Are you ready? An in-depth guide  to citizen preparedness.
FEMA
Preface
 
This guide has been prepared for direct dissemination to the general public and is based on the most reliable hazard awareness and emergency education information available at the time of publication, including advances in scienti. c knowledge, more accurate technical language, and the latest physical research on what happens in disasters. 
This publication is, however, too brief to cover every factor, situation, or difference in buildings, infrastructure, or other environmental features that might be of interest. To help you explore your interest further, additional sources of information have been included. 
The guide has been designed to help the citizens of this nation learn how to protect themselves and their families against all types of hazards. It can be used as a reference source or as a step-by-step manual. The focus of the content is on how to develop, practice, and maintain emergency plans that re.ect what must be done before, during, and after a disaster to protect people and their property. Also included is information on how to assemble a disaster supplies kit that contains the food, water, and other supplies in suf.cient quantity for individuals and their families to survive following a disaster in the event they must rely on their own resources. 
Are You Ready? is just one of many resources the Department of Homeland Security provides the citizens of this nation to help them be prepared against all types of hazards. The Department of Homeland Securitys Ready Campaign seeks to help America be better prepared for even unlikely emergency scenarios.  Information on how the public can be ready in case of a national emergency  including a possible terrorism attack involving biological, chemical, or radiological weapons 
 can be found by logging on to the Department of Homeland Securitys web site, www.ready.gov, or by calling 1-800-BE-READY for printed information. 

CERT 

Following a disaster, community members may be on their own for a period of time because of the size of the area affected, lost communications, and impassable roads. 
The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program supports local response capability by training volunteers to organize themselves and spontaneous volunteers at the disaster site, to provide immediate assistance to victims, and to collect disaster intelligence to support responders efforts when they arrive. 
In the classroom, participants learn about the hazards they face and ways to prepare for them.  CERT members are taught basic organizational skills that they can use to help themselves, their loved ones, and their neighbors until help arrives. 
Local government, or one of its representatives, sponsor CERT training in the community. Training consists of 20 hours of instruction on topics that include disaster preparedness, .re safety, disaster medical operations, light search and rescue, team organization, and disaster psychology.  Upon completion of the training, participants are encouraged to continue their involvement by participating in training activities and volunteering for projects that support their communitys disaster preparedness efforts. 
For additional information on CERT, visit training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/CERT or contact your local Citizen Corps Council. 

Citizen Corps 
Citizen Corps provides opportunities for people across the country to participate in a range of measures to make their families, their homes, and their communities safer from the threats of crime, terrorism, public health issues, and disasters of all kinds. Through public education, training opportunities, and volunteer programs, every American can do their part to be better prepared and better protected and to help their communities do the same. 
Citizen Corps is managed at the local level by Citizen Corps Councils, which bring together leaders from law enforcement, .re, emergency medical and other emergency management, volunteer organizations, local elected of.cials, the private sector, and other community stakeholders. These Citizen Corps Councils will organize public education on disaster mitigation and preparedness, citizen training, and volunteer programs to give people of all ages and backgrounds the opportunity to support their communitys emergency services and to safeguard themselves and their property. 
By participating in Citizen Corps programs, you can make your home, your neighborhood and your community a safer place to live. To .nd out more, please visit the Citizen Corps Web site, www.citizencorps.gov or visit www.fema.gov. 
Activities under Citizen Corps include existing and new federally sponsored programs administered by the Department of Justice (Neighborhood Watch and Volunteers in Police Service), FEMA (Community Emergency Response Teams - CERT), and Department of Health and Human Services (Medical Reserve Corps), as well as other activities through Citizen Corps af.liate programs that share the common goal of community and family safety. 

Certi. cate of Completion
 
As an option, credit can be provided to those who successfully complete the entire guide and score at least 75 percent on a . nal examination. To take the . nal examination, log on to training.fema.gov/emiweb/ishome.htm and follow the links for Are You Ready? An In-depth Guide to Citizen Preparedness IS-22. Those who pass the examination can expect to receive a certi.cate of completion within two weeks from the date the examination is received at FEMA.  Questions about this option should be directed to the FEMA Independent Study Program by calling 1-800-238-2258 and asking for the Independent Study Of.ce or writing to: 
FEMA Independent Study Program Emergency Management Institute 16825 South Seton Avenue Emmitsburg, MD 21727 

Facilitator Guide 
Teaching others about disaster preparedness is a rewarding experience that results from knowing you have helped your fellow citizens be ready in the event a disaster should strike. As a tool to aid those who want to deliver such training, FEMA developed a Facilitator Guide with an accompanying CD-ROM for use with this Are You Ready? guide. The materials are appropriate for use in training groups such as school children, community organizations, scouts, social groups, and many others. 
The Facilitator Guide includes guidelines on how to deliver training to various audiences, generic lesson plans for teaching disaster preparedness, and information on how to obtain other resources that can be used to augment the material in the Are You Ready? guide. The CD-ROM contains teaching aids such as electronic visuals that re.ect key information and handouts that can be printed and distributed to reinforce what is being presented. To obtain a copy of the Facilitator Guide and CD-ROM, call the FEMA Distribution Center at (800) 480-2520 or request it by writing to: 
Federal Emergency Management Agency 
P.O. Box 2012 Jessup, MD 20794-2012 
Table of Contents 

Preface....................................................................................................................1
 
Why Prepare ..........................................................................................................7
 
Part 1 Basic Preparedness .....................................................................................13
 
Section 1.1 Getting Informed............................................................................15
 
Section 1.2 Emergency Planning and Checklists...............................................23
 
Section 1.3 Assemble a Disaster Supplies Kit ...................................................31
 
Section 1.4 Shelter ...........................................................................................37
 
Section 1.5 Hazard-Specific Preparedness ........................................................43
 
Section 1.6 Practicing and Maintaining Your Plan............................................45
 
Part 2 Natural Hazards ..........................................................................................47
 
Section 2.1 Floods ...........................................................................................49
 
Section 2.2 Tornadoes .....................................................................................57
 
Section 2.3 Hurricanes ....................................................................................65
 
Section 2.4 Thunderstorms and Lightning ........................................................73
 
Section 2.5 Winter Storms and Extreme Cold ..................................................79
 
Section 2.6 Extreme Heat ................................................................................85
 
Section 2.7 Earthquakes ...................................................................................93
 
Section 2.8 Volcanoes ...................................................................................101
 
Section 2.9 Landslides and Debris Flow (Mudslide) .......................................105
 
Section 2.10 Tsunamis ..................................................................................111
 
Section 2.11 Fires ..........................................................................................115
 
Section 2.12 Wildfires ...................................................................................123
 
Part 3 Technological Hazards ..............................................................................127
 
Section 3.1 Hazardous Materials Incidents......................................................129
 
Section 3.2 Household Chemical Emergencies ...............................................133
 
Section 3.3 Nuclear Power Plants...................................................................139
 
Part 4 Terrorism ..................................................................................................145
 
Section 4.1 General Information about Terrorism ...........................................147
 
Section 4.2 Explosions ...................................................................................151
 
Section 4.3 Biological Threats........................................................................155
 
Section 4.4 Chemical Threats.........................................................................159
 
Section 4.5 Nuclear Blast ...............................................................................163
 
Section 4.6 Radiological Dispersion Device (RDD)........................................169
 
Section 4.7 Homeland Security Advisory System...........................................173
 
Part 5 Recovering from Disaster..........................................................................179
 
Appendix A: Water Conservation Tips ................................................................191
 
Appendix B: Disaster Supplies Checklist.............................................................195
 
Appendix C: Family Communications Plan.........................................................201
 

6 

Why Prepare
 
There are real benefits to being Prepared
	
 Being prepared can reduce fear, anxiety, and losses that accompany disasters. Communities, families, and individuals should know what to do in the event of a .re and where to seek shelter during a tornado. They should be ready to evacuate their homes and take refuge in public shelters and know how to care for their basic medical needs. 

	 
People also can reduce the impact of disasters (. ood proo. ng, elevating a home or moving a home out of harms way, and securing items that could shake loose in an earthquake) and sometimes avoid the danger completely. 

	 
Disasters disrupt hundreds of thousands of lives every year. Each disaster has lasting effects, both to people and property. 

	 
If a disaster occurs in your community, local government and disaster-relief organizations will try to help you, but you need to be ready as well. Local responders may not be able to reach you immediately, or they may need to focus their efforts elsewhere. 

	 
You should know how to respond to severe weather or any disaster that could occur in your areahurricanes, earthquakes, extreme cold, . ooding, or terrorism. 

	 
You should also be ready to be self-suf.cient for at least three days. This may mean providing for your own shelter, .rst aid, food, water, and sanitation. 

	 
This guide was developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which is the agency responsible for responding to national disasters and for helping state and local governments and individuals prepare for emergencies.  It contains step-by-step advice on how to prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. 

	 
Used in conjunction with information and instructions from local emergency management of.ces and the American Red Cross, Are You Ready? will give you what you need to be prepared. 

The need to prepare is real.
Using this guide makes preparation practical.
Citizen, the pyramid base
Local, the next level

Using Are You Ready? to Prepare 
The main reason to use this guide is to help protect yourself and your family in the event of an emergency. Through applying what you have learned in this guide, you are taking the necessary steps to be ready when an event occurs. 
Every citizen in this country is part of a national emergency management system that is all about protectionprotecting people and property from all types of hazards. Think of the national emergency management system as a pyramid with you, the citizen, forming the base of the structure. At this level, you have a responsibility to protect yourself and your family by knowing what to do before, during, and after an event.  Some examples of what you can do follow: 
Before  Know the risks and danger signs. 
	
 Purchase insurance, including .ood insurance, which is not part of your homeowners policy. 

	 
Develop plans for what to do. 

	 
Assemble a disaster supplies kit. 

	 
Volunteer to help others. 

During  Put your plan into action. 
	
 Help others. 

	 
Follow the advice and guidance of of. cials in charge of the  event. 

After  Repair damaged property. 
	 Take steps to prevent or reduce future loss. 
You will learn more about these and other actions you should take as you progress through this guide. 
It is sometimes necessary to turn to others within the local community for help. The local level is the second tier of the pyramid, and is made up of paid employees and volunteers from the private and public sectors. These individuals are engaged in preventing emergencies from happening and in being prepared to respond if something does occur.   Most emergencies are handled at the local level, which puts a tremendous responsibility on the community for taking care of its citizens. Among the responsibilities faced by local of. cials are: 
	 
Identifying hazards and assessing potential risk to the community. 

	 
Enforcing building codes, zoning ordinances, and land-use management programs. 

	 
Coordinating emergency plans to ensure a quick and effective response. 

	
 Fighting .res and responding to hazardous materials incidents. 

	 
Establishing warning systems. 

	 
Stocking emergency supplies and equipment. 

	 
Assessing damage and identifying needs. 

	 
Evacuating the community to safer locations. 

	 
Taking care of the injured. 

	 
Sheltering those who cannot remain in their homes. 

	
 Aiding recovery efforts. 

If support and resources are needed beyond what the local level can provide, the community can request assistance from the state. The state may be able to provide supplemental resources such as money, equipment, and personnel to close the gap between what is needed and what is available at the local level. The state also coordinates the plans of the various jurisdictions so that activities do not interfere or con.ict with each other. To ensure personnel know what to do and efforts are in agreement, the state may offer a program that provides jurisdictions the opportunity to train and exercise together. 
At the top of the pyramid is the federal government, which can provide resources to augment state and local efforts. These resources can be in the form of: 
	 
Public educational materials, such as this guide, that can be used to prepare the public for protecting itself from hazards. 

	 
Financial grants for equipment, training, exercises, personnel, and programs. 

	 
Grants and loans to help communities respond to and recover from disasters so severe that the President of the United States has deemed them beyond state and local capabilities. 

	
 Research .ndings that can help reduce losses from disaster. 

	 
Technical assistance to help build stronger programs. 

The national emergency management system is built on shared responsibilities and active participation at all levels of the pyramid. The whole system begins with you, the citizen, and your ability to follow good emergency management practices whether at home, work, or other locations. 
Are You Ready? An In-depth Guide to Citizen Preparedness is organized to help you through the process.  Begin by reading Part 1 which is the core of the guide. This part provides basic information that is common to all hazards on how to create and maintain an emergency plan and disaster supplies kit. 
State, the third level of the pyramid
The cap of the pyramid of preparedness

Part 1: Basic Preparedness
	 
A series of worksheets to help you obtain information from the community that will form the foundation of your plan. You will need to .nd out about hazards that threaten the community, how the population will be warned, evacuation routes to be used in times of disaster, and the emergency plans of the community and others that will impact your plan. 

	 
Guidance on speci.c content that you and your family will need to develop and include in your plan on how to escape from your residence, communicate with one another during times of disaster, shut-off household utilities, insure against .nancial loss, acquire basic safety skills, address special needs such as disabilities, take care of animals, and seek shelter. 

	 Checklists of items to consider including in your disaster supplies kit that will meet your familys needs following a disaster whether you are at home or at other locations. 
Part 1 is also the gateway to the speci.c hazards and recovery information contained in Parts 2, 3, 4, and 5.  Information from these sections should be read carefully and integrated in your emergency plan and disaster supplies kit based on the hazards that pose a threat to you and your family. 
Part 2: Natural Hazards
	
 Floods 

	
 Hurricanes 

	
 Thunderstorms and lightning 

	
 Tornadoes 

	 
Winter storms and extreme cold 

	
 Extreme heat 

	
 Earthquakes 

	
 Volcanoes 

	 
Landslides and debris .ow 

	
 Tsunamis 

	
 Fires 

	
 Wild. res 

	 
Hazardous materials incidents 

 Household chemical emergencies 

 Nuclear power plant emergencies 

	
 Explosions 

	
 Biological threats 

	
 Chemical threats 

	
 Nuclear blasts 

	 
Radiological dispersion device events 

	 
Health and safety guidelines 

	
 Returning home 

	 
Seeking disaster assistance 

	
 Coping with disaster 

	
 Helping others 

Part 3: Technological Hazards
Part 4: Terrorism
Part 5: Recovering from Disaster

References 
As you work through individual sections, you will see reference points. These are reminders to refer to previous sections for related information on the topic being discussed. 
FEMA Publications
Throughout the guide are lists of publications available from FEMA that can help you learn more about the topics covered. To obtain these publications, call the FEMA Distribution Center at 1-800-480-2520 or request them by mail from: 
Federal Emergency Management Agency 
P.O. Box 2012 Jessup, MD 20794-2012 
Other Publications
Other publications cited throughout this guide can be obtained by contacting the organizations below: 
American Red Cross National Headquarters 2025 E Street, NW Washington, DC 20006 Phone: (202) 303-4498 www.redcross.org/pubs/dspubs/cde.html 
National Weather Service 1325 East West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910 www.nws.noaa.gov/education.html 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, U.S.A Public Inquiries: (404) 639-3534 / (800) 311-3435 www.cdc.gov 
U.S. Geological Survey Information Services 
P.O. Box 25286 Denver, CO 80225 1 (888) 275-8747 www.usgs.gov 

Disaster Public Education Web sites 
You can broaden your knowledge of disaster preparedness topics presented in this guide by reviewing information provided at various government and non-government Web sites.  Provided below is a list of recommended sites. The Web address for each site re.ects its home address.  Searches conducted from each home sites page result in the most current and extensive list of available material for the site. 
Government Sites  
Be Ready Campaign  www.ready.gov  
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry  www.atsdr.cdc.gov  
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  www.cdc.gov  
Citizen Corps  www.citizencorps.gov  
Department of Commerce  www.doc.gov  
Department of Education  www.ed.gov  
Department of Energy  www.energy.gov  
Department of Health and Human Services  www.hhs.gov/disasters  
Department of Homeland Security  www.dhs.gov  
Department of Interior  www.doi.gov  
Department of Justice  www.justice.gov  
Environmental Protection Agency  www.epa.gov  
Federal Emergency Management Agency  www.fema.gov  
Food and Drug Administration  www.fda.gov  
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  www.noaa.gov  
National Weather Service  www.nws.noaa.gov  
Nuclear Regulatory Commission  www.nrc.gov  
The Critical Infrastructure Assurance Of.ce  www.ciao.gov  
The White House  www.whitehouse.gov/response  
U.S. Department of Agriculture  www.usda.gov  
U.S. Fire Administration  www.usfa.fema.gov  
U.S. Fire Administration Kids Page  www.usfa.fema.gov/kids  
U.S. Geological Survey  www.usgs.gov  
U.S. Of.ce of Personnel Management  www.opm.gov/emergency  
U.S. Postal Service  www.usps.gov  
USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station  www.wild. reprograms.com  
Non-government Sites  
American Red Cross  www.redcross.org  
Institute for Business and Home Safety  www.ibhs.org  
National Fire Protection Association  www.nfpa.org  
National Mass Fatalities Institute  www.nm. .org  
National Safety Compliance  www.osha-safety-training.net  
The Middle East Seismological Forum  www.meieisforum.net  
The Pan American Health Organization  www.disaster-info.net/SUMA  

Section 1: Basic Preparedness
In this part of the guide, you will learn preparedness strategies that are common to all disasters. You plan only once, and are able to apply your plan to all types of hazards. 
When you complete Part 1, you will be able to: 
 	
Get informed about hazards and emergencies that may affect you and your 
family.
 

 	
Develop an emergency plan. 

 	
Collect and assemble disaster supplies kit. 

 	
Learn where to seek shelter from all types of hazards. 

 	
Identify the community warning systems and evacuation routes. 

 	
Include in your plan required information from community and school plans. 

 	
Learn what to do for speci. c hazards. 

 	
Practice and maintain your plan. 

14
 
Section 1.1: Getting Informed
Learn about the hazards that may strike your community, the risks you face from these hazards, and your communitys plans for warning and evacuation. You can obtain this information from your local emergency management of. ce or your local chapter of the American Red Cross.  Space has been provided here to record 
your answers. 

Hazards 
Ask local authorities about each possible hazard or emergency and use the worksheet that follows to record your .ndings and suggestions for reducing your familys risk. 
Possible Hazards and Emergencies  Risk Level (None, Low, Moderate, or High)  How can I reduce my risk?  
Natural Hazards  
1. Floods  
2. Hurricanes  
3. Thunderstorms and Lightning  
4. Tornadoes  
5. Winter Storms and Extreme Cold  
6. Extreme Heat  
7. Earthquakes  
8. Volcanoes  
9. Landslides and Debris Flow  
10. Tsunamis  
11. Fires  
12. Wild. res  

Technological Hazards  
1. Hazardous Materials Incidents  
2. Nuclear Power Plants  
Terrorism  
1. Explosions  
2. Biological Threats  
3. Chemical Threats  
4. Nuclear Blasts  
5. Radiological Dispersion Device (RDD)  

FEMA maps illustration

Warning Systems and Signals
 
The Emergency Alert System (EAS) can address the entire nation on very short notice in case of a grave threat or national emergency. Ask if your local radio and TV stations participate in the EAS. 
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Weather Radio (NWR) is a nationwide network of radio stations broadcasting continuous weather information directly from a nearby National Weather Service of. ce to specially con. gured NOAA weather radio receivers.  Determine if NOAA Weather Radio is available where you live.  If so, consider purchasing a NOAA weather radio receiver. 
Ask local authorities about methods used to warn your community. 
Warning System  What should we do?  
EAS  
NOAA Weather Radio  

Evacuating Yourself and Your Family 
When community evacuations become necessary, local of. cials provide information to the public through the media.  In some circumstances, other warning methods, such as sirens or telephone calls, also are used. Additionally, there may be circumstances under which you and your family feel threatened or endangered and you need to leave your home, school, or workplace to avoid these situations. 
The amount of time you have to leave will depend on the hazard.  If the event is a weather condition, such as a hurricane that can be monitored, you might have a day or two to get ready.  However, many disasters allow no time for people to gather even the most basic necessities, which is why planning ahead is essential. 
Evacuation:
Ask local authorities about emergency evacuation routes.
 Record your speci.c evacuation route directions in the space provided.
 
Is there a map available with evacuation routes marked? 

Yes 
No 
Evacuation Guidelines 

Always:  If time permits:  
Keep a full tank of gas in your car if an evacuation seems likely.  Gas stations may be closed during emergencies and unable to pump gas during power outages.  Plan to take one car per family to reduce congestion and delay.  Gather your disaster supplies kit.  
Make transportation arrangements with friends or your local government if you do not own a car.  Wear sturdy shoes and clothing that provides some protection, such as long pants, long-sleeved shirts, and a cap.  
Listen to a battery-powered radio and follow local evacuation instructions.  Secure your home:  Close and lock doors and windows.  Unplug electrical equipment, such as radios and televi-sions, and small appliances, such as toasters and micro-waves.  Leave freezers and re-frigerators plugged in unless there is a risk of . ooding.  
Gather your family and go if you are in-structed to evacuate immediately.  Let others know where you are going.  
Leave early enough to avoid being trapped by severe weather.  
Follow recommended evacuation routes.  Do not take shortcuts; they may be blocked.  
Be alert for washed-out roads and bridges. Do not drive into . ooded areas.  
Stay away from downed power lines. 
 

West 264 - Hurricane Evacuation Route - photograph

Community and Other PlansCommunity and Other Plans
Ask local of.Ask local of.cials the fcials the folloollowing questions awing questions about ybout your commour communityunitys disaster/s disaster/emeremergency plansge .
Does mDoes myy commcommunity haunity havvee a plan?a plan? YYeses NoNo
Can I obtain a copCan I obtain a copy?y? YYeses NoNo
WhaWhat does the plan contain?t does the plan contain?HoHow often is it updaw often is it updated?
ted?WhaWhat should I knot should I know aw about the plan?bout the plan?WhaWhat hazards does it cot hazards does it covver?er?
In addition to .In addition to .nding out anding out about ybout your commour communityunitys plan,s plan, it is impor it is important thatant that yt youou knoknow whaw what plans art plans are in place fe in place for yor your wour workplace and yorkplace and your cour childrhildrenens scs school or dahool or dayy carcare centere center..1. 1.Ask yAsk your emploour employyer aer about wbout workplace policies rorkplace policies regarding disasters and emeregarding disasters and emer-gencies,gencies, including understanding ho including understanding how yw you will be prou will be proovided emervided emergency andgency and wwararning infning inforormamation.tion.2. 2.Contact yContact your cour childrhildrenens scs school or dahool or day cary care center to discuss their disaster pre center to discuss their disaster proo-cedurcedureses..
School Emergency PlansSchool Emergency Plans 
KnoKnow yw your cour childrhildrenens scs school emerhool emergency plan:gency plan:	 Ask hoAsk how the scw the school will commhool will communicaunicate with fte with families duramilies during a cring a crisisisis..	 Ask if the scAsk if the school storhool stores adequaes adequate fte food,ood, w waaterter,, and other basic supplies and other basic supplies..	 Find out if the scFind out if the school is prhool is preparepared to sheltered to shelter-in-place if need be-in-place if need be,, and wher and where
e thethey plan to go if they plan to go if they my must get aust get awwaayy.
.In cases wherIn cases where sce schools institute prhools institute procedurocedures to shelteres to shelter-in-place-in-place,, y you maou may not bey not be perpermitted to drmitted to drivive to the sce to the school to pichool to pick up yk up your cour childrhildren.en. Ev Even if yen if you go to theou go to the scschool,hool, the doors will lik the doors will likelely be locy be lockked to ked to keep yeep your cour childrhildren safen safee.. Monitor local Monitor local media outlets fmedia outlets for announcements aor announcements about cbout changes in schanges in school openings and closings,hool openings and closings,and fand folloollow the dirw the directions of local emerections of local emergency of.gency of.cialscials..FFor moror more infe inforormamation on detion on devveloping emereloping emergency prgency prepareparedness plans fedness plans for scor schools,hools,please log on to the Uplease log on to the U.S..S. Depar Department of Educatment of Education ation at wwwt www.ed.go.ed.gov/emerv/emergencyplan.gencyplan.
Workplace Plans
 
If you are an employer, make sure your workplace has a building evacuation plan that is regularly practiced. 	 Take a critical look at your heating, ventilation and air conditioning system to determine if it is secure or if it could feasibly be upgraded to better . lter potential contaminants, and be sure you know how to turn it off if you need to. 	 Think about what to do if your employees cant go home. 	 Make sure you have appropriate supplies on hand. 
Section 1.2: Emergency Planning and Checklists
Now that youve learned about what can happen and how your community is prepared to respond to emergencies, prepare your family by creating a family disaster plan. You can begin this process by gathering family members and reviewing the information you obtained in Section 1.1 (hazards, warning systems, evacuation routes and community and other plans).  Discuss with them what you would do if family members are not home when a warning is issued. Additionally, your family plan should address the following:  Escape routes.  Family communications.  Utility shut-off and safety.  Insurance and vital records.  Special needs.  Caring for animals.  Saftey Skills Information on these family planning considerations are covered in the following sections. 

