Particulate matter
and lung neoplasm development
   74:44,45
pollution levels in four U.S. locations
   75:65,66
Particulate phase, cigarette smoke
64:51-60,263,264,265
carcinogenic accelerators in
   72:5,65
effect on pulmonary and cardiac struc-
    ture and function
   727~1 8
  harmful constituents in
   72:143
Particulate phase, tobacco smoke
composition of
    64:51
deposition sites of
   641264.265
gravitational settling of
    64:264
  measurement of
   64~263
  removal of
    641264
respiratory damage from
    64:2?9
  retention of
   64:264,300
  water content of
    64:51
Passive smokers
pathologic studies
    75:99
summary of previous findings
   75:87,88
summary of recent findings
   75:107,108
Passive smoking
CO, nicotine, benzo(a)pyrene, acrolein
   and acetaldehyde levels
   75:90-95
effect on cardiovascular function in dogs
    73:14
  effect on children
   72:129/
effect on respiratory tract in laboratory
    animals
   72:129,130
effects of carboxyhemoglobin levels, in
   persons with angina pectoris
   X:95,97
effects of carboxyhemoglobin levels on
    CO absorotion
  75:95,98
effects of CO in tobacco smoke on

psychomotor performance
75:99-101

effects of exposure to cigarette smoke,
in passive smokers
  75199

effects of tobacco smoke constituents
75:88-98

effects on bus and plane passengers
  75:102

excretion of nicotine
75:97

exposure to cigarette smoke, and devel-
opment of eye and throat irritations
75:99,100

incidence of pneumonia and bronchitis
in children of parental smokers
75:105,106

maternal smoking, and development of
bronchitis and pneumonia in infants
75:103,104

in neoplasm induction in laboratory ani-
  IMlS
72:130

oarental cough and phlegm production,
and respiratory s$npioms in children
75:103

Pathophysiological studies
alveolar macrophages and smoking
   75:76,77

effects of cigarette smoke on leukocytes,
in guinea pigs
75X71,78

effects of cigarette smoke on pulmonary
macrophages, in guinea pigs
75:17,78

effects of smoking on tracheal mucus
velocity, in dogs
75:78

suppression of immunoglobulin response
bv nicotine or water soluble fraction

of cigarette
75177

Patulin
64:145
Peak Flow Meter
64:290
Pearl's hypothesis
64:105
Peer group status
64~372,373

Penicillic acid
64:145
Penis

skin neoplasms of
   64:147
Pentacyclic compounds
64~54

Pentolinium
blockage of nicotine cardiac stimulation
   by
   71157

Peoples Gas Company Study
epidemiologic study of smoking and
   CHD
   74:6,7

Peoples Gas Light and Coke Co.
study of CHD, serum cholesterol and
   smoking relationships
    71:43
Peptic ulcer
64:337-340

antacid efficacy and healing of, effects
of cigarette smoking on
71:423

cessation of smoking as therapy for
67:182

cigarette smoking m
64:39

193


clinical studies
  73:155-157
development in smokers
71:13
and diet
  67:182
duodenal. and smoking
  67~39
eprdemiological studies
  73:155-157
gastric, morbidity, and smoking
67:40, 182
gastric, mortality, and smoking
67:40, 181-182
gastric secretion in smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers
73:157,158
incidence rates, smokers vs. nonsmokers,
by sex
  67:182
increased mortality in Japanese smokers
  vs. nonsmokers
73:155.156
increased prevalence in male smokers
  72:97
and lung neoplasms, relation to smoking
  69~57
morbidity, and smoking
67:40,181
mortality rates
67:40; 71:423
mortalitv rates. bv amount smoked

67:182 .

mortality rates, by smoking classification

67:182

mortality rates, smokers vs. ex-smokers
67:181

mortality ratios, for men by age
67:181

mortality ratios from
64:339, 340
mortality ratios from, in smokers and
  nonsmokers
  71~424

mortality ratios from, smokers vs. ex-
smokers by age
  67:181

mortality ratios in Japanese adults by
age started smoking
73:155,156

mortality ratios in male cigar and pipe
  smokers
  731222

predrsposing factors
73:157

recurrence in smokers vs. nonsmokers
73:157

retrospectwe and cross section study
methods for smoking relationship to
  71~425427
smoking and

67:22, 3940, 181-182; 72:5, 6, 97,
98;73:155

smoking as cause in dogs
    72:26
Perception

of health hazards, and smoking behavior
  67.191

1,8,9-Perinaphthoxanthene
6454
Perinatal studies
effect of maternal smoking on mortality,
   summary of findings
   73:134,135
maternal smoking and
   72:83-88
Periodontal diseases
smoking and
   69:85-86; 72~6
smoking and, in Ceylon
    69:85-86
smoking and, in Norwegian Army re-
    cruits
    69:85
Peristalsis
  64:71
Peroxides
suspected carcinogenic agent in cigarette

smoke
71:265

Personality characteristics
64:365-368
and coronary disease
   64:321;67:57
coronary disease morbidity ratios, smok-
   ers vs. nonsmokers by
   67~57
drug use and
   64:353
relationship to CHD and smoking
   71:4849, 105-106
  in smokers
   64:326,365-368
and smoking habit
  67:57,,188-192
and smokmg habit in college students
    67:189
Pesticides
64:61,62,145
  content in cigarette smoke
   71:265,266
PH

pipe/cigar smoke inhalation and
73:183

of smoke in cigarettes, cigars, and little
   cigars
   73~223~224,228
Phagocytosis
64:35,267,269,270,300
effect of cigarette smoke in laboratory
    animals
   73:53,54

effect of cigarette smoke in rabbits
  72:109

effect of tobacco smoke
  72:4748

pulmonary alveolar, in smokers vs. non-
  smokers
  71:165

Pharyngeal fungi
smokers vs. nonsmokers in South Africa
    73:54

Pharyngeal neoplasms
64:201,202
frequency in smokers vs. nonsmokers
   71:238

194


incidence of secondary primary, smokers
  vs. nonsmokers
  75:50

mortality rates, by smoking classification
67:35, 146-147

mortality rates, cigar smokers vs. non-
smokers
671146

mortality rates, for men by amount
  smoked
67~147

mortality rates, for women
67:153

mortality rates, pipe smokers vs. non-
  smokers
67: 146

mortality ratios
67135

mortality ratios, by smoking classifica-
  tion
  67:146

mortality ratios, for cigar smokers
67135

mortality ratios, for ctgar smokers by age
67:146

mortality ratios, for men by age
67~146

mortality ratios, for men by amount
smoked
67~146-147

mortality ratios, for pipe smokers
67135

mortality ratios, for pipe smokers by age
67~146

recurrent, incidence in smokers vs. ex-
  smokers
73:74,75

relationship to tobacco use
   71~362-364, 366
retrospective studies of, by type of
   smoking
   64:200,201
smoking in etiology of
   67:35, 145,147
Phenols
64:49,54',58,59,61,62,145,267
in cigar, pipe, and cigarette smoke
   73:117
ciliatoxic agents
   67:108
cocarcinogens
   67:131
as probable contributors to health haz-

ards of smoking
72: 144

suspected carcinogenic agent of cigarette
   smoke
   71:266
in tobacco smoke
   67:129
tumor promoting agents
    67:129
Phenotypes
partially deficient heterozygote, in
   COPD etiology
   75:73,74

Phenylmethyloxadiazole (PMO)
protection against adverse effects of ciga-
   rette smoke in animals
   73:49,53
Philadelphia Pulmonary Neoplasm Research
Project
lung neoplasm histopathologic studies
    and
    74:38
Phlebitis
   64:103
Phlegm uroductron

b; occupation and smoking habit
67:97

by parental smokers, and development
of respiratory symptoms in children
  75:103

by parental smokers, and incidence of
pneumonia and bronchitis in children
75:105,106

by smoking habit and sex
67:98

Phospholipids
function as surfactants in lung tissue
   71:172

smokers vs. nonsmokers
71:99-100,102

Physical activity
64:322

as a factor in coronary heart disease
73:4,5

myocardial infarct morbidity ratios, for
   smokers vs. nonsmokers by level of
    67:56
occupational, and smoking habit
    67156
relationship to myocardial infarction,
    smokers vs. nonsmokers
    71:44
  and risk of cerebrovascular accident
    67:68
smoking and, relationship to CHD
   71:41,43,44
Physique
  smokers
    64:383-387
Phytadiene
  64:51
Phytol
  structural formula of
   64~52
Picoline
64:59
Pigmentation
  induction of
    64: 146
Prgments
  64~272
in lungs of emphysematous patients
    64~273

Pinocytosrs

decrease in alveolar macrophages, in
smokers vs. nonsmokers
75~76

effect of mcotine. in mouse peritoneal
macrophages
  74:105

195


Piperidine, nitroso-
suspected carcinogenic properties in ciga-
   rette smoke from
   71:265
Pipe smoke
see Smoke, pipe

Pipe smokers

see Smokers, cigar and pipe; Smokers,

   pipe
Pipe smoking
see Smoking, pipe
Pipe tobacco
see Tobacco, pipe
Pitch
64~147,229
skin neoplasms from
   64~33
Placebos
ginseng root as
   64:355
nicotine-free cigarettes as
   64:70
Placenta
ability to hydroxylate benzofajpyrene in
   smoking mothers
   71:407
  morphology

