Index

Abortions

smoking effects on, 13
Abortions, spontaneous
comparison of stillbirth and neonatal
death with, in smoking and nonsmok-
ing mothers, 390,405406
Acidosis
metabolic, smoking mother effects on in-
fant, 407

Adenocarcinoma
prevalence in male and female smokers
and nonsmokers, 250
relationship of cigarette smoking to,
246-249,296
Adenoma
papillary, induction in rats by exposure
to cigarette tars, 348
pulmonary, induction in mice by ciga-
rette smoke inhalation, 349
renal, relationship of smoking to, 296
Adrenal gland
catecholamine release from, nicotine
  effects on. 36

Advelvt;y Committee on Smoking and
establishment and conclusions of study
by, 3
report on cigarette smoke and conden-
sates effects on oral cavity of animals,
288

Age

atypical nuclei in esophageal epithehum
arranged by smoking and, 379-31

current cigarette smokers by sex and, 6
effects on CHD, 27.39

AHA

see American Heart Association
Air pollution
as cause of COPD, 152,216-217
effect on COPD development, 175
relationship of lung neoplasms, smoking
and place of residence, 252-255
role in etiology of lung cancer, 11, 276
Alcohol
effect of consumption on esophageal
neoplasms in smokers, 289,293
effect of consumption on laryngeal neo-
plasms among tobacco users, 280
effect of consumption on tobacco am-
blyopia 435436
effect of heavy consumption and heavy
smoking on oral neoplasms, 288
ethanol, penetrability of dissolved
benzo(o)pyrene in mice esophageal epi-
thelium,, 293

relationship of smoking and, in human
tuberculosis, 172
Alcoholism
patients with, smoking and ventilatory
function in, 213

Amblyopia
characterization of, 435
development from cyanide component
of tobacco smoke, 14
incidence of, 435
American Heart Association
pooling project on CHD, 23, 28, 30, 39
Aminoazo dyes

activity in placenta of smoking mothers,
410

Angina pectoris
cause bf, 21

incidence with cigarette smoking, 24,37
in Danish twins. smokers vs. nonsmok-
ers,.51
in twms, constitutional factors, 50-51
prospective studies of, CHD morbidity
relation to smoking 37,39
Animals
see ulso specific animals e.g., cats, dogs,
rabbits, etc.
atherosclerotic lesion development in,
smoking enhancement, 36
carcinoma induction in, from arsenic,
  257

cigarette smoke effect on pulmonary
physiology and structure in, 162
development of lesions from cigarette
smoke inhalation, 11
effects of nicotine on cardiovascular
system of, 57, 107-112
esophageal neoplasms in, induction by
nitrosamines, 292
respiratory tract of, neoplastic changes
following cigarette smoke inhalation,
238-239
ski of, carcinogenicity of tobacco tars,
238.267
tests of, -4th smoke carcinogens, 12
ventilatory function change from smok-
ing, 10

Anti-trypsin, alphat
COPD predisposition from genetic ab-
sence of, 150
determination using immunoelectro-
phoresis, 151
relationship in pulmonary emphysema,
  10-l 1
Anthranihc acid, 3hydroxy-
urinary excretron of, smoking effects on,
  296

Aorta

aneurysms of, cigarette smoking effect
on.9.61.71.15
atherosclerosis' in, long term smoking
effects, 52-56

Areca nut
see Betel nut
Aromatic compounds
carcinogenic properties in cigarette

439


smoke from, 264,265
detection in urine using chemilumi-
nescence technique, 297
stimulation of placental BP-hydroxylase
activity in pregnant rats by, 414
Arrhythmia
formation in nicotine stimulated dam-
aged myocardium, 58
Arsenic
lung neoplasm mortality in smelter
workers exposed to, 257
respiratory tract carcinoma in workers
exposed to, 256,257

Arteries

aneurysm in aortic, cigarette smoking ef-
fects on. 9.67,71,75
atherosclerotic, increased by cigarette
smoking, 8,63
flow of carotid, cigarette smoking effects
on, 67
hypoxemia, development from cigarette

smoking, 9

occlusions of, cigarette smoking effects

on, 73

walls of, mechanism of lipoprotein infii-
tration, 63
walls of nicotine-induced necrosis, 63
Arteriosclerosis
see also Thromboangiitis obliterans
in aorta and coronary arteries, cigarette
smoking effects on, 45.52-56
cigarette smoking effects on, 8
development by increased carboxyhemo-
globin formation, 9
development of, carbon monoxide ef-
fects on, 63
de$opment of, effects of nicotine on,
lece;tde3v;lopment in, smoking enhance-
periphdral, cigarette smoking effects on,
  72-73

Arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)
see Coronary disease
Asbestos workers

see Occupations
ASHD
see Coronary disease

Asia

see also specific countries of Asia
Central and Southeast. relationship of
tobacco use and neoplasms of oraicav-
ity, 366
Asthma
bronchial, cigarette smoking effects on,
10,175

Atherosclerosis
see Arteriosclerosis
Atropine

effects on bronchoconstriction in dogs,
  163
Australia

COPD morbidity in smokers in, 203
laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
tobacco use, 357

lung neoplasm in, retrospective studies
of,.327

peptic ulcer in, methods for retrospec-
tive and cross-section studies of
smoking and, 426,428

Bacteria

effect of cigarette smoke on acuon ,,f
macrophages on, 165
pneumonia, mice resistance fogowrng
cigarette mhalatron, 173

Bank employees
see Occupations
Benz(e)acephenanthrylene

carcrnogenic properties in cigarette
smoke from. 264.265

Benz(o)anthrackne
alcoholic sohrtion of, penetrabihry of
mice esophageal epithelium, 292
Benz(u)anthracene, 7,12dimethyl
carcinoma induction in hamsters follow.
ing instillation of, 346
skin painting with, Papihoma and talc,.
noma induction m mice by, 341
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
see Benz(e)acephenanthrylene
Benzo(i)fluoroanthene
carcinogenic properties in cigarette
  smoke from. 265
Benzo(c)phenanthrene
carcinogenic properties in Cigarette
smoke from, 265
Benzo(rsr)pentaphene
carcinogenic properties in cigarette
  smoke from. 265

3,4-Benzopyrene
see Benzo(u)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene

ability of smoking mothers to hydroxy).
ate, 407
alcoholic solution of, penetration of
mice esophageal epithelium, 292
carcinogenicity of, in relation to asbestos
in hamsters,, 257

carcinogenrc properties in CQarette
smoke from, 264,265
detoxification by lung aryl hydroxyiase,
  257
effects of instillation or implantation in
animal tracheobronchial tree, 346-347
effects on animal tissue and organ cul-
tures in? 343-345
effects wtth influenza virus on cigarette
inhalation by mice, 352
sarcoma induction in rats following in-
stillation of, 346
skin painting with, papilloma induction
in mice by, 337-338
Benzo(a)pyrene, l-methyl-
carcinogenic properties in cigarette
smoke from, 265
Betel nut
chewers of, relationship with oral cavity
neoplasms, 366,369-370
Birth weight
see Neonate

Blacks

maternal smoking and infant weight, 397
m;;;fqnga: smoking and prematurity,
Bladder neoplasms
frequency in smokers vs. nonsmokers,
238. 293-295
methods of retrospective studies of
smoking and, 293,381-384
presence of tryptophan metabolites in

440


urine of patients with, 296-297
relationship of cigarette smoking to, 299
urinary, cigarette smoking relationship,
13

U.S. mortality in 1967, 294
Blood

see also specific components of blood,
e.g., cholesterol, lipids, platelets
carboxyhemoglobin formation in, from
smoking, 60,75
clotting, cigarette smoking effects on, 9,
36

Blood circulation. coronarv

alteration foUo&ing cigarette smoke in-
halation, 58
effect of variations in hemoglobin and
hematocrit, 66
Blood pressure
diastolic, cigarette smoking effects, 8, 23
diastolic, in smokers with CHD, 21-22,
24,42

high, risk factor in arteriosclerosis ob-
literans. 72
hiah. risk.in mortalitv from CVD. 67
hypertensive vs. nori-hyperten&ey mor-
talitv rates of CHD in 42
nicotine effects on, 36
relationship of smoking and CHD, 43,47
smokers vs. nonsmokers. 41.42. 103-104

- . - _ _

systolic, mortality from elevated, with
CHD. 42

BP-hydroxylase
see under Enzymes

Bradycardia

development in dogs given nicotine, 57
British Perinatal Mortality Survey
results of, 390

Bronchitis. chronic

cigarette'smoking cause and effect rela-
tionship, 3,9
definition, 139
mortality in cigarette smokers, 175
mortality rates in 1967.139
smokers-vs. nonsmokers, 195-205
Bronchogenic carcinoma
see Carcinoma, bronchogenic
Bronchopneumonia
development in dogs following cigarette
smoke inhalation, 271
Bronchopulmonary disease, chronic ob-
structive

see also Asthma, bronchitis, emphysema,
respiratory diseases
ai;16p;ll17ution relationship in, 152,
characterization of, 139
cigarette smoking effects on develop-
ment, 4,9-l 1: 175
effect of smokma cessation on develou-

increased prevalence of heterozygotes in,
ment, 10 -
genetic factors in pathogenesis of, 148,

151-152
150-152.205

mortality in pipe, cigar, and cigarette
smokers, 175

mortality rates from, 139-145
smoking effects on ventilation-perfusion

measurements in, 163

Buerger's disease
see Thromboangiitis obliterans
Burma

methods used in smoking study and
human pregnancy, 393 -
Butylamine. N-methyl-nitroso
suspected ~carcinogknic properties in ciga-
rette smoke from, 265

