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<HEADLINE> FT  08 FEB 94 / UK Company News: Glaxo asthma drug wi
ns US approval </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
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Countr
ies:-
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<CN>USZ  United States of America.
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Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
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<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
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ies:-
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<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
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</CO>
<XX>
Countr
ies:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
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<HEADLINE> FT  08 FEB 94 / UK Company News: Glaxo asthma drug wi
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<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
</TEXT>
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Countr
ies:-
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208
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 FEB 94 / UK Company News: Glaxo asthma drug wi
ns US approval </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Glaxo Holdings.
</CO>
<XX>
Countr
ies:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
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<IN>P2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  P
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<PAGE> London P
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-10268</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBGA3AA0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
207
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 FEB 92 / Technology (Worth Watching): Relief i
n sight for asthma sufferers </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DELLA BRADSHAW </BYL
INE>
<TEXT>
A BREAKTHROUGH in the treatment of severe asthma could open up t
he way for a
new range of anti-asthma drugs.
Doctors at the Royal Brompton N
ational Heart & Lung Hospital and the London
Chest Hospital have found that 
cyclosporin A, a drug used to suppress organ
rejection after transplant surg
ery, produced a marked improvement in chronic
asthma sufferers.
At the momen
t most patients need high doses or oral steroids, which can
produce side eff
ects.
The cyclosporin A drug works by suppressing the T lymphocyte immune ce
lls in
the body. Researchers at the Royal Brompton hospital have suspected f
or some
time that these white blood cells play an important role in causing

asthmatic symptoms.
The results of their research, published in this week's 
The Lancet, mean
drugs could be developed in the future which treat asthma e
ffectively but
are less toxic and more selective than today's treatments.
Ro
yal Brompton Hospital: UK, 071 352 8121.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </
PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 10 Illustration (Omitted). </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-3240</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFOCRAE8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
15
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 JUN 93 / UK Company News: Fisons launches asthm
a drug in US </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PAUL ABRAHAMS </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FISON
S, the healthcare and scientific instruments group, yesterday began
marketin
g Tilade, an asthma treatment, in the US.
'This is Fisons' last throw of the
 dice to remain a viable pharmaceutical
entity,' said Mr Paul Woodhouse, dru
gs analyst at Smith New Court. 'They
have to make this launch work'. The com
pany is co-promoting the product with
Rhone-Poulenc Rorer.
The groups aim to
 position the product for those with mild asthma who use a
bronchodilator, s
uch as Ventolin, more than three times a week. Whereas
bronchodilators help 
improve symptoms, Tilade is designed to treat the
underlying inflammation.
F
isons is co-promoting Azmacourt, RPR's inhaled steroid medicine, which is
de
signed for patients using bronchodilators more than three times a day.
US do
ctors have been reluctant to prescribe inhaled steroids because of
potential
 side-effects.
'The group has a window of opportunity to establish this drug
 before safer
second-generation inhaled steroids come on the market,' said M
r Woodhouse.
Tilade was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in Janu
ary, but
Fisons waited for the results of a further clinical trial to show i
t was
more effective than Intal, its other asthma treatment.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Co
mpanies:-
</XX>
<CO>Fisons.
    Rhone-Poulenc Rorer.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-

</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
    USZ  United States of America.
</CN>

<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations.
</IN>
<XX>
Ty
pes:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product use.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.

</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 23 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 15 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-17091</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DACAXAB0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
102
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 JAN 93 / UK Company News: Three groups' shares
 rise on drugs approval </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<T
EXT>
THREE PRODUCTS from British drug companies have received approval for s
ale
in the US. The move could bring in combined revenues of Dollars 1.5bn
(P
ounds 980m) a year by 1998.
In a year-end spate of approvals, the US Food an
d Drug Administration gave
the go-ahead for Paxil, an antidepressant made by
 SmithKline Beecham,
Manoplax, a heart drug from Boots, and Tilade, an asthm
a treatment developed
by Fisons.
Paxil, branded as Seroxat in Europe, should
 be the biggest seller of the
three. Analysts believe it could become one of
 only a handful of
'blockbuster' drugs with sales of eventually of more than
 Dollars 1bn a year
throughout the world.
Sales in the US should begin in th
e next few weeks. SmithKline Beecham
shares rose 12p to 496p on New Year's E
ve.
The approval of Fisons' Tilade ends a long period of uncertainty for the

company. The drug, upon which Fisons has pinned hopes for rapid growth in
t
he 1990s, has been awaiting US approval for almost six years.
In a departure
 from the company's usual practice, it will co-promote Tilade
with Rhone-Pou
lenc Rorer, the US-based pharmaceuticals subsidiary of
Rhone-Poulenc, the fr
ench chemicals group. In return, Fisons will co-promote
Azmacort, RPR's asth
ma treatment, which works by a different mechanism.
Tilade will not be launc
hed in the US until the second quarter of 1993, but
its shares advanced 15p 
to 245p on New Year's Eve.
Fisons also announced that it was abandoning atte
mpts to revamp production
of one of the suspended drugs, Iron Dextran, a blo
od product, to meet FDA
requirements.
Boots was given a bigger boost than it
 expected by the terms of the approval
of Manoplax. The FDA's advisory commi
ttee had recommended approval only for
heart patients who could not tolerate
 the class of treatments called ACE
inhibitors. The ruling allows Manoplax t
o be given to any heart patient not
responding to other treatments.
Analysts
 forecast sales rising to Dollars 250m a year by 1998, and Boots
shares resp
onded with a gain of 12p to 561p.
The FDA approved a fourth UK product, Indi
clor, an imaging agent used in the
treatment of cancer and made by Amersham 
International. Although sales are
likely to be small in relation to the size
 of the company, Amersham shares
rose 17p to 619p.
Drug shares lifted, Page 
13
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>SmithKline Beecham.
    Boots.
    Fis
ons.
    Rhone Poulenc Rorer.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United K
ingdom, EC.
    USZ  USA.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P2834  Pharmaceu
tical Preparations.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products.
    TECH  L
icences.
    TECH  Sales agreements.
    MKTS  Market Data.
</TP>
<PUB>The F
inancial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 8 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 16 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-163</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BENBQAB8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>91051
4
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 MAY 91 / International Company News: Astra jumps
 45% before tax </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN BURTON </BYLINE>
<DATELINE> 
   STOCKHOLM </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
ASTRA, the Swedish pharma-ceutical company, 
yesterday exceeded market
expectations by posting a 45 per cent jump in pre-
tax profits to SKr757m
(Dollars 122.4m) for the first quarter of 1991 as sal
es of its stomach ulcer
drug Losec doubled.
Analysts had predicted a 35 per 
cent growth in earnings for Astra, which was
the best performer on the Stock
holm bourse last year. The company, headed by
Mr Hakan Mogren, had revised u
pward its forecast for the year, saying
profits would climb by 30 per cent t
o SKr3.3bn. Its previous forecast had
estimated growth at 25 per cent.
Opera
ting profits increased by 22 per cent to SKr598m. Improved net interest
inco
me from Astra's large cash reserves, which totalled SKr5bn at the end of
Mar
ch, and favourable exchange rates for income from its foreign
subsidiaries c
ontributed to the buoyant pre-tax earnings.
Sales during the period increase
d by 27 per cent to SKr2.74bn, with turnover
from Losec, Astra's largest-sel
ling product, increasing to SKr577m from
SKr284m a year ago.
Marketing of Lo
sec by licensees, primarily Merck in the US, raised the
drug's total sales t
o SKr880m from SKr360m.
Losec suffered a setback in the US in January when t
he US Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) refused to approve the drug for fir
st-line treatment of
all ulcers. Astra said yesterday that it is holding tal
ks with the FDA on
widening its approval of Losec usage and it predicted tha
t the FDA will make
a decision in the near future.
Losec was also introduced
 last month in Japan, potentially the biggest
national market for the drug a
fter the US.
Drugs for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, dominated
 by Losec,
had total sales of SKr626m, a 88 per cent increase. Drugs for res
piratory
diseases, however, remain Astra's largest product group, with sales
 climbing
to SKr643m, a 26 per cent rise.
The Turbohaler, an inhaler which d
elivers medication for asthma patients,
has boosted sales for two asthma dru
gs. Sales of the new asthma agent
Pulmicort increased by 57 per cent to SKr2
64m, while sales for the older
bronchial drug Bricanyl rose by 19 per cent t
o SKr182m.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 25 Pho
tograph Hakan Mogren, led Astra to exceed market forecasts (Omitted). </PAGE
>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 17 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-3241</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DFOCRAE7FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9306
15
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 JUN 93 / UK Company News: Fisons launches asthm
a drug in US </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PAUL ABRAHAMS </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FISON
S, the healthcare and scientific instruments group, yesterday began
marketin
g Tilade, an asthma treatment, in the US.
'This is Fisons' last throw of the
 dice to remain a viable pharmaceutical
entity,' said Mr Paul Woodhouse, dru
gs analyst at Smith New Court. 'They
have to make this launch work.' Fisons'
s shares closed up 6 1/2 p at 161 1/2
p.
The company is co-promoting the pro
duct with Rhone-Poulenc Rorer and is
marketing Tilade with a combined sales 
force of 800 people.
The groups aim to position the product for those with m
ild asthma who use a
bronchodilator, such as Ventolin, more than three times
 a week. Whereas
bronchodilators help improve symptoms, Tilade is designed t
o treat the
underlying inflammation.
Fisons is co-promoting Azmacourt, RPR's
 inhaled steroid medicine, which is
designed for patients using bronchodilat
ors more than three times a day.
US doctors have been reluctant to prescribe
 inhaled steroids because of
potential side-effects.
'The group has a window
 of opportunity to establish this drug before safer
second-generation inhale
d steroids come on the market,' says Mr Woodhouse.
Tilade was approved by th
e Food and Drug Administration in January, but the
company waited for the re
sults of a further clinical trial to show the
medicine was more effective th
an Intal, its other asthma treatment. Intal's
sales last year were Pounds 19
0m. Tilade's were Pounds 26.1m.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Fisons.
 
   Rhone-Poulenc Rorer.
</CO>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom
, EC.
    USZ  United States of America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P
2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Product
s & Product use.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Time
s </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 23 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 18 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-8155</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBSB3ACFFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
19
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  19 FEB 92 / UK Company News: Glaxo asthma drugs cl
eared </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
BETA AGONISTS
, a class of asthma drugs attacked last year for possible
deadly side effect
s, were yesterday given a clean bill of health by the UK
Committee on Safety
 and Health of Medicines.
The news gave Glaxo a boost ahead of its interim f
igures tomorrow - the
company dominates UK sales of beta agonists with its p
roducts Ventolin and
Serevent. Glaxo's shares rose 8p to 848p.
Other compani
es selling them include Schering Plough of the US, Ciba-Geigy
of Switzerland
 and Astra of Sweden.
The CSM report runs counter to evidence revealed in Ca
nadian studies last
year which seemed to link the use of beta agonists with 
the deaths of some
asthma sufferers.
The controversy is likely to be revived
 shortly when the latest set of
results from the Canadian studies are publis
hed. Doctors expect them to
repeat the findings first publicised last year.

The CSM report says 'the evidence does not suggest that the use of beta
agon
ists is associated with asthma mortality'. It found that the death rate
per 
100,000 people from asthma was the same as 10 years ago, despite a
trebling 
of the number of prescriptions in that time.
It nevertheless recommends chan
ges in the wording on the data sheets, which
doctors use when prescribing dr
ugs. 'Patients should be warned against
repeatedly increasing the prescribed
 dose of a beta agonist without medical
advice,' it says.
Allen & Hanburys, 
a Glaxo subsidiary, said it would examine its data sheets
'to ensure consist
ency with the CSM's recommendations'.
Dr Michael Rudolph, of Ealing Hospital
, London, a member of the
International Asthma Council - a newly-formed grou
p concerned about possible
dangers of the class of drugs - said yesterday: '
Many people feel that beta
agonists have been useful, but patients can over-
use their medication'.
In 1989 the National Health Service spent Pounds 217m
, or 8 per cent of its
drugs budget, on treatments for the country's 3m asth
matics. The US Food and
Drug Administration is still evaluating the class of
 drugs in the light of
the Canadian and other studies.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Fina
ncial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 22 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 19 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-13201</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EGVBQAASFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
721
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  21 JUL 94 / Merck-Celltech dealon asthma drug </H
EADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The biggest corporate 
deal yet to be signed by a UK biotechnology company is
set to be announced t
oday between Celltech and Merck, the biggest US drugs
manufacturer.
The two 
will collaborate on an asthma drug invented by Celltech. Codenamed
CDP840, i
t has been successful in early clinical trials. Merck will largely
pay for t
he much more expensive later rounds of trials.
The deal will bring Merck and
 Slough-based Celltech into direct competition
with Europe's biggest drugs c
ompany Glaxo, which has a deal with Icos, the
Seattle-based biotechnology co
mpany, to develop a similar drug.
It reinforces Merck's challenge in asthma,
 a sector worth at least Dollars
4bn (Pounds 2.6bn) a year and growing at 15
 per cent annually. Glaxo
dominates with two drugs, Ventolin and Becotide. O
ther big-selling products
in the area are made by Astra, of Sweden, Fisons, 
of the UK, and Boehringer
Ingelheim, of Germany.
Merck has already signalled
 its intention to fight its way into the asthma
sector and has a drug of its
 own in the later stages of clinical trials
called MK-476. It would be launc
hed a year or two before the Celltech
product and both could be on the marke
t by the end of the decade.
For Celltech, the deal represents a vote of conf
idence in its product
pipeline, as well as bringing in cash. The drug belong
s to a class,
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitors, which holds out the promise o
f a once-a-day
tablet to replace steroid inhalers.
Several other companies a
re working on similar drugs, including Icos/Glaxo.
Celltech claims that its 
drug is either further down the development route
than rivals or performs be
tter in clinical trials even at high doses.
It has now completed phase I tri
als at Guy's Hospital, London, and Phase II
trials are scheduled to start in
 September.
Celltech has been in talks with at least eight companies on coll
aborating
over the asthma drug since it decided last autumn that it wanted a
 large
partner to shoulder the burden of running large-scale clinical trials
.
It already has a collaborative deal with the German chemicals company Baye
r
to develop a drug for treatment of septic shock.
US drugs groups, Page 28

</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Celltech.
    Merck and Co Inc.
</CO>
<XX
>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>GBZ  United Kingdom, EC.
    USZ  United States of A
merica.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations.

    P8731 Commercial Physical Research.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  
Strategic links & Joint venture.
    TECH  Products & Product use.
</TP>
<PU
B>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 23 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 20 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-14029</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CAQBUAFTFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
117
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 JAN 92 / US drug regulator criticises Fisons p
roduct </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FISONS' most
 promising product has been criticised by the US Food and Drug
Administratio
n (FDA), casting a shadow over the prospects for profits growth
at the UK dr
ug company.
The FDA controls products which go on sale in the Dollars 60bn (
Pounds
33.50bn) a year US drugs market.
Documents released under the Freedom
 of Information Act show that UK
production of Tilade, an asthma drug for wh
ich sales were once forecast by
analysts to reach Pounds 500m a year by 1992
, has been breaking US
regulations.
The FDA said Tilade's production methods
 'do not conform to NDAs (new drug
application regulations)'.
It criticised 
the manufacturing process of Tilade dispensers and said that
testing of the 
drug during production was not accurate enough. The report
also listed inade
quacies in quality control of another asthma drug, Intal,
as well as Opticro
m, an eye treatment, and Imferon, an blood-iron treatment.
Fisons said yeste
rday: 'Tilade production issues raised by the FDA have been
answered satisfa
ctorily. There are no further undisclosed issues.' It hopes
to get US approv
al within months.
Tilade is intended to replace Intal, which has been the ma
instay of Fisons
profits growth since the 1970s. However, Tilade has failed 
to secure US
approval in spite of statements from Fisons on several occasion
s over the
past 18 months that approval was imminent. The drug is available 
in several
countries, including the UK, but revenues in 1992 will probably b
e less than
Pounds 50m.
The FDA has told Fisons that it might be committing 
a felony under US law if
the drug were shipped to the US without changing th
e production process.
The criticisms of Tilade production have come to light
 two days after the
resignation of Mr John Kerridge, Fisons' chairman and ch
ief executive, on
grounds of ill-health.
His sickness had probably been exac
erbated by controversy surrounding the
company over the last four months, ac
cording to Mr Patrick Egan, his
temporary replacement at Fisons.
The shares 
have lost one third of their value since the summer and the
company issued a
 profits warning in December.
FDA sets record on approvals, Page 14
</TEXT>

<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 19 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT924-12903</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CJSB0AABFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>921
019
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  19 OCT 92 / Chemists call for right to sell more 
drugs over the counter </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PAUL ABRAHAMS </BYLINE>
<T
EXT>
BRITAIN'S high street chemists have called for the right to add 51 popu
lar
drugs to the list of products they can sell over the counter without a
d
octor's prescription.
The Royal Pharmaceutical Society, which represents and
 licenses pharmacists,
says the drugs - which include Glaxo's anti-ulcer med
icine Zantac, the
world's best-selling drug with annual sales of Pounds 1.6b
n - had a proven
track-record of safety.
Its recommendation follows a meetin
g last week between the Medicines Control
Agency, which licenses drugs in th
e UK, and industry associations to discuss
speeding-up procedures for switch
ing drugs from prescription to
over-the-counter status.
The drugs include Za
ntac's arch-rival Tagamet, marketed by SmithKline
Beecham.
Other leading pro
ducts include Wellcome's best-selling herpes treatment
Zovirax, which has al
ready received OTC licences in Germany and New Zealand,
its antihistamine dr
ug Semprex, Schering-Plough's antihistamine drug
Clarityn and SmithKline's a
ntibiotic ointment Bactro-ban.
Fisons' two asthma treatments, Intal and Tila
de, are listed as are Pfizer's
arthritis drug Feldane and the US group's ant
i-fungal treatment Diflucan.
The recommendations come at a time when governm
ents, anxious to contain
rising health costs, are increasingly keen to switc
h prescription medicines
which are largely paid for by government into OTC p
roducts paid for by
patients.
Companies are keen to switch because they can 
extend drugs' revenue stream
after their patents expire. In some cases, sale
s can be multiplied more than
fivefold, although the marketing costs of OTC 
products are higher than those
of prescription medicines.
A number of pharma
ceutical groups are teaming up with consumer products
companies to help them
 switch their products. These include SmithKline
Beecham with Marion Merrell
 Dow of the US; Procter & Gamble, America's
leading OTC company, with Syntex
 of the US; and Johnson & Johnson with
Merck, both of the US. Wellcome has s
aid it is looking for a European OTC
partner.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Tim
es </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 1 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<PROFILE>_AN-DIOCVABUFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9309
15
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 SEP 93 / World Trade News: Victory for Glaxo on
 asthma drug in US </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PAUL ABRAHAMS </BYLINE>
<TEXT>