Escape Routes 
Draw a . oor plan of your home.  Use a blank sheet of paper for each . oor. Mark two escape routes from each room.  Make sure children understand the drawings. Post a copy of the drawings at eye level in each childs room. 
Where to Meet 
Establish a place to meet in the event of an emergency, such as a .re. Record the locations below: 

Where to meet 
Near the home 
F
or example, the next door neighbors telephone pole 
Outside the immediate area 
For example, the neighborhood grocery store parking lot 

Family Communications 

Your family may not be together when disaster strikes, so plan how you will contact one another. Think about how you will communicate in different situations. Complete a contact card for each family member.  Have family members keep these cards handy in a wallet, purse, backpack, etc. You may want to send one to school with each child to keep on . le.  Pick a friend or relative who lives out-of-state for household members to notify they are safe. Below is a sample contact card.  Copies to .ll out can be found in Appendix C. Also in Appendix C is a more detailed Family Communications Plan which should be completed and posted so the contact information is readily accessible to all family members. A copy should also be included in your family disaster supplies kit. 
Family Communications Plan - sample card

Utility Shut-off and Safety 
In the event of a disaster, you may be instructed to shut off the utility service at your home. Below is some general guidance for shutting off utility service: Modify the information provided to re.ect your shut off requirements as directed by your utility company(ies). 
Natural Gas 
Natural gas leaks and explosions are responsible for a signi.cant number of . res following disasters.  It is vital that all household members know how to shut off natural gas. 
Because there are different gas shut-off procedures for different gas meter con. gurations, it is important to contact your local gas company for guidance on preparation and response regarding gas appliances and gas service to your home. 
When you learn the proper shut-off procedure for your meter, share the information with everyone in your household.  Be sure not to actually turn off the gas when practicing the proper gas shut-off procedure. 
If you smell gas or hear a blowing or hissing noise, open a window and get everyone out quickly. Turn off the gas, using the outside main valve if you can, and call the gas company from a neighbors home. 
Caution! If you turn off your gas for any reason...
CAUTION  If you turn off the gas for any reason, a quali. ed professional must turn it back on.  NEVER attempt to turn the gas back on yourself. 

Water 
Water quickly becomes a precious resource following many disasters.  It is vital that all household members learn how to shut off the water at the main house valve. 
 	
Cracked lines may pollute the water supply to your house. It is wise to shut off your water until you hear from authorities that it is safe for drinking. 

 	
The effects of gravity may drain the water in your hot water heater and toilet tanks unless you trap it in your house by shutting off the main house valve (not the street valve in the cement box at the curbthis valve is extremely dif. cult to turn and requires a special tool). 

Water feed valve - photograph

Preparing to Shut Off  Water 
 	
Locate the shut-off valve for the water line that enters your house.  It may look like this: 

 	
Make sure this valve can be completely shut off. Your valve may be rusted open, or it may only partially close.  Replace it if necessary. 

 	Label this valve with a tag for easy identi.cation, and make sure all household members know where it is located. 
Electricity
Electrical sparks have the potential of igniting natural gas if it is leaking. It is wise to teach all responsible household members where and how to shut off the electricity. 
Preparing to Shut Off Electricity 
 	
Locate your electricity circuit box. 

 	
Teach all responsible household members how to shut off the electricity to 
the entire house.
 

Breaker Box - photograph

Insurance and Vital Records
 
Obtain property, health, and life insurance if you do not have them.  Review existing policies for the amount and extent of coverage to ensure that what you have in place is what is required for you and your family for all possible hazards. 
Flood Insurance
Inventory Home Possessions 
Make a record of your personal property, for insurance purposes. Take photos or a video of the interior and exterior of your home. Include personal belongings in your inventory. 
You may also want to download the free Household and Personal Property Inventory Book from the University of Illinois at www.ag.uiuc.edu/~vista/abstracts/ ahouseinv.html to help you record your possessions. 

Important Documents 
Store important documents such as insurance policies, deeds, property records, and other important papers in a safe place, such as a safety deposit box away from your home.  Make copies of important documents for your disaster supplies kit. (Information about the disaster supplies kit is covered later.)  

Money 
Consider saving money in an emergency savings account that could be used in any crisis.  It is advisable to keep a small amount of cash or travelers checks at home in a safe place where you can quickly access them in case of evacuation. 

Special Needs 
If you or someone close to you has a disability or a special need, you may have to take additional steps to protect yourself and your family in an emergency. 
Disability/Special  Additional Steps  
Need  
Hearing impaired  May need to make special arrangements to receive  
warnings.  
Mobility impaired  May need special assistance to get to a shelter.  
Single working  May need help to plan for disasters and emergencies.  
parent  
Non-English  May need assistance planning for and responding to  
speaking persons  emergencies.  Community and cultural groups may be  
able to help keep people informed.  
People without  May need to make arrangements for transportation.  
vehicles  
People with special  Should take special precautions to have an adequate  
dietary needs  emergency food supply.  

Planning for Special Needs 
If you have special needs: 
 	Find out about special assistance that may be available in your community. Register with the of.ce of emergency services or the local .re department for assistance so needed help can be provided. 
 	
Create a network of neighbors, relatives, friends, and coworkers to aid you in an emergency. Discuss your needs and make sure everyone knows how to operate necessary equipment. 

 	
Discuss your needs with your employer. 

 	
If you are mobility impaired and live or work in a high-rise building, have an escape chair. 

 	
If you live in an apartment building, ask the management to mark accessible exits clearly and to make arrangements to help you leave the building. 

 	
Keep specialized items ready, including extra wheelchair batteries, oxygen,
 catheters, medication, food for service animals, and any other items you 
might need.
 

 	
Be sure to make provisions for medications that require refrigeration. 

 	
Keep a list of the type and model numbers of the medical devices you require. 

Caring for Animals 

Animals also are affected by disasters.  Use the guidelines below to prepare a plan for caring for pets and large animals. 
Guidelines for Pets 
Plan for pet disaster needs by: 
 	
Identifying shelter. 

 	
Gathering pet supplies. 

 	
Ensuring your pet has proper ID and up-to-date veterinarian records. 

 	
Providing a pet carrier and leash. 

Take the following steps to prepare to shelter your pet: 
 	
Call your local emergency management of. ce, animal shelter, or animal control of.ce to get advice and information.
 

 	
Keep veterinary records to prove vaccinations are current. 

 	
Find out which local hotels and motels allow pets and where pet boarding 
facilities are located.  Be sure to research some outside your local area in case 
local facilities close.
 

 	
Know that, with the exception of service animals, pets are not typically permitted in emergency shelters as they may affect the health and safety of other 
occupants.
 

Guidelines for Large Animals 
If you have large animals such as horses, cattle, sheep, goats, or pigs on your property, be sure to prepare before a disaster. 
Use the following guidelines: 
1. 
Ensure all animals have some form of identi. cation. 

2. 
Evacuate animals whenever possible.	  Map out primary and secondary routes in advance. 

3. 
Make available vehicles and trailers needed for transporting and supporting each type of animal. Also make available experienced handlers and drivers. 

Note: It is best to allow animals a chance to become accustomed to vehicular travel so they are less frightened and easier to move. 

4. 
Ensure destinations have food, water, veterinary care, and handling equipment. 

5. 
If evacuation is not possible, animal owners must decide whether to move large animals to shelter or turn them outside. 

Safety Skills 
It is important that family members know how to administer . rst aid and CPR and how to use a . re extinguisher. 
Learn First Aid and CPR 
Take a .rst aid and CPR class.  Local American Red Cross chapters can provide information about this type of training.  Of. cial certi.cation by the American Red Cross provides, under the good Samaritan law, protection for those giving . rst aid. 
Learn How to Use a Fire Extinguisher 
Be sure everyone knows how to use your .re extinguisher(s) and where it is kept. You should have, at a minimum, an ABC type. 
Section 1.3: Assembe a Disaster Supplies Kit
You may need to survive on your own after a disaster. This means having your own food, water, and other supplies in suf. cient quantity to last for at least three days. Local of. cials and relief workers will be on the scene after a disaster, but they cannot reach everyone immediately. You could get help in hours, or it might take days. 
Basic services such as electricity, gas, water, sewage treatment, and telephones may be cut off for days, or even a week or longer.  Or, you may have to evacuate at a moments notice and take essentials with you. You probably will not have the opportunity to shop or search for the supplies you need. 
A disaster supplies kit is a collection of basic items that members of a household may need in the event of a disaster. 
Kit Locations 
Since you do not know where you will be when an emergency occurs, prepare supplies for home, work, and vehicles. 
Home  Work  Car  
Your disaster supplies kit should contain essential food, water, and supplies for at least three days. Keep this kit in a designated place and have it ready in case you have to leave your home quickly. Make sure all family members know where the kit is kept. Additionally, you may want to consider having supplies for sheltering for up to two weeks.  This kit should be in one container, and ready to grab and go in case you are evacuated from your workplace. Make sure you have food and water in the kit. Also, be sure to have comfortable walking shoes at your workplace in case an evacuation requires walking long distances.  In case you are stranded, keep a kit of emergency supplies in your car. This kit should contain food, water, . rst aid supplies, . ares, jumper cables, and seasonal supplies.  

Supplies in a Storeroom - photograph

Water 

How Much Water do I Need? 
You should store at least one gallon of water per person per day. A normally active person needs at least one-half gallon of water daily just for drinking. 
Additionally, in determining adequate quantities, take the following into account: 
 	
Individual needs vary, depending on age, physical condition, activity, diet, and 
climate.
 

 	
Children, nursing mothers, and ill people need more water. 

 	
Very hot temperatures can double the amount of water needed. 

 	
A medical emergency might require additional water. 

How Should I Store Water? 
To prepare safest and most reliable emergency supply of water, it is recommended you purchase commercially bottled water. Keep bottled water in its original container and do not open it until you need to use it. 
Observe the expiration or use by date. 
If you are preparing your own containers of water 
It is recommended you purchase food-grade water storage containers from sur-plus or camping supplies stores to use for water storage. Before . lling with water, thoroughly clean the containers with dishwashing soap and water, and rinse completely so there is no residual soap. Follow directions below on . lling the container with water. If you choose to use your own storage containers, choose two-liter plastic soft drink bottles   not plastic jugs or cardboard containers that have had milk or fruit juice in them. Milk protein and fruit sugars cannot be adequately removed from these containers and provide an environment for bacterial growth when water is stored in them. Cardboard containers also leak easily and are not designed for long-term storage of liquids. Also, do not use glass containers, because they can break and are heavy. 
If storing water in plastic soda bottles, follow these steps 
Thoroughly clean the bottles with dishwashing soap and water, and rinse completely so there is no residual soap. 
Sanitize the bottles by adding a solution of 1 teaspoon of non-scented liquid household chlorine bleach to a quart of water. Swish the sanitizing solution in the bottle so that it touches all surfaces. After sanitizing the bottle, thoroughly rinse out the sanitizing solution with clean water. 
Filling water containers 
Fill the bottle to the top with regular tap water. If the tap water has been commercially treated from a water utility with chlorine, you do not need to add anything else to the water to keep it clean. If the water you are using comes from a well or water source that is not treated with chlorine, add two drops of non-scented liquid household chlorine bleach to the water. 
Tightly close the container using the original cap. Be careful not to contaminate the cap by touching the inside of it with your . nger. Place a date on the outside of the container so that you know when you .lled it. Store in a cool, dark place. 
Replace the water every six months if not using commercially bottled water. 

Food 
The following are things to consider when putting together your food supplies: 
 	
Avoid foods that will make you thirsty.  Choose salt-free crackers, whole grain cereals, and canned foods with high liquid content. 

 	
Stock canned foods, dry mixes, and other staples that do not require refrigeration, cooking, water, or special preparation. You may already have many of these on hand. Note: Be sure to include a manual can opener. 

 	
Include special dietary needs. 

Family gathering items for the Emergency Preparedness Kit - photograph

Basic Disaster Supplies Kit
 

The following items are recommended for inclusion in your basic disaster supplies kit: 
 	
Three-day supply of non-perishable food. 

 	
Three-day supply of water  one gallon of water per person, per day. 

 	
Portable, battery-powered radio or television and extra batteries. 

 	
Flashlight and extra batteries. 

 	
First aid kit and manual. 

 	
Sanitation and hygiene items (moist towelettes and toilet paper). 

 	
Matches and waterproof container. 

 	
Whistle. 

 	
Extra clothing. 

 	
Kitchen accessories and cooking utensils, including a can opener. 

 	
Photocopies of credit and identi. cation cards. 

 	
Cash and coins. 

 	
Special needs items, such as prescription medications, eye glasses, contact lens solutions, and hearing aid batteries. 

 	
Items for infants, such as formula, diapers, bottles, and paci. ers. 

 	
Other items to meet your unique family needs. 

If you live in a cold climate, you must think about warmth.  It is possible that you will not have heat. Think about your clothing and bedding supplies.  Be sure to include one complete change of clothing and shoes per person, including: 
 	
Jacket or coat. 

 	
Long pants. 

 	
Long sleeve shirt. 

 	
Sturdy shoes. 

 	
Hat, mittens, and scarf. 

 	
Sleeping bag or warm blanket (per person). 

Be sure to account for growing children and other family changes.  See Appendix B for a detailed checklist of disaster supplies. You may want to add some of the items listed to your basic disaster supplies kit depending on the speci.c needs of your family. 

Maintaining Your Disaster Supplies Kit 
Just as important as putting your supplies together is maintaining them so they are safe to use when needed.  Here are some tips to keep your supplies ready and in good condition: 
 	
Keep canned foods in a dry place where the temperature is cool. 

 	
Store boxed food in tightly closed plastic or metal containers to protect from 
pests and to extend its shelf life.
 

	 
Throw out any canned good that becomes swollen, dented, or corroded. 

 	
Use foods before they go bad, and replace them with fresh supplies. 

 	
Place new items at the back of the storage area and older ones in the front. 

 	
Change stored food and water supplies every six months. Be sure to write the date you store it on all containers. 

 	
Re-think your needs every year and update your kit as your family needs 
change.
 

 	
Keep items in airtight plastic bags and put your entire disaster supplies kit in one or two easy-to-carry containers, such as an unused trashcan, camping backpack, or duffel bag. 

Section 1.4: Shelter
Taking shelter is critical in times of disaster.  Sheltering is appropriate when conditions require that you seek protection in your home, place of employment, or other location where you are when disaster strikes.  Sheltering outside the hazard area would include staying with friends and relatives, seeking commercial lodging, or staying in a mass care facility operated by disaster relief groups in conjunction with local authorities. 
To effectively shelter, you must . rst consider the hazard and then choose a place in your home or other building that is safe for that hazard.  For example, for a tornado, a room should be selected that is in a basement or an interior room on the lowest level away from corners, windows, doors and outside walls. Because the safest locations to seek shelter vary by hazard, sheltering is discussed in the various hazard sections.These discussions include recommendations for sealing the shelter if the hazards warrants this type of protection. 
Even though mass care shelters often provide water, food, medicine, and basic sanitary facilities, you should plan to take your disaster supplies kit with you so you will have the supplies you require.  Mass care sheltering can involve living with many people in a con. ned space, which can be dif. cult and unpleasant. To avoid con. icts in this stressful situation, it is important to cooperate with shelter managers and others assisting them.  Keep in mind that alcoholic beverages and weapons are forbidden in emergency shelters and smoking is restricted. 
The length of time you are required to shelter may be short, such as during a tornado warning, or long, such as during a winter storm.  It is important that you stay in shelter until local authorities say it is safe to leave. Additionally, you should take turns listening to radio broadcasts and maintain a 24-hour safety watch. 
During extended periods of sheltering, you will need to manage water and food supplies to ensure you and your family have the required supplies and quantities. Guidance on how to accomplish this follows. 
Emergency Shelter interior with mulitple beds and people - photograph

Managing Water
 
Essentials 
1. Allow people to drink according to their needs.  Many people need even more than the average of one-half gallon, per day. The individual amount needed depends on age, physical activity, physical condition, and time of year. 
2. Never ration water unless ordered to do so by authorities. Drink the amount you need today and try to .nd more for tomorrow. Under no circumstances should a person drink less than one quart (four cups) of water each day. You can minimize the amount of water your body needs by reducing activity and staying cool. 3. Drink water that you know is not contaminated . rst.  If necessary, suspicious water, such as cloudy water from regular faucets or water from streams or ponds, can be used after it has been treated.  If water treatment is not possible, put off drinking suspicious water as long as possible, but do not become dehydrated. 4. Do not drink carbonated beverages instead of drinking water. Carbonated beverages do not meet drinking-water requirements.  Caffeinated drinks and alcohol dehydrate the body, which increases the need for drinking water. 5. Turn off the main water valves. You will need to protect the water sources already in your home from contamination if you hear reports of broken water or sewage lines, or if local of. cials advise you of a problem.To close the incoming water source, locate the incoming valve and turn it to the closed position. Be sure you and other family members know how to perform this important procedure.  	To use the water in your pipes, let air into the plumbing by turning on the faucet in your home at the highest level. A small amount of water will trickle out.Then obtain water from the lowest faucet in the home.  	To use the water in your hot-water tank, be sure the electricity or gas is off, and open the drain at the bottom of the tank. Start the water . owing by turning off the water intake valve at the tank and turning on the hot-water faucet. Re. ll the tank before turning the gas or electricity back on. If the gas is turned off, a professional will be needed to turn it back on. 

Review Section 1.2 Emergency Planning and Checklists
Water Sources Water Treatment 
Safe Sources  Unsafe Sources  
Melted ice cubes  Radiators  
Water drained from the water heater (if the water heater has not been damaged)  Hot water boilers (home heating system)  
Liquids from canned goods such as fruit or vegetable juices  Water beds (fungicides added to the water or chemicals in the vinyl may make water unsafe to use)  
Water drained from pipes  Water from the toilet bowl or . ush tank  
Swimming pools and spas (chemicals used to kill germs are too concentrated for safe drinking but can be used for personal hygiene, cleaning, and related uses)  

Review of Section 1.3
Treat all water of uncertain quality before using it for drinking, food washing or preparation, washing dishes, brushing teeth, or making ice.  In addition to having a bad odor and taste, contaminated water can contain microorganisms (germs) that cause diseases such as dysentery, cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis. There are many ways to treat water.  None is perfect. Often the best solution is a combination of methods.  Before treating, let any suspended particles settle to the bottom or strain them through coffee .lters or layers of clean cloth. Make sure you have the necessary materials in your disaster supplies kit for the chosen water treatment method. There are three water treatment methods.They are as follows:  Boiling  Chlorination  Distillation These instructions are for treating water of uncertain quality in an emergency situation, when no other reliable clean water source is available, or you have used all of your stored water. Boiling Boiling is the safest method of treating water. In a large pot or kettle, bring water to a rolling boil for 1 full minute, keeping in mind that some water will evaporate. Let the water cool before drinking. Boiled water will taste better if you put oxygen back into it by pouring the water back and forth between two clean containers. This also will improve the taste of stored water. Chlorination You can use household liquid bleach to kill microorganisms. Use only regular household liquid bleach that contains 5.25 to 6.0 percent sodium hypochlorite. Do not use scented bleaches, color safe bleaches, or bleaches with added cleaners. Because the potency of bleach diminishes with time, use bleach from a newly opened or unopened bottle. Add 16 drops (1/8 teaspoon) of bleach per gallon of water, stir, and let stand for 30 minutes.The water should have a slight bleach odor. If it doesnt, then repeat the dosage and let stand another 15 minutes. If it still does not smell of chlorine, discard it and . nd another source of water. Other chemicals, such as iodine or water treatment products sold in camping or surplus stores that do not contain 5.25 to 6.0 percent sodium hypochlorite as the only active ingredient, are not recommended and should not be used. Distillation While the two methods described above will kill most microbes in water, distillation will remove microbes (germs) that resist these methods, as well as heavy metals, salts, and most other chemicals. 
Illustration of a cup suspended from an inverted lid placed over a boiling pot of water.
Distillation involves boiling water and then collecting only the vapor that condenses. The condensed vapor will not include salt or most other impurities.To distill, .ll a pot halfway with water. Tie a cup to the handle on the pots lid so that the cup will hang right-side-up when the lid is upside-down (make sure the cup is not dangling into the water) and boil the water for 20 minutes.The water that drips from the lid into the cup is distilled. 

Effectiveness of Water Treatment Methods 
Methods  Kills Microbes  Removes other contaminants (heavy metals, salts, and most other chemicals)  
Boiling  v  
Chlorination  v  
Distillation  v  v  

Managing Food Supplies
 
Safety and Sanitation 
Do's and Don'ts
   Keep food in covered containers Keep cooking and eating utensils clean    Eat foods from cans that are swollen, dented, or corroded, even though the product may look safe  
  Keep garbage in closed containers and dispose outside, burying garbage if necessary     to eat Eat any food that looks or smells abnormal, even if the can looks  
  Keep your hands clean by washing them frequently with soap and water that has been boiled or    normal Use powdered formulas with treated water  
  disinfected Use only pre-prepared canned baby formula for infants    Let garbage accumulate inside, both for .re and sanitation reasons  
  Discard any food that has come into contact with contaminated . oodwater  
  Discard any food that has been at room temperature for two hours  
or more  
  Discard any food that has an unusual odor, color, or texture  

Note: Thawed food usually can be eaten if it is still refrigerator cold. It can be re-frozen if it still contains ice crystals. To be safe, remember, When in doubt, throw it out. 
Cooking 
 	
Alternative cooking sources in times of emergency include candle warmers, cha.ng dishes, fondue pots, or a . replace. 