Cadmium

in cigarette smoke, relation to emphy-
sema pathogenesis, 154
Calves
see Cattle
Canada
COPD morbidity of smokers in, 204
human experimental data on smoking
and pregnancy, 409
infectious resuiratorv disease in. relation-
ship to smoking, 228
kidney and bladder neoplasms in smok-
  ers in. 294
mortality rates from COPD, 139-141, 145
mortality ratios from COPD, 143
mortality ratios in smokers and non-
smokers from pancreatic neoplasms,
  298
thrombosis in, smoking relationship, 132
veterans of, lung neoplasm mortality
ratios in smokers and nonsmokers, 24 1
Carbazole, 9-methyl-
possible importance in tobacco carcino-
genesis, 266
Carbon-14
labeled smoke particulate deposition in
hamster respiratory tract, 281-282
Carbonic anhydrase
see Enzymes
Carbon monoxide
in cigarette smoke, formation of car-
boxyhemoglobin, 8-9
effects on cholesterol-fed rabbits, 6566
effects on human physiology, 6062
levels in ciaarette smoke. 59
levels in fe'tal blood of smoking mothers,
  407410

Carboxyhemoglobin
effects of elevated, on fetal tissues, 407
formation in blood of smokers, 60, 75
formation from CO in cigarette smoke,
8-9
Carcinogens
action on oral cavity, effect of saliva,
  288
listing of, in cigarette smoke, 265-266
in smoke, effect on oral cavity, 12

Carcinoid

prevalence in male and female smokers
and nonsmokers. 250

Carcinoma
formation following animal skin painting
induction in rats exposed to cigarette
with smoke condensates. 337-342

tars, 348

undifferential, relationship to cigarette
smoking, 248-249
Carcinoma, alveolar
induction in mice by cigarette smoke in-
halation, 349

441


Carcinoma, anaplastic
prevalence in male and female smokers
and nonsmokers, 250
Carcinoma, bronchogenic
development in dogs following cigarette
smoke inhalation, 269,272-273
mortality from, relationships to smok-
ing, air pollutton and residence, 253
mortality in smokers vs. nonsmokers as-
bestos workers, 257
Carcinoma, epidermoid
mortality from, relationship to smoking,
air pollution and residence, 254
prevalence in male and female smokers
and nonsmokers, 250
relationship of cigarette smoking to,
_ 246-249

Carcinoma, epithelial
induction in mice by cigarette smoke in-
halation, 350

Carcinoma, oat cell
relationship of cigarette smoking to, 247
Carcinoma, squamous cell
development in mice drinking alcoholic
benzo(u)pyrene, 292
in oral cavity, relationship to tobacco
use, 366-367

Carcinoma, tracheobronchial
induction in hamsters by cigarette smoke
instillation, 346-347
Cardiovascular diseases
see also Coronary disease
atherosclerotic, cigarette smoking rela-
tionship, 4

Cardiovascular system
nicotine and cigarette smoke effects on,
56-58, 107-l 18
Catecholamines

adrenal gland release, effect of nicotine

on, 36

effect on blood flow in coronary arte-
ries, 58
release by cigarette smoking, 8
release in animals by nicotine, 57, 119
Cats
cardiovascular function in, smoking and
nicotine effects on, 110, 111
ciliary function in, effect of cigarette
smoke on, 222-224
lungs of, ngarette smoke effect on sur-
factant activity, 225
Cattle
ciharv function in. effect of ciearette
smoke on, 221   '

CRF

---

see Blood circulation coronary
Central nervous system
effects of carbon monoxide in smoke on,
  60

Cerebrovascular disease
definition of, 66
mortality from, effects of cigarette
smoking on, 9
mortality rates from, smokers vs. non-
smokers, 66-70

Cessation of smoking
effect on COPD development in British
physicians, 142
effect on COPD morbidity in smokers vs.
nonsmokers, 146
effect on development of COPD, 140

442

effect on mortality from COPD from,
175

improvements in respiratory system,
148,149

relation to incidence and mortality from
CHD, 32,4648,106
CHD

see Coronary disease
Chemiluminescence
see Luminescence
Chewing

see Betel nut and tobacco
Chickens

ciliary function in, effect of Cigarette
smoke on, 223
embryos of, effect of cigarette smoke
on, 344
embryo of, nicotine effects on CNS, 411
Chile

atherosclerosis autopsy studies in, 55
atherosclerosis in, no smoking effect
found, 56
Cholesterol
rabbits fed, carbon monoxide effects on,
  65-66
secrufnh' 8cigarette smoking relationship

serum, control in coronary disease,
21-22
serum, relationship of cigarette smoking
to levels of, 41,43
serum, relationship of elevated with ciga-
rette smoking in peripheral vascular
disease, 72

serum, m smokers vs. nonsmokers, 41,
  98-102
serum, in smokers with CHD, 23-24, 43
synergistic relationship of carbon mon-
oxide in coronary atheromatosis, 63
Chromium
respiratory tract carcinoma in workers
exposed to, 256

Chromium compounds
lung neoplasm mortality from, 257-258
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
see Bronchopulmonary disease, chronic
  obstructive
Chrysene
carcinogenic properties in cigarette
smoke from, 265

Chrysene, lmethyl-
carcinogenic properties in cigarette
smoke from, 265
Cigarette filters

ad;6ytag;; m reduction of particulates,
reduciion of lung neoplasms from, 13
Cigarette smoke

alteration of coronary blood flow, 58
bronchogenic carcinoma induction in
dogs inhaling, 269,270
cadmium levels in, 154
carbon monoxide levels in, 59
carcinogenicity of components to ani-
mals, 12,277

cause of death in dogs from inhalation,
271
ciliary movement inhibition, 267
efF4;tS;;5tissue and organ cultures, 267,


effect of nickel on induction of lung aryl
hydroxylase, 256-257
high tar, risks in, 11
inhalation by dogs, lung neoplasm devel-
opment, 268-269,212-214
inhalation effects on animal respiratory
tract,, 268-269, 349-353
inhafatron effects on hamster larynx,
281,284
listing of identified or suspected tumori-
genie agents, 264261
2-naphthylamine identified in. 265
neoplastic changes in animals inhaling,
238-239

tobacco amblyopia relationship to cyan-
ide metabolism in, 435436
Cigarette smoke condensates
carcinogenic effect on animal oral cav-
ities, 288
carcinogenic properties on animal skin,
  331-342

effects of instillation or implantation in
animal tracheobronchial tree, 346-348
effects on tissue and organ cultures,
343-344

painting skin of animals with, 331-342
Cigarette smokers
arterial occlusions in, 73
atherosclerosis in aortic and coronary ar
teries, 52-56
atypical nuclei in male esophageal epi-
thelium, 379-380
bladder neoplasms in, 293-295
cell rows and atypical cells in vocal cords
of, 280, 359-360
cessation effects on COPD morbidity,
146,197,199,203-204
cessation lowers lung neoplasm rate in,
  11

changes in vent&tory function and pul-
monarv histologv. 115
CHD mAHA po%ng project, 28, 30, 39
CHD risk by, 23-25
comparative risk for lung neoplasms, 237
decline in British physicians, 48
development of altered ventilatory func-

tion H young, 10

de;;l;$ynt of esophageal neoplasms,
development of laryngeal neoplasms, 12
development of oral neoplasms, 12
development of second primary oral neo-
plasms in continuing, 287
effect of filters on emphysema develop-
ment, 162
effects of inhalation on bronchial reacti-

vity, 164

effect on cardiovascular system, 56-58,
107-118

effects on uterine activity in gravidic
women, 408

esophageal neoplasm mortality ratios in,
290-29 1

etiological cause of lung neoplasms? 239
histology and smoking relationshrp of
lung neoplasms in 246-249
infant birth weight, 397-399
inhalation effects on human pulmonary
function, 163,166-169
kidney neoplasms in, 294-296

laryngeal neoplasm induction in,
354-351
lu2n4~-2nrplasm mortality in, 240,
mortality from cerebrovascular disease,
61-70

mortality rates affected by sex, 3
mortality ratios from COPD, 142-144
mortality ratios from pancreatic neo-
plasms in, 298
mortality ratios from peptic ulcers in,
424
peptic ulcer in, smoke effects on antacid
therapy, 423

percentage of women of child-bearing
age, 389
possible processes for increased mortal-
ity in, 4-5

postoperative pulmonary complications
in, 174,230
pulmonary surfactant activity in, 172,
225

relationship of asbestos in lung neoplasm
mortality, 257
relationship in coronary and lower limb
arteriosclerosis, 72
relationship of former to lung neoplasm
development, 276
relationship to infectious respiratory dis-
ease, 172,226-229
relationship to laryngeal neoplasm devel-
opment in, 28 1
relationship to lip or oral cavity neo-
plasms, 36 l-370

relationship to lung neoplasms, 275
relationship with bladder neoplasms in
men, 299
relationship with dust on COPD develop..
ment. 153

with peptic ulcer, 427
risk in CHD, 8
risk of COPD in, 140
survey by age and sex, 6
survey of U.S.. 6

Cigarettes
development of esophageal neoplasms ~
bv. 12.293

tar levels of, relationship to lung neo-
plasm development, 276
Cigar smokers
atypical nuclei in male esophageal epi-
thelium, 319
bladders neoplasms in, 293-294
cell rows and atypical cells in vocal cords
of, 280, 359-360
COPD morbidity in, 146, 197-198,
201.202,204-205
effects of smoke on bronchial reactivity,
164

esophageal neoplasm mortality ratios in,
290
kidney neoplasms in, 294-295
lack of risk in CVD, 67
laryngeal neoplasm induction in, 12,
354-357
lung neoplasm incidence in rural Switzer-
land. 244
lung neoplasm mortality in, 11,240-243
mortality ratios from COPD in, 142-143,
145