GLAXO, Europe's biggest pharmaceutical group, will continue not to face
gen
eric competition in the US against its second best-selling drug,
Ventolin, f
ollowing a meeting of two Food and Drug Administration advisory
committees y
esterday.
The committees, covering pulmonary and oncology affairs, and gener
ic
products, concluded they could not yet agree a way for generic companies 
to
produce versions of off-patent asthma treatments delivered through inhale
rs.
Although Ventolin is off-patent in the US, there is no method for generi
cs
groups to manufacture a device that delivers the correct dosage into the

lungs.
The two bodies were concerned about both the safety and efficacy of g
eneric
inhaled asthma products. They decided further work was required to cr
eate
the protocols for generic devices to be licensed.
The decision is posit
ive for Glaxo, and Schering-Plough of the US, whose
drug Proventil was also 
being considered.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Glaxo Holdings.
</CO>
<
XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
</CN>
<XX>
Industri
es:-
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<IN>P2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations.
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TP>COMP  Company News.
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<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 10 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<PROFILE>_AN-CL3BJACDFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>92123
0
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  30 DEC 92 / Glaxo wins US approval for migraine dru
g </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
GLAXO, the UK's l
argest pharmaceuticals company, yesterday secured approval
in the US for the
 sale of what will be one of its biggest selling drugs of
the 1990s, sumatri
ptan, a migraine treatment.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which co
ntrols drugs sold in the US,
approved the injectable version. The tablets ar
e likely to be approved late
in 1993.
Approval came more quickly than some o
bservers had feared: the drug does not
treat a life threatening condition an
d so was thought to be low on the FDA's
list of priorities.
Approval helped 
Glaxo shares rise 27p to 774p. Trading was heavy in London
and New York, whe
re the shares are also quoted.
Sumatriptan should be available on prescripti
on in the US by late March
under the name Imitrex, Glaxo said. Its brand nam
e in most other markets is
Imigran.
Some 33 countries have already approved 
the drug, in spite of criticism,
especially in France, of its price. Glaxo c
an charge a high price - about
Pounds 40 for two doses - because sumatriptan
 is much more effective than
rival treatments for most patients.
In Glaxo's 
last financial year, to June 1992, sales of sumatriptan reached
Pounds 43m. 
Analysts believe sales for the current year will more than
double.
Within fi
ve years, the drug could be a 'blockbuster', usually defined in the
industry
 as having sales of more than Dollars 1bn (Pounds 600m) a year.
About half s
hould be in the US.
US approval is important for Glaxo, the world's second l
argest drug company,
because its best-selling ulcer treatment, Zantac, is lo
sing market share to
a new rival, Losec, made by Swedish company Astra.
Howe
ver, sumatriptan is unlikely to replace Zantac as the company's main
source 
of profit. Zantac sales are still growing, while sumatriptan is only
one, al
beit the most important, of a new generation of Glaxo drugs. The
others are 
Serevent, an asthma treatment, Zofran, which reduces nausea in
chemotherapy 
patients, and Flixonase, an anti-inflammatory designed to help
people with a
llergies.
Between them, these four could account for 25 per cent of Glaxo's 
sales
within five years, said Mr Jonathan Gelles, an analyst with New York
s
tockbroker, Wertheim Schroder.
London Stock Exchange, Page 26
</TEXT>
<PUB>T
he Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 11 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DATE>940
208
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 FEB 94 / UK Company News: Glaxo asthma drug wi
ns US approval </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
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<CO>Glaxo Holdings.
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<XX>
Countr
ies:-
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<CN>USZ  United States of America.
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<XX>
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<IN>P2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations.
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<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 24 </PAGE>
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<DATE>940
208
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 FEB 94 / UK Company News: Glaxo asthma drug wi
ns US approval </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DANIEL GREEN </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
 protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position 
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
 reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
 the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the

ruling.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
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<CO>Glaxo Holdings.
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<XX>
Countr
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============= Transaction # 39 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-9644</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBKBQACWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
11
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  11 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Low Cuban
 sugar crop forecast </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAMIAN FRASER </BYLINE>
<DAT
ELINE>    MEXICO CITY </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA'S SUGAR crop is at best likely
 to be 6.5m tonnes in 1991-92, about 1.1m
tonnes less than in 1990-91, accor
ding to a group of sugar experts who
gathered together in the Dominican repu
blic under the auspices of the
(moderate) Cuban exile group, Sociedad Econom
ica de los Amigos del Pais.
The experts - who included a senior official fro
m the US Department of
Agriculture, analysts from FO Licht, the German sugar
 statistics agency,
Scudder Group, Czarnikow, the London trade house, and as
sorted academics -
believed that Cuba failed to harvest any sugar in the las
t two months of
1991. This would reduce the seasonal (November-June) harvest
 by between
300,000 and 1m tonnes.
In January harvesting appears to have bee
n very slow. Even if the weather
holds up, the experts agreed that Cuba woul
d be lucky to produce 6.5m tonnes
this year, given the shortages of spare pa
rts, poor maintenance of
equipment, and problems in the field. The onset of 
rain would push the
forecast even lower, said Mr Gerry Hagelberg, of FO Lich
t.
In November the USDA estimated that Cuba's production would reach 7.3m
to
nnes. Mr Peter Buzzanell, the official responsible for estimates,
suggested 
that the department would formally revise its estimate downwards
as early as
 this week.
The drop of production, if it materialises, will hit Cuba's batt
ered economy
hard - for the first time it is having to sell sugar (usually 7
5 per cent of
exports) at world, rather than preferential prices. But it wil
l come as
welcome news to the world sugar market, which has been bracing its
elf for a
flood of sugar after the collapse of Cuba's barter trade with the

former-Soviet Union.
In the nine months to last September, Cuba exported 6.1
5m tonnes of sugar,
of which 3.7m tonnes went to the Soviet Union, 740,000 t
onnes to China,
about 500,000 tonnes to Japan and Canada and the remainder t
o assorted
countries. In the full year Cuba promised to send the Soviet Unio
n 4m tonnes
of sugar in return for 10m tonnes of oil and other products. (An
 exchange
that valued Cuban sugar at about 24 cents a lb, compared with a wo
rld price
of 8 cents a lb).
This year, however, Cuba has had to renegotiate 
with ex-Soviet Union states.
So far Russia has agreed to buy (with oil) 500,
000 tonnes of Cuban sugar,
with an option to buy another 500,000 tonnes; Kaz
akhstan will take another
200,000 tonnes, with an option for 200,000 tonnes;
 and Latvia 50,000 tonnes.
Cuba will thus have to find a home for about 1.5m
 tonnes of sugar that in
the past went to the Soviet Union, assuming product
ion at the lower 6.5m
tonnes (and exports at around 5.4m tonnes), and the op
tions fully taken up.
Some of this excess sugar will go to other ex-Soviet s
tates that have yet to
sign trade agreements with Cuba, and, says Mr Hagelbe
rg, perhaps as much as
400,000 tonnes to Iran and South Korea.
Nevertheless 
the world markets could still be expected to absorb about 1m
tonnes of extra
 Cuban sugar this year - unless Cuba's crop deteriorates
still further.
</TE
XT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 40 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-9644</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBKBQACWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
11
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  11 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Low Cuban
 sugar crop forecast </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAMIAN FRASER </BYLINE>
<DAT
ELINE>    MEXICO CITY </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA'S SUGAR crop is at best likely
 to be 6.5m tonnes in 1991-92, about 1.1m
tonnes less than in 1990-91, accor
ding to a group of sugar experts who
gathered together in the Dominican repu
blic under the auspices of the
(moderate) Cuban exile group, Sociedad Econom
ica de los Amigos del Pais.
The experts - who included a senior official fro
m the US Department of
Agriculture, analysts from FO Licht, the German sugar
 statistics agency,
Scudder Group, Czarnikow, the London trade house, and as
sorted academics -
believed that Cuba failed to harvest any sugar in the las
t two months of
1991. This would reduce the seasonal (November-June) harvest
 by between
300,000 and 1m tonnes.
In January harvesting appears to have bee
n very slow. Even if the weather
holds up, the experts agreed that Cuba woul
d be lucky to produce 6.5m tonnes
this year, given the shortages of spare pa
rts, poor maintenance of
equipment, and problems in the field. The onset of 
rain would push the
forecast even lower, said Mr Gerry Hagelberg, of FO Lich
t.
In November the USDA estimated that Cuba's production would reach 7.3m
to
nnes. Mr Peter Buzzanell, the official responsible for estimates,
suggested 
that the department would formally revise its estimate downwards
as early as
 this week.
The drop of production, if it materialises, will hit Cuba's batt
ered economy
hard - for the first time it is having to sell sugar (usually 7
5 per cent of
exports) at world, rather than preferential prices. But it wil
l come as
welcome news to the world sugar market, which has been bracing its
elf for a
flood of sugar after the collapse of Cuba's barter trade with the

former-Soviet Union.
In the nine months to last September, Cuba exported 6.1
5m tonnes of sugar,
of which 3.7m tonnes went to the Soviet Union, 740,000 t
onnes to China,
about 500,000 tonnes to Japan and Canada and the remainder t
o assorted
countries. In the full year Cuba promised to send the Soviet Unio
n 4m tonnes
of sugar in return for 10m tonnes of oil and other products. (An
 exchange
that valued Cuban sugar at about 24 cents a lb, compared with a wo
rld price
of 8 cents a lb).
This year, however, Cuba has had to renegotiate 
with ex-Soviet Union states.
So far Russia has agreed to buy (with oil) 500,
000 tonnes of Cuban sugar,
with an option to buy another 500,000 tonnes; Kaz
akhstan will take another
200,000 tonnes, with an option for 200,000 tonnes;
 and Latvia 50,000 tonnes.
Cuba will thus have to find a home for about 1.5m
 tonnes of sugar that in
the past went to the Soviet Union, assuming product
ion at the lower 6.5m
tonnes (and exports at around 5.4m tonnes), and the op
tions fully taken up.
Some of this excess sugar will go to other ex-Soviet s
tates that have yet to
sign trade agreements with Cuba, and, says Mr Hagelbe
rg, perhaps as much as
400,000 tonnes to Iran and South Korea.
Nevertheless 
the world markets could still be expected to absorb about 1m
tonnes of extra
 Cuban sugar this year - unless Cuba's crop deteriorates
still further.
</TE
XT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 41 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 42 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 43 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 44 ==============================================
Transaction #:     44       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-3729</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIJB4AFOFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
10
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  10 SEP 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Pakistan 
can halt sugar imports </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By FARHAN BOKHARI </BYLINE>
<
DATELINE>    ISLAMABAD </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
SURPLUS SUGAR stocks in Pakistan a
re set to eliminate the country's need to
import sugar, although the potenti
al for export remains unclear.
Pakistan's total production is expected to hi
t 2.6m tonnes by the end of the
1992-93 fiscal year, up from 2.3m tonnes in 
1991-92. Government officials
estimate that private traders are holding 132,
000 tonnes of stocks, and that
is expected to start rising next month as the
 new production season begins
at sugar mills.
The rise in sugar production h
as partly resulted from an increase in the
number of sugar mills as well as 
improvements in the recovery rate of sugar
cane and beet. Pakistan started w
ith 2 sugar mills with a daily sugar cane
crushing capacity of 1,500 tonnes 
at the time of its independence in 1947;
today there are 54, with an aggrega
te capacity of 175,000 tonnes.
The rise in production has allowed cuts in su
gar imports. In June this year,
imports of white refined sugar fell to just 
538 tonnes, down from 3,480
tonnes in May. Last year, 36,819 tonnes was impo
rted in June, following
48,290 tonnes in May.
However, the country's sugar e
xport potential remains unclear. With
countries such as Brazil and Cuba havi
ng lower costs of production,
Pakistani sugar might not be able to compete, 
said one senior official.
Up to 100,000 tonnes of sugar is estimated to be s
muggled annually to
neighbouring Iran and Afghanistan. That has made it diff
icult to assess if a
surplus will be left after meeting domestic consumption
, including
smuggling, in order to set aside large quantities for export. Ho
wever,
Pakistan will at least save valuable foreign exchange by meeting its 
sugar
requirements domestically. Last year Dollars 36.8m was spent on import
ing
sugar, which was down from Dollars 160.5m, a year earlier.
</TEXT>
<PUB>
The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 45 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-12369</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EKBD9AA5FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>941
102
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 NOV 94 / Russia cuts off Cuba's oil supplies <
/HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN LLOYD and PASCAL FLETCHER </BYLINE>
<DATELINE
>    MOSCOW, HAVANA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Russia has suspended shipments of oil
 to Cuba because the Caribbean state
has not met its promised level of sugar
 exports to Russia, Mr Oleg Davydov,
the Russian trade minister, said yester
day. The cut in supplies to a country
which once enjoyed the closest links w
ith the former Soviet Union is
expected to further damage the recession-hit 
Cuban economy.
The decision is in line with Russia's attitude to other count
ries which once
enjoyed oil imports for barter, or at prices far below the w
orld market
level - including former Soviet states which are now independent
 countries.
Mr Davydov said Russia had exported 1.5m tonnes of oil to Cuba, 
but had
received only 500,000 tonnes of sugar - 550,000 tonnes short of the 
amount
agreed. He said Russia would sell the remaining 1m tonnes of oil it h
ad
agreed to ship to Cuba on the world market, 'adding around Dollars 120m t
o
the national budget'. 'If after our own sugar harvest the need arises to
i
mport more sugar cane, then we are prepared to open negotiations again with

Cuba on this issue in 1995,' Mr Davydov said. He added, however, that the
ba
rter of sugar for oil was unprofitable.
An official of the Cuban sugar organ
isation, Cubazucar, said the deal,
agreed last December, was still active - 
although only partly fulfilled. 'It
doesn't mean the accord has stopped.' Ho
wever, Cuba would not be able to
deliver sugar until December or January, af
ter this year's harvest.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>RUZ  Russia, Eas
t Europe.
    CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9721 
International Affairs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP
>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 4 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 46 ==============================================
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zfind "(topic @ {sugar import export}) and (title {cuba})"

============= Transaction # 47 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 48 ==============================================
Transaction #:     48       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-11487</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EG2DTAF1FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
729
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  29 JUL 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Bumper Q
ueensland sugar output set to topple Cuba from pole position </HEADLINE>
<BY
LINE>    By REUTERS </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    BRISBANE </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Aust
ralia is set to become the world's biggest raw sugar exporter this year,
wit
h a high sugar content cane crop in Queensland expected to push output
beyon
d the forecast 4.4m tonnes, reports Reuters from Brisbane.
The state's sugar
 output is likely to rise to over 4.6m tonnes according to
the Canegrowers g
roup.
Mr Ian Ballantyne, Canegrowers general manager, said that the signs af
ter a
month of harvesting indicated that the record crop of 32m tonnes of ca
ne had
above average sugar content and would beat earlier sugar production
f
orecasts.
'We have seen around a 10 per cent increase in the actual size of 
crop but
about 15 per cent increase in the content of sugar,' he said. 'We d
efinitely
have 4.4m tonnes of sugar there but probably more.'
About 85 per c
ent of Australia's raw sugar is exported with 3.36m tonnes
going overseas la
st year. This made Australian sugar exports the world's
second largest after
 Cuba's 3.6m tonnes.
Australia is hoping to take the number one position thi
s year with a third
successive good crop and with Cuba's sugar production fa
lling to about 4m
tonnes.
Last year Queensland produced 4.02m tonnes of suga
r with the only other
growing state, New South Wales, producing its annual a
verage of around
200,000 tonnes.
'There is just no question that the 1994 gr
owing season will produce a very
good crop of sugar after a bit of a ragged 
start,' Mr Ballantyne said.
So far, only about 20 per cent of the country's 
crop has been harvested.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>AUZ  Australia.

</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
    P2061
 Raw Cane Sugar.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<PUB>T
he Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 24 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 49 ==============================================
Transaction #:     49       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-12873</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CDOBJAC3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
415
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  15 APR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Cuba fac
ed with worst sugar crop in years </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BYLINE
>
<DATELINE>    HAVANA </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA IS straining to finish what c
ould be its worst sugar harvest in recent
years because it says it needs eve
ry tonne to help keep its crisis-hit
economy afloat, reports Reuter from Hav
ana.
After maintaining a virtual news blackout on the 1991-1992 sugar crop f
or
five months, the Caribbean island's government is now making the harvest 
a
national public issue. 'Our sole option. . . is not to lose a single tonne

of sugar,' it said.
The government urged the country's sugar workers to mak
e a maximum effort
over the next few weeks, a message reinforced by daily te
levision propaganda
spots focusing on the harvest.
The official media descri
be the current season as one of the most difficult
ever experienced by Cuba,
 which has traditionally been the world's biggest
exporter of sugar.
The 199
1-1992 harvest started late and has been bedevilled by shortages of
oil, lub
ricants and spare parts that are essential to keep mechanical
harvesters and
 mills running.
Adding to the urgency is the possible onset of spring rains 
in May which
could disrupt a late-finishing harvest.
Even more worrying for 
Cuba, the difficulties come at a time when it needs
every tonne of sugar it 
can produce to exchange for vital imports of oil,
machinery spares and food.

</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC
>

============= Transaction # 50 ==============================================
Transaction #:     50       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-16799</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EAGC3AFBFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
107
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 JAN 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Washingt
on holds key to Cuba's farming future - Agricultural exports could blossom i
f the US lifted its embargo </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE
>
<TEXT>
Cuban agriculture could become a significant force on markets, incl
uding the
US, if Washington's trade embargo on the Caribbean island was lift
ed,
according to a group of experts that discussed the island's agriculture 
at a
recent conference in Miami on Central American and Caribbean trade.
It 
also concluded, however, that it would take the country many years after
the
 ending of an embargo to adjust to a global market very different from
that 
which prevailed at the time of the 1959 revolution.
It was also thought unli
kely that the island republic would be able to
regain any of the significant
 markets it lost, as these had been taken over
by other producers who would 
not easily be dislodged.
'Cuba has not been sitting still in agriculture des
pite the many setbacks,'
said Mr John Lamb, associate director for internati
onal trade of Chemonics
International of the US. 'The sector employs 19 per 
cent of the country's
workers and accounts for 75 per cent of its foreign ea
rnings.' The changes
to Cuba's agriculture that were implemented by the gove
rnment last September
were intended to deal with current problems of product
ion shortfalls, and
did not seek to lift production to find new markets, the
 experts concluded.
The Cuban government has allowed increased private parti
cipation in
agriculture with the establishment of new co-operative farms and

individually-run farms - but these still operate within the framework of th
e
state's continuing control of the economy.
The sugar industry, the main pi
llar of Cuban agriculture, would face some
difficulty in regaining markets e
ven if the embargo was lifted, Mr Lamb
said. He noted that before the 1959 r
evolution, Cuba had a half of the US
sugar market at a time when US cane sug
ar imports were about 6m tonnes a
year. But US cane sugar consumption was no
w only about 3m tonnes a year.
The experts reasoned that, if the trade embar
go ended, Cuba could be
attractive to US investors in agriculture wanting an
 offshore location. Mr
Lamb said the island had good soil and flat land, ade
quate water, a large,
trained labour force, minimal pest problems, good port
s and a sound internal
transportation infrastructure.
The Cuban citrus indus
try was supported by an extensive research system,
said Mr Gene Albrigo, a h
orticulturalist with the Citrus Research and
Education Centre of the Univers
ity of Florida. 'Over 60 per cent of the
trees are under 15 years old. There
 are adequate facilities in the packing
houses, of which there are 25, with 
two more being built.
The industry has several forms of joint agreements wit
h Chilean, British,
Spanish, Israeli and Greek companies.' Cuba's impact on 
the US or other
markets would not be immediate if the embargo was lifted, th
e experts
concluded. They expected that first efforts would be for an expans
ion of
domestic food crops for local consumption, and a rehabilitation of th
e sugar
industry because of its importance to the national economy. It would
 also
take some time for the expected disputes over land tenure and land own
ership
to be resolved.
The US government has warned prospective foreign inve
stors in Cuba not to
become involved with property that was seized by the go
vernment and could be
the subject of legal disputes if and when there is a c
hange of government in
the island.
'Salinity is also a very big and growing 
problem,' reported Mr Albrigo.
'This has reached a crisis in some parts of t
he coast and across the centre
of the island. If this continues it will be a
 disaster, particularly for
fruit and vegetables.'
In addition to expanded p
roduction of the traditional commodities (sugar,
citrus, coffee, tobacco) to
 satisfy a new market, Cuba has the potential to
become an important source 
of horticultural products for North America. Some
participants in the confer
ence concluded that this was an area of the
island's agriculture that could 
bloom in a post-embargo Cuba.
'Cuba was once a major exporter of vegetables,
 but the market has been taken
over by Mexico since the embargo,' said Mr La
mb. 'Cuban access to the US
market in the future will have an adverse impact
 on producers in the
Caribbean, Central America, Mexico and Florida, especia
lly in the production
of vegetables and horticulture.'
Mr Carlos Balerdi, a 
tropical fruit crops agent in the agricultural
extension service of Dade Cou
nty, Florida, thought that one major hurdle for
Cuban agriculture if and whe
n the embargo was lifted could be psychological.
'One problem is that agricu
ltural work has been used as a penalty for
dissidents and those trying to le
ave the island,' he said. 'This may cause a
very negative psychological reac
tion to agriculture in a future Cuba.'
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CU
Z  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Su
gar Beets.
    P0174 Citrus Fruits.
    P01   Agricultural Production-Crops.