  64:343
Platelets

see Blood platelets
Plethysmogram
abnormalities, in smokers vs. nonsmok-
    ers
   73122
Pleural neoplasms
mesotheliomas, classification of
   64:174
Plumbers
neoplasm risks in
   64:134
Pneumoconiosis
64:269,290,298
  in coal miners
   7214244
in coal miners, smokers vs. nonsmokers
    73:42
  smokers vs. nonsmokers
    72:4244
Pneumonia
64~217,294. 302
epithelial changes in
    64:170
incidence in children of smokers
   75:105,106
maternal smoking, and development in

infants
75:103

mortality ratios in
   64~276
neoplastic-like pathology in
   64:195
in passive smokers, summary of recent
   findings
   75:lOS
phenol induction of
   641267
Pneumothorax, spontaneous
smoking and
   73:37

Poisson distribution
in mortality rates
   64:117, 118, 119

Poland

bladder neoplasms, in, methods and re-
sults in retrospective studies of smok-

ing and
71:382. 383

CHD mortality and morbidity in,
  71.9h
  _._.
esophageal neoplasms in Polish-born
64:135
esophageal neopfasms in, retrospective
studies of tobacco use with
64:214;71:378
gastric neoplasms in Polish-born
64:135
laryngeal neoplasms in, retrospective
studies of tobacco use with
64:205,208; 71:357
lung neoplasms, in males
  64:135

oral neoplasms in, retrospective studies
of tobacco use with
64:200,201;71:364
serum lipid differences in smokers VS.
nonsmokers in
71:100,102

smoking and nicotine effects on human
blood levels in
71:124

smoking relationship to thrombosis in
71:131

Polonium 210
   64:145
carcinogenicity
   67:128

in cigarette smoke
67:128

levels in lung tissue, smokers vs. non-
smokers
67:128

and lung neoplasms
67:128

suspected carcinogenic agent in cigarette
  smoke

71:265-267,335-336
in tobacco leaf
67:128

as tumor initiator
67: 128

Polyoma virus
64: 166
Polyphenols
64x54

Population studies
British physicians, mortality and smok-
  ing (Doll and Hill Study)
  67:5, 17, 52, 93, 139, 155, 182-186
bronchitis and smoking
   69:37

Canadian pensioners smoking and health
study
67:5,48,93, 138, 154, 159
U.S. population, mortality and smoking
(Hammond)
67~5, 13,49-54,66,69,94, 135-137,
  146-158. 181-189

196


U.S. veterans, mortality and smoking     nicotine effects on myometrial strips in
Pod                           71:408

   675, 13, 4849, 61-69, 92, 137-139,
   146-159, 181-184
Portland student study
  64:368
Postal employees
  breathlessness in
    64:286
chronic cough in
    64:281
Post-operative complications
in duodenal ulcer removal, smokers vs.
    nonsmokers
    73:157
incidence in bronchitic and nonbron-
   chitic smokers vs. nonsmokers
    74~92
pulmonary, smokers vs. nonsmokers
   71:174-175; 72~38
smoking, obesity, anesthesia and
    73:39
Potassium
  64:55
Potassium40
  64:145
present in tobacco leaf
    71~266

  and previous smoking habits, effect on
   infant birth weight
    73:112-114
  summary of previous findings
    75:5,6
  timing of influence of smoking on birth
    weight
  73:i20, 121
  unsuccessful, smoking effects on
    71:13
  see also Maternal fetal exchame;
   Smoking, maternal -
Premalignant lesions
  in bronchi
    64x27
  in epithelial tissue
    64:231
  in oral cavity
    64:142
Prematurity
  and maternal smoking
   64~343; 67~185.186; 69~77, 79;
   71:390,  400403; 725, 83-87;
    73:112
  and maternal smoking, among Negroes
    69:78
Presbyterian Hospital Study
  64:141, 174
Pressure-volume work loops
  64:292
Prevalence studies
  64:301
  in bronchopulmonary disease
    64:280-293
  pulmonary function tests in
    64:280
  sputum production in
    64:383
Printing ink
  64:193
Professional workers
  smoking incidence of
    64:187
Promoting agents
64:26,142,146,229
  ethyl alcohol as
    64:217
  urethan as
    64: 142
Propane
  64:60
beta-Propiolactone
  64:145
Propionaldehyde
  64~52
Propionic acid
ciliatoxic agent
    67:108
  in tobacco smoke
    67:108
Propylene
  64:60
Prospective mortahty studies
age adjustments in
    64:84

,

Preeclampsia
maternal smoking and
   69:79; 72:84; 73:142
in smoking vs. nonsmoking women
   71:404,407;73:142
Pregnancv

carboxyhemoblobin levels in fetuses
75:26,27

carboxyhemoglobin levels of smokers in
69:80

effect of blood pressure and smoking
  habits on
  69:77-78

effect of nicotine on, in rats
69:80

effect of smoking during
64:343; 67:185-187; 69:4-5, 77-81;
71:4 9 3, 82-81, 389, 397-399,415;
73:lO -142

effect of smoking during, and develop-
ment of bronchitis and pneumonia in
  infants
75:103.104

effect of sr&ing during, in Hungary
  69~79

effect of smoking during, in Ireland
69:79

effect of smoking during, in Scotland
  69:19

effect of smoking during, in Venezuela
  69~19

effect of tobacco smoke, nicotine, and
carbon monoxide in laboratory ani-
  ItUlS
  73:114-118

effects of nicotine on uterus during
67:187

human, methods used in smoking study
  of

71:391-396

197


alcohol in
64:99, 101
by Amertcan Cancer Society
64:El. 96, 101
by Best, Josie, and Walker
  64:81
British doctors study as
64:97,102.109
California occupational study as
64:95,106
Canadian study as
64191, 92,94
cause of death in
64: 109
certitication validity in
64:109,110
city population size in
64:99
comparison of
64:83

by Dorn
  64:81
by Dunn, Buell, and Breslow
  64:81
by Dunn, Linden, and Breslow
  64:81
educational level in
64:100,101
exercise in
  64:lOl
in ex-smokers
  64193
fried foods in
  64:lOO
genetic longevity in
  64~99
by Hammond
  64:81
by Hammond and Horn
  64:81
infectious diseases in
  64~276
Inhalation practtces in
  64~99
hmitations in
64:94.95.96. 111,163
male death rates in
  64:28
maternal smoking in
  64:343
mortality ratios in
64:84, 118
nonresponse bias m
64~96.97, 104
occupational exposure in
64:100,101
prevtous disease in
64:100, 101
rehgious factors in
64:99. 101
smoking data m
  64:82
socioeconomrc factors m
  64:96
tranquilizers in
  64.100
twenty five-state study as
64:103,104

type of smokers in
   64:82
usable responses in
   64~96
U.S. veterans study as
   64:91,94,96,97, 103
variables affecting
   64:84
weaknesses of
   64:96
Prospective studies
64~21, 28, 30, 81-116, 293, 294, 322,
   323
  bias in
   64:36
by Doll and Hill
   64:81
esophageal neoplasms
   641217
excess deaths in
   64:28
in gastric neoplasms
    64~227
methodology of

64~81

methodology of, in peptic ulcer
64:338.339

morphology correlations in
64:385,386

neoplasms
   64:231
neoplasms by site
   64:149
reliability of
    64:180
Prostatic neoplasms
64:135,136
mortality rates in
   64:131
mortality ratios in
   64:148,149
Protestants
smoking prevalence in
   64~364
Protozoa
ciliary function in, effect of cigarette
    smoke on
   71:165,224
Pseudoephedrine
  64:349
Psychoanalytic theory
  641367
Psychomotor performance
effects of CO in tobacco smoke
    75:99-101
in passive smokers, summary of recent
   findings

   75:108
Psvchosocial factors

-.
tn cardiovascular disease
   64~327
smoking habit
   67:39,188-192
Psychosomatic disorders
in heavy smokers
   641367
Psychotherapy
cure of tobacco habit by
   64:354