 	
Charcoal grills and camp stoves are for outdoor use only. 

 	
Commercially canned food may be eaten out of the can without warming. 

 	
To heat food in a can: 

1. 
Remove the label. 

2. 
Thoroughly wash and disinfect the can. (Use a diluted solution of one part bleach to ten parts water.) 

3. 
Open the can before heating. 

Managing without Power 
Here are two options for keeping food safe if you are without power for a long period: 
 	
Look for alternate storage space for your perishable food. 

 	
Use dry ice. Twenty-. ve pounds of dry ice will keep a 10-cubic-foot freezer below freezing for 3-4 days.  Use care when handling dry ice, and wear dry, heavy gloves to avoid injury. 

Section 1.5 Hazard-Specific Preparedness
There are actions that should be taken before, during, and after an event that are unique to each hazard.  For example: 
 
Seeking a safe shelter during a tornado. 

 
Reducing property loss from a hurricane. 

Information about the speci. c hazards and what to do for each is provided in Parts 2, 3, and 4.  Study the material for those hazards that you identi.ed in Section 1.1 as the ones that have happened or could happen.  Share the hazard-speci. c information with family members and include pertinent material from these parts in your family disaster plan. 
Tree fallen on a home -  photograph
Section 1.6: Practicing and Maintaining Your Plan
Once you have developed your plan, you need to practice and maintain it.  For example, ask questions to make sure your family remembers meeting places, phone numbers, and safety rules.  Conduct drills such as drop, cover, and hold on for earthquakes. Test . re alarms.  Replace and update disaster supplies. 

For More Information 
If you require more information about any of these topics, the following are resources that may be helpful. 
FEMA Publications 
Disaster Preparedness Coloring Book. FEMA-243. Coloring book for ages 3-10. Also available in Spanish. 
Before Disaster Strikes. FEMA A-291. Contains information about how to make sure you are .nancially prepared to deal with a natural disaster. Also available in Spanish. 
The Adventures of Julia and Robbie: Disaster Twins. FEMA-344. A collection of disaster related stories.  Includes information on preparedness and how to mitigate against disasters. 
FEMA for Kids. L-229.  Provides information about what FEMA (speci. cally fema.gov) has to offer children. 
Community Shelter. FEMA 361. Contains guidelines for constructing mass shelters for public refuge in schools, hospitals, and other places. 
Food and Water in an Emergency. L-210 If an earthquake, hurricane, winter storm, or other disaster strikes your community, you might not have access to food, water, and electricity for days, or even weeks.  By taking some time now to store emergency food and water supplies, you can provide for your entire family. Also available online at www.fema.gov/pdf/library/f&web.pdf. 
Helping Children Cope with Disaster. FEMA L-196.  Helps families understand how to help children cope with disaster and its aftermath. 
Assisting People with Disabilities in a Disaster. Information about helping people with disabilities in a disaster and resources for individuals with disabilities. Available online at www.fema.gov/rrr/assistf.shtm. 
American Red Cross Publications 
Facing Fear: Helping Young People Deal with Terrorism and Tragic Events. A school curriculum designed to help alleviate worries and clear up confusion about perceived and actual threats to safety. Available online at www.redcross.org/disaster/masters/ facingfear, or contact your local Red Cross chapter. 

Section 2: Natural Hazards
Part 2 includes information about many types of natural hazards.  Natural hazards are natural events that threaten lives, property, and other assets.  Often, natural hazards can be predicted. They tend to occur repeatedly in the same geographical locations because they are related to weather patterns or physical characteristics of an area. 
Natural hazards such as . ood, .re, earthquake, tornado, and windstorms affect thousands of people every year. We need to know what our risks are from natrual hazards and take sensible precautions to protect ourselves, our families, and our communities. 
Use Part 2 to learn about the hazards that pose a risk to you.  Include the pertinent information in your family disaster plan.  Speci.c content on each hazard consists of the characteristics of that hazard, terms associated with the hazard, measures that can be taken beforehand to avoid or lessen the impact of these events, and what individuals need to do during and after the event to protect themselves. 
When you complete Part 2, you will be able to: 
 
Know important terms. 

 
Take protective measures for natural hazards. 

 
Identify resources for more information about natural hazards. 

48
 

Section 2.1: Floods
Floods are one of the most common hazards in the United States.  Flood effects can be local, impacting a neighborhood or community, or very large, affecting entire river basins and multiple states. 
However, all . oods are not alike.  Some . oods develop slowly, sometimes over a period of days.  But . ash . oods can develop quickly, sometimes in just a few minutes and without any visible signs of rain.  Flash .oods often have a dangerous wall of roaring water that carries rocks, mud, and other debris and can sweep away most things in its path.  Overland .ooding occurs outside a de. ned river or stream, such as when a levee is breached, but still can be destructive. Flooding can also occur when a dam breaks, producing effects similar to . ash . oods. 
Be aware of .ood hazards no matter where you live, but especially if you live in a low-lying area, near water or downstream from a dam.  Even very small streams, gullies, creeks, culverts, dry streambeds, or low-lying ground that appear harmless in dry weather can . ood.  Every state is at risk from this hazard. 

Average Dollars per Year Spent on Flood Damage by State in the USA

What Would You Do? 
You and your family moved from a city neighborhood in San Francisco, CA, to a suburb of Phoenix, AZ.  Since earthquakes were a threat in your area, you always kept some extra food, water, and other supplies on hand and maintained an earthquake insurance policy, just in case something happened. You think this kind of preparation is no longer necessary based on what your neighbors have told you. According to them, the biggest threat they face is lack of water caused by the very dry weather. You continue to see public service announcements from the federal government about . ood insurance and the need to protect yourself from . ood damage.  Surely, there would be no need for .ood insurance where you live with its bare hills, deep canyons, and dry land.  Are you at risk for .ooding, or is this more of a risk to people who live elsewhere?
 Yes  
        No  	Is there a need to have a disaster plan and a disaster supplies kit?
 Yes  
        No  	Should you consider purchasing . ood insurance?
 Yes  
        No 
Answer key 
1.Yes  2.Yes  3.Yes 
Know the Terms

Take Protective Measures 
Before a Flood 
To prepare for a . ood, you should:  	Avoid building in a .oodplain unless you elevate and reinforce your home.  	Elevate the furnace, water heater, and electric panel if susceptible to . ooding.  	Install check valves in sewer traps to prevent . ood water from backing up into the drains of your home.  	Construct barriers (levees, beams, .oodwalls) to stop . oodwater from entering the building.  	Seal walls in basements with waterproo. ng compounds to avoid seepage. 
During a Flood 
If a . ood is likely in your area, you should:  	Listen to the radio or television for information.  	Be aware that . ash . ooding can occur.  If there is any possibility of a . ash .ood, move immediately to higher ground.  Do not wait for instructions to move.  	Be aware of streams, drainage channels, canyons, and other areas known to .ood suddenly.  Flash . oods can occur in these areas with or without such typical warnings as rain clouds or heavy rain. If you must prepare to evacuate, you should do the following: 
 Secure your home.  If you have time, bring in outdoor furniture.  Move essential items to an upper . oor.  Turn off utilities at the main switches or valves if instructed to do so. Disconnect electrical appliances.  Do not touch electrical equipment if you are wet or standing in water. 
Review, See Section 1.1
Flood waters approximately three feet deep around a home. - photograph
If you have to leave your home, remember these evacuation tips: 
	 
Do not walk through moving water.  Six inches of moving water can make you fall.  If you have to walk in water, walk where the water is not moving. Use a stick to check the .rmness of the ground in front of you. 

	 
Do not drive into . ooded areas.  If .oodwaters rise around your car, abandon the car and move to higher ground if you can do so safely. You and the vehicle can be quickly swept away. 

The following are important points to remember when driving in . ood conditions:  Six inches of water will reach the bottom of most passenger cars causing loss of control and possible stalling.  A foot of water will .oat many vehicles.  Two feet of rushing water can carry away most vehicles including sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and pick-ups. 
A pickup truck stalled in floodwaters with a Road Closed sign. - Photograph
Driving: Flood Facts
After a Flood 
The following are guidelines for the period following a . ood: 
 	
Listen for news reports to learn whether the communitys water supply is safe 
to drink.
 

 	
Avoid .oodwaters; water may be contaminated by oil, gasoline, or raw sewage. Water may also be electrically charged from underground or downed 
power lines.
 

 	
Avoid moving water. 

 	
Be aware of areas where .oodwaters have receded.  Roads may have weakened 
and could collapse under the weight of a car.
 

 	
Stay away from downed power lines, and report them to the power company. 

 	
Return home only when authorities indicate it is safe. 

 	
Stay out of any building if it is surrounded by . oodwaters. 

 	
Use extreme caution when entering buildings; there may be hidden damage,
 particularly in foundations.
 

 	
Service damaged septic tanks, cesspools, pits, and leaching systems as soon as 
possible.  Damaged sewage systems are serious health hazards.
 

 	
Clean and disinfect everything that got wet.  Mud left from . oodwater can 
contain sewage and chemicals.
 

Additional Information 
Flood Insurance 
Consider the following facts: 
 	
Flood losses are not covered under homeowners insurance policies. 

 	
FEMA manages the National Flood Insurance Program, which makes federally-backed .ood insurance available in communities that agree to adopt and enforce .oodplain management ordinances to reduce future . ood damage. 

 	
Flood insurance is available in most communities through insurance agents. 

 	
There is a 30-day waiting period before .ood insurance goes into effect, so dont delay. 

 	
Flood insurance is available whether the building is in or out of the identi. ed . ood-prone area. 

Knowledge Check 
Decide whether the following statements are true or false.  Check the appropriate column.  When you have .nished, check your answers using the answer key below.
 T F Statement 

.. 1. Flood emergencies occur in only 12 states.
 .. 2. A .ood watch announcement on the radio indicates that .ooding is possible.
 .. 3. Flash .oods may occur with little warning.
 .. 4. Flood risk varies from one region to another.
 .. 5. National .ood insurance is available only for buildings within an identi. ed . ood-prone area.
 .. 6. It is safe to walk through .oodwater if you can see the ground under it.
 .. 7. It takes at least 3 feet of .oodwater to make a motorized vehicle . oat.
 .. 8. After .ood waters recede from a roadway, the road could still be dangerous.
 .. 9. To prepare for a .ood emergency, you should have a NOAA Weather Radio as well as a
 
commercial radio. 
Answer key 
False  1. 2.True  3.True  4.True  5. False  6. False  7. False  8.True  9.True 

For More Information 
If you require more information about any of these topics, the following are resources that may be helpful. 
FEMA Publications
	 
After a Flood:The First Steps. L-198.  Information for homeowners on preparedness, safety, and recovery from a . ood. 

	 
Homeowners Guide to Retro.tting: Six Ways to Protect Your House from Flooding. L-235. A brochure about obtaining information about how to protect your home from . ooding. 

	 
Homeowners Guide to Retro.tting: Six Ways to Protect Your House from Flooding. FEMA-312. A detailed manual on how to protect your home from . ooding. 

	 
About the Flood: Elevating Your Floodprone House. FEMA-347. This publication is intended for builders, code of.cials and homeowners. 

	 
Protecting Building Utilities From Flood Damage. FEMA-348. This publication is intended for developers, architects, engineers, builders, code of. cials and homeowners. 

Other Publications
American Red Cross
	 
Repairing Your Flooded Home.  sixty-page booklet about how to perform simple home repairs after .ooding, including cleaning, sanitation, and determining which professionals to involve for various needed services. Local Red Cross chapters can order in packages of 10 as stock number A4477 for a nominal fee. Also available online at www.redcross.org/services/disaster/0,1082,0_ 570_,00.html 

	 
Hurricane Flooding: A Deadly Inland Danger. 20052.  Brochure describing the impact of hurricane .ooding and precautions to take. Available online at www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/InlandFlooding.pdf 

	 
The Hidden Danger:  Low Water Crossing. 96074E.  Brochure describing the hazards of driving your vehicle in .ood conditions. Available online at www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/TheHiddenDangerEnglish.pdf 

National Weather Service
Flooded neighborhood - Photograph
56
 
Section 2.2: Tornadoes
Tornadoes are natures most violent storms.  Spawned from powerful thunderstorms, tornadoes can cause fatalities and devastate a neighborhood in seconds. A tornado appears as a rotating, funnel-shaped cloud that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground with whirling winds that can reach 300 miles per hour. Damage paths can be in excess of one mile wide and 50 miles long.  Every state is at some risk from this hazard. 
Tornado Risk Areas in the Continental United States - Map
Some tornadoes are clearly visible, while rain or nearby low-hanging clouds obscure others.  Occasionally, tornadoes develop so rapidly that little, if any, advance warning is possible. 
Before a tornado hits, the wind may die down and the air may become very still. A cloud of debris can mark the location of a tornado even if a funnel is not visible. Tornadoes generally occur near the trailing edge of a thunderstorm. It is not uncommon to see clear, sunlit skies behind a tornado. 
The following are facts about tornadoes: 
 	
They may strike quickly, with little or no warning. 

 	
They may appear nearly transparent until dust and debris are picked up or a cloud forms in the funnel. 

 	
The average tornado moves Southwest to Northeast, but tornadoes have been known to move in any direction. 

 	
The average forward speed of a tornado is 30 MPH, but may vary from stationary to 70 MPH. 

 	
Tornadoes can accompany tropical storms and hurricanes as they move onto land. 

 	
Waterspouts are tornadoes that form over water. 

 	
Tornadoes are most frequently reported east of the Rocky Mountains during spring and summer months. 

 	
Peak tornado season in the southern states is March through May; in the 
northern states, it is late spring through early summer.
 

 	
Tornadoes are most likely to occur between 3 p.m. and 9 p.m., but can occur at any time. 

Know the terms

Take Protective Measures
 
Before a Tornado 
Be alert to changing weather conditions. 
 	
Listen to NOAA Weather Radio or to commercial radio or television newscasts 
for the latest information.
 

 	
Look for approaching storms. 

 Look for the following danger signs: 
-Dark, often greenish sky 
-Large hail 
-A large, dark, low-lying cloud (particularly if rotating) 
-Loud roar, similar to a freight train. 
If you see approaching storms or any of the danger signs, be prepared to take shelter immediately. 
During a Tornado 
If you are under a tornado WARNING, seek shelter immediately! 
If you are in:  Then:  
A structure (e.g. residence, small building, school, nursing home, hospital, factory, shopping center, high-rise building)  Go to a pre-designated shelter area such as a safe room, basement, storm cellar, or the lowest building level. If there is no basement, go to the center of an interior room on the lowest level (closet, interior hallway) away from corners, windows, doors, and outside walls.  Put as many walls as possible between you and the outside. Get under a sturdy table and use your arms to protect your head and neck. Do not open windows.  
A vehicle, trailer, or mobile home  Get out immediately and go to the lowest .oor of a sturdy, nearby building or a storm shelter.  Mobile homes, even if tied down, offer little protection from tornadoes.  
The outside with no shelter   Lie .at in a nearby ditch or depression and cover your head with your hands. Be aware of the potential for . ooding.  Do not get under an overpass or bridge. You are safer in a low, . at location.  Never try to outrun a tornado in urban or congested areas in a car or truck.  Instead, leave the vehicle immediately for safe shelter.  Watch out for .ying debris.  Flying debris from tornadoes causes most fatalities and injuries.  

Preparing a Safe Room Extreme windstorms in many parts of the country pose a serious threat to buildings and their occupants. Your residence may be built to code, but that does not mean it can withstand winds from extreme events such as tornadoes and major hurricanes. The purpose of a safe room or a wind shelter is to provide a space where you and your family can seek refuge that provides a high level of protection. You can build a safe room in one of several places in your home:  Your basement.  Atop a concrete slab-on-grade foundation or garage . oor.  An interior room on the . rst . oor. Safe rooms built below ground level provide the greatest protection, but a safe room built in a . rst-. oor interior room also can provide the necessary protection. Below-ground safe rooms must be designed to avoid accumulating water during the heavy rains that often accompany severe windstorms. To protect its occupants, a safe room must be built to withstand high winds and .ying debris, even if the rest of the residence is severely damaged or destroyed. Consider the following when building a safe room:  The safe room must be adequately anchored to resist overturning and uplift.  The walls, ceiling, and door of the shelter must withstand wind pressure and resist penetration by windborne objects and falling debris.  The connections between all parts of the safe room must be strong enough to resist the wind.  Sections of either interior or exterior residence walls that are used as walls of the safe room, must be separated from the structure of the residence so that damage to the residence will not cause damage to the safe room. 
Additional Informaition about safe rooms available from FEMA.gov
Two people inspecting a safe room - photograph
Locate the Safest Place On the following home layout diagrams, locate the safest place to seek shelter should you not be able to evacuate. 
Apartment 
Apartment Floorplan

One-Story Home 
One Story Home: Floor Plan
Two-Story Home 
First Floor 

First Level of a Two Story floor plan

Second Floor
 

Second Level of a Two Story Floor Plan
Answer key Apartment: Bathroom,  One-Story Home:WIC (walk in Closet), Two-Story Home: First . oor bathroom 
After a Tornado 
Follow the instructions for recovering from a disaster in Part 5. 
A demolished home, showing a couch in a livingroom without walls - photograph

For More Information
 
If you require more information about any of these topics, the following are resources that may be helpful. 
FEMA Publications 
Tornado Fact Sheet. L-148.  Provides safety tips for before, during, and after a tornado 
Tornado ProtectionSelecting Refuge Areas in Buildings. FEMA 431.  Intended primarily to help building administrators, architects, and engineers select the best available refuge areas in existing schools 
Section 2.3: Hurricanes
A hurricane is a type of tropical cyclone, the generic term for a low pressure system that generally forms in the tropics. A typical cyclone is accompanied by thunderstorms, and in the Northern Hemisphere, a counterclockwise circulation of winds near the earths surface. 
All Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastal areas are subject to hurricanes or tropical storms.  Parts of the Southwest United States and the Paci.c Coast experience heavy rains and . oods each year from hurricanes spawned off Mexico.The Atlantic hurricane season lasts from June to November, with the peak season from mid-August to late October. 
Hurricanes can cause catastrophic damage to coastlines and several hundred miles inland. Winds can exceed 155 miles per hour.  Hurricanes and tropical storms can also spawn tornadoes and microbursts, create storm surges along the coast, and cause extensive damage from heavy rainfall. 
Hurricanes are classi. ed into . ve categories based on their wind speed, central pressure, and damage potential (see chart).  Category  Three and higher hurricanes are considered major hurricanes, though Categories One and Two are still extremely dangerous and warrant your full attention. 
Saf.r-Simpson Hurricane Scale 

Scale Number  (Category)  Sustained Winds (MPH)  Damage  StormSurge 
 1  74-95  Minimal:  Unanchored mobile homes, vegetation, and signs  4-5 feet 
 2  96-110  Moderate: All mobile homes, roofs, small craft; . ooding  6-8 feet 
 3  111-130  Extensive:  Small buildings; low-lying roads cut off  9-12 feet 
 4  131-155  Extreme:  Roofs destroyed, trees down, roads cut off, mobile homes destroyed, beach homes . ooded  13-18 feet  
5  More than 155  Catastrophic:  Most buildings destroyed, vegetation destroyed, major roads cut off, homes . ooded  Greater than 18 feet  

Hurricanes can produce widespread torrential rains.  Floods are the deadly and destructive result. Slow moving storms and tropical storms moving into mountainous regions tend to produce especially heavy rain.  Excessive rain can trigger landslides or mud slides, especially in mountainous regions.  Flash .ooding can occur due to intense rainfall.  Flooding on rivers and streams may persist for several days or more after the storm. 
Between 1970 and 1999, more people lost their lives from freshwater inland .ooding associated with land falling tropical cyclones than from any other weather hazard related to tropical cyclones. 
Hurricane Direct Hits on the Continental United States - Map
Know the Terms

Take Protective Measures 
Before a Hurricane 

To prepare for a hurricane, you should take the following measures: 
 	
Make plans to secure your property.  Permanent storm shutters offer the best 
protection for windows. A second option is to board up windows with 5/8
 marine plywood, cut to . t and ready to install. Tape does not prevent windows from breaking.
 

 	
Install straps or additional clips to securely fasten your roof to the frame structure. This will reduce roof damage.
 

 	
Be sure trees and shrubs around your home are well trimmed. 

 	
Clear loose and clogged rain gutters and downspouts. 

 	
Determine how and where to secure your boat. 

 	
Consider building a safe room. 

Review: Safe-rooms in Section 2.2

A Hurricane as seen from space, showing the curviture of the earth - photograph
During a Hurricane

If a hurricane is likely in your area, you should: 
 	
Listen to the radio or TV for information. 

 	
Secure your home, close storm shutters, and secure outdoor objects or bring 
them indoors.
 

 	
Turn off utilities if instructed to do so.  Otherwise, turn the refrigerator thermostat to its coldest setting and keep its doors closed.
 

 	
Turn off propane tanks. 

 	
Avoid using the phone, except for serious emergencies. 

 	
Moor your boat if time permits. 

 	
Ensure a supply of water for sanitary purposes such as cleaning and . ushing 
toilets.  Fill the bathtub and other large containers with water.
 

Review Guidelines for Sheltering in Section 1.4
You should evacuate under the following conditions: 

 	
If you are directed by local authorities to do so.  Be sure to follow their instructions.
 

 	
If you live in a mobile home or temporary structuresuch shelters are particularly hazardous during hurricanes no matter how well fastened to the ground. 

 	
If you live in a high-rise buildinghurricane winds are stronger at higher elevations. 

 	
If you live on the coast, on a . oodplain, near a river, or on an inland waterway. 

 	
If you feel you are in danger. 

If you are unable to evacuate, go to your wind-safe room.  If you do not have one, follow these guidelines: 
 	
Stay indoors during the hurricane and away from windows and glass doors. 

 	
Close all interior doorssecure and brace external doors. 

 	
Keep curtains and blinds closed.  Do not be fooled if there is a lull; it could be the eye of the stormwinds will pick up again. 

 	
Take refuge in a small interior room, closet, or hallway on the lowest level. 

 	
Lie on the . oor under a table or another sturdy object. 

After a Hurricane 
Follow the instructions for recovering from a disaster in Part 5. 

Family members touring a devistated area -  photograph
Knowledge Check 
You Make the Call 
Read the following and respond to the question below.  See the answer key below to check your answer. 
Your neighbor said that in the event a hurricane threatens, the household would get ready by closing the windows and doors on the storm side of the house and opening the ones on the side away from the wind. They also will tape the windows to prevent damage to the glass. 
Is this a good idea? 
Answer Key
 No! All of the doors and windows should be closed (and shuttered) throughout the duration of the hurricane.
 The winds in a hurricane are highly turbulent and any open window or door can be an open target for . ying 
debris.
 
As for the tape, it is a waste of effort, time, and tape.  It offers no strength to the glass and no protection against 
. ying debris.
 