443


myocardial infarction in, 32, 38-39
relationship to infectious respiratory dis-
ease, 227
relationship of laryngeal neoplasms de-
velopment in, 281
relationship of neoplasms of oral cavity
with,, 12, 361-365.367-371
mortahty ratios from pancreatic neo-
plasms in, 298
mortality ratios from peptic ulcer in,
424
risk of CHD, 8
risk of COPD, 10
risk of lung neoplasm development, 276
Ciliary activity

see Respiratory system
Circulation

see Blood circulation
Cirrhoses
see Liver
Civil servants

see Government employees under Occu-
pations
Coal miners

see Occupations
Congressional legislation
see Laws

Connecticut Cancer Registry
figures on age-adjusted larynx neoplasm
incidence,.277

fifm~ on mcidence of oral neoplasms,
Constitutional hypothesis
relationship to CHD and smoking, 4849,
  105-106
COPD
see Bronchopulmonary disease, chronic
  obstructive
Cornsilk
smoking, tack of arterial epinephrine
level increase, 57

Coronary blood flow
see Blood circulation, coronary
Coronary disease
see also Angina pectoris
age- adjusted rates in smokers, 23
arFLriosclerotic, mortality rates in U.S.,
atherosclerosis in, effects of smoking on,
4,63
bl;r;d4y;me of smokers vs. nonsmok-
carbon dioxide effects on oxygen uptake
in, 62
cigarette smoking relationship, 5
death ratios of paired combinations of
high risk, 25
fist, mortality rates in smokers vs. non-
smokers, 24, 26-29
incidence and mortahty rates in former
smokers, 46.4748
infarction in NYC pipe and cigar smok-
ers, 32.38-39

infarction relationship to physical activ-
ity, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 44
in smokers with predisposing factors, 24
morbidity relationship of smoking to,
32-35,37,39,93-91
mortality and morbidity retrospective
studies, 40,93-97

444

mortality from, relationship to electre
cardiographic findings, 42
mortality in obese vs. non-obese, 45
mortality rates in, hypertensives vs. non-
hypertensives, 42
mortality rates in, smokers vs. non-
smokers, 21-22
mortality rates in, with increased carbon
monoxide, 62
mortality rates of paired combinations
of high risk, 25
mortality rates of cigarette smokers
from? AHA pooling project, 28,30,3V
mortahty rates of U.S. veterans, 26, 38
myocardial infarction in Danish twins,
51

ni;;tin; effect on coronary blood flow
relaiion of triglycerides to, 65
relationship of blood presure and smok-
ing, 45,41

relattonship of heart rate and smoking,
45,.47

relatronship of physical activity and
smoking41,43,44
relationship to constitutional makeup
and smoking, 4849, 105-106
relationship to ECG abnormalities and
smoking, 45,47
relationship to obesity and smoking,
4345
risk factors, 23-24,4041
smokers age effects on development, 27,
39

smoking risk factor, 8
sudden mortality in, smoking effects on,
52

Coronary heart disease
See Coronary disease
cows
see Cattle
Cresol

suspected carcinogenic agent of cigarette
smoke, 266
Cuba
laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
tobacco use, 356
relationship of tobacco use and neo-
plasms of oral cavity, 364
CVD

see Cerebrovascular disease
Cyanides

metabolism of, pathogenesis of tobacco
amblyopia relationship to, 435436
in tobacco amblyopia etiology, 14
Czechoslovakia
laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
tobacco use, 354,357
serum lipid difference in smokers vs.
nonsmokers in. 101

Death rates

see Mortality rates
Denmark

atherogenic effect of carbon monoxide
and hypoxia, 64

bladder neoplasms in, methods and re-
sults in retrospective studies of smok-
ing and, 381,383

carbon monoxide effects on human
blood lipids in, 129


carbon monoxide effects on rabbit blood
lipids in, 129
serum lipid differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokers in, 102
twins in, angina pectoris in smokers vs.
nonsmokers,.51

Deoxyribonucleic acid
content increase in smokers oral epi-
thelial cells, 288
levels in mice lung exposed to cigarette
smoke, 161
Diabetes

effect on CHD in smokers, 24
risk in mortality from CVD, 67
Diabetes mellitus

relationship with cigarette smoking in
peripheral vascular disease, 72
Dibenz(a,h)acridine
carcinogenic properties in cigarette
smoke from,.265

Dibenz(aj)acridme
carcinogenic properties in cigarette
smoke from, 265

7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole
carcinogenic properties in cigarette
smoke from, 265

Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene
see Benzo(rst)pentaphene
Diethylnitrosamine
suspected carcinogenic properties in ciga-
rette smoke from, 265
7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
see Benz(a)anthracene, 7,12dimethyl-
Dimethylnitrosamine
suspected carcinogenic properties in ciga-
rette smoke from, 265
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate
effects of carbon monoxide on, 6061
DNA

see Deoxyribonucleic acid
DO&E

atherogenic effects of nicotine in, 120
bt&d;; rrrplasms in, fed 2-naphthyl-
brady&dia and tachycardia in, follow-
ing nicotine injection, 57-58
bronchogenic carcinoma induction in,
from cigarette smoke inhalation, 269,
210

cigarette smoke instillation or implanta-
tion effects on tracheobronchial tree
of. 268,347
death in, causes from cigarette smoke m-
halation, 271
effect of cigarette smoke on pulmonary
clearance in, 164, 170
fetal bronchial tubes of, effect of ciga-
rette smoke on, 345
lungs of, cigarette smoke effects on sur-
factant activity, 112, 225
lung neoplasms following cigarette
smoke inhalation, 239,277
lung neoplasms in, types and lobes where
found. 269.272-273
myocardium of, nicotine effects on, 58
neoplasm development in smoking, per-
centages of, 274

activity of, effect of smoking, 165
aryl hydrocarbon hydroxyiase activity in
placentas at childbirth, 410
aryl hydroxylase, effect of nickel in ciga-
rette smoke on induction of, 257
benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, activity in
placentas of smoking mothers, 410
carbonic anhydrase, carbon monoxide
inhibition in fetal cord blood of smok-
ing mothers, 407
carbonic anhydrase, decrease in activity
in fetal cord blood in smoking
mothers. 409

pulmonary histological changes in ciga-   Epidermoid carcinoma
rette smoke inhaling, 158, 159160      see Carcinoma, epidermoid

respiratory tract of, cigarette smoke in-
halation effects on, 268,352, 353
smoke induced bronchoconstriction in,
atropine effects, 163
smoking and nicotine effects on blood
lipids in, 127-128
smoking and nicotine effects on cardio-
vascular function in, 101-l 12
smoking and nicotine effects on cate-
cholamine levels in, 119
Donkeys
effect of cigarette smoke on pulmonary
clearance in, 164, 111
Ducks

cigarette smoke instillation or implanta-
tion effects on tracheobronchial tree
of, 346

Duodenal ulcer
see Peptic ulcer
Dusts

COPD development from, 153, 218

Egypt

relation of human pulmonary histology

and smoking, 163 -
Electrocardiograph

-.

findings on, CHD mortality relationship
to,.42
readmg abnormalities, relationship to
smoking and CHD, 45.47

Electroph&esis

use in determining serum levelof alphar-
antitrypsin, 151
Emphysema
alphar-antitrypsin absence type genetic
factors, 150
cigarette smoking effects on, 9
development in dogs following cigarette
smoke inhalation, 27 1
development of, relation of cadmium in
smoke to, 154
grade II or III, smokers vs. nonsmokers,
  162
mechanism inalphar-antitrypsin absence

type of, 151

mortality from, effect of cigarette smok-
ing on, 175
mortality rates from, in 1967, 139
pulmonary, definition, 139

Employment

see Occupations
England

see United Kingdom
Enzymes
see also Papain

445


Epinephrine

levels in arteries, cigarette smoking ef-
fects on, 51
Epitheliomas
tip, relationship of tobacco use with, 361
Epoxides
suspected carcinogenic agents in ciga-
rette smoke, 265
Esophageal neoplasms
frequency in smokers vs. nonsmokers,
12,238

induction in animals by nitrosamine, 292
methods and results of retrospective
studies of tobacco use, 289, 375-378
mortality rates in U.S. for 1967, 289
relationship to smoking, 293
Esophagus
basal cells of epithelium of, atypical
nuclei in male smokers 292, 379-380
Ethanol
see Alcohol
Ex-smokers

see Smokers (former)

Factory workers
see plant workers under Occupations
Fatty acids
blood, effect of smoking on levels of, 65
levels in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 102
rise in blood serum after smoking, 36
suspected carcinogenic agents of ciga-
rette smoke, 266
Fetus

heart beats in, increase in smoking
mothers, 408
tissues of, effects of elevated carboxy-
hemoglobin on, 407
Fibrosis

in lung, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 161
Fibrillation

ventricular, death from, 36
Filters

see Cigarette fitters
Finland

blood pressure differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokers in, 103
COPD morbidity in smokers of,, 200
lung neoplasms in, restrospectrve smok-
ing study of methods in, 325,327
lung neoplasm mortality in, relationship
to tobacco use, 245-246
peptic ulcer in, methods and results for
retrospective and cross section studies
of smoking and, 426,428
serum lipid differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokers of, 98.99
smoking and nicotine effects on human
blood lipids in, 124
Fluoranthene

alcoholic solution of, penetrability of
esophageal epithelium, 292
Flax mill workers
see Occupations
Former smokers
see Smokers (former)
Formosa

acute effect of cigarette smoke on
human pulmonary function in, 169
France
bladder neoplasms in, methods and re-

suits in retrospective studies of smok-
ing and, 381-383
CHD mortality and morbidity in, 94,97
COPD mortality of smokers in, 201
cigarette smoke effects on animal lung
tissue in, 343
cigarette smoke effects on chicken em-
bryos in, 344
cigarette smoke inhalation effects on rat
respiratory tract, 349
esophageal neoplasms in, retrospective
studies of tobacco use with, 378
laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
tobacco use, 355,357

lung neoplasms in, retrospective smoking
study of methods in, 326
relationship of tobacco use and neo-
plasms of oral cavity, 363
Framingham Heart Study
morbidity ratios in CHD, 24

