution of access complaints.  Indeed, this novel discovery scheme will 
inevitably frustrate the process and create inefficiency.  While I certainly support improving the discovery 
process to expedite access to relevant documents, the Order goes further than warranted by the record in 
this proceeding.
In sum, the extension of our program access regime is urgently needed to facilitate emerging 
video competition.  I am pleased we are doing so before the current regime expires, and thank my 
colleagues for working to make many needed improvements in this Order.
  
1 Within the context of the pending Liberty Media/DIRECTV transaction, the applicants have expressed a 
willingness to continue compliance, pursuant to merger conditions in the News/Hughes Memorandum Opinion and 
Order.  See In the Matter of General Motors Corporation and Hughes Electronics Corporation, Transferors and 
The News Corporation Limited, Transferee, Memorandum Opinion and Order, 19 FCC Rcd 473 (2004).
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
143
STATEMENT OF
COMMISSIONER DEBORAH TAYLOR TATE
Re: In the Matter of Implementation of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and 
Competition Act of 1992 and Development of Competition and Diversity in Video Programming 
Distribution: Section 628(c)(5) of the Communications Act, and Sunset of Exclusive Contract 
Prohibition Review of the Commissions Program Access Rules and Examination of 
Programming Tying Arrangements
One of this Commissions top priorities continues to be the development of a diversity of 
viewpoints.  Such diversity can best be achieved when viewers have access to a variety of programming 
options.  To encourage the development of new programming, and sustain the viability of current 
programming, we must encourage broadcasters, and cable and satellite operators, to offer viewers a broad 
array of content and voices.
This item extends the current ban on exclusive contracts between cable operators and satellite 
cable programming vendors, or satellite broadcast programming vendors, for five years.  While much has 
changed in the world of cable programming, at the current time it is necessary to provide certainty to 
consumers that they will have access to a variety of necessary programming by banning exclusive 
contracts.  By reviewing this issue again in five years, we allow ourselves the flexibility to respond to 
further changes in the programming market.
It should be our goal to see all disputes resolved as efficiently and impartially as possible.  I look 
forward to reviewing the comments regarding whether we should make changes to our current process to 
fulfill these goals. 
Federal Communications Commission FCC 07-169
144
STATEMENT OF
COMMISSIONER ROBERT M. McDOWELL
Re: In the Matter of Implementation of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 
1992  Development of Competition and Diversity in Video Programming Distribution: Section 628(c)(5) of 
the Communications Act: Sunset of Exclusive Contract Prohibition; Review of the Commissions Program 
Access Rules and Examination of Programming Tying Arrangements
In this Order, we extend the prohibition on exclusive contracts between vertically integrated 
programming vendors and cable operators for satellite-delivered programming for five years, until 
October 5, 2012, given the ongoing need to preserve and protect competition and diversity in the 
distribution of video programming.  Although the video distribution marketplace has changed 
significantly since enactment of the ban, because of increased consolidation in the cable industry and 
significant regional clustering of cable systems, the ban remains warranted.  I am supporting the extension 
of the exclusivity ban to help further encourage competition in the video distribution market.  More 
competition in a particular market obviates the need for regulation.
With respect to the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking that we launch here to examine negotiations 
in the marketplace for retransmission consent and programming carriage, I support seeking comment on 
the questions my colleagues have raised.  That said, I want to make clear at the outset that I am concerned 
about the Commission venturing into what has long been squarely within the realm of the private sector.  
We should give careful consideration before we regulators take any action that may interfere with private 
contracts.  And as always, we must pay careful attention to Congress mandates and intentions with 
respect to these issues.  I look forward to reviewing the comments from all interested parties.  
Many thanks to the Bureau for the many late nights you have sacrificed on these and other 
matters.