</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
    MKTS  Foreign tr
ade.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 20 </PAGE>
</D
OC>

============= Transaction # 51 ==============================================
Transaction #:     51       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-13478</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DDWC9ABJFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
423
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  23 APR 93 / World Trade News: Cuba barters its su
gar </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By HAIG SIMONIAN </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    MILAN <
/DATELINE>
<TEXT>
ITALGRANI, the Italian cereals and foods group based in Na
ples, has signed a
L100bn (Pounds 42m) agreement with Cuba to supply semi-fi
nished food
products in return for sugar, writes Haig Simonian in Milan.
The
 deal is a further sign of the current revival in countertrade for
countries
 with problems obtaining hard currencies or in economic
difficulties.
The Cu
ban economy has faced a growing crisis following the gradual
withdrawal of a
id and supplies from the former Soviet Union. It has also
suffered from the 
fall in price of some raw-material exports, notably sugar.
Italgrani will su
pply cereals, vegetable oils and pasta products, worth
about L100bn, in retu
rn for Cuban sugar of a similar value.
Italgrani's deal, double the size of 
a similar one between July and November
last year, will take effect in the s
econd half of this year.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Companies:-
</XX>
<CO>Italgrani.
</CO>

<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</
XX>
<IN>P2043 Cereal Breakfast Foods.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COMP  Buy
-in & Buy-out.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </
PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 52 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 53 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 54 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 55 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 56 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-9644</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBKBQACWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
11
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  11 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Low Cuban
 sugar crop forecast </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAMIAN FRASER </BYLINE>
<DAT
ELINE>    MEXICO CITY </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA'S SUGAR crop is at best likely
 to be 6.5m tonnes in 1991-92, about 1.1m
tonnes less than in 1990-91, accor
ding to a group of sugar experts who
gathered together in the Dominican repu
blic under the auspices of the
(moderate) Cuban exile group, Sociedad Econom
ica de los Amigos del Pais.
The experts - who included a senior official fro
m the US Department of
Agriculture, analysts from FO Licht, the German sugar
 statistics agency,
Scudder Group, Czarnikow, the London trade house, and as
sorted academics -
believed that Cuba failed to harvest any sugar in the las
t two months of
1991. This would reduce the seasonal (November-June) harvest
 by between
300,000 and 1m tonnes.
In January harvesting appears to have bee
n very slow. Even if the weather
holds up, the experts agreed that Cuba woul
d be lucky to produce 6.5m tonnes
this year, given the shortages of spare pa
rts, poor maintenance of
equipment, and problems in the field. The onset of 
rain would push the
forecast even lower, said Mr Gerry Hagelberg, of FO Lich
t.
In November the USDA estimated that Cuba's production would reach 7.3m
to
nnes. Mr Peter Buzzanell, the official responsible for estimates,
suggested 
that the department would formally revise its estimate downwards
as early as
 this week.
The drop of production, if it materialises, will hit Cuba's batt
ered economy
hard - for the first time it is having to sell sugar (usually 7
5 per cent of
exports) at world, rather than preferential prices. But it wil
l come as
welcome news to the world sugar market, which has been bracing its
elf for a
flood of sugar after the collapse of Cuba's barter trade with the

former-Soviet Union.
In the nine months to last September, Cuba exported 6.1
5m tonnes of sugar,
of which 3.7m tonnes went to the Soviet Union, 740,000 t
onnes to China,
about 500,000 tonnes to Japan and Canada and the remainder t
o assorted
countries. In the full year Cuba promised to send the Soviet Unio
n 4m tonnes
of sugar in return for 10m tonnes of oil and other products. (An
 exchange
that valued Cuban sugar at about 24 cents a lb, compared with a wo
rld price
of 8 cents a lb).
This year, however, Cuba has had to renegotiate 
with ex-Soviet Union states.
So far Russia has agreed to buy (with oil) 500,
000 tonnes of Cuban sugar,
with an option to buy another 500,000 tonnes; Kaz
akhstan will take another
200,000 tonnes, with an option for 200,000 tonnes;
 and Latvia 50,000 tonnes.
Cuba will thus have to find a home for about 1.5m
 tonnes of sugar that in
the past went to the Soviet Union, assuming product
ion at the lower 6.5m
tonnes (and exports at around 5.4m tonnes), and the op
tions fully taken up.
Some of this excess sugar will go to other ex-Soviet s
tates that have yet to
sign trade agreements with Cuba, and, says Mr Hagelbe
rg, perhaps as much as
400,000 tonnes to Iran and South Korea.
Nevertheless 
the world markets could still be expected to absorb about 1m
tonnes of extra
 Cuban sugar this year - unless Cuba's crop deteriorates
still further.
</TE
XT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-9644</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBKBQACWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
11
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  11 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Low Cuban
 sugar crop forecast </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAMIAN FRASER </BYLINE>
<DAT
ELINE>    MEXICO CITY </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA'S SUGAR crop is at best likely
 to be 6.5m tonnes in 1991-92, about 1.1m
tonnes less than in 1990-91, accor
ding to a group of sugar experts who
gathered together in the Dominican repu
blic under the auspices of the
(moderate) Cuban exile group, Sociedad Econom
ica de los Amigos del Pais.
The experts - who included a senior official fro
m the US Department of
Agriculture, analysts from FO Licht, the German sugar
 statistics agency,
Scudder Group, Czarnikow, the London trade house, and as
sorted academics -
believed that Cuba failed to harvest any sugar in the las
t two months of
1991. This would reduce the seasonal (November-June) harvest
 by between
300,000 and 1m tonnes.
In January harvesting appears to have bee
n very slow. Even if the weather
holds up, the experts agreed that Cuba woul
d be lucky to produce 6.5m tonnes
this year, given the shortages of spare pa
rts, poor maintenance of
equipment, and problems in the field. The onset of 
rain would push the
forecast even lower, said Mr Gerry Hagelberg, of FO Lich
t.
In November the USDA estimated that Cuba's production would reach 7.3m
to
nnes. Mr Peter Buzzanell, the official responsible for estimates,
suggested 
that the department would formally revise its estimate downwards
as early as
 this week.
The drop of production, if it materialises, will hit Cuba's batt
ered economy
hard - for the first time it is having to sell sugar (usually 7
5 per cent of
exports) at world, rather than preferential prices. But it wil
l come as
welcome news to the world sugar market, which has been bracing its
elf for a
flood of sugar after the collapse of Cuba's barter trade with the

former-Soviet Union.
In the nine months to last September, Cuba exported 6.1
5m tonnes of sugar,
of which 3.7m tonnes went to the Soviet Union, 740,000 t
onnes to China,
about 500,000 tonnes to Japan and Canada and the remainder t
o assorted
countries. In the full year Cuba promised to send the Soviet Unio
n 4m tonnes
of sugar in return for 10m tonnes of oil and other products. (An
 exchange
that valued Cuban sugar at about 24 cents a lb, compared with a wo
rld price
of 8 cents a lb).
This year, however, Cuba has had to renegotiate 
with ex-Soviet Union states.
So far Russia has agreed to buy (with oil) 500,
000 tonnes of Cuban sugar,
with an option to buy another 500,000 tonnes; Kaz
akhstan will take another
200,000 tonnes, with an option for 200,000 tonnes;
 and Latvia 50,000 tonnes.
Cuba will thus have to find a home for about 1.5m
 tonnes of sugar that in
the past went to the Soviet Union, assuming product
ion at the lower 6.5m
tonnes (and exports at around 5.4m tonnes), and the op
tions fully taken up.
Some of this excess sugar will go to other ex-Soviet s
tates that have yet to
sign trade agreements with Cuba, and, says Mr Hagelbe
rg, perhaps as much as
400,000 tonnes to Iran and South Korea.
Nevertheless 
the world markets could still be expected to absorb about 1m
tonnes of extra
 Cuban sugar this year - unless Cuba's crop deteriorates
still further.
</TE
XT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-9644</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBKBQACWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
11
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  11 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Low Cuban
 sugar crop forecast </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAMIAN FRASER </BYLINE>
<DAT
ELINE>    MEXICO CITY </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA'S SUGAR crop is at best likely
 to be 6.5m tonnes in 1991-92, about 1.1m
tonnes less than in 1990-91, accor
ding to a group of sugar experts who
gathered together in the Dominican repu
blic under the auspices of the
(moderate) Cuban exile group, Sociedad Econom
ica de los Amigos del Pais.
The experts - who included a senior official fro
m the US Department of
Agriculture, analysts from FO Licht, the German sugar
 statistics agency,
Scudder Group, Czarnikow, the London trade house, and as
sorted academics -
believed that Cuba failed to harvest any sugar in the las
t two months of
1991. This would reduce the seasonal (November-June) harvest
 by between
300,000 and 1m tonnes.
In January harvesting appears to have bee
n very slow. Even if the weather
holds up, the experts agreed that Cuba woul
d be lucky to produce 6.5m tonnes
this year, given the shortages of spare pa
rts, poor maintenance of
equipment, and problems in the field. The onset of 
rain would push the
forecast even lower, said Mr Gerry Hagelberg, of FO Lich
t.
In November the USDA estimated that Cuba's production would reach 7.3m
to
nnes. Mr Peter Buzzanell, the official responsible for estimates,
suggested 
that the department would formally revise its estimate downwards
as early as
 this week.
The drop of production, if it materialises, will hit Cuba's batt
ered economy
hard - for the first time it is having to sell sugar (usually 7
5 per cent of
exports) at world, rather than preferential prices. But it wil
l come as
welcome news to the world sugar market, which has been bracing its
elf for a
flood of sugar after the collapse of Cuba's barter trade with the

former-Soviet Union.
In the nine months to last September, Cuba exported 6.1
5m tonnes of sugar,
of which 3.7m tonnes went to the Soviet Union, 740,000 t
onnes to China,
about 500,000 tonnes to Japan and Canada and the remainder t
o assorted
countries. In the full year Cuba promised to send the Soviet Unio
n 4m tonnes
of sugar in return for 10m tonnes of oil and other products. (An
 exchange
that valued Cuban sugar at about 24 cents a lb, compared with a wo
rld price
of 8 cents a lb).
This year, however, Cuba has had to renegotiate 
with ex-Soviet Union states.
So far Russia has agreed to buy (with oil) 500,
000 tonnes of Cuban sugar,
with an option to buy another 500,000 tonnes; Kaz
akhstan will take another
200,000 tonnes, with an option for 200,000 tonnes;
 and Latvia 50,000 tonnes.
Cuba will thus have to find a home for about 1.5m
 tonnes of sugar that in
the past went to the Soviet Union, assuming product
ion at the lower 6.5m
tonnes (and exports at around 5.4m tonnes), and the op
tions fully taken up.
Some of this excess sugar will go to other ex-Soviet s
tates that have yet to
sign trade agreements with Cuba, and, says Mr Hagelbe
rg, perhaps as much as
400,000 tonnes to Iran and South Korea.
Nevertheless 
the world markets could still be expected to absorb about 1m
tonnes of extra
 Cuban sugar this year - unless Cuba's crop deteriorates
still further.
</TE
XT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 61 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-9644</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBKBQACWFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
11
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  11 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Low Cuban
 sugar crop forecast </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAMIAN FRASER </BYLINE>
<DAT
ELINE>    MEXICO CITY </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
CUBA'S SUGAR crop is at best likely
 to be 6.5m tonnes in 1991-92, about 1.1m
tonnes less than in 1990-91, accor
ding to a group of sugar experts who
gathered together in the Dominican repu
blic under the auspices of the
(moderate) Cuban exile group, Sociedad Econom
ica de los Amigos del Pais.
The experts - who included a senior official fro
m the US Department of
Agriculture, analysts from FO Licht, the German sugar
 statistics agency,
Scudder Group, Czarnikow, the London trade house, and as
sorted academics -
believed that Cuba failed to harvest any sugar in the las
t two months of
1991. This would reduce the seasonal (November-June) harvest
 by between
300,000 and 1m tonnes.
In January harvesting appears to have bee
n very slow. Even if the weather
holds up, the experts agreed that Cuba woul
d be lucky to produce 6.5m tonnes
this year, given the shortages of spare pa
rts, poor maintenance of
equipment, and problems in the field. The onset of 
rain would push the
forecast even lower, said Mr Gerry Hagelberg, of FO Lich
t.
In November the USDA estimated that Cuba's production would reach 7.3m
to
nnes. Mr Peter Buzzanell, the official responsible for estimates,
suggested 
that the department would formally revise its estimate downwards
as early as
 this week.
The drop of production, if it materialises, will hit Cuba's batt
ered economy
hard - for the first time it is having to sell sugar (usually 7
5 per cent of
exports) at world, rather than preferential prices. But it wil
l come as
welcome news to the world sugar market, which has been bracing its
elf for a
flood of sugar after the collapse of Cuba's barter trade with the

former-Soviet Union.
In the nine months to last September, Cuba exported 6.1
5m tonnes of sugar,
of which 3.7m tonnes went to the Soviet Union, 740,000 t
onnes to China,
about 500,000 tonnes to Japan and Canada and the remainder t
o assorted
countries. In the full year Cuba promised to send the Soviet Unio
n 4m tonnes
of sugar in return for 10m tonnes of oil and other products. (An
 exchange
that valued Cuban sugar at about 24 cents a lb, compared with a wo
rld price
of 8 cents a lb).
This year, however, Cuba has had to renegotiate 
with ex-Soviet Union states.
So far Russia has agreed to buy (with oil) 500,
000 tonnes of Cuban sugar,
with an option to buy another 500,000 tonnes; Kaz
akhstan will take another
200,000 tonnes, with an option for 200,000 tonnes;
 and Latvia 50,000 tonnes.
Cuba will thus have to find a home for about 1.5m
 tonnes of sugar that in
the past went to the Soviet Union, assuming product
ion at the lower 6.5m
tonnes (and exports at around 5.4m tonnes), and the op
tions fully taken up.
Some of this excess sugar will go to other ex-Soviet s
tates that have yet to
sign trade agreements with Cuba, and, says Mr Hagelbe
rg, perhaps as much as
400,000 tonnes to Iran and South Korea.
Nevertheless 
the world markets could still be expected to absorb about 1m
tonnes of extra
 Cuban sugar this year - unless Cuba's crop deteriorates
still further.
</TE
XT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 62 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-8150</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBUAKACNFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9302
20
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  20 FEB 93 / Commodities and Agriculture (Week in t
he markets): Sugar breaks into higher ground: </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By RIC
HARD MOONEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A SERIES of bullish developments this week enab
led the world sugar market to
break free of the strait-jacket that had been 
confining prices for some
time.
Having traded mostly between 8 cents and 8.5
 cents a lb since last autumn
the prompt March futures position at New York'
s Cocoa, Sugar and Coffee
Exchange leapt in mid-week to 9 cents, a level las
t seen on November 2, and
moved on to a five-month high of 9.53 cents before
 edging back yesterday
afternoon.
Market sentiment has hardened in recent we
eks as analysts' assessments of
the likely sugar supply surplus in the 1992-
93 season have been reduced.
London trader ED & F. Man now expects supply to
 exceed demand by some 1.5m
tonnes (about 1.3 per cent of annual production)
, compared with the 3.4m
tonnes it was forecasting earlier. And this week C.
 Czarnikow, another
London trade house, which in November was forecasting an
 830,000-tonnes
surplus, this week adjusted this to a 370,000-tonne deficit 
(after allowing
for 'unrecorded disappearance' of 600,000 tonnes ).
However,
 the factor that changed firmness into strength this week was talk
circulati
ng among traders that Cuba had been forced to buy 100,000 tonnes of
sugar fr
om Thailand to enable it to honour supply commitments to China and
other Asi
an countries. Cuban sugar minister Mr Juan Herrera warned earlier
this month
 that lack of basic inputs had 'caused delays in the start-up of a
significa
nt number of mills'.
Also supporting the market were: a surprise announcemen
t of a 160,000-tonne
Kenyan buying tender for next Monday; a 14,000-tonne Mo
roccan buying tender;
talk of Cuban sales to Mexico and of a 100,000-tonnes 
sale to Indonesia; and
a cut in Thailand's harvest forecast from 49.15m tonn
es of cane to 43m
tonnes.
'There have been several important changes in the 
statistical outlook for
the 1992-93 crop cycle with adjustments to the suppl
y side of the balance
predominating,' said Czarnikow in the February 17 issu
e of its Sugar Review.
'Production for the season has fallen by some 1.32m t
onnes since our world
forecasts in November and is now expected to slip belo
w last season's output
by some 1.87m tonnes.'
The trade house now estimates 
world sugar production at 114.57m tonnes,
compared with 115.89m in November,
 and consumption at 114.51m tonnes,
compared with 114.46m tonnes.
Cocoa pric
es put in another steady performance as producers and consumers
prepared for
 next week's International Cocoa Agreement (ICCA) negotiations
in Geneva. In
 late trading yesterday the New York market's May position was
quoted at Dol
lars 932 a tonne, up Dollars 7 on the week. In London, however,
that firmnes
s was obscured by the dollar's decline against sterling and the
London Futur
es and Options Exchange's May cocoa contract ended Pounds 3 down
on the week
 at Pounds 734 a tonne.
The Geneva meeting will mark the fourth and final at
tempt to agree a
price-stabilisation pact to replace the moribund one that e
xpires on
September 30. Delegates were moving towards agreement at the last 
session,
in November, that efforts to steady the market should be based on t
he
withholding of between 330,000 and 380,000 tonnes of surplus beans from t
he
market. But they remained far apart on how that was to be financed and on

what price range was to be defended.
The existing ICCA, agreed in 1986, cea
sed to operate as a market support
pact early in 1988, when its buffer stock
 reached the 250,000-tonnes
ceiling.
All but one of the London Metal Exchang
e's contracts finished down on the
week, the biggest fall being in copper, w
hich closed yesterday at Pounds
1,551.25 a tonne for three months delivery, 
down Pounds 30.50 on the week.
But, as with cocoa's fall, the culprit was th
e sterling rally, but for which
the price would have been modestly higher.
D
ealers said the copper market was supported by concern over production
stopp
ages in Mexico and Papua New Guinea and the expectation of Chinese
buying on
 any dip to Dollars 2,220 a tonne, about Dollars 7 below the dollar
equivale
nt of yesterday's close. But the market remained trapped in a narrow
range, 
they added, with overhead resistance expected at Dollars 2,231 a
tonne.
Afte
r most of an early fall had been recovered in mid-week the aluminium
market 
ended on the downbeat, with the cash position closing yesterday at
Dollars 1
,204.50 a tonne, down Dollars 4 on the day and Dollars 7.75 on the
week.
The
 market had been steady in the morning, underpinned by talk of further
produ
ction cuts following Alumax's announcement on Thursday that it was
reducing 
output by about 36,000 tonnes a year at its Mount Holly smelter.
Fears that 
the Bonneville Power Administration restrictions could increase
energy costs
 for some US smelters were also providing support. But prices
again ran into
 overhead resistance and fell away during the afternoon.
Among the precious 
metals platinum and palladium prices reversed last week's
gains as confidenc
e was rocked by nervousness about US economic policy and a
report that Japan
ese car makers were to cut imports of the metals, both of
which are used in 
exhaust catalysts.
Dollar weakness helped gold to mount another assault on t
he upper end of its
recent Dollars 327-Dollars 332 a troy ounce trading rang
e on Tuesday. Once
again it was repelled, as was a fresh attempt yesterday.