For More Information 
If you require more information about any of these topics, the following are resources that may be helpful. 

FEMA Publications 
Against the Wind: Protecting Your Home from Hurricane and Wind Damage. FEMA-247. A guide to hurricane preparedness. Available online at www.fema.gov/txt/hazards/ hurricanes/survivingthestormhurricane.txt 
Community Hurricane Preparedness. IS-324. CD-ROM or Web-based training course for federal, state, and local emergency managers. Web-based version available online at http://meted.ucar.edu/hurrican/chp/index.htm 
Safety Tips for Hurricanes. L 105. Publication for teachers and parents for presentation to children. To order, call 1(800)480-2520. 

Other Publications 
Protect Your Home against Hurricane Damage, Institute for Business and Home Safety. 110 William Street, New York, NY  20038 

Section 2.4: Thunderstorms and Lightning
All thunderstorms are dangerous.  Every thunderstorm produces lightning. In the United States, an average of 300 people are injured and 80 people are killed each year by lightning. Although most lightning victims survive, people struck by lightning often report a variety of long-term, debilitating symptoms. 
Other associated dangers of thunderstorms include tornadoes, strong winds, hail, and . ash . ooding.  Flash . ooding is responsible for more fatalitiesmore than 140 annuallythan any other thunderstorm-associated hazard. 
Dry thunderstorms that do not produce rain that reaches the ground are most prevalent in the western United States.  Falling raindrops evaporate, but lightning can still reach the ground and can start wild. res. 

Lightning Casualty rate by State - Map
The following are facts about thunderstorms: 
 	
They may occur singly, in clusters, or in lines. 

 	
Some of the most severe occur when a single thunderstorm affects one location for an extended time. 

 	
Thunderstorms typically produce heavy rain for a brief period, anywhere 
from 30 minutes to an hour.
 

 	
Warm, humid conditions are highly favorable for thunderstorm development. 

 	
About 10 percent of thunderstorms are classi.ed as severeone that produces hail at least three-quarters of an inch in diameter, has winds of 58 miles per hour or higher, or produces a tornado. 

The following are facts about lightning: 
 	
Lightnings unpredictability increases the risk to individuals and property. 

 	
Lightning often strikes outside of heavy rain and may occur as far as 10 miles away from any rainfall. 

	 
Heat lightning is actually lightning from a thunderstorm too far away for thunder to be heard.  However, the storm may be moving in your direction! 

 	
Most lightning deaths and injuries occur when people are caught outdoors in the summer months during the afternoon and evening. 

 	
Your chances of being struck by lightning are estimated to be 1 in 600,000, but could be reduced even further by following safety precautions. 

 	
Lightning strike victims carry no electrical charge and should be attended to immediately. 

Know the terms

Take Protective Measures 
Before Thunderstorms and Lightning 
To prepare for a thunderstorm, you should do the following: 
 	
Remove dead or rotting trees and branches that could fall and cause injury or damage during a severe thunderstorm. 

 	
Remember the 30/30 lightning safety rule: Go indoors if, after seeing lightning, you cannot count to 30 before hearing thunder.  Stay indoors for 30 minutes after hearing the last clap of thunder. 

The following are guidelines for what you should do if a thunderstorm is likely in your area: 

 	
Postpone outdoor activities. 

 	
Get inside a home, building, or hard top automobile (not a convertible). Although you may be injured if lightning strikes your car, you are much safer inside a vehicle than outside. 

 	
Remember, rubber-soled shoes and rubber tires provide NO protection from lightning.  However, the steel frame of a hard-topped vehicle provides increased protection if you are not touching metal. 

 	
Secure outdoor objects that could blow away or cause damage. 

 	
Shutter windows and secure outside doors. If shutters are not available, close window blinds, shades, or curtains. 

 	
Avoid showering or bathing.  Plumbing and bathroom .xtures can conduct electricity. 

 	
Use a corded telephone only for emergencies. Cordless and cellular telephones are safe to use. 

 	
Unplug appliances and other electrical items such as computers and turn off air conditioners. Power surges from lightning can cause serious damage. 

 	
Use your battery-operated NOAA Weather Radio for updates from local of. cials. 

Thunderstorms
Caution: Avoid the Following 
During a Thunderstorm 
If you are:  Then:  
In a forest  Seek shelter in a low area under a thick growth of small trees.  
In an open area  Go to a low place such as a ravine or valley. Be alert for . ash . oods.  
On open water  Get to land and . nd shelter immediately.  
Anywhere you feel your hair stand on end (which indicates that lightning is about to strike)  Squat low to the ground on the balls of your feet.  Place your hands over your ears and your head between your knees.  Make yourself the smallest target possible and minimize your contact with the ground.  DO NOT lie . at on the ground.  

Lightning Bolts in the night sky - photograph
After a Thunderstorm 
Call 9-1-1 for medical assistance as soon as possible. 
The following are things you should check when you attempt to give aid to a victim of lightning: 
	 
Breathing - if breathing has stopped, begin mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. 

	 
Heartbeat - if the heart has stopped, administer CPR. 

	 
Pulse - if the victim has a pulse and is breathing, look for other possible 
injuries. Check for burns where the lightning entered and left the body. Also 
be alert for nervous system damage, broken bones, and loss of hearing and 
eyesight.
 

Knowledge Check 
Decide whether the following statements are true or false.  Check the appropriate column.  When you have .nished, verify your answers using the answer key below.
 T F Statement 
.. 1. Every thunderstorm produces lightning.
 .. 2. Never touch a person struck by lightning.
 .. 3. Dry, cold conditions favor development of a thunderstorm.
 .. 4. If you can count to 25 after seeing lightning and before hearing thunder, it is safe to stay 

outdoors. 
.. 5. It is safe to use a cordless telephone during a thunderstorm. 
.. 6. Rubber-soled shoes and rubber tires provide protection from lightning. 
Lightning Bolts in the night sky - photograph

For More Information
 
If you require more information about any of these topics, the following resource may be helpful. 
Publications 
National Weather Service
Facts about Lightning.  200252. Two-page factsheet for boaters. Available online at www.nws.noaa.gov/om/wcm/lightning/resources/LightningFactsSheet.pdf 
Answer key: 
 2. False 3. False 4. False 5.True 6. False 1.True
Section 2.5: Winter Storms and Extreme Cold
Heavy snowfall and extreme cold can immobilize an entire region.  Even areas that normally experience mild winters can be hit with a major snowstorm or extreme cold. Winter storms can result in .ooding, storm surge, closed highways, blocked roads, downed power lines and hypothermia. 
Know the terms

Take Protective Measures
 

Before Winter Storms and Extreme Cold 
Include the following in your disaster supplies kit: 
 Rock salt to melt ice on walkways 

Review, Assemble disaster supplies ; Section 1.3
 Sand to improve traction  Snow shovels and other snow removal equipment. 
Prepare for possible isolation in your home by having suf.cient heating fuel; regular fuel sources may be cut off.  For example, store a good supply of dry, seasoned wood for your .replace or wood-burning stove. 

Winter Storm Occurrences by State
Winterize your home to extend the life of your fuel supply by insulating walls and attics, caulking and weather-stripping doors and windows, and installing storm windows or covering windows with plastic. 
To winterize your car, attend to the following: 
 	
Battery and ignition system should be in top condition and battery terminals clean. 

 	
Ensure antifreeze levels are suf.cient to avoid freezing. 

 	
Ensure the heater and defroster work properly. 

 	
Check and repair windshield wiper equipment; ensure proper washer . uid 
level.
 

 	
Ensure the thermostat works properly. 

 	
Check lights and .ashing hazard lights for serviceability. 

 	
Check for leaks and crimped pipes in the exhaust system; repair or replace as necessary.  Carbon monoxide is deadly and usually gives no warning. 

 	
Check breaks for wear and . uid levels. 

 	
Check oil for level and weight.  Heavier oils congeal more at low temperatures and do not lubricate as well. 

 	
Consider snow tires, snow tires with studs, or chains. 

 	
Replace fuel and air . lters.  Keep water out of the system by using additives and maintaining a full tank of gas. 

Dress for the Weather
During a Winter Storm 
The following are guidelines for what you should do during a winter storm or under conditions of extreme cold: 
 	
Listen to your radio, television, or NOAA Weather Radio for weather reports and emergency information. 

 	
Eat regularly and drink ample .uids, but avoid caffeine and alcohol. 

 	
Avoid overexertion when shoveling snow.  Overexertion can bring on a heart attack a major cause of death in the winter.  If you must shovel snow, stretch before going outside. 

 	
Watch for signs of frostbite. These include loss of feeling and white or pale appearance in extremities such as .ngers, toes, ear lobes, and the tip of the nose.  If symptoms are detected, get medical help immediately. 

 	
Watch for signs of hypothermia. These include uncontrollable shivering, memory loss, disorientation, incoherence, slurred speech, drowsiness, and apparent exhaustion.  If symptoms of hypothermia are detected, get the victim to a warm location, remove wet clothing, warm the center of the body . rst, and give warm, non-alcoholic beverages if the victim is conscious. Get medical help as soon as possible. 

 	
Conserve fuel, if necessary, by keeping your residence cooler than normal. Temporarily close off heat to some rooms. 

 	
Maintain ventilation when using kerosene heaters to avoid build-up of toxic fumes.  Refuel kerosene heaters outside and keep them at least three feet from . ammable objects. 

 	Drive only if it is absolutely necessary. If you must drive, consider the 
following:
 
-	Travel in the day, dont travel alone, and keep others informed of your      schedule 
-	 Stay on main roads; avoid back road shortcuts 
Icicles on a frozen park bench - photograph

If a blizzard traps you in the car, keep these guidelines in mind: 
 	
Pull off the highway. Turn on hazard lights and hang a distress .ag from the radio antenna or window. 

 	
Remain in your vehicle where rescuers are most likely to .nd you. Do not set out on foot unless you can see a building close by where you know you can take shelter.  Be careful; distances are distorted by blowing snow. A building may seem close, but be too far to walk to in deep snow. 

 	
Run the engine and heater about 10 minutes each hour to keep warm. When the engine is running, open an upwind window slightly for ventilation. This will protect you from possible carbon monoxide poisoning.  Periodically clear snow from the exhaust pipe. 

 	
Exercise to maintain body heat, but avoid overexertion.  In extreme cold, use road maps, seat covers, and .oor mats for insulation. Huddle with passengers and use your coat for a blanket. 

 	
Take turns sleeping.  One person should be awake at all times to look for rescue crews. 

 	
Drink . uids to avoid dehydration. 

 	
Be careful not to waste battery power.  Balance electrical energy needsthe use of lights, heat, and radiowith supply. 

 	
Turn on the inside light at night so work crews or rescuers can see you. 

 	
If stranded in a remote area, stomp large block letters in an open area spelling out HELP or SOS and line with rocks or tree limbs to attract the attention of rescue personnel who may be surveying the area by airplane. 

 	
Leave the car and proceed on footif necessaryonce the blizzard passes. 

After a Winter Storm 
Follow the instructions for recovering from a disaster in Part 5. 

For More Information 
If you require more information about any of these topics, the following are resources that may be helpful. 
Publications 
National Weather Sevice
Winter StormsThe Deceptive Killers.  Brochure packed with useful information including winter storm facts, how to detect frostbite and hypothermia, what to do in a winter storm, and how to be prepared. Available online at: www.nws.noaa.gov/ om/brochures/wntrstm.htm 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Extreme Cold: A Prevention Guide to Promote Your Personal Health and Safety. An extensive document providing information about planning ahead for cold weather, safety both indoors and outdoors in cold weather, and cold weather health conditions. Available online at: www.phppo.cdc.gov 
Section 2.6: Extreme Heat
Heat kills by pushing the human body beyond its limits.  In extreme heat and high humidity, evaporation is slowed and the body must work extra hard to maintain a normal temperature. 
Most heat disorders occur because the victim has been overexposed to heat or has over-exercised for his or her age and physical condition.  Older adults, young children, and those who are sick or overweight are more likely to succumb to extreme heat. 
Conditions that can induce heat-related illnesses include stagnant atmospheric conditions and poor air quality.  Consequently, people living in urban areas may be at greater risk from the effects of a prolonged heat wave than those living in rural areas. Also, asphalt and concrete store heat longer and gradually release heat at night, which can produce higher nighttime temperatures known as the urban heat island effect. 
Record High Temperatures in the United States, by State - Map
Take Protective Measures 
Know the Terms
Before Extreme Heat 
To prepare for extreme heat, you should: 
	 
Install window air conditioners snugly; insulate if necessary. 

	 
Check air-conditioning ducts for proper insulation. 

	 
Install temporary window re.ectors (for use between windows and drapes),
 such as aluminum foil-covered cardboard, to re.ect heat back outside.
 

 	
Weather-strip doors and sills to keep cool air in. 

	 
Cover windows that receive morning or afternoon sun with drapes, shades, awnings, or louvers. (Outdoor awnings or louvers can reduce the heat that enters a home by up to 80 percent.) 

	 
Keep storm windows up all year. 

During a Heat Emergency 
The following are guidelines for what you should do if the weather is extremely hot: 
	 
Stay indoors as much as possible and limit exposure to the sun. 

	 
Stay on the lowest .oor out of the sunshine if air conditioning is not available. 

	 
Consider spending the warmest part of the day in public buildings such as libraries, schools, movie theaters, shopping malls, and other community facilities.   Circulating air can cool the body by increasing the perspiration rate of evaporation. 

	 
Eat well-balanced, light, and regular meals. Avoid using salt tablets unless directed to do so by a physician. 

	 
Drink plenty of water.  Persons who have epilepsy or heart, kidney, or liver disease; are on .uid-restricted diets; or have a problem with . uid retention should consult a doctor before increasing liquid intake. 

	 
Limit intake of alcoholic beverages. 

	 
Dress in loose-.tting, lightweight, and light-colored clothes that cover as much skin as possible. 

	 
Protect face and head by wearing a wide-brimmed hat. 

	 
Check on family, friends, and neighbors who do not have air conditioning and who spend much of their time alone. 

	 
Never leave children or pets alone in closed vehicles. 

	 
Avoid strenuous work during the warmest part of the day.  Use a buddy system when working in extreme heat, and take frequent breaks. 

Image of the full sun with a grass siloette in front - photograph

First Aid for Heat-Induced Illnesses
Extreme heat brings with it the possibility of heat-induced illnesses. The following table lists these illnesses, their symptoms, and the .rst aid treatment. 
Condition  Symptoms  First Aid  
Sunburn  Skin redness and pain, possible swelling, blisters, fever, headaches   Take a shower using soap to remove oils that may block pores, preventing the body from cooling naturally.  Apply dry, sterile dressings to any blisters, and get medical attention.  
Heat Cramps  Painful spasms, usually in leg and abdominal muscles; heavy sweating   Get the victim to a cooler location.  Lightly stretch and gently massage affected muscles to relieve spasms.  Give sips of up to a half glass of cool water every 15 minutes. (Do not give liquids with caffeine or alcohol.)  Discontinue liquids, if victim is nauseated.  
Heat  Heavy sweating but   Get victim to lie down in a cool place.  
Exhaustion  skin may be cool, pale, or . ushed. Weak pulse. Normal body temperature is possible, but temperature will likely rise.  Fainting or dizziness, nausea, vomiting, exhaustion, and headaches are possible.   Loosen or remove clothing.  Apply cool, wet cloths.  Fan or move victim to air-conditioned place.  Give sips of water if victim is conscious.  Be sure water is consumed slowly.  Give half glass of cool water every 15 minutes.  Discontinue water if victim is nauseated.  Seek immediate medical attention if vomiting occurs.  
Heat Stroke (a  High body tempera  Call 9-1-1 or emergency medical ser 
severe medical  ture (105+); hot, red,  vices, or get the victim to a hospital  
emergency)  dry skin; rapid, weak pulse; and rapid, shallow breathing. Victim will probably not sweat unless victim was sweating from recent strenuous activity. Possible unconsciousness.  immediately. Delay can be fatal.  Move victim to a cooler environment.  Remove clothing.  Try a cool bath, sponging, or wet sheet to reduce body temperature.  Watch for breathing problems.  Use extreme caution.  Use fans and air conditioners.  

Additional Information
An emergency water shortage can be caused by prolonged drought, poor water supply management, or contamination of a surface water supply source or aquifer. 
Drought can affect vast territorial regions and large population numbers.  Drought also creates environmental conditions that increase the risk of other hazards such as . re, .ash .ood, and possible landslides and debris . ow. 
Conserving water means more water available for critical needs for everyone. Appendix A contains detailed suggestions for conserving water both indoors and outdoors.  Make these practices a part of your daily life and help preserve this essential resource. 
After Extreme Heat 
Follow the instructions for recovering from a disaster in Part 5. 
Sun with rays and wispy clouds - photograph

Knowledge Check 
You and a friend have been outdoors in the sun for some time.  Shortly after coming inside, your friend complains of nausea and headache but tells you not to worry as it is probably a food allergy. 
What would you advise him or her to do? 
Answer:  Seek immediate medical attention and discontinue intake of water. 

For More Information 
If you require more information about any of these topics, the following resource may be helpful. 
National Weather Service
Heat Wave: A Major Summer Killer. An online brochure describing the heat index, heat disorders, and heat wave safety tips. Available online at: www.nws.noaa.gov/om/ /brochures/heat_wave.htm 
Publications 
92
 
Section 2.7: Earthquakes
One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of nature is a severe earthquake and its terrible aftereffects. An earthquake is a sudden movement of the earth, caused by the abrupt release of strain that has accumulated over a long time. For hundreds of millions of years, the forces of plate tectonics have shaped the earth, as the huge plates that form the earths surface slowly move over, under, and past each other.  Sometimes, the movement is gradual. At other times, the plates are locked together, unable to release the accumulating energy. When the accumulated energy grows strong enough, the plates break free.  If the earthquake occurs in a populated area, it may cause many deaths and injuries and extensive property damage. 
Earthquake Hazard Areas in the United States - Map
Take Protective Measures 
Know the terms
Before an Earthquake 
The following are things you can do to protect yourself, your family, and your property in the event of an earthquake: 
	 Repair defective electrical wiring, leaky gas lines, and in.exible utility connections.  Get appropriate professional help.  Do not work with gas or electrical lines yourself.
 
	 
Bolt down and secure to the wall studs your water heater, refrigerator, furnace, and gas appliances.  If recommended by your gas company, have an automatic gas shut-off valve installed that is triggered by strong vibrations. 

	 
Place large or heavy objects on lower shelves.  Fasten shelves, mirrors, and large picture frames to walls.  Brace high and top-heavy objects. 

	 
Store bottled foods, glass, china, and other breakables on low shelves or in cabinets that fasten shut. 

	 
Anchor overhead lighting . xtures. 

	 
Be sure the residence is .rmly anchored to its foundation. 

	
 Install . exible pipe .ttings to avoid gas or water leaks.  Flexible . ttings are more resistant to breakage. 

	 
Locate safe spots in each room under a sturdy table or against an inside wall. Reinforce this information by moving to these places during each drill. 

	 
Hold earthquake drills with your family members: Drop, cover, and hold on! 

During an Earthquake 
Minimize your movements during an earthquake to a few steps to a nearby safe place. Stay indoors until the shaking has stopped and you are sure exiting is safe. 
If you are:  Then:  
Indoors   Take cover under a sturdy desk, table, or bench or against an inside wall, and hold on. If there isnt a table or desk near you, cover your face and head with your arms and crouch in an inside corner of the building.  Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls, and anything that could fall, such as lighting . xtures or furniture.  Stay in bedif you are there when the earthquake strikeshold on and protect your head with a pillow, unless you are under a heavy light .xture that could fall. In that case, move to the nearest safe place.  Use a doorway for shelter only if it is in close proximity to you and if you know it is a strongly supported, load-bearing doorway.  Stay inside until the shaking stops and it is safe to go outside.  Most injuries during earthquakes occur when people are hit by falling objects when entering into or exiting from buildings.  Be aware that the electricity may go out or the sprinkler systems or .re alarms may turn on.  DO NOT use the elevators.  
Outdoors   Stay there.  Move away from buildings, streetlights, and utility wires.  

After an Earthquake 
	 
Be prepared for aftershocks. These secondary shockwaves are usually less violent than the main quake but can be strong enough to do additional damage to weakened structures. 

	 
Open cabinets cautiously.  Beware of objects that can fall off shelves. 

	 
Stay away from damaged areas unless your assistance has been speci. cally requested by police, .re, or relief organizations. 

	 
Be aware of possible tsunamis if you live in coastal areas.These are also known as seismic sea waves (mistakenly called tidal waves). When local authorities issue a tsunami warning, assume that a series of dangerous waves is on the way.  Stay away from the beach. 

If you are:  Then:  
In a moving vehicle   Stop as quickly as safety permits and stay in the vehicle. Avoid stopping near or under buildings, trees, overpasses, and utility wires.  Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped, watching for road and bridge damage.  
Trapped under debris   Do not light a match.  Do not move about or kick up dust.  Cover your mouth with a handkerchief or clothing.  Tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers can locate you. Use a whistle if one is available.  Shout only as a last resort shouting can cause you to inhale dangerous amounts of dust.  

Home structurally damaged by an earthquake - photograph
Knowledge Check 
Check your knowledge about what to do during an earthquake.  For each question, choose answer A or B and circle the correct response. When you have .nished, check your responses using the answer key below. 
What action should you take during an earthquake?  The answer varies by where you are when an earthquake strikes.  For each situation, pick the best course of action from the choices given. 
1. At home  A.  Stay inside B.  Go out to the street  
2. In bed  A.  Stand by a window to see what is happening B.  Stay in bed and protect your head with a pillow  
3.  In any building  A.  Stand in a doorway B.  Crouch in an inside corner away from the exterior wall  
4. On the upper .oor of an     apartment building  A. Take the elevator to the ground .oor as quickly as possible B.  Stay in an interior room under a desk or table  
5. Outdoors  A.  Run into the nearest building B.  Stay outside away from buildings  
6.  Driving a car  A.  Stop the car in an open area B.  Stop the car under an overpass  

Answer key 
1.A  2. B  3. B  4. B  5. B  6.A 

For More Information 
FEMA Publications
Avoiding Earthquake Damage:A Checklist for Homeowners.  Safety tips for before, during, and after an earthquake 
Preparedness in High-Rise Buildings. FEMA-76.  Earthquake safety tips for high-rise dwellers 
Learning to Live in Earthquake Country: Preparedness in Apartments and Mobile Homes. L-143.  Safety tips on earthquake preparation for residents of apartments and mobile homes 
Family Earthquake Safety Home Hazard Hunt and Drill. FEMA-113.  How to identify home hazards; how to conduct earthquake drills 
Earthquake Preparedness: What Every Childcare Provider Should Know. FEMA 240. Publication for teachers and for presentation to children. Available online at www.fema.gov/ kids/tch_eq.htm 
If you require more information about any of these topics, the following are resources that may be helpful. 
Homes and Automobiles displaying earthquake damage - photograph
100
 
Section 2.8: Volcanoes
A volcano is a vent through which molten rock escapes to the earths surface. When pressure from gases within the molten rock becomes too great, an eruption occurs.  Eruptions can be quiet or explosive. There may be lava . ows, . attened landscapes, poisonous gases, and .ying rock and ash. 
Because of their intense heat, lava .ows are great .re hazards.  Lava . ows destroy everything in their path, but most move slowly enough that people can move out of the way. 
Fresh volcanic ash, made of pulverized rock, can be abrasive, acidic, gritty, gassy, and odorous. While not immediately dangerous to most adults, the acidic gas and ash can cause lung damage to small infants, to older adults, and to those suffering from severe respiratory illnesses. Volcanic ash also can damage machinery, including engines and electrical equipment. Ash accumulations mixed with water become heavy and can collapse roofs. 
Volcanic eruptions can be accompanied by other natural hazards, including earthquakes, mud. ows and .ash .oods, rock falls and landslides, acid rain, . re, and (under special conditions) tsunamis. Active volcanoes in the U.S. are found mainly in Hawaii, Alaska, and the Paci. c Northwest. 
Location of Volcanos in the United States - Map

Take Protective Measures 
Before a Volcanic Eruption 
	 
Add a pair of goggles and a disposable breathing mask for each member of the family to your disaster supplies kit. 