198


Public Health Service
64:6,13,127,342
1967 study of, starting point for new
   studies
   71:4

review of medical literature on smoking
    hazards
    71:7
Public transportation
effects of passive smoking on bus and

plane passengers
75:102

Puerto Rico

esophageal neoplasms in, retrospective
studies of tobacco use with
  71:378

relationship of tobacco use and neo-
plasms of oral cavity in
71~367

Puffmeter ratios
641291,292
Pulmonary alveoli
changes in rates after exposure to nitro-
   gen dioxide
   69:41

effect of smoking on
64:274,275;67:30,107
epithelium
64:165

epithelium,  experimentally  induced
changes in
641272

fluid lining, smoking effects on
64~269,270

rupture, in pipe/cigar smokers vs. ciga-
rette smokers and nonsmokers
73:217

septa, rupture of
64:35,274,275,301
septa, thickening of
64:275

stability, cigarette smoke in
64135,300

Pulmonary clearance
effect of heavy smoking
   73:52,/53

effect of nitrogen dioxide, in rats
  74:103

effect of smoking
72:3,47;73:55;74:101,102
effect of sulfur dioxide on
  64:295

mechanical vs. bactericidal clearance in
guinea pigs
7353

mechanism, in smokers vs. nonsmokers
73:52,53

in monozygotic vs. dizygotic twins
  73:51

particle deposition in smokers vs. n&t-
smokers
73:53

in smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers
with and without pulmonary disease
74:100,101

see also Pulmonary function
Pulmonary diseases
see Lung diseases

Pulmonary edema
nitrogen dioxide in
    641266
Pulmonary embolism
   64:103
Pulmonary emphysema
see Emphysema
Pulmonary fibrosis
64:35,301
in asbestos textile workers
   72x44
autopsy studies, smokers vs. nonsmokers
   75174-76
  chronic
   64~277-294
in heavy smokers
   64~274
in moderate smokers
   64~274
obliterating
   64~266

in pipe/cigar smokers vs. cigarette smok-
ers and nonsmokers
73~217

  smokers vs. nonsmokers
   71:161
smoking and
   67:107; 72~44
Pulmonary function
64~35
abnormalities, and rheumatoid arthritis
   in smokers vs. nonsmokers
   74:92,93
abnormalities, during viral illness, in
   smokers vs. nonsmokers
   75~63

in asymptomatic young men in Romania
  73:39

before and after smoking one non-filter
cigarette
74:99

of Boston policemen, smokers vs. non-
  smokers
74:82,R1

--

closing volume abnormalities as mdicator
of small airuays disease
75~71, 72

in coal miners, smokers vs. nonsmokers
73:42,43

in coal miners vs. nonminers
  73~42

decline in forced expiratory volume, in
smokers by race
75~72

diffusmg capacity, smokers vs. nonsmok-
ers in Berlin, New Hampshire
73:50,51

effect of asbestos exposure and smoking
73:41

effect of cigarette smoke, in monkeys
74:102

effect of coal dust exposure and smoking
73:4143

effect of dust exposure and smoking
  74:95

effect  of exercise performance and
smoking
74:99

199


effect of isoproterenol in smokers, non-
smokers and bronchitics
74:99,100

effect of lung hyperinflation in coal
  miners
73:42.43

effect of nitrogen dioxide, in animals
74:102. 103
effect of smoking
69:5,42;72:31,38;74:80
effect on exercise performance in smok-

ers vs. nonsmokers
73~246,247

in ex-smokers
73:39

of insurance company employees, smok-
ers vs. nonsmokers
74:80,81

in jet fighter pilots, smokers vs. non-
smokers
73:43

of male and female smokers, in New
Guinea
74:81,82

of male executives, smokers vs. non-
smokers
74:Sl

in males from industrial town in Eng-
   land, smokers vs. nonsmokers
   68:69
of pipe and cigarette smokers, ex-smok-
   ers, and nonsmokers
   74:99
in pipe/cigar smokers vs. nonsmokers
  73:217,221
prevalence of deficient heterozygote
  phenotypes, in smokers vs. nonsmok-
    US
   75:14
pulmonary hypertension and
   73:43
respiratory flow resistance
   64~266
small airways disease, smoking, and
   74:84-87;75:11,72
in smokers vs. nonsmokers
  67:99-101; 72~40; 7355; 74~80-82
in smokers vs. nonsmokers in Berlin,
   New Hampshire
   73:50,51
in smokers vs. nonsmokers, under 30
   years of age
   73:50
smoking and
   73:38,39
summary of recent findings
   75:78
  tests
   641218,292
  volume tests
   64:292
in young smokers
    67:110-111
see also Pulmonary clearance; Respira-
   tory function tests
Pulmonary heart disease
COPD and
   72~24

smoking as cause
   72:24,21
Pulmonary surfactant
effect of smoke
   67:llO; 72:48
effect of smoking
   69:42;73:55
Pyelitis
64:224
Pyrene
6459,141
in cigar, pipe, and cigarette smoke
   73:178
Pyridine
64:54,59
as suspected contributor to health haz-
   ards of smoking
   72:145
3-Pyridylacetic acid
64~72
gamma- (3-Pyridyl)-gamma-methylamino
   butyric acid
   64:71,72
gamma- (3-Pyridyl)-gamma*xo-butyric
    acid
   64:72

Pyrolysis
64:50.53,59,62

Pyrrolidine, nitroso-
suspected carcinogenic properties in ciga-
   rette smoke from
   71~265
Pyruvic acid
64~51

Quassia
64~354
Quinine
64:354
Quinoline
64:54

Rabbits

atherogenic effects of carbon monoxide
and hypoxia
  71:64

atherogenic effects of nicotine
71:120-122
blood lipids in, smoking and nicotine
  effects on
  71:127

cardiovascular function in, smoking and
  nicotine effects
71:lOS. 109
cholesterol fed, carbon monoxide effects
  0"
  71:65-66

ciliary function in, cigarette smoke ef-
  fect on
  71:221-222
ciliastasis in
64~268
coronary blood flow in
64:318

200


leukoplakia in
   64:233
neoplasm induction in
   64:143, 146,202,203
offspring, nicotine and smoke effects on
   birth weight
   71:407
offspring, smoking effects on stillbirth
   and mortalitv
  71:411 -
pregnant, tritium-labeled nicotine effects
    in
   71:413
pulmonary changes in cigarette smoking
   71:159
pulmonary clearance in, cigarette smoke
   effect on
   71:164, 170, 171
pulmonary damage in
   64:266
skin paintim, smoke condensate effects
;;:267, 338
smoke deposition in
    64:265
Race
64~224, 363,364
as a factor in coronary heart disease
   73:4,5,23
as a factor in permatal mortality in
   smoking vs. nonsmoking mothers
    73:129-132
as a factor in stillbirth rates
   73:124,125
Radiation exposure
smoking and, as cause of respiratory
    cancers
   73~72
smokis and, in uranium miners
   72:64,65
Radioactive carbon
64:166
Radioactive cerium
64:166
Radioactive particles
in tobaccp leaf, tobacco smoke, and
   smokers' lungs
   73~12
Radioactive substances
epidermoid neoplasms from
   64:166,230
  as tracers
   64:265
Radioactivity
64:145,166, 193,230
Radionuclides
  64: 193
Radium
  64:145
Radon
  inhalation
  64: 145
Rats
alveolar lining changes in
   64:269, 270
atherosclerosis in, nicotine induced
   64:319;71:120. 121

blood hpids in,  nicotine and smoke
  effects
  71:128
carcinoma induction rn

64~165

ciliary function in, cigarette smoke on
71:221, 222

clearance mechanisms in
64~269
epidermoid lung neoplasm induction in
  64:66
hepatoma induction in
  64: 145
    nicotine determmation in female
LD%4,2
lune neoolasms. from intrabronchial im-
planting of chromium compounds
71:258

lung neopfasms, from nickel carbonyl
and dust inhalation
71:256

lungs. cigarette smoke effects on sur-
factant activity
71:172, 225

mucous cell increase in
641269

neoplasm induction in
64: 143

offspring, nicotine and smoke effects on
birth weight
71:407

pregnant, aromatic compound stimula-
tion of placental BP-hydroxylase ac-
tivity
  71:414

pregnant, fetal wastage and neonatal
death in nicotine and smoking
  71:411

pulmonary carcinoma induction follow-
ing asbestos dust inhalation
  711257

pulmonary changes from chronic nitro-
gen dioxide inhalation
71:161, 220
pulmonary damage in
64~269

respiratory tract. cigarette smoke inhala-
  tion effects

71:268,349, 353
sarcoma induction in
64 : 266

skin painting, smoke condensates effect
71:267. 340
tobacco allergy in
64:319

trachea. cigarette smoke effects on
  71:343

tracheal ligation, cigarette smoke and
   papain effects on
    71:163
tracheobronchial tree, cigarette smoke
   effects on
   71:268. 346-349
Reading ability
in children of smoking mothers
   71:407
Rectal neoplasms
64: 103

201


Registrar General of England and Wales
64:134
Relative risk ratios
amount smoked in
    64:161
Cornfield method in
    64: 160
measu*e of
   64:183
Religion
  64 ~244
  cure of tobacco habit
    64:354
in prospective studies
   64:99, 101
and smoking habit
   67 54, 97
smoking prevalence by
   64:364
Reserpine
nicotine cardiac stimulation blockage by
    71:57
Residues
  64:145
Resorcinol
  64~54
Respiration
effect of nicotine, clinical and experi-
    mental studies
    67~26
  rate
    64:266
Respiratory function tests
  64:289-293, 297
body height effect on
    64:290
  effect of smoking
    72~45
  in ex-smokers
    67: 100
  smokers
    71:146-147, 206-214
  smokers vs. nonsmokers by sex
    67:99
  smokers vs. nonsmokers, twins
    67:103
  of smokers with mild bronchitis
    69~39
  by smoking history
    67: 100
  using radioactive xenon
    69:39
  and young smokers
    67: 100-101
  seealso Pulmonary function; Respira-
    tory system
Respiratory symptoms
  68~69. 70.71
  effect of au pollution and smoking
    74:90.91
  effect of air pollution exposure levels in
    telephone workers
    75:67
  effect of asbestos exposure in smokers
     vs. nonsmokers
     73:41
  effect of cigarette smoke
    68:73.74

pipe/cigar smokers and cigarette smokers
  vs. nonsmokers
72:3,40

prevalence in cement and rubber indus-
try workers, smokers vs. nonsmokers
74:95,96

prevalence in children of parental smok-
  ers
75:102, 103

prevalence in Duisburg, Germany, by age
and cigarette consumption
73:39

prevalence in ex-smokers
  73:39

prevalence in pipe and cigar smokers
73:217,220,221
prevalence in smokers vs. nonsmokers
73:ss

prevalence in smokers vs. nonsmokers in
Bordeaux, France
73:36

in school children
67:69,70,71
in smokers vs. nonsmokers
68:66,61,71; 75:62,63
in smokers vs. nonsmokers by amount
  smoked
  73x31

summary of previous findings
  75:s

summary of previous findings on rela-

tionihip to-passive smoking
75:88

summary of recent findings
  75:78
in women
64~286

Respiratory system
acute effect of cigarette smoke on hu-
   man pulmonary function
   71:163, 166-169
animal, cigarette smoke instillation or
  implantation effects on
   71:268, 346-348
animal, effect of cigarette smoke inhala-
   tion on