Fungicides

concentration in cigarette smoke, 265,
266

Gastric ulcer
see Pentic ulcer

Genetics

factors of. cigarette smoking relation-

ship, S '

factors of, in COPD pathogenesis, 148,
150-152,205

twin-studies, effects of smoking, 49-52,
99

Germany

CHD morbidity and mortality in, 95-96,

97

cigarette smoke inhalation effects on ani-
mal respiratory tract in, 350
laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
         ^--

tobacco use, 355

lung neoplasms in, retrospective smoking
study of methods in, 323,325,326

polonium-210 levels in lungs of smokers

in, 336

smoking and nicotine effects on human
blood lipids, 125
Glossary
of terms used in smoking and ventilatory
function, 215
Glucose

metabolism and insulin response, altera-
tion effects on myocardial response, 66
Glycogen
levels in mice lung exposed to cigarette
smoke, 161

Government employees

see Occupations
Graphite

respiratory tract carcinoma in workers
exposed to, 256
Great Britain
see United Kingdom
Guanethidine
blockage of nicotine cardiac stimulation
by, 57

Guinea pigs

lung neoplasm development following
chronic nickel carbonyl or dust inhala-
tion, 256

446


bv s-l

lungs of, cigarette smoke effects on sur-
factant activity, 225
respiratory changes in, exposed to ciga-
rette smoke, 162

Hamsters

benzo(a)pyrene inhalation by, effect of
asbestos dust on carcinoma induction,
  257
bt$; ;;plasms in, fed 2-naphthyl-
cigarettd smoke instillation or implanta-
tion effects on tracheobronchial tree
of, 268, 346-348
laryngeal malignancies in, following
smoke inhalation, 12
laryngeal neoplasms following cigarette
smoke inhalation, 239
larynx `of, effect of cigarette smoke in-
halation on, 28 1, 284
lung and embryos, effects of cigarette
smoke tars on, 343-344
pulmonary changes from chronic nitro-
gen dioxide inhalation, 220
respiratory tract of, C-14 labeled particu-
lates deposition in, 281-282
respiratory tract of, cigarette smoke in-
halation effects on, 268,35 1
Health Insurance Plan (NYC)
myocardial infarction in  ipe and cigar
smokers under, 32.38-3 4)

Heart

see also Arrhythmia. brachycardia, myo-

cardium and tachy&rdia
cardiac rhythm of, effect of nicotine on,
36
fetal, increased rate by maternal smok-
ing, 408
myocardium of, nicotine effects on oxy-
gen demand, 38
myocardium of, cigarette smoking effect

on, 5,8

rate, relationship to smoking and CHD,
45.47
Heart disease
see Cardiovascular diseases and coronary
disease

Heights
decreased, in children of smoking

mothers, 407
Hematite dust

respiratory tract neoplasms in hamsters
exposed to, 348
Hematocrit
infant, smoking mother effects on, 407,
  409
variations in, effect on coronary blood
flow, 66
Hemoglobin
see also Carboxyhemoglobin
affinity for oxygen, CO effects on 2,3di-
phosphoglycerate control of, 6061
varia$~sg in, effect on coronary blood
Hens '
see Chickens
Heterocyclc compounds
carcinogenic properties in cigarette
smoke, 264,265
Hexamethonium
blockage of nicotine cardiac stimulation

-.r>-.

HIP of NYC
see Health Insurance Plan (NYC)

Hookahs

smokers of, laryngeal neoplasm induc-
tion in, 355
Hungary
retrospective smoking study of methods
for lung neoplasms in, 328
Hydrocarbons
see Aromatic compounds heterocyclic
compounds
Hydrogen cyanide
in cigarette smoke, effects on body oxi-
dative metabolism, 62
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid
see Anthranilic acid, 3-hydroxy-
3-Hydroxykynurenine
excretion of, smoking effects on, 296
Hydroxyproline
level in mice lung exposed to cigarette
smoke,. 161
Hypertension
see Blood pressure
Hypoxemia
arterial, carbon dioxide effects on, 61,'
  15
Hypoxia
aortic atheromatosis development in
rabbits exposed to, 64
postoperative, development in smokers,
174,230

postural, mechanism in asymptomatic
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 147

Iceland
lung neoplasms in, relationship to tobac-
co smoking, 244
Indeno( 1,2,3 ,-cd)pyrene
carcinogenic properties in cigarette
smoke from, 265

lndia

esophageal neoplasms in, retrospective
studies of tobacco use with, 378
laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
tobacco use, 355,356
relationship of smoking to tuberculosis
in, 227
relationship of tobacco use and neo-
plasms of oral cavity in, 362,366
smoking and nicotine effects on human
cardiovascular system, 117
smoking relationship to thrombosis in,
131

Indole, l-methyl-
possible initiator in tobacco carcinogene-
sis, 265

Industrial workers
see plant workers under Occupations
Industrial hazards
effect of dust on COPD development,
  17s

- .-

effects on COPD development in smok-
ers, 153-154, 218-219
Infant
see also Neonate
sudden death in, relation of smoking and
nonsmoking mothers, 407
Influenza virus
effect on dogs inhaling cigarette smoke,
  351
                      447


resistance of mice following cigarette
smoke inhalation, 173
Inhalation studies

see under Cigarette smoke
Ireland

acute effect of cigarette smoke on
human pulmonary function, 168
CHD mortality and morbidity in smok-
ers and nonsmokers in, 94
CHD mortality and morbidity in, 96
lung neoplasms in, retrospective smoking
study of methods in, 328
maternal smoking and infant weight, 399
methods used in smoking study and
human pregnancy, 394,396
northern, mortality rates from COPD,
144

occupational exposure and smoking rela-
tionships to COPD in, 218
relationship of lung neoplasms to smok-
ing, air pollution and residence in, 254
serum lipid differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokers in, 99
smoking and nicotine effects on human
peripheral vascular system, 133
smoking relationship to thrombosis in,
  130
Israel

cigarette smoke effects on animal em-
bryos in, 343
mortality rates from COPD in, increase,
  140
Italy
human experimental data on smoking
and pregnancy, 409
serum lipid differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokers in, 100
tracheobronchial tree changes in smokers
and nonsmokers in, 263

Japan

bladder neoplasms in, methods and re-
suits in retrospective studies of smok-
ing and, 382,384
CHD mortality and morbidity in, 96
cigarette smoke effects on human fetal
lung tissue in, 343
esophageal neoplasms in retrospective
studies of tobacco use in, 378
kidney and bladder neoplasms of smok-
ers in, 295
lung neoplasms in, retrospective smoking
study of methods in, 326,328
lung neoplasm mortahty of smokers and
nonsmokers in, 243
mortality ratios from esophageal neo-
plasms in, 291
mortality ratios from pancreatic neo-
plasms in cigarette smokers in, 298
relationships of lung neoptasms to smok-
ing, air pollution, and residence in, 255

Kidney neoptasms
mortality rates in U.S. for 1967,296
relationship of tobacco use, 13, 299
in29;;;cers and nonsmokers, 238,
Korea
relation of human pulmonary histology
and smoking in, 255

tracheobronchial tree changes in smokers
and nonsmokers of, 259

Lactones

suspected carcinogenic agents in ciga-
rette smoke, 265

Laparotomy

postoperative pulmonary complications
following, in smokers vs. nonsmokers,
174

Laryngeal neoplasms
development in hamsters following ciga-
rette smoke inhalation, 239
development in smokers, 12,281
mortality in smokers vs. nonsmokers,
237-238
mortality ratios from, 277-279
relationship to tobacco use and develop-
ment of,, 354-357
relative risk ratios from tobacco use,
277,358

U.S. mortality in 1967,277

Larynx

epithelial changes in, classification of:
281,283
hamster, C-14 labeled particulate deposi-
tion in, 281-282
Laws
PL 89-92, requirements for smoking haz-
ards literature review, 7
PL 91-222, requirements for smoking

hazards review, 7
Lip neoplasms

relationship of tobacco use, 361, 362,
365,367
relationship to pipe smoking, 289
Lipids
blood effect of smoking on levels of,
65-66,123-128
serum, differences in smokers vs. non-
smokers, 4 1,98-102
Lipoproteins
infiltration in arterial walls, carbon mon-
oxide effects on, 63
in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 99-102
Liver
cirrhosis   of, rates among cigarette
smokers, 5
Longshoremen

see Occupations
Luminescence

techniques of, use in determining aro-
matic hydrocarbon in urine, 297
Lung diseases
see Bronchopulmonary diseases, adeno-
carcinoma, carcinoma, tuberculosis
Lungs
tibroses in, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 16 1
hamster, C-14 labeled particulates depo-
sition in, 281-282
human, effects of cigarette smoke on tis-
sue from, 343-345
Lung neoplasms,
air polhrtion role in etiology of, 11
cause and effect relationship of smoking,
  276

cigarette smoking risks, 11
development in dogs following cigarette
smoke inhalation, 239
effect of sex on development, 11