 -----------------------------------
       LME WAREHOUSE STOCKS
     (As at
 Thursday's close)
 -----------------------------------
tonnes
 ------------
-----------------------
Aluminium  +2,100 to 1,650,550
Copper     unchgd at 
  319,425
Lead         -650 to   234,425
Nickel     +1,176 to    82,164
Zinc
       +7,600 to   546,600
Tin           +15 to    17,135
 -----------------
------------------
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0179 Fruits and Tree Nuts, NEC.
    P1021 Copper Or
es.
    P0722 Crop Harvesting.
    P1099 Metal Ores, NEC.
    P33   Primary 
Metal Industries.
    P5051 Metals Service Centers and Offices.
</IN>
<XX>
T
ypes:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Market data.
    COSTS  Commodity prices.
</TP>
<PUB>
The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 11 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 63 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT944-11926</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EKCEGAGJFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>941
103
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  03 NOV 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Cuba str
uggles to revive sugar sector - A look at problems dogging the mainstay of t
he country's economy </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By PASCAL FLETCHER </BYLINE>
<T
EXT>
Cuba's sugar harvest, mainstay of the island's economy, could soon begi
n to
level out after its recent nosedive, but a return to cruising altitude 
looks
a long way off.
Just five years ago output was running at a comfortabl
e 8m tonnes a year.
But then it went into a tailspin. The crop fell to a his
toric low of 4m
tonnes in 1993-94 from 4.2m tonnes in 1992-93 and 7m tonnes 
the previous
year.
This represented lost export earnings over two harvests o
f Dollars 1bn, a
heavy blow for a sugar-dominated, recession-hit economy who
se total export
revenue in 1993 was an estimated Dollars 1.7 bn.
Faced with 
continuing severe input shortages and a reduced level of
harvestable cane, t
he best Cuba can hope for from the 1994-95 season is to
slow the decline in 
its leading export industry. If it can do this, the
island may be able to la
y some foundations for a future recovery. But it
will be a hard slog.
Sugar 
market analysts, such as London trade house ED & F. Man, have already
predic
ted that Cuban output will continue to fall in 1994-95. Even the Cuban
autho
rities, normally loath to make any public pre-harvest forecasts, are
signall
ing that they expect a crop as low as or lower than last year.
'This is not 
a time for spectacular results measured in large volumes of
sugar,' the offi
cial workers' daily Trabajadores said in an October 10
editorial.
'Sugar pro
duction suffers from a syndrome of cycles, either good or bad. . .
if you ha
d a bad previous harvest, recovery is difficult,' said Mr Juan
Triana Cordov
i, deputy director of Havana University's Centre for Studies on
the Cuban Ec
onomy.
It was the sudden collapse after 1990 of crucial Soviet supplies of f
uel,
fertiliser, herbicides and spares that knocked Cuban sugar production o
ff
course. Recent harvests have also been buffeted by unseasonal bad weather

and slowed by declining efficiency.
The antidote proposed by Mr Nelson Torr
es, Cuba's minister for sugar, is a
short, sharp and above all efficient 199
4-95 harvest.
This year's campaign, if it starts this month as usual, will n
ot be allowed
to extend beyond April. In another change of strategy, all of 
Cuba's more
than 150 mills will be required to join the harvest to maximise 
production.
Last season, more than a dozen below-par mills did not operate, 
with the
result that their machinery was 'cannibalised' for other uses and t
heir work
forces dispersed.
The over-extended 1993-94 harvest, which lasted 
well beyond May, cut into
growing cane reserves and delayed field cultivatio
n and mill repairs. Mill
managers, struggling to meet pre-set production tar
gets and to compensate
for industrial breakdowns and inefficiency, harvested
 cane that could have
been left for the coming season.
Granma, the official 
Communist Party newspaper, said in a September 2
article: 'There is going to
 be once again - it's no secret - a serious
shortage of cane'. That echoed a
n August, ED & F. Man report warning that
the protracted 1993-94 campaign, c
ontinuing input shortages and reports of
delays in the planting programme me
ant that 'further degradation of (Cuba's)
sugar production cannot be elimina
ted'.
As the start of the harvest approaches, sugar workers have been the ta
rget
of a blitz of official criticism. State media have accused them of duck
ing
out of eight-hour work schedules, using poor quality seed and failing to

weed growing cane. 'Why is the cane in such poor state. . . so full of
weed
s?' state-run Radio Rebelde asked back in September.
Especially targetted fo
r criticism were the cane growing co-operatives, the
so-called basic units o
f co-operative production (UBPCs), created in
September, 1993 as part of a d
ecentralising reform of Cuba's state-run
farming system. 'Why have these UBP
Cs still not been able to contain and
reverse the sharp collapse of the nati
on's greatest resource?' Mr
Trabajadores said six weeks ago.
Reasons cited f
or poor productivity in the cane co-operatives were the lack
of incentives, 
delays in obtaining promised benefits like new housing and
even shortages of
 work clothes like boots. Government officials were
studying the possibility
 of introducing greater material incentives for
sugar workers - whether in l
ocal or hard currency or in access to consumer
goods - like those already av
ailable for workers in Cuba's tourist industry.
To offset harvest manpower s
hortages, Cuba's official trade union
organisation, the CTC, is preparing to
 mobilise 61,000 cane cutters across
the island, 25,000 more than last year.
 This manual cutting force will also
help to compensate for cutbacks in mach
ine harvesting resulting from
shortages of fuel, lubricants and spare parts.

On the commercial front, Cuba has maintained a hermetic silence over the
st
ate of its strategic sugar trade contracts with Russia and China. Traders
in
 London and New York reported as early as June that the country might have
p
roblems meeting all of its export commitments because of the second
consecut
ive low harvest. The Cubans were expected to have sought to roll
over many o
f their commitments into the next crop period, a tactic widely
used even whe
n the island was producing harvests of about 8m tonnes.
The roll-over mechan
ism is considerably less drastic than the force majeure
declared by Cuba in 
June, 1993, when torrential rains devastated an already
flagging harvest.
</
TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries
:-
</XX>
<IN>P2062 Cane Sugar Refining.
    P2061 Raw Cane Sugar.
    P0133 
Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Anal
ysis.
    MKTS  Production.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Lon
don Page 35 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 64 ==============================================
Transaction #:     64       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-8550</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBRCKAF9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9302
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 FEB 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Talk of C
uban buying helps to keep sugar price surge going </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By
 DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
WORLD SUGAR prices continued to surge yest
erday as a spate of bullish news
this week pushed the market out of the narr
ow trading range of recent
months.
New York's May raw sugar contract, which 
rose by 0.5 cents on Tuesday, was a
further 0.18 ahead in early trading yest
erday at 9.69 cents a lb before
easing towards the close. At the beginning o
f the month it was trading at
8.5 cents.
Cuba has been reported buying 100,0
00 tonnes of sugar from Thailand to meet
its commitments in China and elsewh
ere in Asia. Cuba's harvest is being
delayed once again by problems with the
 country's infrastructure. Mr Juan
Herrera, the Cuban sugar minister, said e
arlier this month that a lack of
basic inputs had 'caused delays in the star
t-up of a significant number of
mills'.
Thailand, which in November forecast
 a record 1992-93 harvest of 49.15m
tonnes, now expects only 43m tonnes of c
ane, compared with 47.43m tonnes
last year.
Kenya surprised the market with 
the announcement that it would hold a tender
next Monday for 160,000 tonnes 
of white sugar. Morocco is tendering for
14,000 tonnes of raws, and there is
 talk of Cuban sales to Mexico and of a
100,000-tonne sale to Indonesia.
'Th
ere is a buoyant physical sector, and that has brought the funds back
into N
ew York,' said one US analyst yesterday. 'Fund buying spurred the
market thr
ough stubborn resistance at 8.65 to 8.70, and then took it through
9 cents.'

'Basically the market is looking a lot better,' said a London trader. 'Good

news has arrived when the market was at its weakest.' He pointed out that
e
stimates for the world sugar surplus in 1992-93 were coming down. ED &. F.
M
an, the London trade house, has reduced its forecast surplus from 3.4m
tonne
s to 1.5m tonnes.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0722 Crop Harvesting.
    P2062 Cane Sugar Refining.

</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
    MKTS  Market data
.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 65 ==============================================
Transaction #:     65       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-8550</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DBRCKAF9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9302
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 FEB 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Talk of C
uban buying helps to keep sugar price surge going </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By
 DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
WORLD SUGAR prices continued to surge yest
erday as a spate of bullish news
this week pushed the market out of the narr
ow trading range of recent
months.
New York's May raw sugar contract, which 
rose by 0.5 cents on Tuesday, was a
further 0.18 ahead in early trading yest
erday at 9.69 cents a lb before
easing towards the close. At the beginning o
f the month it was trading at
8.5 cents.
Cuba has been reported buying 100,0
00 tonnes of sugar from Thailand to meet
its commitments in China and elsewh
ere in Asia. Cuba's harvest is being
delayed once again by problems with the
 country's infrastructure. Mr Juan
Herrera, the Cuban sugar minister, said e
arlier this month that a lack of
basic inputs had 'caused delays in the star
t-up of a significant number of
mills'.
Thailand, which in November forecast
 a record 1992-93 harvest of 49.15m
tonnes, now expects only 43m tonnes of c
ane, compared with 47.43m tonnes
last year.
Kenya surprised the market with 
the announcement that it would hold a tender
next Monday for 160,000 tonnes 
of white sugar. Morocco is tendering for
14,000 tonnes of raws, and there is
 talk of Cuban sales to Mexico and of a
100,000-tonne sale to Indonesia.
'Th
ere is a buoyant physical sector, and that has brought the funds back
into N
ew York,' said one US analyst yesterday. 'Fund buying spurred the
market thr
ough stubborn resistance at 8.65 to 8.70, and then took it through
9 cents.'

'Basically the market is looking a lot better,' said a London trader. 'Good

news has arrived when the market was at its weakest.' He pointed out that
e
stimates for the world sugar surplus in 1992-93 were coming down. ED &. F.
M
an, the London trade house, has reduced its forecast surplus from 3.4m
tonne
s to 1.5m tonnes.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XAZ  World.
</CN>
<XX>

Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0722 Crop Harvesting.
    P2062 Cane Sugar Refining.

</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
    MKTS  Market data
.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 66 ==============================================
Transaction #:     66       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-3603</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCMBUADIFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Problems 
piling up for Caribbean sugar sector - A wave of labour unrest is adding to 
the woes of a struggling industry, writes Canute James </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE> 
   By CANUTE JAMES </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A WAVE of industrial unrest in the Carib
bean sugar industry has compounded
earlier problems caused by falling produc
tion and changes in important
markets.
Exporters are having difficulty in re
taining traditional markets and no new
ones are available; some export quota
s have been reduced while some export
commitments are not being fulfilled.
T
he pain is most evident in Barbados, for which the sugar industry is a
relat
ively small but important pillar of the troubled economy. An eight-week
stri
ke that delayed the start of this year's harvest has reduced production
at a
 time when the financially strapped industry has been trying to catch
its br
eath.
The industry was shut down late last year because it ran out of money.
 The
privately-owned Barbados Sugar Industry Ltd, which operates the island'
s
mills, owes a state-owned bank about USDollars 87m. New money has not been

available because the government is under pressure to reduce state spending
.
It took a loan of Pounds 5m from Barclays Bank of the UK to get the indust
ry
up on its feet again, but preparations by millers to start processing can
e
in January were frustrated by a strike. Unions demanded an increase in wag
es
but the millers said they were unable to pay because of their weak financ
es.
It took the intervention of the country's prime minister to break the
im
passe.
The industry is forecasting production of 50,000 tonnes for this year
, which
will not be enough to meet its quotas to the European Community and 
the US
while satisfying domestic demand, for which about 73,000 tonnes would
 be
needed.
Failure to fill export quotas has also been a major worry for th
e Guyanese
sugar industry. In each of the past three years the country has p
leaded
force majeure on scheduled shipments to the European Community as pro
duction
has faltered because of strikes and poor weather.
The industry expec
ts to meet its EC quota of 167,000 tonnes this year
although production was 
only 155,000 tonnes last year, 25,000 tonnes more
than in 1990. Like other c
ountries that fear a loss of their quotas if they
do not meet the supply sch
edules, Guyana and Barbados may be forced to
import sugar for the domestic m
arket.
'The logic here is quite simple,' explains a Jamaican trade official.
 'The
preferential markets such as the EC pay more than the exporters would 
get on
the world market. So they ensure they meet their quotas and then buy 
cheaply
on the world market for domestic consumption. The EC and the US do n
ot like
this practice, but it is done fairly often.'
In Guyana and Barbados 
efforts are being made to improve the management of
the sugar industry and r
aise productivity. Booker Tate, a subsidiary of
Booker of the UK, is managin
g the state-owned industry in Guyana, and will
begin running the Barbados in
dustry later this year.
The marginal improvement in output by the Jamaican i
ndustry over the past
two years was halted by a two-week strike at the islan
d's nine mills that
ended this week. This year's target of 230,000 tonnes, i
f it is achieved,
will allow the island to meet its quota commitments.
The a
dministrators of the industry in the Caribbean complain that region's
market
ing and production plans are being adversely affected by changing
conditions
 in important markets, such as the US, where adjustments to import
quotas ar
e frequent. In the current crop year, for example, most of the
Caribbean pro
ducers have had their US quota cut by 35 per cent, and others
by 10 per cent
.
These changes, which are influenced mainly by the level of domestic US
pro
duction, are expected to reduce the Caribbean region's earnings by about
USD
ollars 70m. The reduction is hitting hardest in the Dominican Republic,
wher
e industry has been in decline for the past decade. The cut of 35 per
cent i
n its US quota to 232,500 tonnes this year might have been less
painful had 
it not been for uncertainty over another valuable market. The
Dominicans had
 been supplying between 50,000 tonnes and 225,000 tonnes a
year to the Sovie
t Union. But with the break-up of the union Dominican
industry officials and
 bankers say there is uncertainty about future of
sales to the Commonwealth 
of Independent States, as it is now called.
Like most of the other Caribbean
 producers, production costs in the
Dominican Republic, which produced 628,0
00 tonnes last year, exceed world
market prices.
Strikes and production cost
s are not likely to be among the problems facing
the sugar sector in Cuba, t
he region's largest producer. Since the break-up
of the Soviet Union, which 
was the island's major market, short term
contracts with members of the CIS 
have brought some relief. But a
significant reduction in output is likely th
is year because of a late start
to harvesting and a shortage of fuel which h
as overtaken the embattled
economy. There are indications that output this y
ear will be about 1m tonnes
less than last year's 7.6m tonnes.
The US indust
ry, however, is already weighing the consequences of the
changes in Cuba's m
arkets, with suggestions that this could leave the island
with millions of t
onnes to dispose of on the world market. Depression of
prices would be compo
unded by a likely loss of market for some of Cuba's
neighbours, particularly
 if there were political changes on the island.
'In a post-Castro Cuba, the 
US would try to assist a new government if it is
democratic,' suggests Mr Ju
lio Herrera, president of the Caribbean Basin
Sugar Producers Group. 'Cuba w
ill inevitably turn to the US as a market for
its sugar. The US will be told
 that it has a moral obligation to buy Cuban
sugar.'
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financ
ial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 67 ==============================================
Transaction #:     67       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-1721</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BECBBACTFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9105
03
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  03 MAY 91 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar sur
plus estimate soars </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>
<TE
XT>
THE WORLD sugar supply and demand balance is heading for a surplus of 4.
6m
tonnes for 1990-91 - the biggest surplus since 1982-83, according to ED &
 F.
Man, the London trade house.
Man's sharp upward revision of the surplus 
from an estimate of 1.9m tonnes
comes in a week when sugar prices hit their 
lowest levels for more than
three years. On Tuesday the London Daily Price f
or raws was Dollars 194 a
tonne, the lowest level since November 1987.
The l
atest estimate compares with a 3.33m tonne surplus predicted by FO
Licht, th
e German statistician, in February, and a surplus of 1.2m tonnes
made in the
 same month by Czarnikow, another large London trade house, which
is expecte
d to revise its estimate upwards later this month.
Man's latest monthly suga
r review predicts that prices will be further
depressed by the 'weight of th
e existing, as well as the impending supply
surpluses'. When added to a revi
sed surplus of 1.7m tonnes for 1989-90, the
total accumulation of sugar from
 the two seasons is 6.3m tonnes.
Production this season is now put at 113.8m
 tonnes, compared with a previous
estimate of 110.4m tonnes and 1989-90 prod
uction of 108.7m tonnes. 'This is
the largest annual increase since 1981-82;
 with beet production increasing
by over 5 per cent and cane by 4.4 per cent
 and it is a testimony to the
response of sugar producers to the higher worl
d prices in 1989 and 1990,'
says the review.
Adjustments to production estim
ates for China, India and Thailand account
for 2.1m tonnes or more than 60 p
er cent of the total increase.
The consumption forecast is little changed at
 109.2m tonnes.
About two thirds of this season's forecast surplus is held i
n stock by
traditional importing countries such as the US, India and Mexico,
 says Man.
Usually these countries only re-export at times of high world pri
ces, but
this season, 'influenced more by logistical and domestic financial

considerations', both India and Mexico have sold sugar.
Recent talk of Mexic
an sales to China has been one of the factors depressing
prices. Man believe
s that any purchases would be surplus to China's domestic
needs, and that it
 is rebuilding depleted stocks.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAG
E> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 68 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 69 ==============================================
Transaction #:     69       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT932-6585</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DE0B8AG0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9305
27
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  27 MAY 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar pri
ce down further despite lower Cuban crop </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BL
ACKWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
FINAL CONFIRMATION that Cuba's sugar crop will be o
nly 4.2m tonnes compared
with last year's 7m tonnes did not prevent a furthe
r decline in New York raw
sugar prices, writes David Blackwell.
In late trad
ing yesterday the July contract was down 0.63 at 11.15 cents a
lb - well off
 the high of 13.26 on May 17.
The fall came in spite of Monday night's annou
ncement from Cubazucar, which
put the outcome of the troubled harvest well b
elow all recent trade
estimates. Czarnikow, the London trade house, last wee
k estimated Cuban
production at 5.5m tonnes, a figure matched this week by E
D & F. Man, also
of London.
Production in Cuba, the world's biggest exporter
, has been hit by bad
weather and problems with the country's crumbling infr
astructure.
Falls in production in Cuba, Thailand and India have led to earl
y
predictions of a world surplus this year being changed to predictions of a

deficit, averaging around 2m tonnes below consumption.
This has been enough
 to drive prices sharply higher after a flat period
between last September a
nd February, when nearby New York traded between 8
and 9 cents a lb.
However
, the market has eased back recently as physical demand for sugar has
not be
en evident, partly because of the high prices.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX
>
<CN>CUZ  Cuba, Caribbean.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcan
e and Sugar Beets.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>COSTS  Commodity prices.
</T
P>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 34 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 70 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-12623</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CDPBOADHFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
416
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 APR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Supply f
ears buoy sugar prices </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </BYLINE>