	 
Stay away from active volcano sites. 

During a Volcanic Eruption 
The following are guidelines for what to do if a volcano erupts in your area: 
	 
Evacuate immediately from the volcano area to avoid .ying debris, hot gases,
 lateral blast, and lava . ow.
 

	 
Be aware of mud.ows. The danger from a mud.ow increases near stream 
channels and with prolonged heavy rains. Mud.ows can move faster than you 
can walk or run.  Look upstream before crossing a bridge, and do not cross 
the bridge if mud.ow is approaching.
 

	 
Avoid river valleys and low-lying areas. 

Protection from Falling Ash
Protection from Falling Ash 
	 
Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants. 

	 
Use goggles and wear eyeglasses instead of contact lenses. 

	 
Use a dust mask or hold a damp cloth over your face to help with 
breathing.
 

	 
Stay away from areas downwind from the volcano to avoid volcanic ash. 

	 
Stay indoors until the ash has settled unless there is danger of the 
roof collapsing.
 

	 
Close doors, windows, and all ventilation in the house (chimney vents,
 furnaces, air conditioners, fans, and other vents).
 

	 
Clear heavy ash from .at or low-pitched roofs and rain gutters. 

	 
Avoid running car or truck engines. Driving can stir up volcanic ash 
that can clog engines, damage moving parts, and stall vehicles.
 

	 
Avoid driving in heavy ash fall unless absolutely required.  If you have 
to drive, keep speed down to 35 MPH or slower.
 

A smoking snow covered volcanic crater as seen from the air - photograph
After a Volcanic Erruption 
Follow the instructions for recovering from a disaster in Part 5. 
Knowledge Check 
Read the scenario and answer the question.  Check your responses with the answer key below. 
Scenario 
About an hour after the eruption of Mount St. Helens, ash began to fall in Yakima, a city in eastern Washington. The ash fall was so extensive and it became so dark that lights were turned on all day.  It took 10 weeks to haul away the ash from Yakimas streets, sidewalks, and roofs. 
Assume you were a resident of  Yakima during this time. What would you need to protect yourself when going outside? 

For More Information
 
If you require more information about any of these topics, the following are resources that may be helpful. 
Publications 
National Weather Service
Heat Wave: A Major Summer Killer. An online brochure describing the heat index, heat disorders, and heat wave safety tips. Available online at: www.nws.noaa.gov/om/ /brochures/heat_wave.htm 
U.S. Geological Survey
Volcano Hazards Program. Website with volcano activity updates, feature stories, information about volcano hazards, and resources. Available online at: http: //volcanoes.usgs.gov 
Answer key 

Face masks  1. 2. Goggles  3. Eyeglasses instead of contact lenses  4. Clothing to cover as much of the body as possible 
Section 2.9: Landslides and Debris Flow (Mudslide)
Landslides occur in all U.S. states and territories.  In a landslide, masses of rock, earth, or debris move down a slope.  Landslides may be small or large, slow or rapid. They are activated by storms, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, .res, and human modi.cation of land. 
Debris and mud .ows are rivers of rock, earth, and other debris saturated with water. They develop when water rapidly accumulates in the ground, during heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt, changing the earth into a .owing river of mud or slurry. They .ow can rapidly, striking with little or no warning at avalanche speeds. They also can travel several miles from their source, growing in size as they pick up trees, boulders, cars, and other materials. 
Landslide problems can be caused by land mismanagement, particularly in mountain, canyon, and coastal regions.  Land-use zoning, professional inspections, and proper design can minimize many landslide, mud.ow, and debris . ow problems. 

Landslide Overview Map of the Continental United States - Map

Take Protective Measures 
Before a Landslide or Debris Flow 
The following are steps you can take to protect yourself from the effects of a landslide or debris . ow: 
	 
Do not build near steep slopes, close to mountain edges, near drainage ways,
 or natural erosion valleys.
 

	 
Get a ground assessment of your property. 

	 
Consult an appropriate professional expert for advice on corrective measures. 

	 
Minimize home hazards by having . exible pipe .ttings installed to avoid gas 
or water leaks, as . exible .ttings are more resistant to breakage (only the gas 
company or professionals should install gas .ttings).
 

Recognize Landslide Warning Signs
	 
Changes occur in your landscape such as patterns of storm-water drainage on slopes (especially the places where runoff water converges) land movement, small slides, .ows, or progressively leaning trees. 

	 
Doors or windows stick or jam for the . rst time. 

	 
New cracks appear in plaster, tile, brick, or foundations. 

	 
Outside walls, walks, or stairs begin pulling away from the building. 

	 
Slowly developing, widening cracks appear on the ground or on paved areas such as streets or driveways. 

	 
Underground utility lines break. 

	 
Bulging ground appears at the base of a slope. 

	 
Water breaks through the ground surface in new locations. 

	 
Fences, retaining walls, utility poles, or trees tilt or move. 

	 
A faint rumbling sound that increases in volume is noticeable as the landslide nears. 

	 
The ground slopes downward in one direction and may begin shifting in that direction under your feet. 

	 
Unusual sounds, such as trees cracking or boulders knocking together, might indicate moving debris. 

	 
Collapsed pavement, mud, fallen rocks, and other indications of possible debris . ow can be seen when driving (embankments along roadsides are particularly susceptible to landslides). 

During a Landslide or Debris Flow 
The following are guidelines for what you should do if a landslide or debris .ow occurs: 
	 
Move away from the path of a landslide or debris .ow as quickly as possible. 

	 
Curl into a tight ball and protect your head if escape is not possible. 

After a Landslide or Debris Flow 
The following are guidelines for the period following a landslide: 
	 
Stay away from the slide area. There may be danger of additional slides. 

	 
Check for injured and trapped persons near the slide, without entering the direct slide area.  Direct rescuers to their locations. 

	 
Watch for associated dangers such as broken electrical, water, gas, and sewage lines and damaged roadways and railways. 

	 
Replant damaged ground as soon as possible since erosion caused by loss of ground cover can lead to .ash .ooding and additional landslides in the near future. 

	 
Seek advice from a geotechnical expert for evaluating landslide hazards or designing corrective techniques to reduce landslide risk. 

	 
Follow the instructions for returning home in Part 5. 

Mudslide and torrential stream - photograph
Knowledge Check 
Review the following information and answer the questions.  Check your responses with the answer key below. 
Landslides occur in all 50 statesit is estimated that they cause between 25 and 50 deaths each year in the U.S. and thousands more in vulnerable areas around the globe. The number of landslides in the United States is expected to increase. 
1. 
What might account for the projected increase in landslides? 

2. 
What can you do to help reverse the upward trend? 

Answer Key 
Mounting pressure for approving the development of lands subject to landslides and earth failures has in1. creased development in these unsafe areas. 
Work with others in the community to enact and enforce regulations that prohibit building near areas sub2. ject to landslides and mudslides.  In areas where the hazard exists and development has already occurred, work to promote protective measures such as encouraging homeowners to get a professional ground assessment of their property and educating residents about the warning signs. 
110
 
Section 2.10: Tsunamis
Tsunamis (pronounced soo-n-mees), also known as seismic sea waves (mistakenly called tidal waves), are a series of enormous waves created by an underwater disturbance such as an earthquake, landslide, volcanic eruption, or meteorite. A tsunami can move hundreds of miles per hour in the open ocean and smash into land with waves as high as 100 feet or more. 
From the area where the tsunami originates, waves travel outward in all directions. Once the wave approaches the shore, it builds in height.The topography of the coastline and the ocean .oor will in.uence the size of the wave. There may be more than one wave and the succeeding one may be larger than the one before. That is why a small tsunami at one beach can be a giant wave a few miles away. 
All tsunamis are potentially dangerous, even though they may not damage every coastline they strike. A tsunami can strike anywhere along most of the U.S. coastline. The most destructive tsunamis have occurred along the coasts of California, Oregon,Washington,Alaska, and Hawaii. 
Earthquake-induced movement of the ocean . oor most often generates tsunamis. If a major earthquake or landslide occurs close to shore, the .rst wave in a series could reach the beach in a few minutes, even before a warning is issued. Areas are at greater risk if they are less than 25 feet above sea level and within a mile of the shoreline. Drowning is the most common cause of death associated with a tsunami. Tsunami waves and the receding water are very destructive to structures in the run-up zone. Other hazards include .ooding, contamination of drinking water, and .res from gas lines or ruptured tanks. 
Know the Terms
United States Coastla Areas Historically Subject to Tsunamis - Map

Take Protective Measures
 
During a Tsunami 
The following are guidelines for what you should do if a tsunami is likely in your area: 
	 
Turn on your radio to learn if there is a tsunami warning if an earthquake occurs and you are in a coastal area.
 

	 
Move inland to higher ground immediately and stay there. 

Caution!
After a Tsunami   
The following are guidelines for the period following a tsunami: 
	
 Stay away from .ooded and damaged areas until of.cials say it is safe to return. 

	 
Stay away from debris in the water; it may pose a safety hazard to boats and people. 

A wave curling and breaking - photograph
Save Yourself - Not Your Possesions
Section 2.11: Fires
Each year, more than 4,000 Americans die and more than 25,000 are injured in .res, many of which could be prevented. Direct property loss due to .res is estimated at $8.6 billion annually. 
To protect yourself, it is important to understand the basic characteristics of . re. Fire spreads quickly; there is no time to gather valuables or make a phone call. In just two minutes, a .re can become life-threatening. In .ve minutes, a residence can be engulfed in . ames. 
Heat and smoke from .re can be more dangerous than the .ames. Inhaling the super-hot air can sear your lungs.  Fire produces poisonous gases that make you disoriented and drowsy.  Instead of being awakened by a .re, you may fall into a deeper sleep. Asphyxiation is the leading cause of . re deaths, exceeding burns by a three-to-one ratio. 
Fire Damaged home - photograph

Take Protective Measures
 
Before a Fire 
Smoke Alarms
	 
Install smoke alarms.  Properly working smoke alarms decrease your chances of dying in a .re by half. 

	 
Place smoke alarms on every level of your residence. Place them outside bedrooms on the ceiling or high on the wall (4 to 12 inches from ceiling), at the top of open stairways, or at the bottom of enclosed stairs and near (but not in) the kitchen. 

	 
Test and clean smoke alarms once a month and replace batteries at least once a year.  Replace smoke alarms once every 10 years. 

	 
Review escape routes with your family.  Practice escaping from each room. 

	 
Make sure windows are not nailed or painted shut.  Make sure security gratings on windows have a .re safety opening feature so they can be easily opened from the inside. 

Escaping the Fire
Flammable Items
	 
Consider escape ladders if your residence has more than one level, and ensure that burglar bars and other antitheft mechanisms that block outside window entry are easily opened from the inside. 

	 
Teach family members to stay low to the .oor (where the air is safer in a . re) when escaping from a . re. 

	 
Clean out storage areas. Do not let trash, such as old newspapers and magazines, accumulate. 

	 
Never use gasoline, benzine, naptha, or similar .ammable liquids indoors. 

	
 Store .ammable liquids in approved containers in well-ventilated storage areas. 

	 
Never smoke near . ammable liquids. 

	 
Discard all rags or materials that have been soaked in .ammable liquids after you have used them. Safely discard them outdoors in a metal container. 

	 
Insulate chimneys and place spark arresters on top. The chimney should be at least three feet higher than the roof. Remove branches hanging above and around the chimney. 

	 
Be careful when using alternative heating sources. 

	 
Check with your local .re department on the legality of using kerosene heaters in your community.  Be sure to .ll kerosene heaters outside, and be sure they have cooled. 

	 
Place heaters at least three feet away from .ammable materials.  Make sure the .oor and nearby walls are properly insulated. 

	 
Use only the type of fuel designated for your unit and follow manufacturers instructions. 

	 
Store ashes in a metal container outside and away from your residence. 

	
 Keep open .ames away from walls, furniture, drapery, and .ammable items. 

	 
Keep a screen in front of the . replace. 

	 
Have heating units inspected and cleaned annually by a certi. ed specialist. 

	 
Keep matches and lighters up high, away from children, and, if possible, in a locked cabinet. 

	 
Never smoke in bed or when drowsy or medicated.  Provide smokers with deep, sturdy ashtrays.  Douse cigarette and cigar butts with water before disposal. 

Heating Sources
Matches and Smoking
Electrical Wiring
	 
Have the electrical wiring in your residence checked by an electrician. 

	 
Inspect extension cords for frayed or exposed wires or loose plugs. 

	 
Make sure outlets have cover plates and no exposed wiring. 

	 
Make sure wiring does not run under rugs, over nails, or across high-traf.c areas. 

	 
Do not overload extension cords or outlets.  If you need to plug in two or three appliances, get a UL-approved unit with built-in circuit breakers to prevent sparks and short circuits. 

	 
Make sure insulation does not touch bare electrical wiring. 

	 
Sleep with your door closed. 

	
 Install A-B-C-type .re extinguishers in your residence and teach family members how to use them. 

	 
Consider installing an automatic .re sprinkler system in your residence. 

	 
Ask your local .re department to inspect your residence for .re safety and prevention. 

Other
During a Fire 
If your clothes catch on .re, you should: 
	 Stop, drop, and rolluntil the .re is extinguished.  Running only makes the . re burn faster. 
To escape a .re, you should: 
	 Check closed doors for heat before you open them. If you are escaping through a closed door, use the back of your hand to feel the top of the door, the doorknob, and the crack between the door and door frame before you open it.  Never use the palm of your hand or .ngers to test for heatburning those areas could impair your ability to escape a .re (i.e., ladders and crawling). 
Hot Door  Cool Door  
Do not open. Escape through a window.  If you cannot escape, hang a white or light-colored sheet outside the window, alerting .re . ghters to your presence.  Open slowly and ensure . re and/or smoke is not blocking your escape route. If your escape route is blocked, shut the door immediately and use an alternate escape route, such as a window.  If clear, leave immediately through the door and close it behind you.  Be prepared to crawl.  Smoke and heat rise. The air is clearer and cooler near the . oor.  

After a Fire 
The following are guidelines for different circumstances in the period following a . re: 
	 
If you are with burn victims, or are a burn victim yourself, call 9-1-1; cool 
and cover burns to reduce chance of further injury or infection. 

	 
If you detect heat or smoke when entering a damaged building, evacuate immediately.
 

	 
If you are a tenant, contact the landlord. 

	 
If you have a safe or strong box, do not try to open it.  It can hold intense 
heat for several hours.  If the door is opened before the box has cooled, the 
contents could burst into . ames.
 

	 
If you must leave your home because a building inspector says the building is 
unsafe, ask someone you trust to watch the property during your absence.
 

	 
Follow the instructions for recovering from a disaster in Part 5. 

	 
Crawl low under any smoke to your exitheavy smoke and poisonous gases collect .rst along the ceiling. 

	 
Close doors behind you as you escape to delay the spread of the . re. 

	 
Stay out once you are safely out. Do not reenter. Call 9-1-1. 

Fire Fighters around a burning structure - photograph
Knowledge Check
Answer each question and check your responses using the answer key below.  
1. 
You need to escape a .re through a closed door. What, if anything, should you do before opening the door? 

2. 
What should you do if your clothes are on . re? 

3. 
What actions should be taken for burn victims? 

4. 
To reduce heating costs, you installed a wood-burning stove. What can you do to reduce the risk of . re from this heating source? 

5. 
To escape in thick smoke, what should you do? 

Answer key 
1. Check the door for heat with the back of your hand 
2. Stop, drop, and roll 
3. Call 9-1-1 and cool and cover burns 
4. Have the stove cleaned and inspected by a certi. ed specialist 
5. Crawl close to the . oor 

For More Information 
FEMA Publications
After the Fire: Returning to Normal. FA 046. This 16-page booklet provides information about recovering from a .re, including what to do during the .rst 24 hours, insurance considerations, valuing your property, replacement of valuable documents, salvage hints, .re department operations, and more. Available online at www.usfa.fema.gov/public/hfs/pubs/atf/after.shtm 
Protecting Your Family From Fire. FA 130. This pamphlet was written to provide the information you need to decide what you must do to protect your family from . re. Topics include children, sleepwear, older adults, smoke detectors, escape plans, and residential sprinklers. Available online at www.usfa.fema.gov/public/hfs/pubs/ hfs_pubs2.shtm 
Fire Risks for the Hard of Hearing. FA 202; Fire Risks for the Older Adult. FA 203; Fire Risks for the Mobility Impaired. FA 204; Fire Risks for the Blind or Visually Impaired.  FA 205 These reports address preparation for .re risks for populations with special challenges. All  are available online at www.usfa.fema.gov/. re-service/education/ education-pubs.shtm 
If you require more information about any of these topics, the following are resources that may be helpful. 
122
 
Section 2.12: Wildfires
If you live on a remote hillside or in a valley, prairie, or forest where . ammable vegetation is abundant, your residence could be vulnerable to wild. res. These . res are usually triggered by lightning or accidents. Wild.res spread quickly, igniting brush, trees, and homes. 
Wildland Fire Suppression Disaster Declarations in the United States, by State, 1964-2003 - Map

Take Protective Measures
 
Before a Wild.re 
To prepare for wild.res, you should: 
	 
Mark the entrance to your property with address signs that are clearly visible from the road. 

	 
Keep lawns trimmed, leaves raked, and the roof and rain gutters free from debris such as dead limbs and leaves. 

	
 Stack .rewood at least 30 feet away from your residence. 

	
 Store .ammable materials, liquids, and solvents in metal containers outside your residence at least 30 feet away from structures and wooden fences. 

	 
Create defensible space by thinning trees and brush within 30 feet around your residence.  Beyond 30 feet, remove dead wood, debris, and low tree branches. 

	 
Landscape your property with .re resistant plants and vegetation to prevent .re from spreading quickly.  For example, hardwood trees are more . re-resistant than pine, evergreen, eucalyptus, or . r trees. 

	 
Make sure water sources, such as hydrants, ponds, swimming pools, and wells, are accessible to the . re department. 

	
 Use .re resistant, protective roo.ng and materials like stone, brick, and metal to protect your residence. Avoid using wood materials. They offer the least . re protection. 

	 
Cover all exterior vents, attics, and eaves with metal mesh screens no larger than 6 millimeters or 1/4 inch to prevent debris from collecting and to help keep sparks out. 

	 
Install multi-pane windows, tempered safety glass, or .reproof shutters to protect large windows from radiant heat. 

	
 Use .re-resistant draperies for added window protection. 

	 
Have chimneys, wood stoves, and all home heating systems inspected and cleaned annually by a certi. ed specialist. 

	 
Insulate chimneys and place spark arresters on top. The chimney should be at least 3 feet above the roof. 

	 
Remove branches hanging above and around the chimney. 

Follow Local Burning Laws
Before burning debris in a wooded area, make sure you notify local authorities, obtain a burning permit, and follow these guidelines: 
	 
Use an approved incinerator with a safety lid or covering with holes no larger than 3/4 inch. 

	 
Create at least a 10-foot clearing around the incinerator before burning debris. 

	
 Have a .re extinguisher or garden hose on hand when burning debris. 

An enormous wall of flame on the horizon with an emergency vehicle in the foreground - photograph
During a Wild.re 
If a wild.re threatens your home and time permits, take the following precautions: 
	 
Shut off gas at the meter.  Only a quali.ed professional can safely turn the gas back on. 

	 
Seal attic and ground vents with pre-cut plywood or commercial seals. 

	 
Turn off propane tanks. 

	 
Place combustible patio furniture inside. 

	 
Connect garden hose to outside taps.  Place lawn sprinklers on the roof and near above-ground fuel tanks. Wet the roof. 

	 
Wet or remove shrubs within 15 feet of your residence. 

	
 Gather .re tools such as a rake, axe, handsaw or chainsaw, bucket, and shovel. 

	 
Back your car into the garage or park it in an open space facing the direction of escape.  Shut doors and roll up windows.  Leave the key in the ignition and the car doors unlocked.  Close garage windows and doors, but leave them unlocked.  Disconnect automatic garage door openers. 

	
 Open .replace damper. Close . replace screens. 

	 
Close windows, vents, doors, blinds or noncombustible window coverings, and heavy drapes.  Remove .ammable drapes and curtains. 

	
 Move .ammable furniture into the center of the residence away from windows and sliding-glass doors. 

	 
Close all interior doors and windows to prevent drafts. 

	 
Place valuables that will not be damaged by water in a pool or pond. 

If advised to evacuate, do so immediately.  Choose a route away from the . re hazard. Watch for changes in the speed and direction of the . re and smoke. 
After a Wild.re 
Follow the instructions for recovering from a disaster in Part 5. 

For More Information 
If you require more information about any of these topics, the following resource may be helpful. 
FEMA Publications 
Wild. re:Are You Prepared? L-203. Wild.re safety tips, preparedness, and mitigation techniques. 
Section 3: Technological Hazards
Technological hazards include hazardous materials incidents and nuclear power plant failures.  Usually, little or no warning precedes incidents involving technological hazards.  In many cases, victims may not know they have been affected until many years later.  For example, health problems caused by hidden toxic waste siteslike that at Love Canal, near Niagara Falls, New Yorksurfaced years after initial exposure. 
The number of technological incidents is escalating, mainly as a result of the increased number of new substances and the opportunities for human error inherent in the use of these materials. 
Use Part 3 to learn what actions to include in your family disaster plan to prepare for and respond to events involving technological hazards.  Learn how to use, store, and dispose of household chemicals in a manner that will reduce the potential for injury to people and the environment. 
When you complete Part 3, you will be able to: 
 
Recognize important terms. 

 
Take protective measures for technological disasters. 

 
Know what actions to take if an event occurs. 

 
Identify resources for more information about technological hazards. 