71:268-269, 349-353
defense mechanisms in
64:267,268

effect of cigarette and cigar smoke on
bronchial reactivity
  71:164

effect of cigarette smoke on human
ciliary function
71:165,221-224
effect of cigarette smoke on human
pulmonary clearance
71:164, 170

effect of smoking on
  67:141

glossary of terms used in testing
  71:215

histological changes in smokers
64:210-274; 71:154-157
improvements in function following
smoking cessation
7 I : 148, 149

202


irritation, prevalence in rubber industry
workers, smokers vs. nonsmokers
  74:96

pathological changes in cigarette smokers
71:17s

postoperative complication in, of smok-
  ers vs. nonsmokers
71:174-176, 230
pulmonary  alveolar phagocytosis in
  smokers vs. nonsmokers
  71:165

pulmonary infarction in dogs inhaling

cigarette smoke
71:271

surface tension of, effect of cigarette
    smoke on
   71: 172, 225
surfactant activity of, in smokers vs.
    nonsmokers
   71~172, 225
surfactants in, definition
    71:172
see also Bronchi; Lungs
Respiratory tract diseases
64:263-302
by amount smoked
   67~97
chronic, definition
   64:288
chronic, epidemiology
   64~297,298
cigarette smoking and
   64:216
clinical evidence of
   641294
definition of
   64:289
epidemiology of
   64~297,298
etiology of
   64:302
infections, in emphysema development
   67:lll

infections, prevalence in smokers
71:10, 176

infections, smoking and
67:29;71:172,226-229;72:3,38
non-influenza& in smokers vs. nonsmok-
:;:48

pathological and cytological changes in,
of smokers vs. nonsmokers
  71:258-263

role of constitutional factors in
  67:102-104
role of heredity factors in
67:102-104
rural vs. urban dwellers
  67:97

smokers vs. nonsnokers, by age
67:lOO

smokers vs. nonsmokers, by occupation
67197

by smoking characteristics
67:97-98
by smoking classification
  67197-98

in smokingdiscordant twin pairs
   67:102-104
  twin studies
    67:102-104
ventilatory function in, smokers vs. non-
    smokers
    71:17s
see also Lung diseases
Respiratory tract neoplasms
carcmogenesis induction in animals
   74:46,47
by country, in females
    64:131
experimental induction of
   69~63-64
mortahty rates
    671147
mortality trends in
    641136
and smoking
    67:lO
and smoking classification
    67:147
see also Lung neoplasms
Respondents
age-adjusted death rates in
    64:114
mortality ratios in
    64:116
Restricted activity days
by age, sex, and smoking history
    67:19-21
  definition of
    67:19
Reticulosarcoma
and cigarette smoke
    67:148
  and tobacco tars
    67:148
Retinal sensitivity
  to tobacco
    64:341
Retinoblastoma
  64:191
Retrospective studies
64:27, 28-31, 150-157, 160, 161, 198,
  199
  association of diseases in
   64:160,161
control groups in
    64:181
  definition of
    64:27
inhalation patterns in
    64:159
laryngeal neoplasrns
   64~233,234
lung neoplasms, and smoking, methods
   71:323-328
lung neoplasms, duration of smoking in
    64:158
maternal smoking
    64:343
  methods
   64:152, 153. 154, 198. 199, 200
mortality studies
    64:150

203


pepttc ulcer
   64:337
reliability of
   64:lSO
risk ratios in
   64.160.161
smoking charactenstics m
   64:156
Reverse smoking
64:203,204
  effect on oral mucosa
   72:6.69,70
heat effects in
   64:204
leukopkkia and
   73~76
  nicotine stomatitis and
   72:6.69,70
oral neoplasms and
   73:76
Rhesus monkeys
64:166
Rheumatic heart disease
mortality from
   64:103,325
Rhinitis
  64~215
Rhodesia
methods used in retrospective studies of
   smoking in relation to lung neo-
   plasms
    71:328
Risk factors
in coronary heart disease
    72:16-18
Risk ratios
calculation of
   64:183,230
on cessation of smoking, in lung neo-
   plasms
   64:187, 188
consistency of
   64:182, 183
by lifetime cigarette ConsumptiOn
    64:161
in lung neoplasms
   64:187. 188
RNA
bmding of polycyclic hydrocarbons to
   73:86,87
  synthesis, effect of cigarette smoke on
    69z62.63
Rodents
  carcinogenesis tests in
    64:142
  ozone effect on
    64:142
Roswell Park Memorial Institute
  641174,219
Rubber
carcinogenic activity of
    64:147
Rubidium-84
tracmg capillary flow in coronary blood
    flow
    71:59
Rum
  64:62

Running
effect of smoking
   73:243,244
Rural areas
64:99
lung neoplasm incidence in. in Su,r,c,
    land
   71:244
relationships of lung neoplasm to smok
   ing, air pollution, and
   7i:252-255
  smokers in
   64~99,364
Rural populations
lung neopfasms in, suspected etiology ,,t
    increased
    71~216
Rural vs. urban populations
bladder neoplasm prevalence
    64:225
mortality rates
   67:ll
smoking and
    67~97

Russia
atherogenic effects Of nicotine on rabbtts
    in
    71:120
atherosclerosis autopsy studies in
    71:54
cigarette tar effects on rat tracheo-
   bronchial tree in
    71:348
gastric neoplasms, in Russian-born
   64:135
gastric neoplasms in Russian Jews
   64:135
Rutin
structural formula of
    64:54

Saliva
64:203
interference in action of carcinogens on
   oral cavity
   71:288
Salivary gland neoplasns
  64:134
see also Mouth neoplasms; Oral neo-
   plasms
Salivary glands
  64:271
Sample selection
bias resulting from
   64:180, 181
Sarcomas
anaplasttc, tar induction of
    64:223
  classification of
    64:174
formation following animal skin painting
   with smoke condensates
    71:338,340
mduction in rats by cigarette smoke
   injection
    71~346-347

204


  induction of
   64:144, 176
  subcutaneous
    64:143
Saslow Psychosomatic Screening Inventory
  641367
Saturated fats
  64:322
Scholastic achievement
64~370, 372
School children
smoking and respiratory systems m
   68:69,70,71
School grade level
smoking prevalence by
   64:361, 362
Scotland
respiratory symptoms in miners of
   64~288,298
Scotoma
  64:341
Scottish Home and Health Department
Standing Medical Advisory Committee
   64:304
Scrotal neopfasms
  64:147
Secondary infections
  641272
Sedation
smoking effect as
   64:350
Sedatives
withdrawal treatment with
   64~352
Selection bias
in health studies
   64:180,181
Selenium
carcinogenicity
    67:128
in cigarette smoke
   67:128

potential respiratory carcinogenesis
  68:92

Senile keratos,is
64:203
Sensory drives
641354
Seven Countries Studv

epidemiologic study of smoking and
CHD
  74~6

Seventh Day Adventists
coronary disease incidence in
   64:322

laryngeal neoplasm prevalence in
64:209

lung neoplasm prevalence in
   64:155
sex

acute diseases in smokers and non-
smokers by
  67~22

ages of cigarette smokers by
  71:6

bed days by, and smoking history
  67 : 20-2 1

bladder neoplasm mortality rates in
United States by
67:154

bronchitis, prevalence rates by
67~96

cerebrovascuiar disease mortality rates,
by age and
67~66

cerebrovascular disease mortality rates,
by smoking classification and
67~66

cerebrovascular disease mortality ratios,
by age and
67 ~66

cerebrovascular disease mortality ratios,
by smoki% classification and
67:66

chronic diseases in smokers and non-
smokers by
67:22

coronary disease incidence rates and
smokmg history by
69:21-22, 24

coronary disease mortality rates, by
67:25,47,50,56; 69: 13. 17
coronary disease mortality ratios, by
67:49;69:13

cough and smoking habit by
67198

effect of, in alpha-1-antitrypsin defi-
ciency emphysema
71:151

effect of, in lung neoplasms and tobacco
  use

711244. 329-333
effect of, in mortality in cigarette smok-
;ls:276

uffect of, on laryngeal neoplasm inci-
dence development
71~271

emphysema mortality rates
67:91

esophageal neoplasm mortality rates
67: 150

laryngeal neoplasm mortality rates
67: 148

liver cirrhosis mortality rates, by
67:184

liver cirrhosis mortality ratios. by
67:184

lung neoplasm development by
7l:ll

lung neoplasm mortality rates by
67:34, 134, 140:71:252
lung neoplasm mortality ratios by
67:33, 134, 140
mortality by, and smoking history
  67123

mortality rates of cigarette smokers by
71:3

pancreatic neoplasm mortality rates, by
67:158

pancreatic neoplasm mortality ratros. by
67:158

peptic ulcer morbidity rates. by
67:182

205


ratio, effect of maternal smoking on
73:135, 136
ratio, in lung neoplasm mortality
  74:40. 46
ratlo. tn lung neoplasm mortality in
Norway and I mland
  7 1~245-246
restricted acttvtty days by, and smoking
  history
  67 :20-2 1

and smoking habit
   67~4
stroke mortality rates by
   69:13, 17
stroke mortality ratios by
   69:13
tumor prevalence among smokers by
   69156
Sex differentials
64:133
in lung cancer
   64:18S, 186
in smoking prevalence
   64:363