<TEXT>
FEARS OF a tighter sugar supply/demand balance in 1992-93 are support
ing the
world market, according to reports from two London trade houses.
Raw
 sugar prices have recently touched eight-month highs, nudging 10 cents a
lb
 in the New York market, on fears of tight nearby supplies following
damage 
to the South African crop because of drought.
The trade houses, ED & F. Man 
and Czarnikow, both point out in reports
published today that in the short t
erm the changing export potential in
several countries will keep the lid on 
prices. The increasing likelihood of
a 1m-tonne increase in Thailand's crop,
 compared with the previous season,
together with the availability of export
able surpluses from India and Cuba,
should 'keep significant advances at bay
', Man's latest sugar report says.
Man believes that reports of a catastroph
ic Cuban crop this season at 5m to
5.5m tonnes are unsupported by the eviden
ce and estimates that the crop will
come in at about 6.5m tonnes. It is fore
casting a crop of more than 5m
tonnes in Thailand and 12.6m tonnes in India.

The overall balance for the 1991-92 season remains marginally in surplus,
M
an says, but it suggests that the situation is likely to be even more
tightl
y balanced in 1992-93.
Czarnikow's sugar review points out that the extent o
f the South African
drought has raised questions about the timing and covera
ge of the El Nino
weather phenomenon.
'Already a major drought is developing
 in Thailand which, if relief does not
arrive this month, could have serious
 implications for the next crop,' the
Czarnikow review says. 'If this is par
t of a regional phenomenon there might
be problems later in the year with th
e monsoon in India and this will need
to be monitored carefully.'
</TEXT>
<P
UB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 38 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 71 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-9759</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EEMC4AGHFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9405
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAY 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Crop setb
acks put Indian sugar trade into reverse - Imports are now needed so that a 
presence can be maintained in the export market </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By K
UNAL BOSE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
India's sugar crop hopes are continuing to fade. 
Having already been lowered
to 10.5m tonnes from 11m, the production estimat
e for the 1993-94 season
(October-September) has recently been cut to not mo
re than 9.8m tonnes.
Last year, the country produced 10.6m tonnes of sugar, 
down from the 1991-92
record of 13.4m.
A concerned federal government has al
lowed duty-free imports of white sugar
so that the domestic production short
fall does not lead to a runaway
inflation in sugar prices. According to indu
stry officials, between the
Indian Sugar & General Industry Exim Corporation
 and the trade, nearly
500,000 tonnes of sugar have already been contracted 
for import. And import
contracts for another 300,000 tonnes are likely to be
 signed in the next few
weeks.
The imported sugar has started arriving at In
dian ports and to facilitate
its distribution the government has told the tr
ade that it will be exempted
from the 'stock-holding limit and turnover time
 applicable to sugar produced
within the country'.
Earlier the government al
lowed the import of raw sugar for processing and
re-export at a minimum valu
e addition of 7.5 per cent. This was done in
response to the suggestion by t
he Indian Sugar Mills Association that India,
which reappeared as a sugar ex
porter in 1990-91 should maintain a presence
in the world market in spite of
 the production setback. The ISGIEC, the
industry's trading arm, has already
 imported 12,000 tonnes of raw sugar, and
the seller has the option to suppl
y the same quantity by June 1994.
Meanwhile, ISMA has told the government th
at in view of the worsening
domestic supply situation the imported raw sugar
 should be allowed to be
marketed within the country after processing withou
t attracting any levy.
And the government is expected to accept the proposal
.
Hit by a severe drought, Maharashtra, the biggest sugar producing state,
w
here crushing of cane is almost over, will end the season with production
of
 2.7m tonnes, compared with last year's 3.36m.
The setback to production in 
Uttar Pradesh to 2.66m tonnes from 2.86m is
blamed on large-scale diversion 
of cane to production of gur and khandsari,
traditional sweeteners for the l
ocal peasant market. According to ISMA, 'a
good 500,000 tonnes of sugar has 
been lost in Uttar Pradesh because of the
cane diversion'.
The production lo
ss in Bihar is because of damage caused to the standing
crop by floods and e
xcessive rains. There will also be production shortfall
in the two north Ind
ian states of Punjab and Haryana.
Gujarat, however, is expected to step up p
roduction to 970,000 tonnes from
751,000. Production will also be higher in 
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
The expected production of 9.8m tonnes will no
t meet domestic consumption,
which the government is seeking to restrict to 
about 12m tonnes through the
monthly sugar release mechanism. The total avai
lability of sugar in the
current season will be, however, around 13.8m tonne
s, including the carry
forward stocks of 3.2m tonnes and imports of 800,000 
tonnes.
Though the Indian sugar season begins in October, production gains m
omentum
only from the end of November, so the new season should ideally star
t with
stocks equal to the sugar requirement for at least two and a half mon
ths.
This is not going to happen in 1994-95.
In the meantime, new cane plant
ation has started. According to industry
official plantings will be 20 to 25
 per cent higher than last year's. But
the first crop forecast and the likel
y sugar production in the next season
will not be available till June by whe
n the monsoon has set in.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>INZ  India, Asi
a.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>

<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Production.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
    M
KTS  Foreign trade.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page
 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 72 ==============================================
Transaction #:     72       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-15800</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CAHBJAC3FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
108
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  08 JAN 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar es
timate cut, but by less than expected </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER </BY
LINE>
<TEXT>
WORLD SUGAR output in the 1991-92 crop year is forecast to reac
h 113.1m
tonnes, raw value, according to FO Licht, the influential German st
atistics
agency, in its second production estimate, reports Reuter.
This com
pares with a previous forecast for 1991 - 92 of 114.06m tonnes made
last Oct
ober and a revised 1990-91 output estimate of 113.76m tonnes.
All the figure
s are based on national crop years.
The announcement pushed world sugar futu
res prices down in New York because
the production forecast was higher than 
traders had expected.
'The estimate was down by almost 1m tonnes but we were
 looking for a
downward revision of up to 2m tonnes,' one analyst said. 'The
 drop in the
Cuban output numbers (that) we expected apparently didn't come 
through.'
At the London Futures and Options Exchange, the May raw sugar posi
tion was
down Dollars 2 at Dollars 186 a tonne in late afternoon trading.
</
TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 30 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 73 ==============================================
Transaction #:     73       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-8462</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CEMBDAC9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAY 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar org
anisation cuts estimate of surplus output </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER 
</BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE INTERNATIONAL Sugar Organistion's secretariat has cut i
ts estimate of
the world sugar surplus in 1991-92 (October/September) to 510
,000 tonnes,
raw value, from a previous projection of 1.4m tonnes, reports R
euter.
Production is seen totalling only 112.20m tonnes, compared with the p
revious
estimate of 112.84m tonnes while the consumption estimate has been l
ifted to
111.69m tonnes from 111.44m tonnes.
Estimates for Cuba, South Afric
a and Zimbabwe were all reduced sharply to
6.85m, 2.20m and 90,000 tonnes re
spectively, from 7.3m, 2.4m and 390,000
tonnes.
The ISO said the Cuban estim
ate reflected export indications and the
country's declared intention to har
vest 'every last tonne of sugar'.
'Although this is higher than other analys
ts we feel it is too early to
reduce it further when the crop is still in pr
ogress,' the secretariat said.
Cuban figures received by the ISO showed expo
rts between November and
January totalled 994,700 tonnes, up from 976,700 to
nnes in the same period
the previous year.
Shipments to Japan rose to 159,90
0 tonnes from 64,600 while Portugal's rose
from nothing to received 66,400 t
onnes. Cuban exports to the CIS fell to
286,200 tonnes from 464,200 tonnes.

</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 74 ==============================================
Transaction #:     74       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-8462</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CEMBDAC9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAY 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar org
anisation cuts estimate of surplus output </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By REUTER 
</BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE INTERNATIONAL Sugar Organistion's secretariat has cut i
ts estimate of
the world sugar surplus in 1991-92 (October/September) to 510
,000 tonnes,
raw value, from a previous projection of 1.4m tonnes, reports R
euter.
Production is seen totalling only 112.20m tonnes, compared with the p
revious
estimate of 112.84m tonnes while the consumption estimate has been l
ifted to
111.69m tonnes from 111.44m tonnes.
Estimates for Cuba, South Afric
a and Zimbabwe were all reduced sharply to
6.85m, 2.20m and 90,000 tonnes re
spectively, from 7.3m, 2.4m and 390,000
tonnes.
The ISO said the Cuban estim
ate reflected export indications and the
country's declared intention to har
vest 'every last tonne of sugar'.
'Although this is higher than other analys
ts we feel it is too early to
reduce it further when the crop is still in pr
ogress,' the secretariat said.
Cuban figures received by the ISO showed expo
rts between November and
January totalled 994,700 tonnes, up from 976,700 to
nnes in the same period
the previous year.
Shipments to Japan rose to 159,90
0 tonnes from 64,600 while Portugal's rose
from nothing to received 66,400 t
onnes. Cuban exports to the CIS fell to
286,200 tonnes from 464,200 tonnes.

</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 75 ==============================================
Transaction #:     75       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-16392</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CACBJAD7FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>920
103
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  03 JAN 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Soviet i
mports 'key to commodity prospects' </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWE
LL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
IMPORTS BY the former Soviet Union in the coming year wi
ll be the key factor
in soft commodity prices, according to the Economist In
telligence Unit.
Some commodities are likely to benefit from the Soviet coll
apse, including
wheat, maize, barley and oilseed meals. Others, such as suga
r, will suffer
from depressed demand.
The EIU points out that in 1989-90 Sov
iet imports accounted for 25 per cent
of world trade in maize and barley, 20
 per cent of the sugar trade, 16 per
cent of wheat trade and 15 per cent of 
soyabean meal trade. 'Its ability to
feed itself to a greater or lesser degr
ee is a matter of concern to
exporters of those commodities, and to importer
s competing for the same
supplies.'
The latest figure for the 1991 Soviet gr
ain harvest - 156.3m tonnes - is
also the most alarming, sharply down on ear
lier estimates of between 180m
and 190m tonnes. However, that figure could b
e unduly pessimistic as the
Soviet authorities have a vested interest in pai
nting the picture as black
as possible in order to strengthen their case for
 requesting food aid.
In any case, predictions of famine have been exaggerat
ed, the EIU believes.
The 1990 Soviet harvest was good, and it is likely tha
t a fair amount of
Soviet grain, still on the farms, will find its way in to
 use. In addition,
the realistic pricing of bread has reduced consumption, p
rincipally because
there is less waste now the cost is not derisory.
The EIU
 estimates that the most the Soviet Union will be physically able to
import 
in 1991-92 will be about 40m tonnes, 2m tonnes more than the 1989-90
figure.
 'That amount would keep the international trade nicely topped up
without bl
owing prices through the roof.'
The Soviet Union needs imports not to avoid 
famine, but to avoid paying
decent prices for home produced goods, the EIU s
uggests. 'The fact that
state grain procurement late in October was only a q
uarter of the projected
harvest and only half what was needed to feed the po
pulation through the
winter months is an indication that Soviet farmers are 
in revolt, and are
holding back supplies until farm-gate food prices are rai
sed substantially
in real terms.'
The EIU believes that farmers' dissatisfac
tion contributed to the poor 1991
harvest, and points out that the authoriti
es do not have long to motivate
them for the 1992 harvest. However, in the l
ong run the Soviet Union will
again be an agricultural exporter.
Soviet suga
r imports are not expected to exceed 4m tonnes in 1992, compared
with 4.6m t
onnes in 1991. The EIU cites the shortage of hard currency, the
transition t
o a market economy and the prospects of a better domestic crop.
Of subsidiar
y importance is the Soviets' ability to afford luxuries such as
cocoa and co
ffee. However, from the coffee and cocoa producers' viewpoint,
the Soviet Un
ion and eastern Europe are among the best potential markets.
Consumption rat
es for coffee in the Soviet Union are low, averaging only
0.24 kg a head in 
1988, compared with saturation rates of more than 10 kg a
head in some Europ
ean countries, the EIU points out.
Soviet cocoa grindings are estimated to h
ave fallen to a 20-year low of
75,000 tonnes in 1990-91. International Cocoa
 Organisation figures show
Soviet consumption at 0.71 kg a head, compared wi
th Switzerland's 4.62 kg.
However, in both commodities the EIU predicts that
 the shortage of hard
currency will prevent any big improvement in Soviet co
nsumption figures for
at least another year.
World Commodity Outlook 1992 - 
Food, Feedstuffs & Beverages. EIU, 40 Duke
Street, London W1A 1DW. Price, in
cl postage: Pounds 145 in Europe, Middle
East and Africa; USDollars 275 in t
he Americas and Asia/Pacific region.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>

<PAGE> London Page 14 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 76 ==============================================
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zfind "(topic @ {sugar trade export import})"

============= Transaction # 77 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 78 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-4601</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EFIC8ABNFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9406
09
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  09 JUN 94 / World Trade News: Mexico-US sugar row 
looms - A potential trade dispute with its roots in Nafta </HEADLINE>
<BYLIN
E>    By TED BARDACKE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A planned switch by Mexico's Coca-Col
a bottlers from domestically produced
refined sugar to imported corn syrup i
s threatening to set off a trade
dispute between the US and Mexico, the worl
d's largest per capita consumer
of soft drinks.
It all began with last-minut
e changes to the sugar export provisions of the
North American Free Trade Ag
reement, which both the US and Mexico argued
were necessary to win ratificat
ion of the accord in the US Congress. The
original rules gave Mexico an annu
al sugar export quota of 250,000 tonnes,
which the US promised to lift autom
atically if Mexico proved to be a net
sugar exporter for two consecutive yea
rs.
This rule was designed to prevent Mexico from importing cheap sugar to
s
atisfy national demand while exporting domestically produced sugar to the
US
 market where tariffs keep prices high. Under the revised provisions,
Mexico
 agreed that imports of corn syrup would be included, thus preventing
soft d
rink bottlers and other industrial users from switching to imported
corn syr
up to free up sugar for export. A third of Mexico's average 4m-tonne
annual 
sugar production is consumed by industries that could switch to
cheaper corn
 syrup.
Now, as Coca-Cola bottlers study plans to switch - for a capital out
lay of
between Dollars 1m and Dollars 2m per bottling plant they can save se
veral
million dollars a year on raw materials and transportation costs - the
y and
the US Corn Refiners Association are accusing Mexican trade officials,
 sugar
producers and Pepsi bottlers of erecting an embargo against corn syru
p.
The CRA has alleged that the Mexican sugar industry with the support of D
r
Jaime Serra Puche, Mexico's minister of trade, has put pressure on Mexican

bottlers not to use high-fructose corn syrup. It also alleges that bottlers

have been threatened with a boycott by sugar suppliers - which would mean
t
hey would have to convert 100 per cent to a sugar replacement - if they do
n
ot co-operate.
The trade ministry is under political pressure to protect the
 domestic sugar
industry. Militant sugar workers hurt by the industry's priv
atisation have
taken over various mills while others are permanently camped 
in front of the
presidential palace in Mexico City.
Coca-Cola bottlers say t
hat sooner or later competition from low-cost
imported soft drinks made with
 corn syrup will force them to move away from
refined sugar.
The boycott thr
eat would be real only if domestic sugar producers can limit
the amount of s
ugar traded on Mexico's sugar futures market, which began
operations in Marc
h. So far only 38 per cent of monthly sugar purchases are
taking place on th
e market. The rest is sold directly by mills to industrial
users and by midd
lemen who still control about 30 per cent of the sugar
trade.
Coca-Cola bott
lers say that with such little volume traded on the new
market, they would b
e forced to pay even higher prices for their principal
raw material should m
ills cancel their direct contracts. The current average
price of refined sug
ar traded on the futures market - Dollars 656 a tonne -
is already about 7 p
er cent higher than industrial users pay in their direct
contracts with refi
ners.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
    
MXZ  Mexico.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9721 International Affairs.