448


environmental and atmospheric factors
of, 252-255
groupings, 246-334
group characteristics of tobacco use in
smokers and nonsmokers, 240, 244,
329-333

h;;,9';;; and smoking relationships,
mortality expected in U.S. in 1970,237,
219

---

mortality from chromium compounds,
257-258

mortality in cigarette smokers by dura-
tion, 240,244
mortality in smelter workers exposed to
arsenic. 257
mortality in smokers and nonsmokers,
240-243
mortality, in smokers in Norway and
Finland, 245-246
occupational exposure effects on patho-
genesis of, 12
prevalence in males and females by
tumor type, 246,250
reduction in number using filter-type
cigarettes, 275
relationship of asbestos and smoking to,
257

relationship of female smoking, 246,251
relationship of smoking to, 237
retrospective study methods for smoking
relationships, 240,323-328
smoking cause and effect relationship, 3
smoking habit study of patients with, 3
types implicated in smoking, 237
U.S. mortality rates for 1939 vs. 1967,
239

Macrophages
effect of cigarette smoke of action on
staphylococcus, 165
Mammals
see also specific mammals
cells of, effect of cigarette smoke tars
on, 343
Medical students
see Occupations
Methylbenzo(a)pyrene
see Benzo(a)pyrene, l-methyl-
9-Methyl carbazole
see Carbazole, 9-methyl-
Methylchrysenes
see Chrysene, 1 methyl-
Methyl-indole
see Indole, lmethyl-
Methyl-n-butymitrosamine
Fe Butylamine, nmethyl-nitroso-
N -Methylnicotinamide
see Pyridinium compounds, 3carba-
moyl-l-methyl-
Mice
bladder neoplasms in, induction by
tryptophan metabohtes, 296
embryo, lethal effects of nicotine on,
411
esophageal epithelium of, alcoholic
benzo(a)pyrene penetrability of, 292
esophageal epithelium of, oil desolved
benzo(a)pyrene penetrability of, 292

lungs of, effects of cigarette smoke on,
343.344

lung neoplasm incidence in, from chrom-
ium oxide dust exposure, 258
pulmonary carcinoma induction in,
following asbestos dust inhalation, 257
pulmonary changes from chronic nitro-
gen oxide inhalation, 16 1,220
pulmonary changes in cigarette smoke
inhaling, 159
pulmonary clearance in, cigarette smoke
effects on, 170
resistance to pneumonia bacteria follow-
ing cigarette inhalation, 173
respiratory tract of, cigarette smoke in-
halation effect on, 268-269, 349-353
skin painting of, smoke condensates ef-
fects on, 267, 337-342
Miscarriages

see Abortion, spontaneous
Mollusks

ciliary function in, effect of cigarette
smoke on, 223
Monkeys
atherogenic effects of carbon monoxide
and hypoxia, 64
ciliary function in, effect of cigarette
smoke on, 222
fetal bronchial tubes of, effects of ciga-
rette smoke on, 345
Rhesus, development of bladder neo-
plasms from 2-naphthylamine, 296
squirrel, nitrogen oxide effects on resis-
tance to pneumococcus, 173
Morbidity ratio
Cyoys in4smokers with predisposing fac-
CHD `in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 21-22,
24,30-35
CHD, relation to smoking, 32-35,37, 39
CHD, retrospective studies, 40,93-97
in Danish twins, smoking effects on,
  49-s 1

development of COPD in smokers vs.
nonsmokers, 145, 195-205
Mortalitv rates

from bladder neoplasms in U.S. for
1967,293

from bronchopulmonary disease,
141-145

cerebrovascular disease, smokers vs. non-
smokers, 66-67,68-70
CHD, paired combinations of high risk
characteristics in, 25
CHD, retrospective studies, 40,93-97
CHD in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 24,
26-29
CHD in U.S., 21
in Danish twins, smoking effects on, 51
fr;y67es;f;ghageal neoplasms in U.S. in
from &dney neoplasms in U.S. for 1967,
296
from lung neoplasms for 1939 vs. 1967
in U.S., 239
from lung neoplasms expected in 1970,
237,239
from lung neoplasms in smelter workers
exposed to arsenic, 251
from oral neoplasms in 1967,285

449


from peptic ulcer in U.S. in 1967,423
in former smokers, relation to CHD, 46,
4748

in Swedish twins, smokers vs. non-
smokers, 5 1
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 3
U.S. male veterans from CHD, 26,38
Mortality ratios
CHD with high risk characteristics, esti-
mated, 25
from esophageal neoplasms, prospective
and retrospective studies, 289-291
from laryngeal neoplasm, 277-279
from lung neoplasms in smokers in Nor-
way and Finland, 246
from lung neoplasms,, in males by ciga-
rette smoking duratton, 240,244
from pancreatic neoplasms in smokers
and nonsmokers, 298-299
from peptic ulcer in smokers and non-
smokers, 424
smokers vs. nonsmokers, from lung neo-
plasms, 240-243
Mouth neoplasms
frequency in smokers and nonsmokers,
238 .

smoking induced, 12
Mucopolysaccharides
function as surfactants in lung tissue,
  172
Mussels

ciliary function in, effects of cigarette
smoke on, 221,222
Myocardium
effects of hydrogen cyanide in smoke
  on. 62

oxygen consumption in nicotine stimu-
lated, 59
oxygen requirements for, nicotine ef-
fects, 58

2-Naphthylamine

development of bladder carcinomas and
papillomas in dogs, hamsters and mon-
keys given, 296
suspected bladder carcinogen in tobacco

smoke, 265

National Center for Health Statistics
survey of U.S. smoking habits by. 56
survey on relationship of smoking and
incidence of respiratory disease,. 173
National Clearinghouse for Smoktng and
Health

responsibilities, 7
1970 survey of smoking, 6
National Cooperative Pooling Project
mortality statistics from coronary dis-
ease, 21-22

National Library of Medicine
assistance in literature review on smok-
a, 7
llatudE=

rwatory tract carcinoma in workers
exposed to, 256
NW-
St-ZlZhCkS
Neonate
see also Fetus. pregnancy, prematurity
birth weight, effect of maternal smoking
on, 389, 397-399

450

death, comparison of stillbirth and abor-
tions in smoking and nonsmoking
mothers, 395,405406
death, differences of birth weight and, in
smoking and nonsmoking mothers, 404
death, smoking mothers effects on 415
rats, LDso nicotine determination, 412
Neoplasms
see also specific neoplasms, adenocarci-
noma, carcinoma, lung neoplasms, etc.
adenomatous, induction in mice by ciga-
rette smoke inhalation, 350
bladder, in smokers and nonsmokers,
293-295,381-384
bladder, methods of retrospective studies
of smoking and, 293,381-384
bl;$I;;9 relationship of tobacco usage
bladder. relation&u to ciaarette smok-
ing, 13,299 - -
bladder. U.S. mortalitv in 1967.293
development in smoking dogs, percent-
ages of, 274
esophageal, frequency in smokers and
nonsmokers, 12, 238
esophageal, methods and results of retro-
spective studies of tobacco use in, 289,
375-378
esophageal, mortality ratios, 289-291
esophageal, mortality rates for U.S. in
1967,289

esophageal, relationship to smoking, 293
kidney, mortality rates in U.S. for 1967,
296

kidney, relationship to tobacco use, 13,
299
kidney, in smokers and nonsmokers,
238,294-295
laryngeal, 12,237-239,281
laryngeal, relationship of tobacco use
and development of, 354-357
laryngeal, relative risk ratios from tobac-
co use, 277,358
laryngeal, U.S. mortality in 1967, 277
ho. relationshin to smokine. 289
lip; relationship to tobaico use, 361,
362,365,367
mammalian, cigarette smoke effect on,
343

oral cavity, relationship of tobacco use,
285,36 l-367
oral cavity, relationship to smoking, 289
pancreas,  relationship to smoking,
298-299

Netherlands

cigarette smoke inhalation effects on
mice respiratory tract in, 349
lung neoplasms in, retrospective smoking
study of methods for, 323
serum lipid difference. in smokers vs.
nonsmokers of, 101
New York City
myocardial infarctions in cigar and pipe
smokers in, 32,38-39
New Zealand
human experimental data on smoking
and pregnancy, 408409
Nickel compounds
suspected carcinogenic agents in ciga-
rette smoke, 265


Nickel workers
see Occupations
Nicotine

atherogenic effects of 120-122
effect on blood lipids, 123-l 28
effect on blood pressure, 36
effects on cardiac rhythm of heart, 36
effects on cardiovascular system, 56-58,
  107-118
effects on catecholamine release from
adrenals, 36,119
effects on heart rate., 36
effects on myocardmm oxygen demand,
  38
effects on myometrial strips in gravidic
women, 408
effects on peripheral vascular system, 72,
75.133-134
effects on pregnancy, 411414
induction of necrosis in arterial walls, 63
neurogenic effects of, 57
Nitrogen dioxide
pulmonary changes in rodents chron-
ically inhaling, 161,220
Nitrogen oxide
effects on resistance of squirrel monkeys
to pneumococcus, 173
4-Nitroquinohne l-oxide
alcoholic solution of, development of
papillomas in mice drinking, 292
N-Nibosamines
carcinogenicity in cigarettes smoke,
  264-266
esophageal neoplasms induced in animals
by. 292