Sheep
pregnant, nicotme injection and smoke
   inhalatton effects on
    71:414
Sheet metal workers
neoplasm risks in
    64:134
Sheldon somatotyping method
  64: 383
Shoe repairers
bladder neoplasms in
   64:222. 224
Side stream smoke
  see Smoke streams
Silica
  64127 1
Silver nitrate
  64:354
Single-breath tests
  smokers vs. nonsmokers
    73:Sl
Sinusitis
  641215
  in smokersand nonsmokers
    67 ~22
Sitosterols

64:52
Skin

benzo(a)pyrene effect on
    64: 146
effect of tobacco extracts
   72:105-107
reactions of. tobacco mduced
   64:319
tests of
    64:143
tobacco anttgens and
   72:7. 104. 105
Skm neoplasms
64:143, 144
carcinogentc induction of
   64~229
  carcinoma in situ
    64-172

experimentally induced by cigarette
    smoke
   67:144
mineral oil induction of
   641229
ultraviolet radiation induction of
    64~144
Skin testing
for reactions to tobacco
   72:105-107
Smog
64~295
Smoke, cigar
benzo(a)pyrene content of
   64:58
chemical constituents in
   73:177-179
ciliotoxicitv

73:218-
effect of curing methods
73:218,219

effect of pH on inhalation of
73:183

little, pH, compared to cigarette and
cigar smoke
73~224, 228

tumorigenic activity in laboratory ani-
  mals
73:210-214

see also Smoke, tobacco

Smoke, cigarette
64:50-62

alteration of coronary blood flow
71:58

aromatic hydrocarbons in
67~127-128

benzo(a)pyrene content of
  6458
and bronchoconstriction in animals
  68~72
bronchogenic carcinoma induction in
dogs inhaling
  71~269,270
butylmethylnitrosamine in
  67:128
cadmium levels in
  71:154
carbon monoxide levels in
  71:59
carcinogenic content of
  75:48
carcinogenicity
67:1S, 34, 144;72:65, 66
carcmogenicity of components to ani-
  mals
  71:12, 277
cause of death in dogs from inhalation
  71:271
chemical constituents in, compared to
pipe/cigar smoke
  73~177. 178
ctliary activity
  67:107-108, 140; 68:71, 72; 69:42

ciliary depression by
64:61, 265, 267, 268, 270
ciliary inhibition
  71:267

206


ciliatoxic effect, mechanism of action
  67:107

cocarcinogenic effect on respiratory
  tract in rabbits
  72:67

cocarcinogens in
  64:144
composition of
  64:50-60

and decrease in pulmonary macrophages,
in guinea pigs
75:77,18

deposition patterns of
  64:265

effect of curing methods
73:218,219
effect of nickel on induction of lung aryl
hydroxylase
711256-257

effect on adenosine triphosphatase
  67:108

effect on alveolar macrophages
69:42

effect on apexcardiogram
  72:21

effect on bacterial retention in hamsters
73:54

effect on breathing in guinea pigs
  72:46

effect on bronchial epithelium
67:107,144-145
effect on bronchial epithelium in dogs
69:40; 73:49
effect on bronchial mucosa
67:30, 104-107.144-145
effect on DNA and RNA synthesis
69:62-63

effect on Dunoliella bioculafa
69:42

effect on infhrenza virus in mice
68:70, 71

effect on lung AHH-activity
74:50,51

effect on lungs
  67 : 106

effect on lu,ng surface tension in dogs
  72:48

effect on nasociliary mucosa in donkeys
  72:47

effect on oxidative enzymes
  67:108

effect on phagocytosis in laboratory
  animals
73:53,54

effect on phagocytosis in rabbits
  72:109

effect on pulmonary clearance
. 73:51-53
effect on pulmonary macrophage func-
tion, in rabbits
74: 104

effect on pulmonary physiology, in ani-
  mals
  74:102

effect on pulmonary surfactant
67:110;69:42
effect on rat and mouse fetus, site of
  action
  73:121

effect on respiratory tract, in rats
  74: 104
effect on tissue cultures
69:42; 71~267, 343-345
effect on tracheobronchial clearance, in
donkeys
  75:78
effect on vascular resistance
  67:61
effect on ventrrcular fibrillation thresh-
old in dogs
  73:13, 14
endrin in
  64162
epidermoid neoplasms from
  64:144
experimental mduction of bronchial neo-
ptasms
  67:144-145
experimental mduction of lung neo
plasms by
  67:144-145
experimental induction of tracheal neo-
plasns by
  67: 144-145
experimental studies in dogs
73:13,14
experimental studies in laboratory am-
  mals
  72:21
exposure magnrtude to
641296, 291, 298
extract,  effect on pulmonary macro-
phages, in sheep lungs
  74:105
formaldehyde gas in
  64:266
gaseous deposition of
  64:265
harmful constituents of
72:8, 141-146
heterocyclic nitrogen compounds in
  67:127
high tar, risks in
  71:ll
inhalation by dogs, lung neoplasm de-
velopment
7l:268-269, 272-214
inhalation effects on animal respiratory
  tract
71:268-269, 349,353
inhalation effects on hamster larynx
71:281, 284
inhalation methods
  69162
inhalation of, and coronary disease
67154
inhalation of, effect on blood pressure
67:54
and leukemia
  67:148
listing of identified or suspected tumori-
genie agents
  71~264-267
and lymphosarcoma
  67:148
metallic constituents of
  64:SS

201


naphthylamine content, and bladder
carcinogenesis
  68:105
2.naphthylamine Identified in
  71:265
negative ions in
  64:268
neoplastic changes in animals inhaling
  71:238-239
nickel carbonyl in
  69:62
nickel in
  64:167
nicotine content in
  67:34
nitrosamines in
  67:127-128
nonvolatile condensates of
  64:50
phenols in
64:54, 267;67:127-128
polonium-210 in
  671128
positive ions in
  641268
pyraQ4;ts)reactions in
radioactivity of
  64:145
reduction of adverse effects in animals
by phenylmethyloxadiazole (PMO)
73:49,53
and reticulosarcoma
  67:148
selenium in
  67:128
skin neoplasm induction by
  67:144
and suluhur dioxide. effect on glands in

laboratory animals
  73.49
  .-. ._
suppression of immunoglobulin  re-
sponse, in cell cultures
  75:77
TDE content of
  64:62
tobacco  amblyopia  relationship to
cyanide metabolism in
  71~435436
see also Smoke, tobacco

Smoke condensates
see Tars, cigarettes; Tars, tobacco
Smoke. pipe
benzo(a)pyrene in
   64:58
carcinogenicity
   671147-148
chemical constituents in
   73:177, 178
cihotoxicitv of
  73:218-
effect of pH on inhalatton of

73:183
mouth neoplasms experimentally in-
duced by
67:147-148

tumorigenic activity in
    mals
   73:210-214
see also Smoke, tobacco
Smokers
airway resistance in
   64~292,293
alcohol consumption by
   64:385
allergic reactions in
   64:319
angina pectoris in
   64:325
arteriosclerosis in
   69:26
behavioral variables in
   64:112

laboratory ani.

bladder neoplasms in
64:131, 132, 219, 222, 223, 224,
  225
body weight of
64~326, 384, 385
breathlessness in
64:21,286, 287
bronchitis prevalence in
  64:289
cholesterol levels in
641326, 385
chronic cough in
64~27, 280, 281, 282, 283, 299, 302
ciliary effects in
64:27, 34, 35, 61, 168, 169, 170,
172, 173,267

        --.
constitutional differences in
64:112,326
coronary disease in
641322-325
current, mortality rates in
64 ~95

current, mortality ratios in
64:93

current, neoplasm risk in
64:158
current, pulmonary fibrosis in
641274

epithelial charges in
64:165, 167-173, 189.263-275
forced expiratory flow rate in
64:290,291
heavy, risk ratios in
64:161,213,232
heavy, urban-rural mortality in
64:186, 194
hemoglobin levels in
  641319

hereditary factors in
64:385

1.Q. measurements in
64:370
laryngeal neoplasms in
64:131,132,133,209,211
lung function in
  64~27
lung neoplasms in
64:118, 131, 132, 133, 149-196, 232
morphologic constitution of
  64:383-387