    P2062 Cane Sugar Refining.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Foreign tr
ade.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 7 </PAGE>
</DO
C>

============= Transaction # 79 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-8261</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBRBMAFXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: World sug
ar market 'at the crossroads' </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </B
YLINE>
<TEXT>
THE WORLD sugar market is at the crossroads, forcing many prod
ucers to
review their sugar policies in the light of changing international 
trade
patterns, the Gatt, and other trade liberalisation issues, according t
o the
latest sugar report from ED & F. Man, the London trade house.
Should t
he Gatt talks be successful, cuts in support mechanisms by 1999
'should acce
lerate the fall in the EC's net exports as marginal producers
fail to cover 
their average production costs. The same argument applies to
some of the hig
h cost/less efficient producers in the US.'
This will open up new opportunit
ies for many producers in Africa and the
Caribbean, but they will need to ex
amine their long-term cost structure and
efficiency. Man points out that und
er preferential access to the US and EC
markets, their production costs and 
efficiency deteriorated to the extent
that some have failed even to meet the
ir quota allocations.
The increase in international trade will not, however,
 increase the
transparency of the market. The uncertainty of Russsia's effec
tive imports,
Cuba's exports and the pattern of trade elsewhere in eastern E
urope have
'turned the clock back some 40 years to a time when information a
bout import
demand and export availabiltiy was lacking'.
Meanwhile sugar pri
ces - which recently fell below 8 cents a lb - are
expected to come under fu
rther pressure as exportable surpluses come on to
the market from Brazil, Cu
ba, Thailand and the EC.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Lond
on Page 36 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 80 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT942-9759</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EEMC4AGHFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9405
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAY 94 / Commodities and Agriculture: Crop setb
acks put Indian sugar trade into reverse - Imports are now needed so that a 
presence can be maintained in the export market </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By K
UNAL BOSE </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
India's sugar crop hopes are continuing to fade. 
Having already been lowered
to 10.5m tonnes from 11m, the production estimat
e for the 1993-94 season
(October-September) has recently been cut to not mo
re than 9.8m tonnes.
Last year, the country produced 10.6m tonnes of sugar, 
down from the 1991-92
record of 13.4m.
A concerned federal government has al
lowed duty-free imports of white sugar
so that the domestic production short
fall does not lead to a runaway
inflation in sugar prices. According to indu
stry officials, between the
Indian Sugar & General Industry Exim Corporation
 and the trade, nearly
500,000 tonnes of sugar have already been contracted 
for import. And import
contracts for another 300,000 tonnes are likely to be
 signed in the next few
weeks.
The imported sugar has started arriving at In
dian ports and to facilitate
its distribution the government has told the tr
ade that it will be exempted
from the 'stock-holding limit and turnover time
 applicable to sugar produced
within the country'.
Earlier the government al
lowed the import of raw sugar for processing and
re-export at a minimum valu
e addition of 7.5 per cent. This was done in
response to the suggestion by t
he Indian Sugar Mills Association that India,
which reappeared as a sugar ex
porter in 1990-91 should maintain a presence
in the world market in spite of
 the production setback. The ISGIEC, the
industry's trading arm, has already
 imported 12,000 tonnes of raw sugar, and
the seller has the option to suppl
y the same quantity by June 1994.
Meanwhile, ISMA has told the government th
at in view of the worsening
domestic supply situation the imported raw sugar
 should be allowed to be
marketed within the country after processing withou
t attracting any levy.
And the government is expected to accept the proposal
.
Hit by a severe drought, Maharashtra, the biggest sugar producing state,
w
here crushing of cane is almost over, will end the season with production
of
 2.7m tonnes, compared with last year's 3.36m.
The setback to production in 
Uttar Pradesh to 2.66m tonnes from 2.86m is
blamed on large-scale diversion 
of cane to production of gur and khandsari,
traditional sweeteners for the l
ocal peasant market. According to ISMA, 'a
good 500,000 tonnes of sugar has 
been lost in Uttar Pradesh because of the
cane diversion'.
The production lo
ss in Bihar is because of damage caused to the standing
crop by floods and e
xcessive rains. There will also be production shortfall
in the two north Ind
ian states of Punjab and Haryana.
Gujarat, however, is expected to step up p
roduction to 970,000 tonnes from
751,000. Production will also be higher in 
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
The expected production of 9.8m tonnes will no
t meet domestic consumption,
which the government is seeking to restrict to 
about 12m tonnes through the
monthly sugar release mechanism. The total avai
lability of sugar in the
current season will be, however, around 13.8m tonne
s, including the carry
forward stocks of 3.2m tonnes and imports of 800,000 
tonnes.
Though the Indian sugar season begins in October, production gains m
omentum
only from the end of November, so the new season should ideally star
t with
stocks equal to the sugar requirement for at least two and a half mon
ths.
This is not going to happen in 1994-95.
In the meantime, new cane plant
ation has started. According to industry
official plantings will be 20 to 25
 per cent higher than last year's. But
the first crop forecast and the likel
y sugar production in the next season
will not be available till June by whe
n the monsoon has set in.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>INZ  India, Asi
a.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P0133 Sugarcane and Sugar Beets.
</IN>

<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>MKTS  Production.
    CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
    M
KTS  Foreign trade.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page
 28 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 81 ==============================================
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zfind "(topic @ {sugar trade export import cuba})"

============= Transaction # 82 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 83 ==============================================
Transaction #:     83       Transaction Code:  39 (Full Doc Window --TREC) 

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-8261</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBRBMAFXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
18
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  18 FEB 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: World sug
ar market 'at the crossroads' </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLACKWELL </B
YLINE>
<TEXT>
THE WORLD sugar market is at the crossroads, forcing many prod
ucers to
review their sugar policies in the light of changing international 
trade
patterns, the Gatt, and other trade liberalisation issues, according t
o the
latest sugar report from ED & F. Man, the London trade house.
Should t
he Gatt talks be successful, cuts in support mechanisms by 1999
'should acce
lerate the fall in the EC's net exports as marginal producers
fail to cover 
their average production costs. The same argument applies to
some of the hig
h cost/less efficient producers in the US.'
This will open up new opportunit
ies for many producers in Africa and the
Caribbean, but they will need to ex
amine their long-term cost structure and
efficiency. Man points out that und
er preferential access to the US and EC
markets, their production costs and 
efficiency deteriorated to the extent
that some have failed even to meet the
ir quota allocations.
The increase in international trade will not, however,
 increase the
transparency of the market. The uncertainty of Russsia's effec
tive imports,
Cuba's exports and the pattern of trade elsewhere in eastern E
urope have
'turned the clock back some 40 years to a time when information a
bout import
demand and export availabiltiy was lacking'.
Meanwhile sugar pri
ces - which recently fell below 8 cents a lb - are
expected to come under fu
rther pressure as exportable surpluses come on to
the market from Brazil, Cu
ba, Thailand and the EC.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> Lond
on Page 36 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 84 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT923-3729</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CIJB4AFOFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9209
10
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  10 SEP 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Pakistan 
can halt sugar imports </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By FARHAN BOKHARI </BYLINE>
<
DATELINE>    ISLAMABAD </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
SURPLUS SUGAR stocks in Pakistan a
re set to eliminate the country's need to
import sugar, although the potenti
al for export remains unclear.
Pakistan's total production is expected to hi
t 2.6m tonnes by the end of the
1992-93 fiscal year, up from 2.3m tonnes in 
1991-92. Government officials
estimate that private traders are holding 132,
000 tonnes of stocks, and that
is expected to start rising next month as the
 new production season begins
at sugar mills.
The rise in sugar production h
as partly resulted from an increase in the
number of sugar mills as well as 
improvements in the recovery rate of sugar
cane and beet. Pakistan started w
ith 2 sugar mills with a daily sugar cane
crushing capacity of 1,500 tonnes 
at the time of its independence in 1947;
today there are 54, with an aggrega
te capacity of 175,000 tonnes.
The rise in production has allowed cuts in su
gar imports. In June this year,
imports of white refined sugar fell to just 
538 tonnes, down from 3,480
tonnes in May. Last year, 36,819 tonnes was impo
rted in June, following
48,290 tonnes in May.
However, the country's sugar e
xport potential remains unclear. With
countries such as Brazil and Cuba havi
ng lower costs of production,
Pakistani sugar might not be able to compete, 
said one senior official.
Up to 100,000 tonnes of sugar is estimated to be s
muggled annually to
neighbouring Iran and Afghanistan. That has made it diff
icult to assess if a
surplus will be left after meeting domestic consumption
, including
smuggling, in order to set aside large quantities for export. Ho
wever,
Pakistan will at least save valuable foreign exchange by meeting its 
sugar
requirements domestically. Last year Dollars 36.8m was spent on import
ing
sugar, which was down from Dollars 160.5m, a year earlier.
</TEXT>
<PUB>
The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 85 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-2957</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCQBDAC4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
17
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  17 MAR 92 / Commodities and Agriculture: Sugar pri
ces forecast to remain in narrow range </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By DAVID BLAC
KWELL </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
WORLD SUGAR prices are set to remain locked in the 'd
esperately narrow' 1.5
cents a lb trading range of the last 12 months, accor
ding to the latest
sugar report from ED & F. Man, the London trade house.
Th
e resistance to movement in spite of a volatile trading environment is due
t
o fear of uncertainty at a time of revolutionary change in the eastern
Europ
ean and Cuban markets, Man suggests. It also coincides with 'an
unprecedente
d convergence of views about the overall supply and demand
balance'.
While u
ncertainty surrounds crop prospects in both Cuba, the biggest
exporter, and 
the CIS, the biggest importer, the convergence can be
explained by favourabl
e growing conditions in many exporting countries.
Output in Brazil, Thailand
 and India in the year to the end of last month
has exceeded the previous ye
ar by 24, 30 and 8 per cent respectively. 'The
full impact of these potentia
lly bumper crops has not as yet been felt on
the market,' says Man.
</TEXT>

<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 32 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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============= Transaction # 87 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 88 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 89 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 91 ==============================================
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zfind "(topic @ {birth rate decline})"

============= Transaction # 92 ==============================================
Transaction #:     92       Transaction Code:  14 (Search Results Displayed)

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============= Transaction # 93 ==============================================
Transaction #:     93       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-11076</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHBDUAAYFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
802
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 AUG 94 / Italian birth rate shrinks </HEADLINE
>
<BYLINE>    By ROBERT GRAHAM </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    ROME </DATELINE>
<TEX
T>
Italians risk becoming a vanishing race if current demographic trends
con
tinue. In 1993 Italy registered a 'birth deficit', with deaths
outnumbering 
the newly born for the first time this century outside the
first world war. 
According to Istat, the national statistics institute, the
number of births 
fell to 538,168 - the lowest level since the unification of
Italy. In contra
st, the number of deaths rose to 543,433. Compared to 1992,
the birth rate f
ell from 9.9 to 9.4 per 1,000. If the present trend
continues, one recent re
search paper suggests Italy's population could fall
from 57m to 12m by the y
ear 2100. However, the south continues to be
prolific and its baby 'surplus'
 almost compensates for the 'deficit' in the
centre and north. Increased wea
lth is the main explanation for the decline.
But unlike northern European co
untries, Italy does not possess an immigrant
population with a high birth ra
te.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>ITZ  Italy, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries
:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>

<TP>STATS  Statistics.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 94 ==============================================
Transaction #:     94       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-9226</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHLDRAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
12
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  12 AUG 94 / Children neither seen nor heard: A ste
ep fall in the birth rate means demographic worries for east Germany </HEADL
INE>
<BYLINE>    By JUDY DEMPSEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The British author, PD Jam
es, recently wrote a novel called The Children of
Men. It is set in England 
in 2021 and describes how infertility has spread
like a plague. The human ra
ce faces extinction as scientists try to reverse
the trend. At the end of th
e book, a woman gives birth, but whether this is
enough to save the human ra
ce is left open.
German demographers and doctors could identity with this wo
rk of fiction:
five years since the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the birth r
ate in east
Germany continues to plummet.
Mr Horst Halle, head of the matern
ity department at the Charite, east
Berlin's largest hospital, first noticed
 the trend in early 1990. 'You just
had to look at the statistics,' he expla
ined. 'Before 1989, there were about
16,000 babies born each year in east Be
rlin. Today, that figure has slumped
to 6,800, a decline of about 60 per cen
t.
'In the Charite itself, we used to record about 2,200 births a year. Toda
y,
we have fewer than 1,800, and we are doing better than most maternity
hos
pitals in east Berlin.'
Such an unprecedented fall in the birth rate would h
ave shocked the former
communist regime in East Germany. It prided itself on
 its wide range of
social services aimed at providing women with excellent c
hildcare facilities
to encourage them to have children.
Then, day-care centr
es were free. Women could take a year's paid maternity
leave and return to a
 guaranteed job, or take off three years with generous
state support and sti
ll have the same job to go back to. Indeed, more than
90 per cent of the fem
ale working population were employed, compared with 49
per cent in west Germ
any. By the age of 21, east German women started having
children, unlike the
ir west German counterparts, who generally started a
family in their mid-to-
late 20s.
Despite these incentives, however, the birth rate in east Germany 
was
relatively low compared with most other east European countries under th
e
communists. Mr Jurgen Dorbritz, a demographer at the Federal Statistics
Of
fice, says: 'What we are now seeing in eastern Germany is a birth rate
which
 is falling from a low base. That is the worrying aspect. That's what
makes 
the statistics so extraordinary.'
In 1989, there were 198,922 live births in
 east Germany, the equivalent of
12 births per 1,000, or about 1.6 children 
per family. This was the same as
in west Germany. By 1993, the number of eas
t German births had fallen to
79,926 - or about 60 per cent of the 1989 rate
 - the equivalent of 0.8
children per family, or only half the west German l
evel.
'We just don't know how long this trend will continue. One thing is ce
rtain.
There will be very few children born between the years 2015 and 2020 
because
of the lack of women of child-bearing age. Can you imagine how diffi
cult it
is going to be to pay for the number of old people in our country?' 
said Mr
Dorbritz.
According to the latest statistics from the German Associa
tion for Pension
Insurance, the number of people under the age of 20 in east
 Germany will
fall from 3.84m in 1993 to 2.6m in 2020; the number of people 
aged between
20 and 60 will fall from 8.7m to 7.6m; and those over 60 will r
ise from 3m
to 4.13m. The percentage of pensioners per 100 contributors to t
he state
pension insurance system will rise from 26 per cent in 1993 to more
 than 50
per cent by 2020.
Mr Halle, who has worked in the Charite for 28 ye
ars, believes there are
several reasons why east German women are remaining 
childless. 'Demographers
tend to ignore the fact that we had been expecting 
a sharp fall in the birth
rate in the year 1995, regardless of unification. 
This is because the east
German abortion law of 1972 made abortion available
 on demand. We knew we
were not going to have many child-bearing women in th
e mid-1990s,' he
explained. In 1972, the birth rate fell to about 6 per 1,00
0, climbing back
to about 12 births per 1,000. Today it is fewer than 5.1.
B
ut Mr Halle also believes that the process of German unification itself has

had a profound social effect on east German women. 'A young east German
woma
n knows that if she becomes pregnant, the chances she will find a job
are no
w far less, especially given the high level of unemployment,' he said.
East 
German women have borne the brunt of unemployment, which is officially
16 pe
r cent of the working population, excluding those on short-time work,
early 
retirement schemes, or job creation programmes.
By the end of the first quar
ter of this year, more than 790,000 east German
women had lost their jobs, r
epresenting a female unemployment rate of 23 per
cent. In west Germany, 1.1m
 women, or 9.3 per cent, are out of work. 'East
German women today have free
dom of choice, but they have lost their status
in society,' said Mr Dorbritz
.
The other pressure arising from unification is that many east German women

have had to seek new qualifications, retrain, or change jobs more often,
un
like the former days when a job was for life. 'There is no more security.
Th
e widespread sense of uncertainty has played a major role in the decline
of 
the birth rate,' said Mr Dorbritz.
The freedom to travel has played its part
 in the decline of the birth rate
as well: young east German women have an u
nprecedented chance to go abroad
before they settle and start a family.
'The
re was hardly anything else to do before 1989,' said Mr Dorbritz. 'East
Germ
an society was geared towards encouraging young women to procreate. All
thos
e social planks of free kindergartens, both parents in a job, heavily
subsid
ised or free children's clothes and shoes, have now disappeared.'
Greater mo
bility and open borders have led to a sharp rise in migration from
east Germ
any to west Germany. More than 1.2m from a population of 17m east
Germans we
nt to live in west Germany between late 1989 and early 1991.
'Many of these 
people were young and skilled,' said Mr Nicholas Eberstadt, a
demographer at
 the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
'Of the overa
ll drop in the birth rate, roughly one-ninth can be attributed
to the sheer 
decline of east Germany's population during those two years.'
Staff at the C
harite hospital know that, unless the birth rate increases,
the obstetrician
s, doctors and nurses could be without a job. 'We have 2,000
beds here,' sai
d Mr Halle. 'Before unification, we were dealing with more
than 2,200 women 
a year. If we cannot account for all the beds, we will be
under pressure to 
make savings. That means cutting jobs.'
But his main concern is the kind of 
society which will evolve in east
Germany in the next century. 'The prognosi
s is very bad,' said Mr Halle. 'I
do not know how we are going to fend for t
he elderly. Who is going to pay
for them?' One answer might be to allow immi
grants into the country under a
quota system to replenish the population - a
 solution advanced by some
liberals.
One thing is clear. Mr Eberstadt believ
es that, if the present trends in
east Germany continue, it will be virtuall
y impossible for what he calls
'generational replacement' to occur.
'For gen
erational replacement, eastern Germany's women of child-bearing age
today wo
uld have to give birth to an average of about 2.07 infants over the
course o
f their lives. They are now having 0.8 children, less than one birth
per wom
an per lifetime. This is not enough for a net population
replacement.'
</TEX
T>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  Germany, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX
>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMM
T  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 95 ==============================================
Transaction #:     95       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-9688</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBNCXAAEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 FEB 94 / Russia faces population crisis as deat
h rate soars </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN LLOYD </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    M
OSCOW </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Russia is facing a double population crisis - a dra
matic rise in death rates
and a sharp fall in the birth rate, according to o
fficial figures which have
largely been kept hidden from public debate.
In t
he past year alone, the death rate jumped 20 per cent, or 360,000 deaths
mor
e than in 1992. Researchers now believe that the average age for male
mortal
ity in Russia has sunk to 59 - far below the average in the
industrialised w
orld and the lowest in Russia since the early 1960s.
The results, which have
 been a matter of close concern at the level of
Russia's National Security C
ouncil, are only now trickling out. Some were
given at a conference last wee
k at the New York Harriman Institute by Ms
Natalia Rimashevskaya, head of th
e Institute for Socio-Economic Studies of
the Population, while further rese
arch into the figures has been done by Ms
Judith Shapiro, a British academic
 working with the macroeconomic and
finance unit which was attached to the R
ussian finance ministry until last
month.
Ms Rimashevskaya's findings showed
, she said, an 'unprecedented' rise in the
death rate, with much of the incr
ease due to 'killings, suicides and
conflicts'. However, infant mortality ha
d also gone up sharply, from 17.4 in
1,000 in 1990 to 19.1 in 1,000 last yea
r.
The average age of death (for men and women) was now, she said, 'at 66 or

lower' - the same level as in the early to mid-1960s and four or five years

below the figure that had been achieved more recently. In 1993, 1.4m people

were born and 2.2m died - although inward migration of Russians from former

Soviet republics compensated to some extent, bringing the net fall in
popul
ation to 500,000 last year.
Ms Shapiro's findings, based like Ms Rimashevska
ya's on figures from the
state statistical committee Goskomstat, which have 
had very limited
availability, show men to be the main victims of earlier de
aths. The average
death rate has been brought down to 59, she says, largely 
through two causes
 -a higher rate of coronary disease and strokes, and more
 violent deaths.
Of the total of 360,000 extra deaths in 1993, nearly 50 per
 cent were from
heart and circulatory failure and more than 25 per cent were
 from violent
causes.
Ms Shapiro says that simple poverty, and the state of 
the post-Soviet health
service, are probably minor causes of the phenomenon.
 More significant is
what she calls a 'psycho-social crisis' with greatly ri
sing insecurity.
Ms Rimashevskaya says the decline of births is partly due t
o a simple
shortage of women - but more because women of child-bearing age p
ostpone
having children or decide not to give birth 'because of the poor sit
uation
in the society'.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>RUZ  Russia, East
 Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishme
nts.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financi
al Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 1 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 96 ==============================================
Transaction #:     96       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