Nitrdsopiperidine
see Piperidine, nitroso-
Nitrosopyrrolidine
see Pyrrolidine, nitroso-
N'methyhticotinamide
urinary excretion of, smoking effects on,
  297
Nonsmokers
see also Smokers vs. nonsmokers
carboxyhemoglobin effects on oxygen
uptake, 61
Norway
lung neoplasms in, for pipe smokers, 244
lung neoplasm mortality in, relationship
to tobacco use, 245-246
tracheobronchial tree changes in smokers
and nonsmokers of, 259

Oat cell carcinoma
see Carcinoma, oat cell
Obesity

relationship to CHD mortality, 43
relationship to smoking and CHD,4345
relationship with smoking in peripheral
arteriosclerosis, 72
Occupations
see also Industrial hazards
asbestos workers, respiratory tract carci-
noma, 256
asbestos workers, lung neoplasm mortal-
ity in smoking, 257
bank employees, smoking and COPD,
  198
coal miners, impaired pulmonary func-
tion in smoking, 163

coal miners, respiratory tract carcinoma,
256

coal miners, smoking and COPD, 153,
197,218-219
coal miners, smoking and ventilatory
function, 207
flax mill workers, smoking and COPD,
199

government employees, blood pressure
differences in smokers vs. nonsmokers,
99

longshoremen, mortality from smoking-
related cerebrovascular disease, 70
longshoremen, mortality rates from CHD
in, 28
longshoremen, smoking and COPD, 200
longshoremen, smoking and ventilatory
function, 208
medical students, serum lipid differences
in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 98
medical students, smoking and nicotine
effects on blood lipid levels, 124
medical students, smoking and thrombo-
sis relationships, 130
medical students, smoking and ventila-
tory function, 209-210
nickel workers, lung neoplasms in, 256
physicians, bladder and kidney neo-
plasms in smoking, 293,294
physicians, cessation of smoking effect
on COPD, 142
physicians, COPD mortality rates, 149
plt;t;"4;s, decline in cigarette smoking
physi&s, mortality from srnoking-
related cerebrovascular disease, 68
physicians, mortality rates from CHD,
26
physicians, mortality ratios from esopha-
geal neoplasms, 290
physicians, mortality ratios from peptic
ulcer in smoking and nonsmoking, 424
physicians, pulmonary function follow-
ing cessation of smoking, 149
physicians, smoking and ventilatory
function. 209-210. 213
plant workers, occupational exposure
and smoking relationships to COPD,
153,218,219
plant workers, smoking and COPD, 198
plant workers, smoking and ventilatory
function, 206-208
post office workers, blood pressure dif-
ferences in smokers vs. nonsmokers,
104

post office workers, smokers and ventila-
tory function, 209
post office workers, smoking and COPD,
200,202
prisoners, serum lipid differences in
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 100
prisoners, smoking and nicotine effects
on peripheral vascular system, 133
railroad employees, coronary heart dis-
ease, morbidity in smoking, 34
railroad employees, mortality and mor-
bidity from CHD, 97
railroad employees, mortality rates from
CHD, 28
smelter workers, lung neoplasm mortal-

451


ity from arsenic exposure, 257
soldiers, smoking and COPD. 197
steel workers, COPD development from
dust exposure, 153
students,, carbon monoxide effects on
blood hpids, 129
students, infectious respiratory disease in
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 228-229
students, mortality from smoking-related
cerebrovascular disease, 68
students, mortality rates from CHD, 28
students, smoking and COPD, 201
students, smoking and nicotine effects
on blood lipid level, 125
students, smoking and thrombosis rela-
tionships, 130

students, smoking and ventilatory func-
tion, 211
telephone company employees smoking
and COPD, 200
textile workers, occupational exposure
and smoking relationship to COPD,
218-219
transportation employees, smoking and
COPD, 198.202
transportation workers, air pollution re-
lationship to COPD, 216
transportation workers, smoking and
vent&tory function, 207,212
utility company employees, CHD mor-
bidity in smoking, 30
uranium miners, lung neoplasms in
smokers and nonsmokers, 256
veterans, bladder and kidney neoplasms
in smoking, 294-295
veterans, COPD mortality rates, 143
veterans, CHD morbidity in smoking, 32
veterans, effects of smoking on twin, 50
veterans, lung neoplasm mortality in
smoker and nonsmoker, 24 l-243
veterans, mortality rates from CHD, 26,
  38
veterans, mortality from smoking-related
cerebrovascular disease, 69
veterans, mortality ratios from esopha-
geal neoplasms, 290
veterans, mortality ratios from peptic
ulcer in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 424
Oleic acid
suspected carcinogenic agent in cigarette
smoke, 266
Olive oil
penetrabihty of benzo(a)pyrene in mice
esophageal epithelium, 292
Oral cavity neoplasms
estimated incidence in U.S. for 1970,
  284
mortality from in 1967,285
relationship of tobacco use. 285, 289,
  361-367
Organs
cultures of, cigarette smoke effects on
cell growth and reproduction, 267,
  343-345

Oropharynx neoplasms
frequency in smokers and nonsmokers,
  238
Oxygen
see also Hypoxemia
myocardial consumption of, following

nicotine stimulation, 58,75
transport in body, carbon monoxide
effects,, 60,75

uptake m nonsmokers with specific car-
boxyhemoglobin levels, 6 I,75

Palate

hamster, C-14 labeled smoke particulates
deposition in, 281-282
Pancreatic neoplasms
relationship to smoking, 13,238
relationship of smokmg to mortality
from, 298-299

Papain

pulmonary effects on rats exposed to
ciarette smoke with. 163

Papiliimas

development in mice drinking alcoholic
benzopyrene, 292
formation following skin painting with
smoke tars, 337-339,341
induction in hamsters exposed to ben-
zo(a)pyrene, 346-347
Pentolinium

blockage of nicotine cardiac stimulation
by, 57

Peoples Gas Light and Coke Co.
study of CHD, serum cholesterol and
smoking relatronships, 43
Peptic ulcer
antacid efficacy and healing of, effects
of cigarette smoking on, 423
development in smokers, 13
mortality from, in U.S. m 1967,423
mortality ratios from, in smokers and
nonsmokers, 424
retrospective and cross section study
methods for smoking relationship to,
425427

Peroxides

suspected carcinogenic agent in cigarette
smoke, 265

Personality characteristics
re~$u$ip to CHD and smoking, 4849,
Pesticides

content in cigarette smoke, 265, 266
Phagocytosis
pulmonary alveolar, in smokers vs. non-
smokers, 165

Pharyngeal neoplasms
fr;y8ency in smokers vs. nonsmokers,
relaltnship to tobacco use, 362-364,
Phenol

suspected carcinogenic agent of cigarette
smoke, 266
Phosphohpids
function as surfactants in lung tissue,
  172

smokers vs. nonsmokers, 99-100, 102
Physical activity
relationship to CHD and smoking, 41,
43!44

relattonship to myocardial infarction,
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 44
Physicians
see Occupations
Piperidine, nitroso-

452


suspected carcinogenic properties in ciga-
rette smoke from, 265
Pioe smokers
atypical nuclei in male esophageal epi-
thelium, 379
bladder neoplasms in. 293-294
cell rows and atypical cells in vocal cords
of, 280,359-360
COPD morbidity in, 146, 197-198,
201-205
development of chronic bronchopulmo-
nary disease, 10
development of esophageal neoplasms,
13,293

development of lung cancer, 11
development of oral neoplasms, 12
esophageal neoplasm mortahty  ratios,
290
kidney neoplasms in, 294-295
lack of risk in CVD, 67
laryngeal neoplasms induction, 12,
354-357
lung neoplasm incidence in Norway, 244
lung neoplasm incidence in rural Switzer-
land, 244
lung neoplasm mortality in, 324-327
m;$Gty rates from COPD, 142-143,
mortality ratios from pancreatic neo-
plasms, 298
mortality ratios from peptic ulcer, 424
myocardial infarction in, 32, 38-39
peptic ulcer in, 427
relationship to infectious respiratory dis-
ease, 227
relationship to laryngeal neoplasm devel-
opment, 281
relationship to lip neoplasms, 289
relationship to oral cavity neoplasms,
361-364,367
risk of CHD, 8
risks on lung neoplasm development,
276

Placenta

ability to hydroxylate benzo(a)pyrene in
smoking mothers, 407

Platelets

adhesiveness of increased, from cigarette
smoking, 9
aggregation of, cigarette smoking effects
on, 36
blood, effect of smoking, 66,75
Poland
bladder neoplasms in, methods and re-
sults in retrospective studies of smok-
ing and, 382,383
CHD mortality and morbidity in, 96
esophageal neoplasms in, retrospective
studies of tobacco use with, 378
laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
tobacco use, 357
relationship of tobacco use and neo-
plasms of oral cavity in, 364
serum lipid differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokers in, 100,102
smoking and nicotine effects on human
blood levels in, 124
yo3pg relattonships to thrombosis in,
Pollution
see Air pollution

Polonium-2 10

suspected carcinogenic agent in cigarette
smoke, 265-267, 335-336
Post office workers
see Occupations
Postoperative pulmonary complications
see Respiratory system
Potassrum40

present in tobacco leaf, 266
Pregnancy

see also Abortion (spontaneous), pla-
centa, stillbirth, neonate
human, methods used in smoking study
of, 391-396
maternal smoking during, effect on fetal
growth and weight, 389,397-399
maternal smoking during, effects on fetal
growth, 13,415
nicotine effects on myometrial strips in,
  408
unsuccessful, smoking effects on, 13
Prematurity
maternal smoking and, 390,400403
Prisoners

see Occupations
Proteins

see Lipoproteins
Pro tozoae

ciliary function in, effect of cigarette
smoke on, 165,224
Public Health Service
review of medical literature on smoking
hazards, 7
1967 study of, starting point for new
studies, 4
Public laws
see Laws
Puerto Rico

esophageal neoplasms in, retrospective
studies of tobacco use with, 378
relationship of tobacco use and neo-
plasms of oral cavity in, 367
Pulmonary system
see Respiratory system
Pyrrolidine, nitroso-
suspected carcinogenic properties in ciga-
rette smoke from. 265