128
 
Section 3.1: Hazardous Materials Incidents
Chemicals are found everywhere. They purify drinking water, increase crop production, and simplify household chores.  But chemicals also can be hazardous to humans or the environment if used or released improperly. Hazards can occur during production, storage, transportation, use, or disposal. You and your community are at risk if a chemical is used unsafely or released in harmful amounts into the environment where you live, work, or play. 
Chemical manufacturers are one source of hazardous materials, but there are many others, including service stations, hospitals, and hazardous materials waste sites. 
A burning tractor trailer - photograph

Take Protective Measures
 
Before a Hazardous Materials Incident 
Many communities have Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs) whose responsibilities include collecting information about hazardous materials in the community and making this information available to the public upon request. The LEPCs also are tasked with developing an emergency plan to prepare for and respond to chemical emergencies in the community. Ways the public will be noti. ed and actions the public must take in the event of a release are part of the plan. Contact the LEPCs to . nd out more about chemical hazards and what needs to be done to minimize the risk to individuals and the community from these materials. The local emergency management of. ce can provide contact information on the LEPCs. 
Review, see Section 1.3 to assemble a disaster supply kit
You should add the following supplies to your disaster supplies kit: 
 
Plastic sheeting. 

 
Duct tape. 

 
Scissors. 

During a Hazardous Materials Incident 
Listen to local radio or television stations for detailed information and instructions. Follow the instructions carefully. You should stay away from the area to minimize the risk of contamination.  Remember that some toxic chemicals are odorless. 
If you are:  Then:  
Asked to evacuate  Do so immediately.  
Caught Outside  Stay upstream, uphill, and upwind!  In general, try to go at least one-half mile (usually 8-10 city blocks) from the danger area. Do not walk into or touch any spilled liquids, airborne mists, or condensed solid chemical deposits.  
In a motor vehicle  Stop and seek shelter in a permanent building. If you must remain in your car, keep car windows and vents closed and shut off the air conditioner and heater.  
Requested to stay indoors   Close and lock all exterior doors and windows. Close vents, .replace dampers, and as many interior doors as possible.  Turn off air conditioners and ventilation systems. In large buildings, set ventilation systems to 100 percent recirculation so that no outside air is drawn into the building. If this is not possible, ventilation systems should be turned off.  Go into the pre-selected shelter room. This room should be above ground and have the fewest openings to the outside.  Seal the room by covering each window, door, and vent using plastic sheeting and duct tape.  Use material to . ll cracks and holes in the room, such as those around pipes.  

Shelter Safely for Sealed Rooms
After a Hazardous Materials Incident   
The following are guidelines for the period following a hazardous materials incident: 
 	
Return home only when authorities say it is safe. Open windows and vents and turn on fans to provide ventilation. 

 	
Act quickly if you have come in to contact with or have been exposed to hazardous chemicals. Do the following: 

-	Follow decontamination instructions from local authorities.You may be advised to take a thorough shower, or you may be advised to stay away from water and follow another procedure. 
-	Seek medical treatment for unusual symptoms as soon as possible. 
-	Place exposed clothing and shoes in tightly sealed containers. Do not allow them to contact other materials.  Call local authorities to . nd out about proper disposal. 
-	Advise everyone who comes in to contact with you that you may have been exposed to a toxic substance. 

 	
Find out from local authorities how to clean up your land and property. 

 	
Report any lingering vapors or other hazards to your local emergency services of. ce. 

 	
Follow the instructions for recovering from a disaster in Part 5. 

Smouldering Rail Tanker with a ladder up the side - photograph
Section 3.2: Household Chemical Emergencies
Nearly every household uses products containing hazardous materials or chemi
cals. 
Cleaning Products 

 Oven cleaners 

 Drain cleaners 

 	
Wood and metal
 cleaners and polishes
 

 Toilet cleaners 

 	
Tub, tile, shower cleaners 

 Bleach (laundry) 

 Pool chemicals 

Automotive Products 

 Motor oil 

 Fuel additives 

 Carburetor and fuel
 injection cleaners
 

 	
Air conditioning refrigerants 

 Starter . uids 

 Automotive batteries 

 Transmission and brake . uid 

 Antifreeze 

Lawn and Garden Products 

 Herbicides 

 Insecticides 

 Fungicides/wood preservatives 

Indoor Pesticides 
 	
Ant sprays and baits 

 	
Cockroach sprays and baits 

 	
Flea repellents and shampoos 

 Bug sprays 

 Houseplant insecticides 

 Moth repellents 

 	
Mouse and rat poisons 
and baits 

Workshop/Painting Supplies 
 	
Adhesives and glues 

 Furniture strippers 

 	
Oil- or enamel-based paint 

 Stains and . nishes 

 	
Paint thinners and turpentine 

 	
Paint strippers and removers 

 Photographic chemicals 

 	
Fixatives and other solvents 

Miscellaneous 

 Batteries 

 	
Mercury thermostats or
 thermometers
 

 Fluorescent light bulbs 

 Driveway sealer 

      Other Flammable Products 
 
Propane tanks and other compressed gas cylinders 

 Kerosene 

 
Home heating oil 

 Diesel fuel 

 Gas/oil mix 

 Lighter . uid 

Although the risk of a chemical accident is slight, knowing how to handle these products and how to react during an emergency can reduce the risk of injury. 

Take Protective Measures 
Before a Household Chemical Emergency
The following are guidelines for buying and storing hazardous household chemicals safely: 
 	
Buy only as much of a chemical as you think you will use.  Leftover material 
can be shared with neighbors or donated to a business, charity, or government agency.  For example, excess pesticide could be offered to a greenhouse 
or garden center, and theater groups often need surplus paint. Some communities have organized waste exchanges where household hazardous chemicals 
and waste can be swapped or given away.
 

 	
Keep products containing hazardous materials in their original containers and 
never remove the labels unless the container is corroding. Corroding containers should be repackaged and clearly labeled.
 

 	
Never store hazardous products in food containers. 

 	
Never mix household hazardous chemicals or waste with other products.
 Incompatibles, such as chlorine bleach and ammonia, may react, ignite, or 
explode.
 

Take the following precautions to prevent and respond to accidents: 
 	
Follow the manufacturers instructors for the proper use of the household 
chemical.
 

 	
Never smoke while using household chemicals. 

 	
Never use hair spray, cleaning solutions, paint products, or pesticides near an 
open .ame (e.g., pilot light, lighted candle, .replace, wood burning stove,
 etc.)  Although you may not be able to see or smell them, vapor particles in 
the air could catch .re or explode.
 

 	
Clean up any chemical spill immediately.  Use rags to clean up the spill.Wear gloves and eye protection. Allow the fumes in the rags to evaporate outdoors, then dispose of the rags by wrapping them in a newspaper and placing them in a sealed plastic bag in your trash can. 

 	
Dispose of hazardous materials correctly. Take household hazardous waste to a local collection program.  Check with your county or state environmental or solid waste agency to learn if there is a household hazardous waste collection program in your area. 

Learn to recognize the symptoms of toxic poisoning, which are as follows: 
 	
Dif. culty breathing. 

 	
Irritation of the eyes, skin, throat, or respiratory tract. 

 	
Changes in skin color. 

 	
Headache or blurred vision. 

 	
Dizziness. 

 	
Clumsiness or lack of coordination. 

 	
Cramps or diarrhea. 

Be prepared to seek medical assistance: 
 	Post the number of the emergency medical services and the poison control center by all telephones.  In an emergency situation, you may not have time to look up critical phone numbers. The national poison control number is (800)222-1222. 

During a Household Chemical Emergency 
If there is a danger of .re or explosion: 
 	
Get out of the residence immediately.  Do not waste time collecting items or calling the .re department when you are in danger.  Call the . re department from outside (a cellular phone or a neighbors phone) once you are safely away from danger. 

 	
Stay upwind and away from the residence to avoid breathing toxic fumes. 

If someone has been exposed to a household chemical: 
 	
Find any containers of the substance that are readily available in order to provide requested information.  Call emergency medical services. 

 	
Follow the emergency operator or dispatchers .rst aid instructions carefully. The .rst aid advice found on containers may be out of date or inappropriate. Do not give anything by mouth unless advised to do so by a medical professional. 

Discard clothing that may have been contaminated.  Some chemicals may not wash out completely. 

Checking Your Home
 
There are probably many hazardous materials throughout your home. Take a tour of your home to see where these materials are located. Use the list of common hazardous household items presented earlier to guide you in your hunt.  Once you have located a product, check the label and take the necessary steps to ensure that you are using, storing, and disposing of the material according to the manufacturers directions. It is critical to store household chemicals in places where children cannot access them. Remember that products such as aerosol cans of hair spray and deodorant, nail polish and nail polish remover, toilet bowl cleaners, and furniture polishes all fall into the category of hazardous materials. 
Household cleaning and automotive products - photograph

For More Information 
If you require more information about any of these topics, the following are resources that may be helpful. 
FEMA Publications 
Household Hazardous Materials: A Guide for Citizens.  IS 55. An independent study resource for parents and teachers. Web-based safety program focused on reducing the number of deaths and injuries in the home. Available online at http://training.fema.gov/ emiweb/is/is55.asp 
Chemical Emergencies. A pamphlet promoting awareness of chemical hazards in the home, how to prevent them, and what to do if exposed. Available online at www.fema.gov/pdf/rrr/talkdiz/chemical.pdf 
Backgrounder:  Hazardous Materials.  0.511. Information sheet available online at www.fema.gov/hazards/hazardousmaterials/hazmat.shtm 
USFA:  Factsheet:  Baby-sitters Make the Right Call to EMS.  0510. Available online at www.usfa.fema.gov/public/factsheets/mtrc.shtm 
Other Publications 
American Red Cross
Chemical Emergencies.  Extensive document describing the hazards of household chemicals and what to do in an emergency. Available online at www.redcross.org/services/disaster/0,1082,0_581_,00.html 
Section 3.3: Nuclear Power Plants
Nuclear power plants use the heat generated from nuclear .ssion in a contained environment to convert water to steam, which powers generators to produce electricity.  Nuclear power plants operate in most states in the country and produce about 20 percent of the nations power.  Nearly 3 million Americans live within 10 miles of an operating nuclear power plant. 
Although the construction and operation of these facilities are closely monitored and regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), accidents are possible. An accident could result in dangerous levels of radiation that could affect the health and safety of the public living near the nuclear power plant. 
Local and state governments, federal agencies, and the electric utilities have emergency response plans in the event of a nuclear power plant incident. The plans de. ne two emergency planning zones.  One zone covers an area within a 10mile radius of the plant, where it is possible that people could be harmed by direct radiation exposure. The second zone covers a broader area, usually up to a 50-mile radius from the plant, where radioactive materials could contaminate water supplies, food crops, and livestock. 
The potential danger from an accident at a nuclear power plant is exposure to radiation. This exposure could come from the release of radioactive material from the plant into the environment, usually characterized by a plume (cloud-like formation) of radioactive gases and particles. The major hazards to people in the vicinity of the plume are radiation exposure to the body from the cloud and particles deposited on the ground, inhalation of radioactive materials, and ingestion of radioactive materials. 
Radioactive materials are composed of atoms that are unstable. An unstable atom gives off its excess energy until it becomes stable. The energy emitted is radiation. Each of us is exposed to radiation daily from natural sources, including the Sun and the Earth.  Small traces of radiation are present in food and water.  Radiation also is released from man-made sources such as X-ray machines, television sets, and microwave ovens.  Radiation has a cumulative effect. The longer a person is exposed to radiation, the greater the effect. A high exposure to radiation can cause serious illness or death. 
Minimizing Exposure to Radiation
If an accident at a nuclear power plant were to release radiation in your area, local authorities would activate warning sirens or another approved alert method. They also would instruct you through the Emergency Alert System (EAS) on local television and radio stations on how to protect yourself. 
Know the terms
Take Protective Measures
 
Familiarize yourself with these terms...
Before a Nuclear Power Plant Emergency
Obtain public emergency information materials from the power company that operates your local nuclear power plant or your local emergency services of. ce. If you live within 10 miles of the power plant, you should receive these materials yearly from the power company or your state or local government. 
Cooling towers and electicity generating structures at a nuclear power plant - photograph
During a Nuclear Power Plant Emergency 
The following are guidelines for what you should do if a nuclear power plant emergency occurs. Keep a battery-powered radio with you at all times and listen to the radio for speci.c instructions.  Close and lock doors and windows. 
If you are told to evacuate  If you are advised to remain indoors  
 Keep car windows and vents closed; use re-circulating air.   Turn off the air conditioner, ventilation fans, furnace, and other air intakes.  Go to a basement or other underground area, if possible.  Do not use the telephone unless absolutely necessary.  

If you expect you have been exposed to nuclear radiation: 
 
Change clothes and shoes. 

 
Put exposed clothing in a plastic bag. 

 
Seal the bag and place it out of the way. 

 
Take a thorough shower. 

Keep food in covered containers or in the refrigerator.  Food not previously covered should be washed before being put in to containers. 
After a Nuclear Power Plant Emergency 
Seek medical treatment for any unusual symptoms, such as nausea, that may be related to radiation exposure. 
Follow the instructions for recovering from a disaster in Part 5. 
An aerial view of two cooling towers - photograph
Technological Hazards Knowledge Check
Answer the following questions. Check your responses with the answer key below. 
1. 
What are some things you can do to reduce the threat from hazardous materials in your home?  

2. 
What should you do if you are caught at the scene of a hazardous materials incident? 

3. 
What is the telephone number for the National Poison Control Center? 

4. 
What are three ways to minimize radiation exposure? 

5. 
Are there special warning requirements for nuclear power plants?  If so, what are they? 

6.	 
What does it mean when a nuclear power plant has issued a general emergency?  What actions should you take? 

7. 
If you are at home and instructed to shelter-in-place because of a chemical release, where will you go? 

8. 
If you are in a car and unable to seek shelter in a building and a chemical release occurs, you should? 

9. 
Who can you contact to .nd out about hazardous materials stored in your community? 

10. 
What are some common placess hazardous materials may be present in the community? 

Answers: 
1.	 a. Learn to identify hazardous materials. 
b.	 Follow manufactures instructions for storage, use, and disposal. 
c.	 Never store hazardous products in food containers. 
d.	 Keep products in original containers unless the container is corroding. 
e.	 Never mix household hazardous chemicals or waste with other products. 
f.	 Take household hazardous waste to a local collection program. 
g.	 Never smoke while using household chemicals. 
h.	 Clean up spills immediately with rags. 
i.	 Buy only as much of a chemical as you think you will use. 
2.	 a. Do not walk into or touch any spilled liquids, airborne mists, or condensed solid chemical deposits. 
b.	 Stay upstream, uphill, and upwind!  In general, try to go at least one-half mile (usually 8-10 city blocks) from the danger area. 
(800)222-12223. 
Distance, shielding, and time. 4. 
Yes.5.   Nuclear power plants are required to install sirens or other approved warning systems. 
Radiation could leak outside the plant and off the plant site. The sirens will sound. Tune to local radio or tele
6. vision station for reports.  Be prepared to follow instructions promptly. 

An above ground room with the fewest exterior doors and windows. 7. 
Keep car windows and vents closed and shut off the air conditioner or heater. 8. 

Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC). The local emergency management of. ce can provide contact 
9. information for the LEPCs. 

Agricultural operations and farms, auto service stations and junkyards, chemical manufacturing and storage 
10. facilities, construction sites, dry cleaners, electronics manufactures, paint shops, hospitals, hazardous materials waste sites, and transportation routes. 

Section 4: Terrorism
Throughout human history, there have been many threats to the security of nations. These threats have brought about large-scale losses of life, the destruction of property, widespread illness and injury, the displacement of large numbers of people, and devastating economic loss. 
Recent technological advances and ongoing international political unrest are components of the increased risk to national security. 
Use Part 4 to learn what actions to include in your family disaster plan to prepare for and respond to terrorist threats. 
When you complete Part 4, you will be able to: 
 
Recognize important terms. 

 
Take protective measures for terrorist threats. 

 
Know what actions to take if an event occurs. 

 
Identify resources for more information about terrorist threats. 

146
 
Section 4.1: General Information about Terrorism
Terrorism is the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the United States for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom. Terrorists often use threats to: 
 	
Create fear among the public. 

 	
Try to convince citizens that their government is powerless to prevent 
terrorism.
 

 	
Get immediate publicity for their causes. 

Smouldering pile of debris of the World Trade Center in New York City - photograph
Acts of terrorism include threats of terrorism; assassinations; kidnappings; hijackings; bomb scares and bombings; cyber attacks (computer-based); and the use of chemical, biological, nuclear and radiological weapons. 
High-risk targets for acts of terrorism include military and civilian government facilities, international airports, large cities, and high-pro. le landmarks. Terrorists might also target large public gatherings, water and food supplies, utilities, and corporate centers.  Further, terrorists are capable of spreading fear by sending explosives or chemical and biological agents through the mail. 
Within the immediate area of a terrorist event, you would need to rely on police, .re, and other of. cials for instructions.  However, you can prepare in much the same way you would prepare for other crisis events. 
The following are general guidelines: 
 	
Be aware of your surroundings. 

 	
Move or leave if you feel uncomfortable or if something does not seem right. 

 	
Take precautions when traveling.  Be aware of conspicuous or unusual behavior.  Do not accept packages from strangers.  Do not leave luggage unattended. You should promptly report unusual behavior, suspicious or unattended packages, and strange devices to the police or security personnel. 

 	
Learn where emergency exits are located in buildings you frequent.  Plan how to get out in the event of an emergency. 

 	
Be prepared to do without services you normally depend onelectricity,
 telephone, natural gas, gasoline pumps, cash registers, ATMs, and Internet 
transactions.
 

 	Work with building owners to ensure the following items are located on each .oor of the building: 
-	Portable, battery-operated radio and extra batteries. 
-	Several . ashlights and extra batteries. 
-	First aid kit and manual. 
-	Hard hats and dust masks. 
-	Fluorescent tape to rope off dangerous areas. 
Smouldering pile of debris of the World Trade Center in New York City - photograph
150
 
Section 4.2: Explosions
Terrorists have frequently used explosive devices as one of their most common weapons.Terrorists do not have to look far to .nd out how to make explosive devices; the information is readily available in books and other information sources. The materials needed for an explosive device can be found in many places including variety, hardware, and auto supply stores. Explosive devices are highly portable using vehicles and humans as a means of transport. They are easily detonated from remote locations or by suicide bombers. 
Conventional bombs have been used to damage and destroy . nancial, political, social, and religious institutions. Attacks have occurred in public places and on city streets with thousands of people around the world injured and killed. 
Parcels that should make you suspicious

Take Protective Measures 

If you receive a telephoned bomb threat, you should do the following: 
	 
Get as much information from the caller as possible. 

 	
Keep the caller on the line and record everything that is said. 

 	
Notify the police and the building management. 

During an Explosion

If there is an explosion, you should: 
 	
Get under a sturdy table or desk if things are falling around you.When they 
stop falling, leave quickly, watching for obviously weakened .oors and stairways. As you exit from the building, be especially watchful of falling debris.
 

 	
Leave the building as quickly as possible. Do not stop to retrieve personal possessions or make phone calls.
 

 	
Do not use elevators. 

Review, Saftey guideline for escaping fires in Section 2.11

Once you are out: 
 	
Do not stand in front of windows, glass doors, or other potentially hazardous 
areas.
 

 	
Move away from sidewalks or streets to be used by emergency of.cials or others still exiting the building.
 

A smoking and collapsed building between two standing but smoking structures - photograph

If you are trapped in debris: 
 	
If possible, use a . ashlight to signal your location to rescuers. 

 	
Avoid unnecessary movement so you dont kick up dust. 

 	
Cover your nose and mouth with anything you have on hand. (Dense-weave cotton material can act as a good . lter. Try to breathe through the material.) 

 	
Tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers can hear where you are. 

 	
If possible, use a whistle to signal rescuers. 

 	
Shout only as a last resort.  Shouting can cause a person to inhale dangerous amounts of dust. 

After an Explosion 
Follow the instructions for recovering from a disaster in Part 5. 
Smoking debris of the World Trade Center - Photograph

For More Information
 
If you require more information about any of these topics, the following resource may be helpful. 
Publications 
American Red Cross
Terrorism, Preparing for the Unexpected.  Document providing preparation guidelines for a terrorist attack or similar emergency. Available online at www.redcross.org/ services/disaster/0,1082,0_589_,00.html 
Section 4.3: Biological Threats
Biological agents are organisms or toxins that can kill or incapacitate people, livestock, and crops. The three basic groups of biological agents that would likely be used as weapons are bacteria, viruses, and toxins.  Most biological agents are dif.cult to grow and maintain.  Many break down quickly when exposed to sunlight and other environmental factors, while others, such as anthrax spores, are very long lived.  Biological agents can be dispersed by spraying them into the air, by infecting animals that carry the disease to humans, and by contaminating food and water.  Delivery methods include: 
	 
Aerosolsbiological agents are dispersed into the air, forming a . ne mist 
that may drift for miles.  Inhaling the agent may cause disease in people or 
animals.
 

	 
Animalssome diseases are spread by insects and animals, such as . eas,
 mice, .ies, mosquitoes, and livestock.
 

	 
Food and water contaminationsome pathogenic organisms and toxins may persist in food and water supplies.  Most microbes can be killed, and toxins deactivated, by cooking food and boiling water.  Most microbes are killed by boiling water for one minute, but some require longer.  Follow of. cial instructions. 

	 
Person-to-personspread of a few infectious agents is also possible. Humans have been the source of infection for smallpox, plague, and the Lassa viruses. 

Speci. c information on biological agents is available at the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Web site, www.bt.cdc.gov. 
Microscopic slide - photography

Take Protective Measures
 
Before a Biological Attack 
The following are guidelines for what you should do to prepare for a biological threat: 
 	Check with your doctor to ensure all required or suggested immunizations are up to date.  Children and older adults are particularly vulnerable to biological agents. 

Review, Shelter in Section 1.4
 Consider installing a High Ef. ciency Particulate Air (HEPA) .lter in your furnace return duct.These . lters remove particles in the 0.3 to 10 micron range and will . lter out most biological agents that may enter your house. If you do not have a central heating or cooling system, a stand-alone portable HEPA .lter can be used. 
Filtration in Buildings
During a Biological Attack 
In the event of a biological attack, public health of.cials may not immediately be able to provide information on what you should do.  It will take time to determine what the illness is, how it should be treated, and who is in danger. Watch television, listen to radio, or check the Internet for of.cial news and information including signs and symptoms of the disease, areas in danger, if medications or vaccinations are being distributed, and where you should seek medical attention if you become ill. 
The . rst evidence of an attack may be when you notice symptoms of the disease caused by exposure to an agent.  Be suspicious of any symptoms you notice, but do not assume that any illness is a result of the attack. Use common sense and practice good hygiene. 
If you become aware of an unusual and suspicious substance nearby: 
 	
Move away quickly. 

 	
Wash with soap and water. 

 	
Contact authorities. 

 	
Listen to the media for of. cial instructions. 

 	
Seek medical attention if you become sick. 

If you are exposed to a biological agent: 
 	
Remove and bag your clothes and personal items.  Follow of. cial instructions 
for disposal of contaminated items.
 

 	
Wash yourself with soap and water and put on clean clothes. 

 	
Seek medical assistance. You may be advised to stay away from others or even 
quarantined.
 