208


mortality rates in, from gastric neo-
plasms
  64:132
mortality rates in
  64:99, 117, 118, 162, 209,322, 323
mortality rates in, from laryngeal neo-
plasms
  64:211
nonrespondents amo%

64:-l 14

occupational asbestos exposure and car-
cinogenesis
67~35

occupational uranium exposure and car-

   cinogenesis
    67~35
oral neoplasliis m
   64:131,132, 133,202,204
as percentage of population
    64:114
personality
   64~39. 326, 365, 368
physical characteristics of
    64~326
population of
    64:45
  usvchological factors in
1 -64:ll2
reduction of life expectancy
    69:3
respiratory conditions in
    64:289
  risk ratios in
   64:160,161,222,223,232
risk ratios in, in bladder neoplasms
    64:222
risk ratios in, in lung neoplasms
    64:161
serum cholesterol in
   64~326
smoking patterns in
   64:177,178,179
somatotype classification of
   64:383,385
sputum analysis of
   69:39-10.57-58
sputum production in
   64:27,283-286
urban-rural differences in
   64:99.101
U.S. incidence of
   64:178, 179
see also passive smokers; Smokers, cigar;
   Smokers, cigar and pipe; Smokers,
   cigarette; Smokers, pipe
Smokers, cigar
amblyopia in
   64~341,342
atypical nuclei in male esophageal epi-
   thelium
   71:379
bladder neoplasm mortality in
   64:219,222,223,224, 235

bladder neoplasms in
7 1~293-294
body weight of
  64:384
carboxyhemoglobin levels in
  72:21-23

cell rows and atypical cells in vocal cords
%280, 359-360
coal miners as
  64:299
COPD morbidity in
71:146, 197-198, 201-202, 204-205

coronary deaths in
  64:323
decreased neoplasm risk in
  64~37
duodenal ulcers in
  64:37
duration of smoking in
  64136
effects of smoke on bronchial reactivity
  71:164
epithelial lesions in
64:170. 173, 189
esophageal neoplasm mortality ratios in
  71:290
esophageal neoplasms in
64:213. 217. 218,234
fibrosis in
  64:291
forced expiratory volume in
  64:291
gastric ulcers m
  64:37
gingival neoplasms in
  64:202
inhalation practices in
64:36, 92, 188
kidney neoplasms in
  7 1: 294295
Lack of risk in CVD
  71:67

laryngeal neoplasm induction in
71:12.354-357
laryngeal neopksms in
64:37, 192, 205, 209, 211, 212;
71:281

lip neoplasms in
64:197, 202, 230, 240
lung neoplasms in
64:37, 150,155, 159, 163,170, 173,
175,188.l

lung neoplasms, incidence in rural Swit-
  zerland
  71:244

lung neoplasms, mortality in
71:ll. 240-243
morphological constitution of
64:385, 386
mortality rates in
64:30, 36

mortality ratios from COPD in
71:142-143, 145
mortality ratios from pancreatic neo-
plasms in
71:298

mortality ratios from peptic ulcer in
71:424

mortality ratios in
64:86, 87, 107, 112. 163
myocardial arteriole wall thickness in
  72:19

myocardial infarction in
71 132, 38-39

209


oral neoplasms m
   64:37. 189. 192.202
pharyngeal neoplasms in
   64:202
relationship of neoplasms of oral cavity
    with
   71:12, 361-365. 367-371
relationship to infectious respiratory dis-
    eases
   71:221
relative risk in esophageal neoplasm de-
   velopment
   72~68
relative risk in laryngeal neoplasm de-
   velopment
   72~67
relative risk in lung neoplasms develop-
    ment
   71:276; 73:67, 68
respiratory diseases in
   641274. 289
risk;{:gHD
risk of COPD
   7l:lO
risk ratios in
   64:31, 37.231.233
tongue neoplasms in
   64 : 189, 202
U.S. trends in number of
   64:26,45
see also Smokers, cigar and pipe
Smokers, cigar and pipe
causes of death in
    64: 107
expected death rate in
    64:107
gastric neoplasn mortality in
    64:288
gastric ulcer in
    64:113
incidence of atyprcal nuclet in larynx
    69:59
Incidence of coronary heart disease
   69:21,24
incidence of gingivitis
    69:86
  incidence of stomatitis nicotina
    69:87
  liver cirrhosis in
    64:113
  lung neoplasms in
    64:113
  mortality ratios in
    64:107
  observed deaths in
    64: 107
  oral neoplasns in
    64:113
  thickness of vocal cords
    69:60
  seealso Smokers, cigar; Smokers. pope
Smokers, crgarette
air pollution effects on
   64:194, 195.276, 295-298. 301, 302
  arterial occlusions in
    71:73
  atherosclerosis in aortic and coronary
    arteries
    71:52-56

atypical nuclei in male esophageal ept.
  thelium
7 I :379-380
bladder neoplasms in
71:293-295
bladder neoplasms mortality in
64:32,37,219,234
bronchitis in

64:102,103, 301
cell rows and atypical cells in vocal cords
of

7 1:280,359-360

cessation of smoking, effects on CDpD
morbidity

71:146, i97, 199,203-204
cessation of smoking, lowers lung neo.
plasm rate in

il:ll

changes in ventifatory function and put.
monary histology
  71:175

comparative risk for lung neoplasms
  71:23?
coronary diseases in
64~322
coronary diseases in, AHA pooling pro.
ject
71:28,30, 39
coronary diseases risk by
71:8, 23-25
coronary mortality in
64~324
decline in, British physicians
  71:48
development of altered ventilatory func-
tion in young
  71:lO
development of esophageal neoplasms
71:12. 293

development of laryngeal neoplasms
  71:12

development of oral neoplasms
  71:12

development of second primary oral
neoplasms in continuing
  71:287

effect of filters on emphysema develop-
  ment

71:162

effect on cardiovascular system
71:56-58, 107-118
effects of inhalation on bronchial reac-
tivity
71:164

effects on uterine activity in gravidic
  women
71:408

emphysema in
641277-294

emphysema mortality in
64:102. 103
epithelial changes in
64:170,173, 189
esophageal neoplasms in
64:102. 103, 188,212,213
esophageal neoplasms, mortality ratios in
  7 1: 290-29 1

210


excess mortality in
  64: 108
expected mortality m
  64:108
forced expiratory volume in
  64:291
histology and smokmg relationship of
lung neoplasms in
7 I :246-249
hypertension in
  64:325
infant birth weight
7 1:391-399
inhalation effects on human pulmonary

  function
71:163, 166-169
inhalation patterns in
  64:159
kidney neoplasms in
  64:102; 71:294-196
laryngeal neoplasm induction in
  71:354-357
laryngeal neoplasm mortality in
64:32,188, 205, 212.234
lung neoplasms, etiology
  711239
lung neoplasms in
64~31, 37, 149-196, 229-233
lung neoplasms, mortality in
  7 1:240-243-244
mortality from cerebrovascular disease
  71:67-70
mortality from neoplasms, by site
  64: 149
mortality rates affected by sex
  71:3
mortality rates in
64:35, 102,106,108, 109,110. 115,
162,194,3
mortality ratios
64:90, 93, 102, 103
mortality ratios from COPD
  71:142-144
mortality ratios from pancreatic neo-
plasms in
  71:298
mortality ratios from peptic ulcers in
  71:424
nonrespondents, mortality in
  64:115
oral neoplasms, mortality in
64:102, 103.131, 132, 196.205,233

otolaryngological symptoms in
641215
peptic ulcer
  711427

peptic ulcer in, smoke effects on antacid
therapy
  71~423

percent of population as
  64:26

percent of women of childbearing age
  71:389

pharyngeal neoplasms in
64:103, 202
possible processes for increased mor-
tality in
  71:4-5

postoperative pulmonary complications
  in
71:174,230
pulmonary surfactant activity in
711172, 225
relationship jn coronary and lower limb

arteriosclerosis
71172

relationship of asbestos in lung neoplasm
mortality
71:257

relationship to infectious resptratory dis-
  eases

71:172, 226229
relationship to laryngeal neoplasm devel-
opment in
  71:281

relationship to lip or oral cavity neo-
phSTllS
71.361-370
relationship to lung neoplasms
71:275, 276
relattonship with bladder neoplasms m
  men
  71:299

relationship wtth dust on COPD develop-
  m ent
  71:153

risk gradients in, from bladder neoplasms
64~223

risk gradients in, from esophageal neo-
plasms
  64:234

risk gradients in, from laryngeal neo-

plasms
64:37,211,234

risk gradients in, from lung neoplasms
64?31,37,184, 185,230
risk of COPD in
  71:140