  Terminal ID:  57943       Z39.50 Server ID:  19 (TREC)                   
   Session ID:      1   New Z39.50 Server ID:   0 (Astro/Math/Stat)        
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-13724</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DAVB3AA6FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
122
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 JAN 93 / N African birth rate falls steeply </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EDWARD MORTIMER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE population exp
losion in North Africa is over, according to a leading
French demographer, P
rof Youssef Courbage, writes Edward Mortimer.
Birth rates in the region are 
falling rapidly, and European fears of a flood
of Arab immigrants are wildly
 exaggerated, Mr Courbage told a conference in
Brussels yesterday.
In fact, 
he added, the working-age population in Algeria, Morocco and
Tunisia will le
vel off in about 2005, when the number of job applicants will
begin to decre
ase.
'Just as Europe's bulging baby-boom generation leaves working life for

retirement, and will need to rely on a sufficient labour force - foreign
wor
kers in particular - to finance it, the Maghreb labour markets, where
labour
 will be in short supply, will be hard-pressed to meet export
demands.'
Mr C
ourbage, a senior researcher at the Institut National d'Etudes
Demographique
s in Paris, was speaking at a workshop on Europe and the
Mediterranean at th
e Centre for European Policy Studies.
The decrease in fertility in the Maghr
eb countries is acknowledged by the UN
and the World Bank, he said, but thos
e organisations had not yet taken the
full measure of the decline.
The UN ha
d significantly overestimated fertility in all three countries.
</TEXT>
<XX>

Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XMZ  Africa.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P99  N
onclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>PEOP  Personnel 
News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 3 </PAGE>
</D
OC>

============= Transaction # 97 ==============================================
Transaction #:     97       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-5357</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EIECYAA8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9409
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 SEP 94 / Youthful Brazil faces problems of old 
age: Life expectancy is rising while the birth rate is continuing to fall </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANGUS FOSTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Brazil looks set to e
nter the next century with 40m people 'missing'.
According to projections ma
de in the 1970s, its population would reach 212m
by the year 2000. But accor
ding to latest predictions, the total will be far
less, probably 172m.
The r
easons for the sharp slowdown in population growth are also seen in
other La
tin American countries. They include a drastic fall in female
fertility rate
s, mainly due to increased use of contraceptives and rapid
urbanisation. The
 consequences, which include an ageing society and serious
strains on social
 and employment needs, have not yet been addressed.
'It is the population ab
ove 65 which will grow the most in the next decades.
Brazil will have to liv
e with this phenomenon, which is well known in
developed countries, without 
having overcome typical problems related to
under-development,' says demogra
phics professor Jose de Carvalho.
Brazil's population change started in the 
1940s. Improved medical and basic
services led to falling mortality rates. F
ertility rates remained high until
the end of the 1960s, leading to rapid po
pulation growth and a society with
more than half its members under 20 years
 old.
It also encouraged a belief, still held by many today, that Brazil was

blessed with an eternally young and fast growing population. At the first
i
nternational population conference in Bucharest in 1974, Brazil's
population
 was 100m and expected to double rapidly.
But the female fertility rate - th
e average number of births per
child-bearing woman - began a startling fall 
from 5.8 in 1970 to 4.3 in 1975
and 3.6 by 1984. In a recent study of Sao Pa
ulo state, Brazil's richest, the
fertility rate was 2.3, in line with some d
eveloped countries.
The fall was partly due to rising education and urbanisa
tion, as families
moved from agricultural to industrial jobs. But the main r
eason was
increased access to, and demand for, contraception. By 1986, 66 pe
r cent of
women of child-bearing age said they were using some form of contr
aceptive.
Of these, about 40 per cent had been sterilised and a further 40 p
er cent
used the pill. By 1990, contraception use had risen to 69 per cent.

These rates are high, considering Brazil is the world's largest Catholic
cou
ntry with a still conservative church hierachy. Abortion is illegal
unless t
he woman has been raped or is in medical danger.
Officially, the church prom
otes the Billings method, which teaches couples
to avoid sex during ovulatio
n. But very few couples obey, suggesting the
church is, unofficially, more l
iberal than it appears or losing its sway.
Padre Antonio Carlos Frizzo, whos
e parish is in the poor suburbs of Sao
Paulo, says couples must choose. 'If 
a couple asked advice on sterilisation,
which is rare, I would take into acc
ount their economic situation and number
of children, the love between them 
and whether another method is possible.
'But the couple must decide, and tha
t's something we should not and cannot
try to stop. And their decision has t
o be supported, too. This might be
criticised in the Vatican, but we are dea
ling with people in real
situations,' he says.
The increasing demand for ste
rilisation has a startling side-effect - it has
helped make Brazil the world
 leader for caesarian births. These account for
roughly one in three deliver
ies, about twice the rate for England and Wales.
The reasons are complex. So
me women think caesarian section a 'modern' way
to give birth, a view hospit
als encourage, while others fear the pain
involved in vaginal deliveries. An
other reason is that when giving birth by
caesarian, a woman can request to 
be sterilised at the same time and the
government pays. Outside pregnancy, w
omen have to pay to be sterilised,
usually at semi-legal clinics.
The declin
ing birth rate will transform Brazil over the coming decades.
Population gro
wth, which in the 1970s was 2.4 per cent, has fallen to 1.9
per cent and is 
still declining.
Today, 35 per cent of the country's 157m population is unde
r 15 years old.
By 2020, the percentage will have fallen to 24 per cent. By 
about 2040, with
a rapidly aging society, the population will reach about 22
0m and stabilise
or even fall.
This prompts the church and other anti-aborti
on groups to argue that
population control is now obsolete in Brazil, especi
ally given the country's
undeveloped agricultural land. A more stable popula
tion will also allow
better government planning. In the past, rapid populati
on growth in cities,
for example, has prevented governments developing long-
term urban plans.
But the changes will also provide some sobering challenges
. The number of
people of working age is set to grow 2.4 per cent a year for
 the next
decade, adding to pressures on the economy to create jobs.
The soc
ial security system, established when the average age at death was
45, must 
be reformed to cope with life expectancies of 64 and 69 for men and
women re
spectively.
The country's under-funded public health system must emphasise p
reventative
medicine if it is to cope with the increasing demands of an agei
ng
population. Finally, the growing number of elderly from smaller families

will need extra services.
Unfortunately, Brazil does not seem greatly aware 
of these challenges.
Because of the government's economic problems, the 1990
 census was postponed
to 1991. After further spending cuts, only basic findi
ngs are available.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>BRZ  Brazil, South Ame
rica.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Public Healt
h Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PU
B>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 5 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-11076</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHBDUAAYFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
802
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 AUG 94 / Italian birth rate shrinks </HEADLINE
>
<BYLINE>    By ROBERT GRAHAM </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    ROME </DATELINE>
<TEX
T>
Italians risk becoming a vanishing race if current demographic trends
con
tinue. In 1993 Italy registered a 'birth deficit', with deaths
outnumbering 
the newly born for the first time this century outside the
first world war. 
According to Istat, the national statistics institute, the
number of births 
fell to 538,168 - the lowest level since the unification of
Italy. In contra
st, the number of deaths rose to 543,433. Compared to 1992,
the birth rate f
ell from 9.9 to 9.4 per 1,000. If the present trend
continues, one recent re
search paper suggests Italy's population could fall
from 57m to 12m by the y
ear 2100. However, the south continues to be
prolific and its baby 'surplus'
 almost compensates for the 'deficit' in the
centre and north. Increased wea
lth is the main explanation for the decline.
But unlike northern European co
untries, Italy does not possess an immigrant
population with a high birth ra
te.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>ITZ  Italy, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries
:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>

<TP>STATS  Statistics.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 3 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 102 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-9226</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHLDRAC0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9408
12
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  12 AUG 94 / Children neither seen nor heard: A ste
ep fall in the birth rate means demographic worries for east Germany </HEADL
INE>
<BYLINE>    By JUDY DEMPSEY </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
The British author, PD Jam
es, recently wrote a novel called The Children of
Men. It is set in England 
in 2021 and describes how infertility has spread
like a plague. The human ra
ce faces extinction as scientists try to reverse
the trend. At the end of th
e book, a woman gives birth, but whether this is
enough to save the human ra
ce is left open.
German demographers and doctors could identity with this wo
rk of fiction:
five years since the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the birth r
ate in east
Germany continues to plummet.
Mr Horst Halle, head of the matern
ity department at the Charite, east
Berlin's largest hospital, first noticed
 the trend in early 1990. 'You just
had to look at the statistics,' he expla
ined. 'Before 1989, there were about
16,000 babies born each year in east Be
rlin. Today, that figure has slumped
to 6,800, a decline of about 60 per cen
t.
'In the Charite itself, we used to record about 2,200 births a year. Toda
y,
we have fewer than 1,800, and we are doing better than most maternity
hos
pitals in east Berlin.'
Such an unprecedented fall in the birth rate would h
ave shocked the former
communist regime in East Germany. It prided itself on
 its wide range of
social services aimed at providing women with excellent c
hildcare facilities
to encourage them to have children.
Then, day-care centr
es were free. Women could take a year's paid maternity
leave and return to a
 guaranteed job, or take off three years with generous
state support and sti
ll have the same job to go back to. Indeed, more than
90 per cent of the fem
ale working population were employed, compared with 49
per cent in west Germ
any. By the age of 21, east German women started having
children, unlike the
ir west German counterparts, who generally started a
family in their mid-to-
late 20s.
Despite these incentives, however, the birth rate in east Germany 
was
relatively low compared with most other east European countries under th
e
communists. Mr Jurgen Dorbritz, a demographer at the Federal Statistics
Of
fice, says: 'What we are now seeing in eastern Germany is a birth rate
which
 is falling from a low base. That is the worrying aspect. That's what
makes 
the statistics so extraordinary.'
In 1989, there were 198,922 live births in
 east Germany, the equivalent of
12 births per 1,000, or about 1.6 children 
per family. This was the same as
in west Germany. By 1993, the number of eas
t German births had fallen to
79,926 - or about 60 per cent of the 1989 rate
 - the equivalent of 0.8
children per family, or only half the west German l
evel.
'We just don't know how long this trend will continue. One thing is ce
rtain.
There will be very few children born between the years 2015 and 2020 
because
of the lack of women of child-bearing age. Can you imagine how diffi
cult it
is going to be to pay for the number of old people in our country?' 
said Mr
Dorbritz.
According to the latest statistics from the German Associa
tion for Pension
Insurance, the number of people under the age of 20 in east
 Germany will
fall from 3.84m in 1993 to 2.6m in 2020; the number of people 
aged between
20 and 60 will fall from 8.7m to 7.6m; and those over 60 will r
ise from 3m
to 4.13m. The percentage of pensioners per 100 contributors to t
he state
pension insurance system will rise from 26 per cent in 1993 to more
 than 50
per cent by 2020.
Mr Halle, who has worked in the Charite for 28 ye
ars, believes there are
several reasons why east German women are remaining 
childless. 'Demographers
tend to ignore the fact that we had been expecting 
a sharp fall in the birth
rate in the year 1995, regardless of unification. 
This is because the east
German abortion law of 1972 made abortion available
 on demand. We knew we
were not going to have many child-bearing women in th
e mid-1990s,' he
explained. In 1972, the birth rate fell to about 6 per 1,00
0, climbing back
to about 12 births per 1,000. Today it is fewer than 5.1.
B
ut Mr Halle also believes that the process of German unification itself has

had a profound social effect on east German women. 'A young east German
woma
n knows that if she becomes pregnant, the chances she will find a job
are no
w far less, especially given the high level of unemployment,' he said.
East 
German women have borne the brunt of unemployment, which is officially
16 pe
r cent of the working population, excluding those on short-time work,
early 
retirement schemes, or job creation programmes.
By the end of the first quar
ter of this year, more than 790,000 east German
women had lost their jobs, r
epresenting a female unemployment rate of 23 per
cent. In west Germany, 1.1m
 women, or 9.3 per cent, are out of work. 'East
German women today have free
dom of choice, but they have lost their status
in society,' said Mr Dorbritz
.
The other pressure arising from unification is that many east German women

have had to seek new qualifications, retrain, or change jobs more often,
un
like the former days when a job was for life. 'There is no more security.
Th
e widespread sense of uncertainty has played a major role in the decline
of 
the birth rate,' said Mr Dorbritz.
The freedom to travel has played its part
 in the decline of the birth rate
as well: young east German women have an u
nprecedented chance to go abroad
before they settle and start a family.
'The
re was hardly anything else to do before 1989,' said Mr Dorbritz. 'East
Germ
an society was geared towards encouraging young women to procreate. All
thos
e social planks of free kindergartens, both parents in a job, heavily
subsid
ised or free children's clothes and shoes, have now disappeared.'
Greater mo
bility and open borders have led to a sharp rise in migration from
east Germ
any to west Germany. More than 1.2m from a population of 17m east
Germans we
nt to live in west Germany between late 1989 and early 1991.
'Many of these 
people were young and skilled,' said Mr Nicholas Eberstadt, a
demographer at
 the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
'Of the overa
ll drop in the birth rate, roughly one-ninth can be attributed
to the sheer 
decline of east Germany's population during those two years.'
Staff at the C
harite hospital know that, unless the birth rate increases,
the obstetrician
s, doctors and nurses could be without a job. 'We have 2,000
beds here,' sai
d Mr Halle. 'Before unification, we were dealing with more
than 2,200 women 
a year. If we cannot account for all the beds, we will be
under pressure to 
make savings. That means cutting jobs.'
But his main concern is the kind of 
society which will evolve in east
Germany in the next century. 'The prognosi
s is very bad,' said Mr Halle. 'I
do not know how we are going to fend for t
he elderly. Who is going to pay
for them?' One answer might be to allow immi
grants into the country under a
quota system to replenish the population - a
 solution advanced by some
liberals.
One thing is clear. Mr Eberstadt believ
es that, if the present trends in
east Germany continue, it will be virtuall
y impossible for what he calls
'generational replacement' to occur.
'For gen
erational replacement, eastern Germany's women of child-bearing age
today wo
uld have to give birth to an average of about 2.07 infants over the
course o
f their lives. They are now having 0.8 children, less than one birth
per wom
an per lifetime. This is not enough for a net population
replacement.'
</TEX
T>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>DEZ  Germany, EC.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX
>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMM
T  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London P
age 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 103 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT941-9688</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EBNCXAAEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9402
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 FEB 94 / Russia faces population crisis as deat
h rate soars </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JOHN LLOYD </BYLINE>
<DATELINE>    M
OSCOW </DATELINE>
<TEXT>
Russia is facing a double population crisis - a dra
matic rise in death rates
and a sharp fall in the birth rate, according to o
fficial figures which have
largely been kept hidden from public debate.
In t
he past year alone, the death rate jumped 20 per cent, or 360,000 deaths
mor
e than in 1992. Researchers now believe that the average age for male
mortal
ity in Russia has sunk to 59 - far below the average in the
industrialised w
orld and the lowest in Russia since the early 1960s.
The results, which have
 been a matter of close concern at the level of
Russia's National Security C
ouncil, are only now trickling out. Some were
given at a conference last wee
k at the New York Harriman Institute by Ms
Natalia Rimashevskaya, head of th
e Institute for Socio-Economic Studies of
the Population, while further rese
arch into the figures has been done by Ms
Judith Shapiro, a British academic
 working with the macroeconomic and
finance unit which was attached to the R
ussian finance ministry until last
month.
Ms Rimashevskaya's findings showed
, she said, an 'unprecedented' rise in the
death rate, with much of the incr
ease due to 'killings, suicides and
conflicts'. However, infant mortality ha
d also gone up sharply, from 17.4 in
1,000 in 1990 to 19.1 in 1,000 last yea
r.
The average age of death (for men and women) was now, she said, 'at 66 or

lower' - the same level as in the early to mid-1960s and four or five years

below the figure that had been achieved more recently. In 1993, 1.4m people

were born and 2.2m died - although inward migration of Russians from former

Soviet republics compensated to some extent, bringing the net fall in
popul
ation to 500,000 last year.
Ms Shapiro's findings, based like Ms Rimashevska
ya's on figures from the
state statistical committee Goskomstat, which have 
had very limited
availability, show men to be the main victims of earlier de
aths. The average
death rate has been brought down to 59, she says, largely 
through two causes
 -a higher rate of coronary disease and strokes, and more
 violent deaths.
Of the total of 360,000 extra deaths in 1993, nearly 50 per
 cent were from
heart and circulatory failure and more than 25 per cent were
 from violent
causes.
Ms Shapiro says that simple poverty, and the state of 
the post-Soviet health
service, are probably minor causes of the phenomenon.
 More significant is
what she calls a 'psycho-social crisis' with greatly ri
sing insecurity.
Ms Rimashevskaya says the decline of births is partly due t
o a simple
shortage of women - but more because women of child-bearing age p
ostpone
having children or decide not to give birth 'because of the poor sit
uation
in the society'.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>RUZ  Russia, East
 Europe.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P99   Nonclassifiable Establishme
nts.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>NEWS  General News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financi
al Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 1 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 104 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT931-13724</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DAVB3AA6FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>930
122
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  22 JAN 93 / N African birth rate falls steeply </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By EDWARD MORTIMER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
THE population exp
losion in North Africa is over, according to a leading
French demographer, P
rof Youssef Courbage, writes Edward Mortimer.
Birth rates in the region are 
falling rapidly, and European fears of a flood
of Arab immigrants are wildly
 exaggerated, Mr Courbage told a conference in
Brussels yesterday.
In fact, 
he added, the working-age population in Algeria, Morocco and
Tunisia will le
vel off in about 2005, when the number of job applicants will
begin to decre
ase.
'Just as Europe's bulging baby-boom generation leaves working life for

retirement, and will need to rely on a sufficient labour force - foreign
wor
kers in particular - to finance it, the Maghreb labour markets, where
labour
 will be in short supply, will be hard-pressed to meet export
demands.'
Mr C
ourbage, a senior researcher at the Institut National d'Etudes
Demographique
s in Paris, was speaking at a workshop on Europe and the
Mediterranean at th
e Centre for European Policy Studies.
The decrease in fertility in the Maghr
eb countries is acknowledged by the UN
and the World Bank, he said, but thos
e organisations had not yet taken the
full measure of the decline.
The UN ha
d significantly overestimated fertility in all three countries.
</TEXT>
<XX>

Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>XMZ  Africa.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P99  N
onclassifiable Establishments.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>PEOP  Personnel 
News.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 3 </PAGE>
</D
OC>

============= Transaction # 105 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-5357</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EIECYAA8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9409
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 SEP 94 / Youthful Brazil faces problems of old 
age: Life expectancy is rising while the birth rate is continuing to fall </
HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANGUS FOSTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Brazil looks set to e
nter the next century with 40m people 'missing'.
According to projections ma
de in the 1970s, its population would reach 212m
by the year 2000. But accor
ding to latest predictions, the total will be far
less, probably 172m.
The r
easons for the sharp slowdown in population growth are also seen in
other La
tin American countries. They include a drastic fall in female
fertility rate
s, mainly due to increased use of contraceptives and rapid
urbanisation. The
 consequences, which include an ageing society and serious
strains on social
 and employment needs, have not yet been addressed.
'It is the population ab
ove 65 which will grow the most in the next decades.
Brazil will have to liv
e with this phenomenon, which is well known in
developed countries, without 
having overcome typical problems related to
under-development,' says demogra
phics professor Jose de Carvalho.
Brazil's population change started in the 
1940s. Improved medical and basic
services led to falling mortality rates. F
ertility rates remained high until
the end of the 1960s, leading to rapid po
pulation growth and a society with
more than half its members under 20 years
 old.
It also encouraged a belief, still held by many today, that Brazil was

blessed with an eternally young and fast growing population. At the first
i
nternational population conference in Bucharest in 1974, Brazil's
population
 was 100m and expected to double rapidly.
But the female fertility rate - th
e average number of births per
child-bearing woman - began a startling fall 
from 5.8 in 1970 to 4.3 in 1975
and 3.6 by 1984. In a recent study of Sao Pa
ulo state, Brazil's richest, the
fertility rate was 2.3, in line with some d
eveloped countries.
The fall was partly due to rising education and urbanisa
tion, as families
moved from agricultural to industrial jobs. But the main r
eason was
increased access to, and demand for, contraception. By 1986, 66 pe
r cent of
women of child-bearing age said they were using some form of contr
aceptive.
Of these, about 40 per cent had been sterilised and a further 40 p
er cent
used the pill. By 1990, contraception use had risen to 69 per cent.