Rabbits

atherogenic effects of carbon monoxide
and hypoxia, 64
atherogenic effects of nicotine, 120-122
blood lipids in, smoking and nicotine
effects on 127

cardiovascular function in, smoking and
nicotine effects,, 108, 109
ciliary function m, cigarette smoke ef-
fect on, 221-222
cholesterol fed, carbon monoxide effects
on, 65-66
offspring of, nicotine and smoke effects
on birth weight, 407
offspring, smoking effects on stillbirth
and mortality, 411
pregnant, tritium-labeled nicotine effects
in, 413
p;\nnary changes in cigarette smoking,
pulmonary clearance in, cigarette smoke
effect on, 164, 170. 171
                      453


skin painting, smoke condensate effects
on, 267,338
Railroad employees
see Occupations
Rats

atherogenic effects of nicotine in, 120,
121

blood liuids in. nicotine and smoke ef-
fects, i28
ciliary function in, cigarette smoke on,
221,222
LDso. nicotine determination in female,
412

lung neoplasms, from intrabronchial im-
planting of chromium compounds, 258
lung neoplasms, from nickel carbonyl
and dust inhalation, 256
lungs, cigarette smoke effects on surfac-
tant activity, 172,225
offspring, nicotine and smoke effects on
birth weight, 407
pregnant, aromatic compound stimula-
tion of placental BPhydroxylase activ-
ity, 414
pregnant, fetal wastage and neonate
death in nicotine and smoking, 411
pulmonary carcinoma induction follow-
ing asbestos dust inhalation, 257
pulmonary changes from chronic nitro-
gen dioxide inhalation, 161,220
respiratory tract of, cigarette smoke in-
halation effects, 268,349,353
sk227py4y, smoke condensates effects,
trachia of, cigarette smoke effects, 343
tracheal ligation of, cigarette smoke and
papain effects on, 163
tracheobronchial tree of, cigarette smoke
effects on, 268.346-349
Reading ability
in children of smoking mothers, 407
Reserpine
nicotine cardiac stimulation blockage by,
57
Respiratory system
see also Bronchopulmonary disease,
larynx, lungs, trachea
acute effect of cigarette smoke on
human pulmonary function, 163,
  166-169

animal, cigarette smoke instillation or
implantation effects on, 268,346-348
animal, effect of cigarette smoke inhala-
tion on, 268-269,349-353
effect of cigarette and cigar smoke on
bronchial reactivity, 164
effect of cigarette smoke on human cili-
ary function, 165,221-224
effect of cigarette smoke on human pul-
monary clearance, 164,170
glossary of terms used in testing, 215
histological changes in smokers, 154-157
improvements in function following
smoking cessation, 148,149
pathological changes in cigarette
smokers,.1 75
postoperatrve complication in, of smok-
ers vs. nonsmokers, 174-176.230
pulmonary alveolar phagocytosis in
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 165

pulmonary infarction in dogs inhaling
cigarette smoke, 271
surface tension of, effect of cigarette
smoke on, 172,225
surfactant activity of, in smokers vs.
nonsmokers, 172,225
surfactants in, definition, 172
tests of function of, in smokers,
146-147,206-214

Respiratory tract diseases
see also Asthma. bronchitis. broncho-

pulmonary disease, emphysema, pneu-
monia, tuberculosis
infectious,
226-229  smoking effects on, 172,
infections, prevalency among smokers,
10.176

pathological and cytological changes in,
of smokers vs. nonsmokers, 258-263
ventilatory function in, smokers vs. non-
smokers, 175
Rhodesia

retrospective smoking study of methods
for lung neoplasms in, 328
Rubidium-84
tracing capillary flow in coronary blood
flow, 59

Rural populationsr
lung neoplasms 111, suspected etiology of
increased, 276

Rural residences
lung neoplasm incidence in, in Switzer-
land, 244
relationships of lung neoplasm to smok-
ing, ah pollution, and, 252-255
Russia
atherogenic effects of nicotine on rabbits
in, 120
atherosclerosis autopsy studies in, 54
cigarette tar effects on rat tracheobron-
chial tree in, 348

Saccharides
see Mucopolysaccharides
Saliva

interference in action of carcinogens on
oral cavity, 288
sarcoma
formation following animal skin painting
with smoke condensates, 338,340
induction in rats by cigarette smoke in-
jection, 346-347
Scotland

see United Kingdom
Sex

ages of cigarette smokers by, 6
effect of, in alphaantitrypsm deficiency
emphysema, 151
effect of, on laryngeal neoplasm inci-
dence development, 277
effect of, in mortality in cigarette
smokers,.276

effect of, m lung neoplasms and tobacco
use, 244,329-333
lung cancer mortality by, 252
lung neoplasm development by, 11
mortality rates of cigarette smokers by,
3
ratios of, in lung neoplasm mortality in
Norway and Finland, 245-246

454


Sheep

pregnant, nicotine injection and smoke
inhalation effects on, 414
Smelter workers
see Occupations
Smokers (former)
see nlso Cessation of smoking
atypical nuclei in male esophageal epi-
thelium in? 379-380
CHD mortahty probability in, 46
incidence of CHD and mortality in,
  4648
lung neoplasm mortality ratios in,
  241-242
lung neopksms in, lowered rates, 11
mortality rates from COPD, 175
mortality rates from lung neoplasms,
  276

Smokers vs. nonsmokers
see also Nonsmokers
bladder neoplasxns in, 293-295, 381-384
cell rows and atypical cells in vocal cord
of, 280, 359-360
CHD mortality in, 21-22
comparison of abortions, stillbirth and
neonatal deatli in, 390.405406
development of COPD in, 141, 145,
195-205
differences in emphysema types in, 154,
  156
effect of cigarette smoke on post-opera-
tive pulmonary complications, 175
effect of sex on mortality from CHD,
  28-31
esophageal e
nuclei in, 2 % ithelial cells with atypical
         2
esophageal neoplasm mortality ratios in,
290-29 1
excretion of tryptophan metabolites in,
  297
frequency of esophageal neoplasms in,
  238
frequency of kidney neoplasms in, 238
frequency of mouth and pharyngeal neo-
plasms in, 238
fr;r;;;y of urinary bladder neoplasms
grodp characteristics in lung neoplasms
and smoking in, 240,244,329-333
laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
tobacco use, 354-357
lung fibrosis development F, 161
1u2n4~-2~30plasm mortahty ratios in,
lung neoplasm mortality in uranium
miners, 256
morbidity ratios from CHD. 24
mortality from cerebrovascular disease,

67-70

mortality from CHD, 24, 26-29
mortality from CHD in Swedish twins.

51 -

mortality from laryngeal neoplasms in,
237-238
mortality rates, 3
mortality ratios of COPD in, 142-144
mortality ratio from laryngeal neo-
plasms, 278-279
mortality ratios from pancreatic neo-
plasms in, 298

myocardial infarction relationships to
physical activity, 44
pathological and cytological changes in
respiratory tract of, 258-263
peptic ulcer in, correlated amounts of
tobacco use, 427428
postoperative hypoxemia in, 174,230
postural hypoxemia mechanism in
asymptomatic, 147
postoperative pulmonary complications
in, 174-175,230
pulmonary alveolar phagocytosis in, 165
relation between CHD and serum choles-
terol level, 43
relationship to infectious respiratory dis-
ease, 172,226-229
serum lipids in, 41,98-102
surfactant activity in lungs of, 172, 225
type of lung neoplasms in male and fe-
male. 250

Snuff

dippers of, relationship to neoplasms of
oral cavitv. 287.361.364-365

Social adjustments '    '

in children of smoking mothers, 407
Socioeconomic relationships
in COPD, 152-153,216-217
Soldiers

see Occupations
South Africa

esophageal neoplasms in, retrospective
studies of tobacco use. 378
occupational exposure &d.smoking rela-
tionship to COPD in, 219
retrospective study of methods for lung
neoplasms in, 328
Serum lipid differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokers in, 99
Spontaneous abortions
see Abortions, spontaneous
Squamous cell carcinoma
see Carcinoma, epidermoid
Steel workers

see Occupations
Stearic acid

suspected carcinogenic agent of cigarette
smoke, 266
Stillbirths
abortions and neonatal death and, in
smoking and nonsmoking mothers,
390,405 406
effects of maternal smoking, 41.5
Students

see Occupations

Sugars
see Glucose. mucopolwaccharides

Surface tens&n a -
see Respiratory system
Surfactants

see Respiratory system
Sweden

acute effects of cigarette smoke on
human pulmonary function, 168
blood pressure differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokers in, 104

CHD mortality and morbidity in, 97
COPD morbidity in smokers in, 203,205
effect of cigarette smoke on animals cili-

ary function in, 221-224
esophageal neoplasms in, retrospective

455


studies of tobacco use with, 378
genetic studies of twins in, smoking ef-
fects on, 50.99
laryngeal neoplasms inJe1ationship to
tobacco use, 356
relationship of tobacco use and lip neo-
plasms in, 361
relationship of tobacco use and neo-
plasms of oral cavity, 364
serum lipid differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokers of, 99
smoking and nicotine effects on human
cardiovascular system, 115
smoking and nicotine effects on human
peripheral vascular system, 133
tracheobronchial tree changes in smokers
and nonsmokers in, 263
Switzerland
CHD morbidity and mortality in,
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 95
cigarette smoke effects on mice lung and
kidney tissue in, 344
cigarette smoke inhalation effects on
mice respiratory tract, 351
lung neoplasm incidence in cigar and
pipe smokers of rural, 244
retrospective smoking study of methods
for lung neoplasms in, 325
serum lipid differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokers of, 100