Using HEPA Filters

After a Biological Attack 
In some situations, such as the case of the anthrax letters sent in 2001, people may be alerted to potential exposure. If this is the case, pay close attention to all of. cial warnings and instructions on how to proceed. The delivery of medical services for a biological event may be handled differently to respond to increased demand. The basic public health procedures and medical protocols for handling exposure to biological agents are the same as for any infectious disease.  It is important for you to pay attention to of. cial instructions via radio, television, and emergency alert systems. 
Review, Getting Informed in Section 1.1
Microscopic items -  photograph

Section 4.4: Chemical Threats
Chemical agents are poisonous vapors, aerosols, liquids, and solids that have toxic effects on people, animals, or plants. They can be released by bombs or sprayed from aircraft, boats, and vehicles. They can be used as a liquid to create a hazard to people and the environment.  Some chemical agents may be odorless and tasteless. They can have an immediate effect (a few seconds to a few minutes) or a delayed effect (2 to 48 hours). While potentially lethal, chemical agents are dif.cult to deliver in lethal concentrations.  Outdoors, the agents often dissipate rapidly. Chemical agents also are dif.cult to produce. 
A chemical attack could come without warning.  Signs of a chemical release include people having dif.culty breathing; experiencing eye irritation; losing coordination; becoming nauseated; or having a burning sensation in the nose, throat, and lungs. Also, the presence of many dead insects or birds may indicate a chemical agent release. 

Take Protective Measures 
Before a Chemical Attack 
The following are guidelines for what you should do to prepare for a chemical threat: 
 	
Check your disaster supplies kit to make sure it includes: 

-A roll of duct tape and scissors. 
-Plastic for doors, windows, and vents for the room in which you will shelter in place.To save critical time during an emergency, pre-measure and cut the plastic sheeting for each opening. 

 	
Choose an internal room to shelter, preferably one without windows and on the highest level. 

During a Chemical Attack 
The following are guidelines for what you should do in a chemical attack. 
If you are instructed to remain in your home or of.ce building, you should: 
Review, Shelter safely for sealed rooms in Section 3.1
 Close doors and windows and turn off all ventilation, including furnaces, air conditioners, vents, and fans. 
 	
Seek shelter in an internal room and take your disaster supplies kit. 

 	
Seal the room with duct tape and plastic sheeting. 

 	
Listen to your radio for instructions from authorities. 

If you are caught in or near a contaminated area, you should: 
 	
Move away immediately in a direction upwind of the source. 

 	
Find shelter as quickly as possible. 

Chemical beakers on a lab table - photograph
After a Chemical Attack 
Decontamination is needed within minutes of exposure to minimize health consequences.  Do not leave the safety of a shelter to go outdoors to help others until authorities announce it is safe to do so. 
A person affected by a chemical agent requires immediate medical attention from a professional.  If medical help is not immediately available, decontaminate yourself and assist in decontaminating others. 
Decontamination guidelines are as follows: 
 	
Use extreme caution when helping others who have been exposed to chemical agents.
 

 	
Remove all clothing and other items in contact with the body. Contaminated 
clothing normally removed over the head should be cut off to avoid contact 
with the eyes, nose, and mouth. Put contaminated clothing and items into a 
plastic bag and seal it.  Decontaminate hands using soap and water. Remove
 eyeglasses or contact lenses. Put glasses in a pan of household bleach to decontaminate them, and then rinse and dry.
 

 	
Flush eyes with water. 

 	
Gently wash face and hair with soap and water before thoroughly rinsing 
with water.
 

 	
Decontaminate other body areas likely to have been contaminated. Blot (do 
not swab or scrape) with a cloth soaked in soapy water and rinse with clear 
water.
 

 	
Change into uncontaminated clothes. Clothing stored in drawers or closets is 
likely to be uncontaminated.
 

 	
Proceed to a medical facility for screening and professional treatment. 

162
 
Section 4.5: Nuclear Blast
A nuclear blast is an explosion with intense light and heat, a damaging pressure wave, and widespread radioactive material that can contaminate the air, water, and ground surfaces for miles around. A nuclear device can range from a weapon carried by an intercontinental missile launched by a hostile nation or terrorist organization, to a small portable nuclear devise transported by an individual. All nuclear devices cause deadly effects when exploded, including blinding light, intense heat (thermal radiation), initial nuclear radiation, blast, .res started by the heat pulse, and secondary .res caused by the destruction. 
Hazard of Nuclear Devices
The extent, nature, and arrival time of these hazards are dif. cult to predict.The geographical dispersion of hazard effects will be de. ned by the following: 
 	
Size of the device. A more powerful bomb will produce more distant effects. 

 	
Height above the ground the device was detonated. This will determine the extent of blast effects. 

 	
Nature of the surface beneath the explosion.  Some materials are more likely to become radioactive and airborne than others. Flat areas are more susceptible to blast effects. 

 	
Existing meteorological conditions. Wind speed and direction will affect arrival time of fallout; precipitation may wash fallout from the atmosphere. 

Radioactive Fallout
Even if individuals are not close enough to the nuclear blast to be affected by the direct impacts, they may be affected by radioactive fallout. Any nuclear blast results in some fallout.  Blasts that occur near the earths surface create much greater amounts of fallout than blasts that occur at higher altitudes. This is because the tremendous heat produced from a nuclear blast causes an up-draft of air that forms the familiar mushroom cloud. When a blast occurs near the earths surface, millions of vaporized dirt particles also are drawn into the cloud. As the heat diminishes, radioactive materials that have vaporized condense on the particles and fall back to Earth. The phenomenon is called radioactive fallout. This fallout material decays over a long period of time, and is the main source of residual nuclear radiation. 
Fallout from a nuclear explosion may be carried by wind currents for hundreds of miles if the right conditions exist.  Effects from even a small portable device exploded at ground level can be potentially deadly. 
Nuclear radiation cannot be seen, smelled, or otherwise detected by normal senses.  Radiation can only be detected by radiation monitoring devices. This makes radiological emergencies different from other types of emergencies, such as . oods or hurricanes.  Monitoring can project the fallout arrival times, which will be announced through of.cial warning channels.  However, any increase in surface build-up of gritty dust and dirt should be a warning for taking protective measures. 
Electromagnetic Pulse
In addition to other effects, a nuclear weapon detonated in or above the earths atmosphere can create an electromagnetic pulse (EMP), a high-density electrical .eld. An EMP acts like a stroke of lightning but is stronger, faster, and shorter. An EMP can seriously damage electronic devices connected to power sources or antennas. This includes communication systems, computers, electrical appliances, and automobile or aircraft ignition systems. The damage could range from a minor interruption to actual burnout of components.  Most electronic equipment within 1,000 miles of a high-altitude nuclear detonation could be affected.  Battery-powered radios with short antennas generally would not be affected. Although an EMP is unlikely to harm most people, it could harm those with pacemakers or other implanted electronic devices. 
Nuclear mushroom cloud seen from an aircraft - photograph
Protection from a Nuclear Blast
The danger of a massive strategic nuclear attack on the United States is predicted by experts to be less likely today.  However, terrorism, by nature, is unpredictable. 
If there were threat of an attack, people living near potential targets could be advised to evacuate or they could decide on their own to evacuate to an area not considered a likely target.  Protection from radioactive fallout would require taking shelter in an underground area or in the middle of a large building. 
In general, potential targets include: 
 
Strategic missile sites and military bases. 

 
Centers of government such as Washington, DC, and state capitals. 

 
Important transportation and communication centers. 

 
Manufacturing, industrial, technology, and . nancial centers. 

 
Petroleum re.neries, electrical power plants, and chemical plants. 

 
Major ports and air. elds. 

The three factors for protecting oneself from radiation and fallout are distance, shielding, and time. 
	 
Distance  the more distance between you and the fallout particles, the better. An underground area such as a home or of.ce building basement offers more protection than the . rst .oor of a building. A .oor near the middle of a high-rise may be better, depending on what is nearby at that level on which signi.cant fallout particles would collect.  Flat roofs collect fallout particles so the top .oor is not a good choice, nor is a .oor adjacent to a neighboring . at roof. 

	 
Shielding  the heavier and denser the materialsthick walls, concrete,
 bricks, books and earthbetween you and the fallout particles, the better.
 

	 
Time  fallout radiation loses its intensity fairly rapidly.  In time, you will be able to leave the fallout shelter.  Radioactive fallout poses the greatest threat to people during the .rst two weeks, by which time it has declined to about 1 percent of its initial radiation level. 

Remember that any protection, however temporary, is better than none at all, and the more shielding, distance, and time you can take advantage of, the better. 

Take Protective Measures
 
Before a Nuclear Blast 
Review, update your supplies in Section 1.2
To prepare for a nuclear blast, you should do the following: 
 	
Find out from of.cials if any public buildings in your community have been designated as fallout shelters.  If none have been designated, make your own list of potential shelters near your home, workplace, and school. These places would include basements or the windowless center area of middle . oors in high-rise buildings, as well as subways and tunnels. 

 	
If you live in an apartment building or high-rise, talk to the manager about the safest place in the building for sheltering and about providing for building occupants until it is safe to go out. 

 	
During periods of increased threat increase your disaster supplies to be adequate for up to two weeks.
 

Review, Shelter requirements in Section 1.4
Taking shelter during a nuclear blast...
During a Nuclear Blast
The following are guidelines for what to do in the event of a nuclear explosion. 
If an attack warning is issued: 
 	
Take cover as quickly as you can, below ground if possible, and stay there 
until instructed to do otherwise.
 

 	
Listen for of. cial information and follow instructions. 

If you are caught outside and unable to get inside immediately: 
 	
Do not look at the . ash or . reballit can blind you. 

 	
Take cover behind anything that might offer protection. 

 	
Lie .at on the ground and cover your head. If the explosion is some distance 
away, it could take 30 seconds or more for the blast wave to hit.
 

 	
Take shelter as soon as you can, even if you are many miles from ground zero 
where the attack occurredradioactive fallout can be carried by the winds for 
hundreds of miles.  Remember the three protective factors:  Distance, shielding, and time.
 

After a Nuclear Blast 
Decay rates of the radioactive fallout are the same for any size nuclear device. However, the amount of fallout will vary based on the size of the device and its proximity to the ground. Therefore, it might be necessary for those in the areas with highest radiation levels to shelter for up to a month. 
The heaviest fallout would be limited to the area at or downwind from the explosion, and 80 percent of the fallout would occur during the . rst 24 hours. 
People in most of the areas that would be affected could be allowed to come out of 
Review, Shelter requirements in Section 1.4
shelter within a few days and, if necessary, evacuate to unaffected areas. 
Returning to your home
Remember the following: 
 	
Keep listening to the radio and television for news about what to do, where to go, and places to avoid. 

 	
Stay away from damaged areas. Stay away from areas marked radiation hazard or HAZMAT. Remember that radiation cannot be seen, smelled, or otherwise detected by human senses. 

Follow the instructions for returning home in Part 5. 
Section 4.6: Radiological Dispersion Device (RDD)
Terrorist use of an RDDoften called dirty nuke or dirty bombis considered far more likely than use of a nuclear explosive device. An RDD combines a conventional explosive devicesuch as a bombwith radioactive material. It is designed to scatter dangerous and sub-lethal amounts of radioactive material over a general area.  Such RDDs appeal to terrorists because they require limited technical knowledge to build and deploy compared to a nuclear device. Also, the radioactive materials in RDDs are widely used in medicine, agriculture, industry, and research, and are easier to obtain than weapons grade uranium or plutonium. 
The primary purpose of terrorist use of an RDD is to cause psychological fear and economic disruption.  Some devices could cause fatalities from exposure to radioactive materials.  Depending on the speed at which the area of the RDD detonation was evacuated or how successful people were at sheltering-in-place, the number of deaths and injuries from an RDD might not be substantially greater than from a conventional bomb explosion. 
The size of the affected area and the level of destruction caused by an RDD would depend on the sophistication and size of the conventional bomb, the type of radioactive material used, the quality and quantity of the radioactive material, and the local meteorological conditionsprimarily wind and precipitation.The area affected could be placed off-limits to the public for several months during cleanup efforts. 

Take Protective Measures 

Before an RDD Event 
There is no way of knowing how much warning time there will be before an attack by terrorists using an RDD, so being prepared in advance and knowing what to do and when is important. Take the same protective measures you would for fallout resulting from a nuclear blast. 

Review, Nuclear Blast in Section 4.5
Sign on wooden door, "Caution Radioactive Materials" - Photograph

During an RDD Event 
While the explosive blast will be immediately obvious, the presence of radiation will not be known until trained personnel with specialized equipment are on the scene.Whether you are indoors or outdoors, home or at work, be extra cautious. It would be safer to assume radiological contamination has occurredparticularly in an urban setting or near other likely terrorist targetsand take the proper precautions. As with any radiation, you want to avoid or limit exposure.This is particularly true of inhaling radioactive dust that results from the explosion. As you seek shelter from any location (indoors or outdoors) and there is visual dust or other contaminants in the air, breathe though the cloth of your shirt or coat to limit your exposure.  If you manage to avoid breathing radioactive dust, your proximity to the radioactive particles may still result in some radiation exposure. 

If the explosion or radiological release occurs inside, get out immediately and seek safe shelter. Otherwise, if you are: 
Outdoors - Indoors
After an RDD Event 
After . nding safe shelter, those who may have been exposed to radioactive material should decontaminate themselves. To do this, remove and bag your clothing (and isolate the bag away from you and others), and shower thoroughly with soap and water.  Seek medical attention after of. cials indicate it is safe to leave shelter. 
Contamination from an RDD event could affect a wide area, depending on the amount of conventional explosives used, the quantity and type of radioactive material released, and meteorological conditions. Thus, radiation dissipation rates vary, but radiation from an RDD will likely take longer to dissipate due to a potentially larger localized concentration of radioactive material. 
Follow these additional guidelines after an RDD event: 
 	
Continue listening to your radio or watch the television for instructions from 
local of. cials, whether you have evacuated or sheltered-in-place.
 

 	
Do not return to or visit an RDD incident location for any reason. 

 	
Follow the instructions for recovering from a disaster in Part 5. 

Terrorism Knowledge Check 
Answer the following questions.  Check your responses with the answer key below. 
1 What would you do, if you were at work and 
a.
  there was an explosion in the building? 

b.
  you received a package in the mail that you considered suspicious? 

c.
  you received a telephone call that was a bomb threat? 

2 	 If caught outside during a nuclear blast, what should you do? 
3 	What are the three key factors for protection from nuclear blast and fallout? 
4 	If you take shelter in your own home, what kind of room would be safest during a chemical or biological attack? 
5 	In case of a chemical attack, what extra items should you have in your disaster supplies kit? 
Answer Key 

1.	 a.  Shelter from falling debris under a desk and then follow evacuation procedures 
b.  Clear the area and notify the police immediately  
c.  Keep the caller on the line and record everything that was said 
2.	  Dont look at the . ash 
 Take cover behind anything that offers protection 
 Lay . at on the ground 
 Cover your head 
3.	 Distance, shielding, time 
4.	 An interior room on the uppermost level, preferably without windows 
5.	 Plastic sheeting, duct tape, and scissors. 

Section 4.7: Homeland Security Advisory System
The Homeland Security Advisory System was designed to provide a national framework and comprehensive means to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to the following: 
 
Federal, state, and local authorities 

 
The private sector 

 
The American people 

This system provides warnings in the form of a set of graduated threat conditions that increase as the risk of the threat increases. Risk includes both the probability of an attack occurring and its potential gravity. Threat conditions may be assigned for the entire nation, or they may be set for a particular geographic area or industrial sector. At each threat condition, government entities and the private sector, including businesses and schools, would implement a corresponding set of protective measures to further reduce vulnerability or increase response capability during a period of heightened alert. 
There are .ve threat conditions, each identi. ed by a description and corresponding color. Assigned threat conditions will be reviewed at regular intervals to determine whether adjustments are warranted. 

Threat Conditions and Associated Protective Measures 
There is always a risk of a terrorist threat. Each threat condition assigns a level of alert appropriate to the increasing risk of terrorist attacks. Beneath each threat condition are some suggested protective measures that the government, the private sector, and the public can take. 
In each case, as threat conditions escalate, protective measures are added to those already taken in lower threat conditions. The measures are cumulative. 
Threat Condition Scale, Low-Green, Guarded-Blue, Elevated-Yellow, High-Orange, Severe-Red
Citizen Guidance on the Homeland Security Advisory System 
Green
Low Risk  Develop a family emergency plan. Share it with family and friends, and practice the plan. Visit www.Ready.gov for help creating a plan.  Create an Emergency Supply Kit for your household.  	Be informed.Visit www.Ready.gov or obtain a copy of Preparing Makes Sense, Get Ready Now by calling 1-800-BE-READY.  	Know where to shelter and how to turn off utilities (power, gas, and water) to your home.  	Examine volunteer opportunities in your community, such as Citizen Corps,Volunteers in Police Service, Neighborhood Watch or others, and donate your time. Consider completing an American Red Cross . rst aid or CPR course , or Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) course . 
Guarded Risk 
Blue
 	
Complete recommended steps at level green. 

 	
Review stored disaster supplies and replace items that are outdated. 

 	
Be alert to suspicious activity and report it to proper authorities. 

Elevated Risk 
Yellow
 	
Complete recommended steps at levels green and blue. 

 	
Ensure disaster supplies are stocked and ready. 

 	
Check telephone numbers in family emergency plan and update as necessary. 

 	
Develop alternate routes to/from work or school and practice them. 

 	
Continue to be alert for suspicious activity and report it to authorities. 

Orange
High Risk 
 	
Complete recommended steps at lower levels. 

 	
Exercise caution when traveling, pay attention to travel advisories. 

 	
Review your family emergency plan and make sure all family members know what to do. 

 	
Be Patient. Expect some delays, baggage searches and restrictions at public buildings. 

 	
Check on neighbors or others that might need assistance in an emergency. 

Red
Severe Risk  
 	
Complete all recommended actions at lower levels. 

 	
Listen to local emergency management of. cials. 

 	
Stay tuned to TV or radio for current information/instructions. 

 	
Be prepared to shelter or evacuate, as instructed. 

 	
Expect traf. c delays and restrictions. 

 	
Provide volunteer services only as requested. 

 	
Contact your school/business to determine status of work day. 

*Developed with input from the American Red Cross. 
Knowledge Check 
1. By following the instructions in this guide, you should now have the following: 
 	
A family disaster plan that sets forth what you and your family need to do to prepare for and respond to all types of hazards. 

 	
A disaster supplies kit . lled with items you would need to sustain you and your family for at least three days, maybe more. 

 	
Knowledge of your community warning systems and what you should do when these are activated. 

 	
An understanding of why evacuations are necessary and what you would need to do in the case of an evacuation. 

 	
Identi.cation of where the safest shelters are for the various hazards. 

Compare the above actions with the personal action guidelines for each of the threat levels.  Determine how well you are prepared for each of the . ve levels. 
2. What is the current threat level?  ___________________________ 
Hint: To determine the current threat level, check your cable news networks or visit www.dhs.gov.  Keep your family informed when changes in the threat level occur, and go over the personal actions you need to take. 

For More Information 
If you require more information about any of these topics, the following resource may be helpful. 
Publications 
American Red Cross
American Red Cross:  Homeland Security Advisory System Recommendations for Individuals, Families, Neighborhoods, Schools, and Businesses.  Explanation of preparedness activities for each population. Available online at www.redcross.org/services/disaster/beprepared/ hsas.html 
178
 
Section 5: Recovering from Disaster

Health and Safety Guidelines 
Recovering from a disaster is usually a gradual process.  Safety is a primary issue, as are mental and physical well-being.  If assistance is available, knowing how to access it makes the process faster and less stressful. This section offers some general advice on steps to take after disaster strikes in order to begin getting your home, your community, and your life back to normal. 
Your .rst concern after a disaster is your familys health and safety. You need to consider possible safety issues and monitor family health and well-being. 
Aiding the Injured 
Check for injuries.  Do not attempt to move seriously injured persons unless they are in immediate danger of death or further injury.  If you must move an unconscious person, .rst stabilize the neck and back, then call for help immediately. 
 	
If the victim is not breathing, carefully position the victim for arti. cial respiration, clear the airway, and commence mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. 

 	
Maintain body temperature with blankets.  Be sure the victim does not become overheated. 

 	
Never try to feed liquids to an unconscious person. 

Health 
 	
Be aware of exhaustion.  Dont try to do too much at once.  Set priorities and pace yourself.  Get enough rest. 

 	
Drink plenty of clean water. 

 	
Eat well. 

 	
Wear sturdy work boots and gloves. 

 	
Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and clean water often when working in debris. 

Safety Issues  
 	
Be aware of new safety issues created by the disaster. Watch for washed out roads, contaminated buildings, contaminated water, gas leaks, broken glass, damaged electrical wiring, and slippery . oors. 

 	
Inform local authorities about health and safety issues, including chemical spills, downed power lines, washed out roads, smoldering insulation, and dead animals. 

Returning Home
 

Returning home can be both physically and mentally challenging. Above all, use caution. 
General tips: 
	 
Keep a battery-powered radio with you so you can listen for emergency updates and news reports. 

 Use a battery-powered .ash light to inspect a damaged home. Note: The .ashlight should be turned on outside before enteringthe battery may produce a spark that could ignite leaking gas, if present. 

 Watch out for animals, especially poisonous snakes.  Use a stick to poke 
through debris.
 

 Use the phone only to report life-threatening emergencies. 

 Stay off the streets.  If you must go out, watch for fallen objects; downed electrical wires; and weakened walls, bridges, roads, and sidewalks. 

Uprooted trees infront of a damaged home - photograph
Before You Enter Your Yome 
Walk carefully around the outside and check for loose power lines, gas leaks, and structural damage.  If you have any doubts about safety, have your residence inspected by a quali.ed building inspector or structural engineer before entering. 
Do not enter if: 
 You smell gas. 

 Floodwaters remain around the building. 

 Your home was damaged by .re and the authorities have not declared it safe. 

Going Inside Your Home 
When you go inside your home, there are certain things you should and should not do. Enter the home carefully and check for damage.  Be aware of loose boards and slippery .oors. The following items are other things to check inside your home: 
 Natural gas. If you smell gas or hear a hissing or blowing sound, open a window and leave immediately. Turn off the main gas valve from the outside, if you can.  Call the gas company from a neighbors residence.  If you shut off the gas supply at the main valve, you will need a professional to turn it back on.  Do not smoke or use oil, gas lanterns, candles, or torches for lighting inside a damaged home until you are sure there is no leaking gas or other . ammable materials present. 

 Sparks, broken or frayed wires. Check the electrical system unless you are wet, standing in water, or unsure of your safety.  If possible, turn off the electricity at the main fuse box or circuit breaker.  If the situation is unsafe, leave the building and call for help.  Do not turn on the lights until you are sure theyre safe to use. You may want to have an electrician inspect your wiring. 

 Roof, foundation, and chimney cracks. If it looks like the building may collapse, leave immediately. 