stomach ulcers in
   64:103
survey by age and sex
   71:6
survey of U.S.
   71:6
see also Smokers
Smokers, pipe
amblyopia in
   64:39, 341.342
amount smoked, in mortality ratios
   64:86, 87
atypical muclei in male esophageal epi-
   t helium
   71:379
bladder neoplasms in
   64~219, 222, 223, 235; 71:293-294
body weight in
   64:384
carboxyhemoglobin levels in
   72:21
cell rows and atypical cells in vocal cords
   of
   71:280, 359-360
COPD morbidity m
   71 :146, 197-198. 201-205

coronary mortality in
64~323

211


development of chronic bronchopul-
monary disease
71:lO

development oi esophageal neoplasms
71:13,293

development of lung neoptasms
  71:11
development of oral neoplasms
  71:12
duodenal ulcers in
  64~37
epithetial changes in
  64:170. 173, 189
esophageal neoplasms in
64:37,212, 217,218, 234
esophageal neoplasms, mortality ratios
  71:290
extroversion in
  64:366
fibrosis in
  64~274
forced expiratory volume in
  64:291
gastric ulcers in
  64t37.337
gingival neoplasms in
  64:202
inhalation by
  64:92,188
kidney neoplasms in
  711294-295
lack of risk in CVD
  71167
laryngeal neoplasms in
64:37,192,209,211,212
laryngeal neoplasm% induction
  71:12, 354-357
lip neoplasms in
64:32, 37, 188, 197.204
lung neoplasms in
64:31, 37, 196, 233
lung neoplasms, incidence in Norway
  71~244
lung neoplasm& incidence in rural Swit-
zerland
  71:244
lung neoplasms, mortality in
  71:324-327
morphology of
  64:385,386
mortality rates
  64:30,36,74, 194,202.222,223
mortality rates from COPD
  71:142-143, 145
mortality ratios
  64:90,91. 162
mortality ratios from pancreatic neo-
  plasms
  71:298
mortality ratios from peptic ulcer
  71:424
myocardral arterrole wall thickness tn
  72:19
myocardial infarction in
  71:32. 38-39
neoplasm location in
  64~197

oral changes in
  64:302

oral neoplasms and
64:37, 150, 189, 192, 202; 72:6,
peptic ulcer in
  71~427
pharyngeal neoplasms in
  64~202
psychosomatic disorders in
64~367

relationship to infectious respiratory d,,
  eases
71:22-l

relationship to IarYngeA neoplasm de\et.
opment
71:281

relationship to lip neoplasms
71:289

relationship to oral cavity neoplasms
71:361-364, 367
relative risk in esophageal neoplasm de.
velopment
72:68

relative risk in laryngeal neoplasm devet-
  onment
7`1167

relative risk in lung neoplasm develop-
  ment
71:276;73:67,68
respiratory diseases in
64z289.299
risk of CHD
  71:s
risk ratios in, from neoplasms
64:31, 37, 196, 209, 211, 231, 233.
  235

tongue neoplasms
   64:188, 189.202
seealso Smokers, cigar and pipe
Smokers vs. ex-smokers

atypical nuclei in larynx
69~59

coronary disease mortality rates, for men
by age

67~43

coronary disease mortality rates. for

men. by years stopped smoking
67:49;69:15

coronary disease mortality rates, for
men, compared to nonsmokers
  69~15
coronary disease mortality rates for men.
compared to nonsmokers
  69:lS
lung neoplasm mortality rates
67:34,137,139
morbidity rates
  67:15
mortality rates
6719. 15

peptic ulcer mortality rates by age
67:181

peptic ulcer mortality rattos by age
67:lEl

stroke mortality for men, compared to
  nonsmokers
69:15

212


thickness of vocal cords
    69:60
Smokers vs. nonsmokers
abortions, still births, and neonatal death
   7 1:390,405406
acute diseases in
   67122
o-aminophenols in urine of
   69:64
angina pectoris morbidity ratios
   67 :59
aortic aneurysm mortality
   69:16
arteriosclerosis
   67:22;72:19
arteriosclerosis, mortahty rates
   67:26
attitudes
   67:190-191
atypical nuclei in larynx
   69159
bladder neoplasms in
   71:293-295,381~384
bladder neoplasms, mortality rates, by
z54, 155
blood cholesterol levels, twin studies
   67~55
blood factors of mothers and infants
   69:80
body constitution
   67~99
breathlessness in
   67~29,286
bronchitis mortality rates
   67:8, 29, 90-92
carboxyhemoglobin levels
  67:100;72;21-23
cardiopulmonary function, in young
   male
   67:lOO
cell rows and atypical cells in vocal cords
   of
  71:280,359-360
cerebrovascular diseases
   72~25

cerebrovascular diseases mortality rates
67:66;71:67-70

cerebrovascular diseases mortality ratios
67~66

chronic diseases in
  67:22

coronary disease incidence
69:18, 20-22
coronary disease incidence and behavior
type
69124

coronary disease incidence rates, by age
67:54,65

coronary disease morbidity ratios
67:59;71:24
coronary disease morbidity ratios, and
blood pressure status
67~55

coronary disuse morbidity ratios, and
lung function
67~56

coronary disease morbidity ratios, by age
  67~54

coronary disease morbidity ratios, by
blood cholesterol levels
67155

coronary disease morbidity ratios, by
personality characteristics
  6757

coronary disease morbidity ratios, by
sociocultural mobility status
67:57

coronary disease mortality
67:47;71:21-22,24,26-29
coronary disease mortality, by age
67:50;69:13

coronary disease mortality, by amount
  smoked

67:51;69:13
coronary disease mortality, by sex
67:50;69:13;71:28-31
coronary disease mortality, by smoking
htstory
67:51

coronary disease mortality, for men
67:27

coronary disease mortality, for women
  67:28

coronary disease mortality, in Swedish
  twins
  71:51

coronary disease mortality ratios
6718

coronary disease mortality ratios, by age
67:49,52;69:13

coronary disease mortality ratios, by
  amount smoked
67:4749;69:13

coronary disease mortality ratios, by

blood pressure status
67:52

coronary disease mortality ratios, by sex
67:49;69:13
cough in
67129

Curschmann's spirals in sputum of
69:39-40

development of COPD in
71:141,145,195-205
differences in emphysema types in
71:154, 156

digestive tract neoplasm mortality rates
  671147

emphysema mortality rates
67:8

emphysema mortality ratios
67:90-92

esophageal epithelial cells with atypical
  nuclei in
71~292

esophageal neoplasm mortality rates, for
men by age
67:150

esophageal neoplasm mortality ratios
67:35, 150-151; 71:290-291
excretion of trvtoohan metabolites in

        I
freq7~e?~of esophageal neoplasms m
  71:238

213


frequency of kidney neoplasms in
71:238

frequency of mouth and pharyngeal neo
plasms m
  71:238

frequency of urinary bladder neoplasms
  in
  71:238

group characteristics in lung neoplasms
and smoking in
71:240. 244, 329-333
3.hydroxyanthranilic acid urinary excre-
  tion in
  67:156

3-hydroxykynurenine urinary excretion
  in
67: 156

incidence of edentulism
69:87

incidence of gingivitis
69:86

incidence of periodontal disease
69:85-86

incidence of preeclampsia among preg-
  nant women
69~79

laryngeal neoplasm mortality rates
67:148;71:237-238
laryngeal neoplasm mortality ratios
67135; 71~278-279
laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
  tobacco use
  71:354-357

lung fibrosis development in
71:161

lung neoplasm mortality in uranium
  miners
  711256

lung neoplasm mortality rates
67: 8. 34,47

lung neoplasm mortality rates. by age
67:132-138, 140
lung neoplasm mortality rates, by sex
67:136, 140

lung neoplasm mortality rates, for men
by age
67:131-132, 134-135. 137-140
lung neoplasm mortality rates, for men
by amount smoked
67:134-135, 137-140
lung neoplasm mortahty rates, for men
  by smoking characteristics
  67:134-135.139
lung neoplasm mortality rates, for men
by smoking history
  67:134-135. 137-140
lung neoplasm mortality rates. for wom-
;1;:240-243

lung neoplasm mortality ratios, by age
67:134-140

lung neoplasn mortality ratios, by sex
67:136. 140

lung neoplasm mortahty rattos. by smok-
ing classification
67:139

lung neoplasm mortality ratios, for men
by age
67:134-135, 137-140
lung neoplasm mortality ratios, for men
by amount smoked
67:134-135, 137-140
lung neoplasm mortality ratios, for men

by smoking characteristics
67:134-135

lung neoplasm mortality ratios, for men
by smoking history
67:134-135,137, 139
lung neoplasm mortality ratios, for worn.
t?:34,136

lung neoplasm occurrence in asbestos
workers
67:143

lung neoplasm occurrence in uranium
  workers
67~143

N-methylnicotinamide urinary excretton
  67:156

morbidity rates, in United States
6713,s

mortality rates
  71:3

mortality rates, by age
67:79-10

mortality rates, by occupation
67:ll

mortality rates. for Canadian pensioners
67:lO

mortality rates, for men by age
  67:12-13

mortality rates, for U.S. veterans by age
  67:12-13

mortality rates, for women by age
67:12-13, 21

mortality ratios, by age and sex
67:12-13

mortality ratios. for U.S. veterans by age
67:12-13

mortality ratios from pancreatic neo-
ptasms in
  71:298

mortality ratios, in United States
  67:8

mortality ratios of COPD in
  71:142-144

mouth neoplasm mortality rates
671146

mouth neoplasm mortality ratios
67135,146

mucous gland abnormalities in
  74:91
myocardial infarction morbidity ratios
  67:59
myocardial infarction morbidity ratios,
by physical activity levels
  67~56
myocardial infarction relationships to
physical activity
  71:44
oral diseases and
  72:6