Tachycardia

development in dogs induced by nico-
tine, 57
TAO
see Thromboangiitis obliterans
Tars, tobacco

carcinogenicity on animal skin, 238
carcinogenic properties from cigarette
smoke, 1 l! 264,265
content m cigarettes, relationship to lung
neoplasm development, 275,276
sarcoma induction in rats following in-
stillation,, 346

skin paintmg with, carcinoma induction
from, 337-342

Telephone company employees
see Occupations

Teratogenesis

maternal smoking implications in, 407
m mice embryos, nicotine effects on,

411

Tetraethylammonium chloride
bl;;k;g7e of nicotine cardiac stimulation
Textile workers
see Occupations
Thromboangiitis obliterans
definition, 73
remission of. cessation of smoking ef-
fects. 74
Thrombosis

smoking effects on, 66, 130-l 32

Tissues

cultures of, cigarette smoke effects on
ceie-g;;wth and reproduction. 267,
hypoxia of, carbon monoxide effects on,
  61
Tobacco

see also all forms, e.g. Cigarettes, etc.
456

chewing of, relationship to lip and oral
cavity neoplasms, 361-363,365366
leaves, presence of potassium40 in, 266
Tobacco amblyopia
see Amblyopia
Tobacco tars
see Tars, tobacco

Tongue

hamster, C-14 labeled particulate depo.
sition in, 281-282

Toxemia

preeclamptic, incidence in smoking and
nonsmoking mothers, 404,407
Trachea

hamster, C-14 labeled particulate depo-
sition in, 281-282

Transportation employees
see Occupations
Triglycerides

CHD incidence relationship to, 65
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 99-100, 102
Trypsin
see Anti-trypsin, alpha,
Tryptophan metabolism
alterations by smoking, 297
alteration in UriIWy tract neoplasms by
smoking, 13
carcinogenicity in mice bladders, 2"'
relation of excretion in smoke rs and
nonsmokers. 297

Tuberculosis

relationship of smokers vs. nonsmokers
to, 172,226-228

Tumorigenic agents
see Carcinogens
Twins

angina pectoris development in, smoking
effects on, 50-5 1
genetic studies of smoking effects on,
49-52

smoking effects on mortality and mor-
bidity in, 5 1

Ulcers
see Peptic ulcers
United Kingdom

bladder neoplasms in, methods in retro-
spective studies of smoking and.
382-384

blood pressure differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokers in, 103. 104
British Perinatal Mortality Survey of.
390,395,404,415

cigarette smoke effects on human fetal
lung and mice trachea, 344
cigarette smoke effects on human pul-
monary function, 168, 169
cigarette smoke effects on mice respira-
tory tract. 352

cigarette smoke implantation effects on
rat tracheobronchial tree in, 346-347
comparison of abortions, stillbirths and
neonatal deaths in smoking and non-
smoking mothers, 406

"3,`,9 tnoqrbidity in smokers in, 195-197.
effect. of cigarette smoke on animal cili-
acv function in. 221
human experimental data on smoking
and pregnancy, 408

kidney and bladder neoplasms in


smokers in, 294

lung cancer mortality in males in Eng-
land and Wales, 240
maternal smoking and infant weight in,
397,399
methods used in smoking study and
human pregnancy, 391,394-395
mortality from cerebrovascular disease
related to smoking in, 68
mortality rates from COPD in, lack of
increase, 140
mortality ratios from esophageal neo-
plasms in, 290
mortality ratios from laryngeal neo-
plasms in, 278
mortality ratios from peptic ulcer in
smokers and nonsmokers in, 424
occupational exposure and smoking rela-
tionships to COPD in 218-219
peptic ulcer in, methods and results of
retrospective and cross section studies
of smoking and, 425428
physicians in, decline in cigarette smok-
ing rates, 48
physicians in, mortality from lung neo-
plasms in smokers and nonsmokers,
241

pulmonary function in, cigarette smoke
effects on, 168
relationships of lung neoplasms to smok-
k, air pollution, and residence in,
253-254

relationship of smoking tuberculosis in,
226

retrospective smoking study of methods
for lung neoplasms in, 324,326
serum lipid differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokersin, 101, 102
smoking and nicotine effects on animal
cardiovascular function in, 107
smoking and nicotine effects on human
blood lipids in, 126
smoking and nicotine effects on human
cardiovascular system in, 115
smoking relationships to thrombosis in,
  131
United States

acute effect of cigarette smoke on
human pulmonary function in,
166-167,169
atherosclerosis autopsy studies in, 53-
55

bladder neoplasms in, methods and re-
sults in retrospective studies of smok-
ing and, 381-384
blood pressure differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokers in, 103-104
CHD mortality and morbidity in
smokers vs. nonsmokers in, 30-35, 37,
93-94

comparison of abortions, stillbirth and
neonatal death in smoking and non-
smoking mothers, 405406
cigarette smoke effects on animal tissues
in, 343-345
cigarette smoke effects pulmonary sur-
factants and surface tension, 172, 225
cigarette smoke implantation effects on
animals tracheobronchial tree, 346-348
cigarette smoke inhalation effects on ani-

mal respiratory tracts, 349-350, 352,
354
Co&D morbidity in smokers in, 195,
196,198-200,201-202,205
effects of cigarette smoke on animal cili-
ary function in, 221-224
esophageal neoplasms in, retrospective
studies of tobacco use, 378
esophageal neoplasm mortality in, in
1967, 289

human experimental data on smoking
and pregnancy in, 4084 10
human pulmonary function following
cessation of smoking in, 149
kidney and bladder neoplasms in
smokers in, 293-295
laryngeal neoplasm incidence in 1967,
277

laryngeal neoplasm in, relationships to
tobacco use, 278-279,354-355
lung neoplasm mortality in smokers and
nonsmokers in, 240-243
maternal smoking and infant weight,
397-399

methods used in smoking study and
human pregnancy, 391-395
mortality from aortic aneurysm related
to smoking in, 7 I
mortality from cerebrovascular disease
related to smoking, 68-70
mortality from lung neoplasms expected
in 1970,237,239
mortality rates for bladder neoplasms in
1967,293

mortahty rates for COPD, increase of
139-140

mortality rates for kidney neoplasms in
1967,296

mortahty rates for lung neoplasms in
1939 vs. 1967,239

mortality ratios for COPD, 142-145
mortality ratios for esophageal neo-
plasms in, 290-294
mortality ratios for laryngeal neoplasms,
278-279

mortality ratios for pancreatic neoplasms
in smokers and nonsmokers in, 298
mortality ratios for peptic ulcer in
smokers and nonsmokers in, 424
occupational exposure and smoking rela-
tionships to COPD in, 218-219
oral neoplasm incidence in, estimated for
1970,284

peptic ulcer mortality in 1967 in, 423
peptic ulcer in, methods and results for
retrospective and cross section studies
of smoking and, 425.426428
polonium-210 levels in lungs of smokers
in, 335-336
populations of, COPD development in,
10

relationship of human pulmonary histol-
ogy and smoking in, 155-157
relationship of tobacco use and lip neo-
plasms, 361-365,367
relationship of tobacco use and neo-
plasms of oral cavity, 36 l-365, 367
relationship of lung neoplasm to smok-
ing, air pollution, and residence in,
253-254

457


relationship of smoking to infectious res-
piratory disease in, 227-229
retrospective smoking study methods for
luna neoolasms in. 323-328
serum l&d differences in smokers vs.

nonsmokers in, 98,100,101
smoking relationship to thrombosis in,
130,131
smoking and nicotine effects on animal
cardiovascular function in, 107-112
smoking and nicotine effects on human
blood lipids, 123-l 26
smokinn or nicotine effects on human
cate&olamine levels, 119
smoking and nicotine effects on human
cardiovascular system, 113-l 14, 116,
117-119
smoking and nicotine effects on human
peripheral vascular system, 133-134
surveys of cigarette smoking in,, 6
tracheobroncbial tree changes m smokers
and nonsmokers in, 259-263
Uranium miners
see Occupations
Urban environment
contribution to lung cancer mortality,
  11
relationship of lung neoplasms, smoking,
air pollution to, 252-255

Urban populations
lung neoplasms in, suspected etiology of
increased, 276
Urinary bladder
see Bladder

Uterus

cigarette smoking effects on gravidic,
408

Utility Company employees
see Occupations

Vascular system
see also Blood circulation, cardiovascular
system, cerebrovascular system, throm-
boangiitis obliterans
peripheral, smoking and nicotine effect
on, 9,72-73,75, 133-134
Venezuela
maternal smoking and infant weight in,
450
methods used in smoking study and
human pregnancy, 445
Ventricular fibrillation
death from, nicotine effects on, 36
Ventilatory function tests
see Respiratory system
Veterans

see Occupations
virus

influenza, cigarette smoke effects on re-
sistance of mice with, 173
influenza, nitrogen oxide effects on
squirrel monkey resistance to, 173
Vitamin deficiency
relationship to tobacco amblyopia

Xenon
radioactive, regional pulmonary function
using, 147

458

z!z U. 5. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1971 O-420-719