 Appliances. If appliances are wet, turn off the electricity at the main fuse box or circuit breaker. Then, unplug appliances and let them dry out.  Have appliances checked by a professional before using them again. Also, have the electrical system checked by an electrician before turning the power back on. 

 Water and sewage systems. If pipes are damaged, turn off the main water valve.  Check with local authorities before using any water; the water could be contaminated.  Pump out wells and have the water tested by authorities before drinking.  Do not .ush toilets until you know that sewage lines are intact. 

 Food and other supplies. Throw out all food and other supplies that you suspect may have become contaminated or come in to contact with . oodwater. 

 Your basement. If your basement has .ooded, pump it out gradually (about one third of the water per day) to avoid damage. The walls may collapse and the floor may buckle if the basement is pumped out while the surrounding ground is still waterlogged. 

 Open cabinets. Be alert for objects that may fall. 

 Clean up household chemical spills. Disinfect items that may have been contaminated by raw sewage, bacteria, or chemicals. Also clean salvageable items. 

 Call your insurance agent. Take pictures of damages.  Keep good records of repair and cleaning costs. 

Disaster worker with white coat and reaching for boxes with red cross emblem - photograph

Being Wary of Wildlife and Other Animals
Disaster and life threatening situations will exacerbate the unpredictable nature of wild animals. To protect yourself and your family, learn how to deal with wildlife. 
Guidelines
Do not approach or attempt to help an injured or stranded animal. Call your local animal control of.ce or wildlife resource office. 

Do not corner wild animals or try to rescue them. Wild animals will likely feel threatened and may endanger themselves by dashing off into floodwaters, fire, and so forth. 

Do not approach wild animals that have taken refuge in your home. Wild animals such as snakes, opossums, and raccoons often seek refuge from floodwaters on upper levels of homes and have been known to remain after water recedes.  If you encounter animals in this situation, open a window or provide another escape route and the animal will likely leave on its own. Do not attempt to capture or handle the animal.  Should the animal stay, call your local animal control of.ce or wildlife resource of. ce. 

Do not attempt to move a dead animal. Animal carcasses can present serious health risks.  Contact your local emergency management office or health department for help and instructions. 

If bitten by an animal, seek immediate medical attention. 

Rows of tables with emergency workers on one side interviewing disaster victims on the other - photograph

Seeking Disaster Assistance 
Throughout the recovery period, it is important to monitor local radio or television reports and other media sources for information about where to get emergency housing, food, first aid, clothing, and .nancial assistance. The following section provides general information about the kinds of assistance that may be available. 
Direct Assistance 
Direct assistance to individuals and families may come from any number of organizations, including: 
 American Red Cross. 

 Salvation Army. 

 Other volunteer organization.
 These organizations provide food, shelter, supplies and assist in clean-up efforts.
 

The Federal Role 
In the most severe disasters, the federal government is also called in to help individuals and families with temporary housing, counseling (for post-disaster trauma), low-interest loans and grants, and other assistance. The federal government also has programs that help small businesses and farmers. 
Most federal assistance becomes available when the President of the United States declares a Major Disaster for the affected area at the request of a state governor. FEMA will provide information through the media and community outreach about federal assistance and how to apply. 

Coping with Disaster
 
The emotional toll that disaster brings can sometimes be even more devastating than the .nancial strains of damage and loss of home, business, or personal property. 
Understand Disaster Events 
Everyone who sees or experiences a disaster is affected by it in some way. 

It is normal to feel anxious about your own safety and that of your family and close friends. 

	 
Profound sadness, grief, and anger are normal reactions to an abnormal event. 

Acknowledging your feelings helps you recover. 

Focusing on your strengths and abilities helps you heal. 

	 
Accepting help from community programs and resources is healthy. 

Everyone has different needs and different ways of coping. 

It is common to want to strike back at people who have caused great pain. 

Children and older adults are of special concern in the aftermath of disasters.  Even individuals who experience a disaster second hand through exposure to extensive media coverage can be affected. 
Contact local faith-based organizations, voluntary agencies, or professional counselors for counseling. Additionally, FEMA and state and local governments of the affected area may provide crisis counseling assistance. 
Recognize Signs of Disaster Related Stress 
When adults have the following signs, they might need crisis counseling or stress management assistance: 
 Difficulty communicating thoughts. 

 Difficulty sleeping. 

 Difficulty maintaining balance in their lives. 

 Low threshold of frustration. 

 Increased use of drugs/alcohol. 

 Limited attention span. 

 Poor work performance. 

 Headaches/stomach problems. 

 Tunnel vision/muffled hearing. 

 Colds or flu-like symptoms. 

 Disorientation or confusion. 

 Difficulty concentrating. 

 Reluctance to leave home. 

 Depression, sadness. 

 Feelings of hopelessness. 

 Mood-swings and easy bouts of crying. 

 Overwhelming guilt and self-doubt. 

 Fear of crowds, strangers, or being alone. 

Easing Disaster-Related Stress 
The following are ways to ease disaster-related stress: 

 Talk with someone about your feelingsanger, sorrow, and other emotions
 even though it may be dif.cult.
 

 Seek help from professional counselors who deal with post-disaster stress. 

 Do not hold yourself responsible for the disastrous event or be frustrated because you feel you cannot help directly in the rescue work.
 

 Take steps to promote your own physical and emotional healing by healthy 
eating, rest, exercise, relaxation, and meditation.
 

 Maintain a normal family and daily routine, limiting demanding responsibilities on yourself and your family.
 

 Spend time with family and friends. 

 Participate in memorials. 

 Use existing support groups of family, friends, and religious institutions. 

 Ensure you are ready for future events by restocking your disaster supplies kits and updating your family disaster plan.  Doing these positive actions can be comforting. 

Helping Children Cope with Disaster 
Disasters can leave children feeling frightened, confused, and insecure. Whether a child has personally experienced trauma, has merely seen the event on television, or has heard it discussed by adults, it is important for parents and teachers to be informed and ready to help if reactions to stress begin to occur. Children may respond to disaster by demonstrating fears, sadness, or behavioral problems. Younger children may return to earlier behavior patterns, such as bed-wetting, sleep problems, and separation anxiety.  Older children may also display anger, aggression, school problems, or withdrawal.  Some children who have only indirect contact with the disaster but witness it on television may develop distress. 
Photo portrait of a young boy - photograph

Who is at risk?
For many children, reactions to disasters are brief and represent normal reactions to abnormal events. A smaller number of children can be at risk for more enduring psychological distress as a function of three major risk factors: 

 Direct exposure to the disaster, such as being evacuated, observing injuries or death of others, or experiencing injury along with fearing ones life is in danger 

 Loss/grief:This relates to the death or serious injury of family or friends 

 On-going stress from the secondary effects of disaster, such as temporarily living elsewhere, loss of friends and social networks, loss of personal property, parental unemployment, and costs incurred during recovery to return the family to pre-disaster life and living conditions. 

What Creates Vulnerabilities in Children?
In most cases, depending on the risk factors above, distressing responses are temporary.  In the absence of severe threat to life, injury, loss of loved ones, or secondary problems such as loss of home, moves, etc., symptoms usually diminish over time.  For those that were directly exposed to the disaster, reminders of the disaster such as high winds, smoke, cloudy skies, sirens, or other reminders of the disaster may cause upsetting feelings to return.  Having a prior history of some type of traumatic event or severe stress may contribute to these feelings. 

Childrens coping with disaster or emergencies is often tied to the way parents cope.They can detect adults fears and sadness.  Parents and adults can make disasters less traumatic for children by taking steps to manage their own feelings and plans for coping.  Parents are almost always the best source of support for children in disasters.  One way to establish a sense of control and to build con.dence in children before a disaster is to engage and involve them in preparing a family disaster plan. After a disaster, children can contribute to a family recovery plan. 

A Child's Reaction to disaster by Age
Review, Basic Preparedness in Section 1
Below are common reactions in children after a disaster or traumatic event. 
Birth through 2 years. When children are pre-verbal and experience a trauma, they do not have the words to describe the event or their feelings.  However, they can retain memories of particular sights, sounds, or smells.  Infants may react to trauma by being irritable, crying more than usual, or wanting to be held and cuddled. The biggest in.uence on children of this age is how their parents cope. As children get older, their play may involve acting out elements of the traumatic event that occurred several years in the past and was seemingly forgotten. 
Preschool3 through 6 years. Preschool children often feel helpless and powerless in the face of an overwhelming event.  Because of their age and small size, they lack the ability to protect themselves or others. As a result, they feel intense fear and insecurity about being separated from caregivers.  Preschoolers cannot grasp the concept of permanent loss. They can see consequences as being reversible or permanent.  In the weeks following a traumatic event, preschoolers play activities may reenact the incident or the disaster over and over again. 
School age7 through 10 years. The school-age child has the ability to understand the permanence of loss.  Some children become intensely preoccupied with the details of a traumatic event and want to talk about it continually. This preoccupation can interfere with the childs concentration at school and academic performance may decline. At school, children may hear inaccurate information from peers. They may display a wide range of reactionssadness, generalized fear, or speci.c fears of the disaster happening again, guilt over action or inaction during the disaster, anger that the event was not prevented, or fantasies of playing rescuer. 
Pre-adolescence to adolescence11 through 18 years. As children grow older, they develop a more sophisticated understanding of the disaster event. Their responses are more similar to adults. Teenagers may become involved in dangerous, risk-taking behaviors, such as reckless driving, or alcohol or drug use.  Others can become fearful of leaving home and avoid previous levels of activities.  Much of adolescence is focused on moving out into the world. After a trauma, the view of the world can seem more dangerous and unsafe. A teenager may feel overwhelmed by intense emotions and yet feel unable to discuss them with others.
 
Meeting the Child's Emotional Needs
Childrens reactions are in.uenced by the behavior, thoughts, and feelings of adults. Adults should encourage children and adolescents to share their thoughts and feelings about the incident.  Clarify misunderstandings about risk and danger by listening to childrens concerns and answering questions. Maintain a sense of calm by validating childrens concerns and perceptions and with discussion of concrete plans for safety. 
Listen to what the child is saying.  If a young child is asking questions about the event, answer them simply without the elaboration needed for an older child or adult.  Some children are comforted by knowing more or less information than others; decide what level of information your particular child needs.  If a child has dif.culty expressing feelings, allow the child to draw a picture or tell a story of what happened. 
Try to understand what is causing anxieties and fears.  Be aware that following a disaster, children are most afraid that: 

 The event will happen again. 

 Someone close to them will be killed or injured. 

 They will be left alone or separated from the family. 

Reassuring Children After a Disaster
Suggestions to help reassure children include the following: 

 Personal contact is reassuring.  Hug and touch your children. 

 Calmly provide factual information about the recent disaster and current plans for insuring their safety along with recovery plans. 

 Encourage your children to talk about their feelings. 

 Spend extra time with your children such as at bedtime. 

 Re-establish your daily routine for work, school, play, meals, and rest. 

 Involve your children by giving them speci.c chores to help them feel they are helping to restore family and community life. 

 Praise and recognize responsible behavior. 

 Understand that your children will have a range of reactions to disasters. 

 Encourage your children to help update your a family disaster plan. 

If you have tried to create a reassuring environment by following the steps above, but your child continues to exhibit stress, if the reactions worsen over time, or if they cause interference with daily behavior at school, at home, or with other relationships, it may be appropriate to talk to a professional. You can get professional help from the childs primary care physician, a mental health provider specializing in childrens needs, or a member of the clergy. 

Monitor and Limit your Family's Exposure to the Media
News coverage related to a disaster may elicit fear and confusion and arouse anxiety in children. This is particularly true for large-scale disasters or a terrorist event where signi.cant property damage and loss of life has occurred.  Particularly for younger children, repeated images of an event may cause them to believe the event is recurring over and over. 
If parents allow children to watch television or use the Internet where images or news about the disaster are shown, parents should be with them to encourage communication and provide explanations.This may also include parents monitoring and appropriately limiting their own exposure to anxiety-provoking information. 
Use Support Networks
Parents help their children when they take steps to understand and manage their own feelings and ways of coping. They can do this by building and using social support systems of family, friends, community organizations and agencies, faith-based institutions, or other resources that work for that family.  Parents can build their own unique social support systems so that in an emergency situation or when a disaster strikes, they can be supported and helped to manage their reactions. As a result, parents will be more available to their children and better able to support them.  Parents are almost always the best source of support for children in dif.cult times. But to support their children, parents need to attend to their own needs and have a plan for their own support. 
Preparing for disaster helps everyone in the family accept the fact that disasters do happen, and provides an opportunity to identify and collect the resources needed to meet basic needs after disaster.  Preparation helps; when people feel prepared, they cope better and so do children. 

Helping Others 

The compassion and generosity of the American people is never more evident than after a disaster.  People want to help.  Here are some general guidelines on helping others after a disaster: 

 Volunteer! Check with local organizations or listen to local news reports for information about where volunteers are needed. Note: Until volunteers are speci.cally requested, stay away from disaster areas. 

 Bring your own food, water, and emergency supplies to a disaster area if you are needed there. This is especially important in cases where a large area has been affected and emergency items are in short supply. 

 Give a check or money order to a recognized disaster relief organization. These groups are organized to process checks, purchase what is needed, and get it to the people who need it most. 

 Do not drop off food, clothing, or any other item to a government agency or disaster relief organization unless a particular item has been requested. Normally, these organizations do not have the resources to sort through the donated items. 

 Donate a quantity of a given item or class of items (such as nonperishable food) rather than a mix of different items.  Determine where your donation is going, how its going to get there, who is going to unload it, and how it is going to be distributed. Without suf.cient planning, much needed supplies will be left unused. 

Volunteers cooking food on a cooktop inside of a tent - photograph

For More Information
 
If you require more information about any of these topics, the following are resources that may be helpful. 

FEMA Publications 
Helping Children Cope with Disasters. L-196.  Provides information about how to prepare children for disaster and how to lessen the emotional effects of disaster. 

When Disaster Strikes.  L-217. Provides information about donations and volunteer organizations. 
Repairing Your Flooded Home.  FEMA 234. This 362-page publication provides a stepby-step guide to repairing your home and how to get help after a flood disaster. Available online at www.fema.gov/hazards/.oods/lib234.shtm 
After a Flood: The First Steps.  L 198. Tips for staying healthy, cleaning up and repairing, and getting help after a flood. Available online at www.fema.gov/hazards/floods/ 

Appendix A: Water Conservation Tips 
Indoor Water Conservation Tips 
General

 Never pour water down the drain when there may be another use for it. Use it to water your indoor plants or garden. 

 Repair dripping faucets by replacing washers.  One drop per second wastes 2,700 gallons of water per year!  

 Check all plumbing for leaks.  Have leaks repaired by a plumber. 

 Retro.t all household faucets by installing aerators with . ow restrictors. 

 Install an instant hot water heater on your sink. 

 Insulate your water pipes to reduce heat loss and prevent them from breaking. 

 Install a water-softening system only when the minerals in the water would damage your pipes. Turn the softener off while on vacation. 

 Choose appliances that are more energy and water ef. cient. 

 Consider purchasing a low-volume toilet that uses less than half the water of older models. Note: In many areas, low-volume units are required by law. 

 Install a toilet displacement device to cut down on the amount of water needed to .ush.  Place a one-gallon plastic jug of water into the tank to displace toilet .ow (do not use a brick, it may dissolve and loose pieces may cause damage to the internal parts).  Be sure installation does not interfere with the operating parts. 

 Replace your showerhead with an ultra-low-. ow version. 

 Place a bucket in the shower to catch excess water for watering plants. 

 Avoid .ushing the toilet unnecessarily.  Dispose of tissues, insects, and other similar waste in the trash rather than the toilet. 

 Avoid taking bathstake short showersturn on water only to get wet and lather and then again to rinse off. 

 Avoid letting the water run while brushing your teeth, washing your face, or shaving. 

 Operate automatic dishwashers only when they are fully loaded. Use the light wash feature, if available, to use less water. 

 Hand wash dishes by .lling two containersone with soapy water and the other with rinse water containing a small amount of chlorine bleach. 

 Clean vegetables in a pan .lled with water rather than running water from the tap. 

 Start a compost pile as an alternate method of disposing of food waste or simply dispose of food in the garbage. (Kitchen sink disposals require a lot of water to operate properly). 

 Store drinking water in the refrigerator.  Do not let the tap run while you are waiting for water to cool. 

Bathroom

Kitchen
 Avoid wasting water waiting for it to get hot.  Capture it for other uses such as plant watering or heat it on the stove or in a microwave. 

 Avoid rinsing dishes before placing them in the dishwasher; just remove large particles of food. (Most dishwashers can clean soiled dishes very well, so dishes do not have to be rinsed before washing) 

 Avoid using running water to thaw meat or other frozen foods. Defrost food overnight in the refrigerator or use the defrost setting on your microwave oven. 

 Operate automatic clothes washers only when they are fully loaded or set the water level for the size of your load. 

Laundry

Outdoor Water Conservation Tips 
General
 Check your well pump periodically.  If the automatic pump turns on and off while water is not being used, you have a leak. 

 Plant native and/or drought-tolerant grasses, ground covers, shrubs, and trees. Once established, they do not need water as frequently and usually will survive a dry period without watering.  Small plants require less water to become established.  Group plants together based on similar water needs. 

 Install irrigation devices that are the most water ef.cient for each use.  Micro and drip irrigation and soaker hoses are examples of ef. cient devices. 

 Use mulch to retain moisture in the soil.  Mulch also helps control weeds that compete with landscape plants for water. 

 Avoid purchasing recreational water toys that require a constant stream of water. 

 Avoid installing ornamental water features (such as fountains) unless they use recycled water. 

 Use a shut-off nozzle that can be adjusted down to a .ne spray on your hose. 

 Use a commercial car wash that recycles water.  If you wash your own car, park on the grass so that you will be watering it at the same time. 

 Avoid over watering your lawn. A heavy rain eliminates the need for watering for up to two weeks.  Most of the year, lawns only need one inch of water per week. 

 Water in several short sessions rather than one long one, in order for your lawn to better absorb moisture. 

 Position sprinklers so water lands on the lawn and shrubs and not on paved areas. 

Car Washing

Lawn Care

 Avoid sprinklers that spray a fine mist.  Mist can evaporate before it reaches the lawn.  Check sprinkler systems and timing devices regularly to be sure they operate properly. 

 Raise the lawn mower blade to at least three inches or to its highest level. A higher cut encourages grass roots to grow deeper, shades the root system, and holds soil moisture. 

 Plant drought-resistant lawn seed. 

 Avoid over-fertilizing your lawn. Applying fertilizer increases the need for water. Apply fertilizers that contain slow-release, water-insoluble forms of nitrogen. 

 Use a broom or blower instead of a hose to clean leaves and other debris from your driveway or sidewalk. 

 Avoid leaving sprinklers or hoses unattended. A garden hose can pour out 600 gallons or more in only a few hours. 

 Install a new water-saving pool filter. A single back .ushing with a traditional filter uses 180 to 250 gallons of water. 

 Cover pools and spas to reduce evaporation of water. 
Pool

Appendix B: Disaster Supplies Checklists 
The following list is to help you determine what to include in your disaster supplies kit that will meet your familys needs. 
First Aid Supplies
Supplies  Home (v)  Vehicle (v)  Work (v)  
Adhesive bandages, various sizes  
5 x 9 sterile dressing  
Conforming roller gauze bandage  
Triangular bandages  
3 x 3 sterile gauze pads  
4 x 4 sterile gauze pads  
Roll 3 cohesive bandage  
Germicidal hand wipes or waterless, alcohol-based hand sanitizer  
Antiseptic wipes  
Pairs large, medical grade, non-latex gloves  
Tongue depressor blades  
Adhesive tape, 2 width  
Antibacterial ointment  
Cold pack  
Scissors (small, personal)  
Tweezers  
Assorted sizes of safety pins  
Cotton balls  
Thermometer  
Tube of petroleum jelly or other lubricant  
Sunscreen  
CPR breathing barrier, such as a face shield  
First aid manual  

Non-Perscription and Perscription Medicine Kit Supplies
Supplies  Home (v)  Vehicle (v)  Work (v)  
Aspirin and non-aspirin pain reliever  
Anti-diarrhea medication  
Antacid (for stomach upset)  
Laxative  
Vitamins  
Prescriptions  
Extra eyeglasses/contact lenses  

Sanitation and Hygiene Supplies
Item  (v)  Item  (v)  
Washcloth and towel  Heavy-duty plastic garbage bags and ties for personal sanitation uses and toilet paper  
Towelettes, soap, hand sanitizer  Medium-sized plastic bucket with tight lid  
Tooth paste, toothbrushes  Disinfectant and household chlorine bleach  
Shampoo, comb, and brush  A small shovel for digging a latrine  
Deodorants, sunscreen  Toilet paper  
Razor, shaving cream  
Lip balm, insect repellent  
Contact lens solutions  
Mirror  
Feminine supplies  

Equipment and Tools
Tools  (v)  Kitchen Items  (v)  
Portable, battery-powered radio or television and extra batteries  Manual can opener  
NOAA Weather Radio, if appropriate for your area  Mess kits or paper cups, plates, and plastic utensils  
Flashlight and extra batteries  All-purpose knife  
Signal .are  Household liquid bleach to treat drinking water  
Matches in a waterproof container (or waterproof matches)  Sugar, salt, pepper  
Shut-off wrench, pliers, shovel, and other tools  Aluminum foil and plastic wrap  
Duct tape and scissors  Resealable plastic bags  
Plastic sheeting  Small cooking stove and a can of cooking fuel (if food must be cooked)  
Whistle  
Small canister, ABC-type .re extinguisher  Comfort Items  
Tube tent  Games  
Compass  Cards  
Work gloves  Books  
Paper, pens, and pencils  Toys for kids  
Needles and thread  Foods  
Battery-operated travel alarm clock  

Food and Water
Supplies  Home (v)  Vehicle (v)  Work (v)  
Water  
Ready-to-eat meats, fruits, and vegetables  
Canned or boxed juices, milk, and soup  
High-energy foods such as peanut butter, jelly, low-sodium crackers, granola bars, and trail mix.  
Vitamins  
Special foods for infants or persons on special diets  
Cookies, hard candy  
Instant coffee  
Cereals  
Powdered milk  

Clothes and Bedding Supplies
Item  (v)  (v)  (v)  (v)  
Complete change of clothes  
Sturdy shoes or boots  
Rain gear  
Hat and gloves  
Extra socks  
Extra underwear  
Thermal underwear  
Sunglasses  
Blankets/sleeping bags and pillows  

Documents and Keys
Make sure you keep these items in a watertight container 
Item  Stored (v)  
Personal identi.cation  
Cash and coins  
Credit cards  
Extra set of house keys and car keys  
Copies of the following:  
 Birth certi.cate  
 Marriage certi.cate  
 Drivers license  
 Social Security cards  
 Passports  
 Wills  
 Deeds  
 Inventory of household goods  
 Insurance papers  
 Immunization records  
 Bank and credit card account numbers  
 Stocks and bonds  
Emergency contact list and phone numbers  
Map of the area and phone numbers of places you could go  

Appendix C: 

Family Communications Plan - Image
Family Communications Plan, Wallet Cards - Image