214


pancreatic neoplasm mortality rates, by
~:15:158159

pancreatic neoplasm mortality rates, by
  amount smoked
  67:159

pancreatic neoplasm mortality rates, by
  Sex
  67:158-159

pancreatic neoplasm mortality rates, by
smoking classification
  67:159

paralysis agitans mortality rates
  67:8

pathological and cytological changes in
respiratory tract of
71:258-263

peptic ulcer in, correlated amounts of
  tobacco use
  71~427-428

peptic ulcer morbidity rates, by sex
  67:182

peptic ulcer mortality rates, for men, by
%-A81
peptic ulcer mortality ratios, for men, by
  age
  67:181
pharyngeaf neoplasm, mortality rates
67~146
pharyngeal neoplasm mortality ratios
67:35,146
postoperative hypoxemia in
  71:174-230
postoperative pulmonary complications
;:174175,230
postural hypoxemia mechanism in
symptomatic
  71:147
prevalence of neoplasms, by type of
tumor, sex and
  69~56

pulmonary alveolar phagocytosis in
  71:165

relation between CHD and serum choles-
  terol level
  71:43

relationship to infectious respiratory dis-
  ease
71:172, 226-229
respiratory symptoms
  72:40
respiratory symptoms by age
67:29.100

respiratory symptoms by occupation
67 ~97

respiratory tract neoplasm mortality
  rates
  67:147
serum lipids in
71:41, 98-102
small airways abnormalities in
74:97,98
stomach neoplasm mortality rates
  67:157-158
stroke mortality. by age
  69:13
stroke mortality. by amount smoked

69:13

stroke mortality, by sex
69:13
stroke  mortality,  compared to ex-
smokers
69:15

stroke mortality ratios, by age
69:13

stroke mortality ratios, by amount
  smoked
69:13

stroke mortality ratios, by sex
69:13

surfactant activity in lungs of
71:172,225

thickness of myocardial arteriole walls
72:19

thickness of vocal cords
69:60

tracheal neoplasm mortality rates
67.147

type of lung neoplasms in male and
female
  71:250

urinary excretion of tryptophan metab-
ohtes
69:64

urinary tract neoplasm mortality rates,
by age
67:154

see also Smokers vs. nonsmokers, cigar;
  Smokers vs. nonsmokers, pipe
Smokers vs. nonsmokers, cigar
esophageal neoplasm mortality ratios
   67:35-36

laryngeal neoplasn mortality ratios
   67:3S
mortality rates
   67:8
and mouth neoplasm mortality ratios
   67:35
and pharyngeal neoplasm  mortality
    ratios
   67:35
Smokers vs. nonsmokers, pipe
esophageal neoplasm mortality ratios
   67~35
laryngeal neoplasm mortality ratios
  67~33,149
mortality rates
   67:8
mortality rates for Canadian pensioners
   67:lO
mouth neoplasm mortality rates
   67:35
pharyngeal neoplasm mortalny rattos
   67:3S
Smoke streams
aluminum in
   64:55.61. 62
arsenic in
   6455
benzo(a) pyrene content
   72:123
beryllium in
   64:55
chromium in
   64:55

215


CO levels in mainstream cigar smoke
  75:90

constituents of tobacco smoke
   75:88-98
defimtion 01
    64:50
effect on nonsmokers
   721122.123
Guthion in
   64162
  nickel in
   6455
potassium in
   64~55
Sevin in
   64:62
  sodium in
   64~55
summary of previous findings
   75:87,88
  tar and nicotme content
   72~123
Smoke, tobacco
64:26,  33, 34, 50-62, 69-75,
142-146,167,168,263-267
acenapthene in
    6455
air cured and tumorigenicity
    68:91
as air pollutant
   72:7,121,122
  alkylbenzene in
    64:55
allergic and irritative components, effect
    on nonsmokers
   72:2,128,129
antigenic properties
    72:104
aromatic hydrocarbons in
   64:55;61:127;69:61
  arsenic in
    64:55.61
benz(a)anthracene in
    67:127
  benzene in
    64~55
benzo(b)fluoranthene m
    67~127
benzo(j)fluoranthene in
    67:127
  benzo(k)fluoranthene m
    67:127
benzo(a)pyrene in
    67:127

benzo(e)pyrene in
  67:127
beryllium in
  6455
bladder carcmogens m
  69:64
and bronchogenic carcinoma
67:129-130
carcinogenic heterocyclics in
  64~54
carcinogenic hydrocarbons m
64~55
carcinogemcity
64:143. 145;68:90.91;69:62

chromium as
  64:55
chronic toxicity of
64:73
chrysene in
  67:127
clearance mechanism for
64~267,269
cocarcinogens in
  69:61
composition of
64~50-62, 263, 264
constituents of
  64:51
constituents of, and bladder neop~~~,~
carcinogenesis
  67:156
constituents of, effect on bronchial mu.
  cosa
  67:144-145
constituents of, lung neoplasms induced
by
  67:144
cyanide in, and vitamin B-12 deficiency.
in tobacco amblyopia
  67:40
deposition of
  64~263-267
dibenz(aj)acridine in
  67:127
effect during pregnancy in laborator)
  animals
  73:114,115
effect of constituents on passive smokers
  75:88-98
effect on air pollution in aircraft
  73:45
effect on bronchial epithelium
  67:129
effect on macrophages
  72~47
effect on mitochondrial function, in rat
  liver
  74:104
effect on nonsmokers, in aircraft
  73:45
effect on stillbirth rate in laboratory
  animals
  73:125
and epidermoid carcinoma
  67 : 129-l 30
exposure
  64~272
filtration of, effect on bronchoconstric-
  tar response in smokers
  72:45
heterocyclic nitrogen compounds in
  67:127
indeno(l,2,3-c,d) pyrene in
  67:127
irrltants in
  72:109, 110
leukoplakia from
  64:233
hver effect of
  641342
and lung neoplasms in animals
  68:93

216


nicotine content of
  68:91
nicotine-Noxides in
  69:62
nitrates in
  67:128
N-nitrosamines in
  67~127
organ toxicity of
  64~73
papilloma formation in tracheobronchial
  mucosa
  67:129-130

pH of, effect of leaf constituents
73~224

polonium-210 content, and carcino-
genesis
  68:92
polycyclic aromatic compounds
64:26, 144
potassium
  64~55
potential source of N-nitrosamines
  68:91
pyrolytic temperature effect in
  64:.50
retention of
64263-267
summary of previous findings on rela-
tionship to passive smoking
75:87, 88
summary of recent findings
  75:lOE
systemic toxicity of
  64~73
tar content of
  68:91
in tobacco amblyopia etiology
  67140
toluene
  64~55
toxicity of
  64:73
tumorigenic activity
68:90,91; 73:210-214
tumor-promoting agents in, and neo-

plasm pathogenesis
67~35

and vitamin B deficiency in tobacco
amblyopia
67 :40

see also Smoke, cigar; Smoke, cigarette;
   Smoke, pipe
Smoking
  and aosenteeism
    67:19
  and adenocarcinoma
    67:140-143
and air pollution
    64:295-298
and air pollution, effect on pulmonary
   function and COPD prevalence
   74:82, 83
and alcohol consumption, in esophageal
   neoplasm formation
    67:152
  and alveolar bone loss
    69185-87

and alveolar cell carcinoma
  67:142
and angina pectoris
  69:18
and anoxia
  67:183
and aortic aneurysm
  67:183
and arrhythmia
  69~4
and arteriosclerosis
  67:28;69:4,5
and asbestos exposure, as factors in lung
  neoplasm development
  74:4143
association with other risk factors in
  CHD
  68121; 74~6. 7, 17
and asthma
  67~29
and atherogenesis
  67~66
and basal cell hyperplasia
  67:30
and bed days
  67 : 20-22
and behavior type
  69:20, 24
and bladder neoplasms
67133, 36;69:60; 72:68,72-14
and bladder neoplasms in men
  67:153
and bronchitis
69~4; 74~79
and bronchitis morbidity
67~6, 94,99
and bronchitis mortality
6713, 29,90-92
in bronchitis pathogenesis
67:29-31,96, 108;69:3740
and carboxyhemcglobin levels in smok-
  ers
  67:183
and cardiovascular diseases
6713, 25-28, 4769;69:3-5
as cause of fires
  67:187-188
as cause of traffic accidents
  67:187-188

and cerebrovascular diseases
67:27,66

and cerebrovascular diseases by age
67168

and cerebrovascular thrombosis
67~27.68

cigarette sales and CHD mortality rate
68:16

and coffee drinking, in myocardial in-
farction etiology
  7418
and COPD etiology
73135, 36
and coronary disease
6913.5,20
and coronary disease. age as factor
  7416
in coronary disease etiology
67~26. 54