These rates are high, considering Brazil is the world's largest Catholic
cou
ntry with a still conservative church hierachy. Abortion is illegal
unless t
he woman has been raped or is in medical danger.
Officially, the church prom
otes the Billings method, which teaches couples
to avoid sex during ovulatio
n. But very few couples obey, suggesting the
church is, unofficially, more l
iberal than it appears or losing its sway.
Padre Antonio Carlos Frizzo, whos
e parish is in the poor suburbs of Sao
Paulo, says couples must choose. 'If 
a couple asked advice on sterilisation,
which is rare, I would take into acc
ount their economic situation and number
of children, the love between them 
and whether another method is possible.
'But the couple must decide, and tha
t's something we should not and cannot
try to stop. And their decision has t
o be supported, too. This might be
criticised in the Vatican, but we are dea
ling with people in real
situations,' he says.
The increasing demand for ste
rilisation has a startling side-effect - it has
helped make Brazil the world
 leader for caesarian births. These account for
roughly one in three deliver
ies, about twice the rate for England and Wales.
The reasons are complex. So
me women think caesarian section a 'modern' way
to give birth, a view hospit
als encourage, while others fear the pain
involved in vaginal deliveries. An
other reason is that when giving birth by
caesarian, a woman can request to 
be sterilised at the same time and the
government pays. Outside pregnancy, w
omen have to pay to be sterilised,
usually at semi-legal clinics.
The declin
ing birth rate will transform Brazil over the coming decades.
Population gro
wth, which in the 1970s was 2.4 per cent, has fallen to 1.9
per cent and is 
still declining.
Today, 35 per cent of the country's 157m population is unde
r 15 years old.
By 2020, the percentage will have fallen to 24 per cent. By 
about 2040, with
a rapidly aging society, the population will reach about 22
0m and stabilise
or even fall.
This prompts the church and other anti-aborti
on groups to argue that
population control is now obsolete in Brazil, especi
ally given the country's
undeveloped agricultural land. A more stable popula
tion will also allow
better government planning. In the past, rapid populati
on growth in cities,
for example, has prevented governments developing long-
term urban plans.
But the changes will also provide some sobering challenges
. The number of
people of working age is set to grow 2.4 per cent a year for
 the next
decade, adding to pressures on the economy to create jobs.
The soc
ial security system, established when the average age at death was
45, must 
be reformed to cope with life expectancies of 64 and 69 for men and
women re
spectively.
The country's under-funded public health system must emphasise p
reventative
medicine if it is to cope with the increasing demands of an agei
ng
population. Finally, the growing number of elderly from smaller families

will need extra services.
Unfortunately, Brazil does not seem greatly aware 
of these challenges.
Because of the government's economic problems, the 1990
 census was postponed
to 1991. After further spending cuts, only basic findi
ngs are available.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>BRZ  Brazil, South Ame
rica.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P9431 Administration of Public Healt
h Programs.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Analysis.
</TP>
<PU
B>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 5 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT911-2291</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-BEABLAA0FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9105
01
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  01 MAY 91 / Migrants halt decline in Scottish popu
lation </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By JAMES BUXTON, Scottish Correspondent </BYL
INE>
<TEXT>
THE long-running gentle decline in the Scottish population was r
eversed last
year for the first time since the mid-1970s as Scotland, normal
ly a reliable
source of emigrants, received an influx of migrants.
In the ye
ar to June 30 1990 the estimated population rose by 11,700 to
5,102,400, acc
ording to Scotland's registrar general.
A net 13,500 people migrated into Sc
otland, most of them from the rest of
Britain, but also from abroad.
This of
fset a natural fall in the population of 1,400 caused by a high
number of de
aths from influenza in the winter of 1989-90 and a relatively
low number of 
births.
The gradual decline in the Scottish population and, until recently, 
high
levels of emigration have long been a matter of concern to the governme
nt,
as well as a source of political point scoring by opposition parties,
no
tably the Scottish National party.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<
PAGE> London Page 8 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-4414</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CFEA9AEEFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9206
05
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (6): Machines are now used for tasks beyond spot welding - Robots </HEA
DLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
ROBOTS have become an e
stablished part of the vehicle manufacturing scene
over the past 15 years. T
he motor industry accounts for as much as 40 per
cent of the 450,000 install
ed industrial robots worldwide but their use is
changing and applications ar
e expanding.
The traditional picture of long lines of robots each making bil
lions of spot
welds on car bodies in a working life of eight to 10 years is 
still true,
but only half the story. Those same welding robots are as likely
 to be
grouped in flexible manufacturing cells and capable of handling a wid
e range
of models in quick succession.
At the same time, smaller robots are 
increasingly being used in engine
assembly, where their ability to do qualit
y, repetitive work with a
precision of 1/100th of a millimetre is much in de
mand. Robots are being
used in final assembly work and paint spraying, and s
uppliers hope to be
able to develop these markets now that the technology ha
s been proven.
There is an emerging trend for robots to be used in automotiv
e
sub-contracting, prompted by the vehicle manufacturers' need to be as
conf
ident in the consistency and quality of out-sourced components as for
their 
own work.
The shorter lives of car models, prompted by increased competition
 in the
industry and the Japanese producers' early efforts to reduce product

development times, are changing the use and design of robots.
The tradition
al practice of replacing a robot after two model cycles may
have been approp
riate when each car model was lasting six to eight years.
But with model liv
es reduced to three to four years, users want to keep
their robots for furth
er models, and thus want increased flexibility,
according to Dr Axel Gerhard
t, a senior board member at the holding company
for Kuka, Germany's largest 
robot supplier.
Many of the latest trends in the use of robotics originated 
in Japan where
labour shortages have spurred much greater penetration of rob
ots into
industry overall compared with Europe and the US. But robot supplie
rs such
as ABB Robotics, the largest in Europe, believe the European automot
ive
industry is as enthusiastic a user of robotic automation as its Japanese

counterpart.
However, some of the more recent applications of robots are le
ss prevalent
in Europe, giving an opportunity to suppliers if they can convi
nce producers
of the economic benefits. There are national variations too: t
he UK is a
long way behind the US and the rest of Europe in the use of robot
s in the
paint shop, says Mr Mike Wilson, UK sales and marketing director at
 GMFanuc
Robotics.
The versatility of modern industrial robots for tasks tha
t go beyond spot
welding is illustrated by Kuka's involvement in final assem
bly of the
Citroen XM. Following painting, robots dismount the doors and tai
lgate, with
the aid of sensors, for completion on separate trim lines; the c
ockpit is
picked up by robot from an automatic guided vehicle, inserted thro
ugh the
door and then bolted to the body by a second robot.
Robots are used 
for applying the adhesive sealants and for fitting the glass
exactly into th
e body aperture with the aid of ultrasonic scanners; seats
are inserted by r
obot after measuring the exact position of the body by
means of tactile sens
ors, wheels are mounted and doors and tailgate
refitted.
Some of these tasks
 are difficult for robots because of the nature of final
assembly. Robots ar
e having to operate in a less structured environment,
says Mr Wilson, and de
al with less defined objects such as seats.
Another problem, at least outsid
e Japan, is that labour is available and
costs less than in skilled manufact
uring areas. So robot suppliers have to
find applications that create added 
value, says Mr Stelio Demark, head of
ABB Robotics.
There are still opportun
ities for greater use of robots further up the
production line. Relatively n
ew processes such as laser-cutting and
water-jet cutting are likely to becom
e more prevalent, in association with
robots, especially for working with pl
astics and new advanced composites.
Mr Demark sees a substantial increase in
 automated arc-welding in the
automotive industry and sub-suppliers. And Com
au, the Italian robotics and
systems group, expects some interesting investm
ents in the body area,
prompted by the increased need for new models, accord
ing to Mr Massimo
Mattucci, vice-president for engineering and marketing.
In
 paint spraying, says Mr Demark, robots have hardly scratched the surface.
L
ast year, ABB strengthened its position in the robotic painting market with

the acquisition of Graco in the US, but GMFanuc, a US/Japanese concern, and

Behr of Germany have strong positions.
The flexibility of robots to handle m
odel changes will be the key to their
further implementation in the car body
 area. In engine and transmission
production, robots are becoming better est
ablished, and Mr Mattucci suggests
a new generation of engines prompted by t
ougher environmental regulations
could be the spur to further investment in 
robots.
However, an increasing portion of business for robot suppliers seems
 likely
to come from refurbishment of existing robots rather than new purcha
ses as
customers seek maximum value from their manufacturing investments.
In
 the past three or four years, this has been a growing trend of robot
refitt
ing and modification in the motor industry, carried out during model
changeo
vers and restoring robots to previous levels of accuracy and
productivity.
<
/TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page III </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 122 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT933-2950</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-DIPCOAC9FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9309
16
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  16 SEP 93 / Technology: A robot that makes the cof
fee </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By VICTORIA GRIFFITH </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Science fi
ction often features machines which respond obediently to orders
barked out 
by humans. In the imaginary world, robots fetch slippers, cook
dinner and pe
rform the role of high-technology 'slaves'.
A robot which can perform comple
x tasks still exists only in the realm of
dreams, but scientists say we may 
not be far from the day when we can wake
up, shout out 'Temperature 72`F] Co
ffee-maker on] Toaster on]' and get up 15
minutes later to a warm house, fre
sh coffee and breakfast.
What might make this dream reality is the developme
nt of 'voice-recognition'
technology, which enables machines to understand s
poken commands. Bringing
voice-activated devices to the mass market is the m
ission of Voice Powered
Technology. The group already produces a VCR program
mer which operates by
voice command, and will launch another speech-activate
d device, a
'date-reminder', in the autumn.
Just how many people will prefer
 to use their voice instead of their fingers
in operating home appliances is
 not yet certain, but the new VCR programmer
has caught the attention of Phi
lips Consumer Electronics.
The US subsidiary of the Dutch electronics giant 
has contracted with Voice
Powered Technology to use the voice-activated prog
ramming device in two of
its Magnavox VCR models, and as a stand-alone remot
e control accessory.
'An overwhelming number of consumers still have trouble
 programming their
VCRs,' says Jim Newbrough, vice-president of marketing at
 Philips, 'and the
use of voice enables us to differentiate our products.' T
he VCR programmer
prompts the user by flashing questions on the television s
creen. In response
to the question 'Which?', for instance, the user would sa
y a number. The
user can also make the programmer skip over commercials in a
 recording by
saying 'Zap it]'
The 'date-reminder' device, which will come o
ut this autumn, works in the
following manner: the user says a phrase such a
s 'Don't forget to call John
Doe, Monday at 9.00 am'. The date-reminder reco
gnises the words Monday and
9.00 am, and records the rest of the message. On
 Monday at nine, the machine
will beep and spit out the recording.
The techn
ology used in these devices is relatively simple.
The video programmer, for 
instance, has a vocabulary of just 31 words.
Both are operated by an eight-b
it microprocessor, instead of the heavy
digital signal processor that most v
oice-recognition technology relies on.
'This enabled us to offer the product
 as a battery-operated device,' says
Jerry Gutterman, of Voice Powered Techn
ology. The group hopes the simplicity
of its technology will allow it to be 
applied to a number of domestic
appliances.
'We are taking voice-recognition
 to the masses,' says Gutterman, 'and this
technology can be applied to a nu
mber of products, including CD players,
coffee machines and microwaves.'
The
 day a machine can be commanded to cook a meal may not be so far off,
after 
all.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-
</XX>
<CN>USZ  United States of America.
</CN>

<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>

<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>TECH  Products & Product use.
    CMMT  Comment & Ana
lysis.
</TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 24 </PAGE>
<
/DOC>

============= Transaction # 125 ==============================================
Transaction #:    125       Transaction Code:  19 (Record Selected)        

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT922-9444</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CEGBFAFXFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9205
07
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  07 MAY 92 / Technology: Androids on the march - Af
ter years on the breadline, modern robots are finding gainful employment in 
Europe </HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW BAXTER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
In the US f
ashion industry they call it 'localised abrasion' - the pre-worn
look for de
nim jeans produced by applying potassium permanganate solution to
the knee, 
thigh and seat areas.
The faded effect has traditionally been achieved throu
gh manual spraying,
but consistency and quality control have been hard to ac
hieve. Now GMFanuc
Robotics has perfected a robotic solution that is three t
imes faster than
manual spraying, can reproduce a spray pattern to an accura
cy of 0.03 inch,
and can be programmed easily to handle a wide range of garm
ents.
The system is a relatively simple example of recent trends in the indu
strial
robotics industry, which is trying to reduce its dependence on compar
atively
mature automotive markets and find new applications elsewhere.
It is
 a trend that is particularly important for robot suppliers in the
European 
market, where the overall penetration of robots into industry is
much lower 
than in Japan, and where a potentially huge market for
non-automotive applic
ations remains untapped.
According to Massimo Mattucci, vice president for e
ngineering and marketing
at Comau of Italy, around 50 per cent of industrial
 robots installed in
Europe are in use in the automotive industry and 20 per
 cent in electronics
 -the reverse of the situation in Japan.
'The automotiv
e industry has more or less understood the potential of
robots,' says Stelio
 Demark, head of ABB Robotics, Europe's largest
producer, although he stress
es, along with other robot industry executives,
the potential of robots in t
he paint-spraying and final assembly area of
European vehicle manufacturing.

The inherent flexibility of modern robots, and the advances made in control

systems and mechanics that have increased their speed and reliability, ough
t
to increase their suitability for small-batch manufacturing in Europe, whe
re
model changes are frequent.
Demark sees new opportunities for robots emer
ging in the European food,
packaging, pharmaceutical and white goods industr
ies.
But the pace at which European industry accepts robots will depend part
ly on
suppliers' ability to counter the mistrust caused by the hype of the 1
970s
and early 1980s, when the robot industry appeared to be carried away by

euphoria over business prospects.
There are other obstacles, too, for suppl
iers to surmount. In Japan, one of
the driving forces behind the growth in t
he industrial robot population to
274,210 in 1990 - nearly 10 times the popu
lation in the former West Germany
 -has been labour shortages.
'Everything h
as to come back to economic considerations,' says Axel
Gerhardt, an executiv
e board member of IWKA, the holding company for Kuka,
Germany's largest robo
t supplier. 'In Europe robots are used where it is
economical to do so. In J
apan the question is often whether to produce with
a robot or not to produce
 there at all.'
Mistakes have also been made in the installation of robots, 
for which the
suppliers and customers have to share the blame. 'People have 
tended to put
in a robot, then have an operator standing by watching,' says 
Demark. 'This
is a half-way house that I wouldn't recommend.'
Increasingly, 
robot suppliers are realising that if they are to make inroads
into the smal
l- and medium-sized businesses that still dominate European
industry - espec
ially outside the automotive sector  - they have to
understand better the cu
stomer's needs and worries.
'You have to enter into an economic calculation 
with the customer and
demonstrate the ability to find a solution,' says Matt
ucci.
That could mean being paid only for a feasibility study that comes dow
n
against the use of robots. But in the long run this approach makes more
se
nse for an industry that wants to broaden its customer base and maintain
its
 reputation.
Comau, which sells most of its robots as part of an integrated 
automation
package, is around 90 per cent dependent on the vehicle industry.
 Mattucci
wants to expand the remaining 10 per cent of the business to 30 pe
r cent
over the next five years by exploiting the group's strengths in robot
ics for
body-welding, mechanical assembly and difficult handling operations.

The Italian company's most ambitious step away from the automotive sector i
s
its involvement in the Columbus Automation and robotics Testbed (Cat)
prog
ramme financed by the European Space Agency. The ground testbed for the
auto
mation and robotics on board the projected Columbus Space Station will
incor
porate a new Comau robot using advanced materials such as aeronautical
alloy
s and composites.
A more-down-to earth approach to broadening the customer b
ase is in evidence
at GMFanuc, the US/Japanese concern which is the world's 
second biggest
supplier. The jean-spraying robot, developed in the US and no
w available in
the UK, offers a high return on investment with a payback of 
less than a
year, says Mike Wilson, the UK sales and marketing manager.
Robo
tics are also in their infancy in the European food industry, partly
because
 it has hitherto been difficult to turn a hose on to a robot to clean
it wit
hout ruining its electrical circuits. In January, GMFanuc launched its
'Wash
down' robot to conform to the strict hygiene requirements of the food
indust
ry and withstand all the chemical substances likely to be used in
washdown o
r wipedown procedures.
In the European electronics industry, robots are more
 frequent but
applications are still developing. Data Packaging, an Irish su
pplier of
plastic moulded components for the computer industry, recently ins
talled an
ABB Robotics painting cell to handle metallic paints used to provi
de an
attractive finish, and assist in electrical shielding, on parts for th
e
Apple Macintosh.
Metallic paints are hard to handle because they block sup
ply lines if not
kept flowing continuously. The ABB system programs the robo
t to fire the
spray gun if the system lays dormant for a given length of tim
e.
Advances such as these are often based on techniques originally developed

for the automotive industry, which is not being neglected in suppliers'
has
te to exploit other markets. A number of fairly recent technologies have
rel
evance to the use of robots in automotive and non-automotive fields.
Laser w
elding, says Wilson, is attracting interest in a number of
industries, inclu
ding aerospace, because of its precision and speed. Unlike
conventional spot
 welding, the robot does not have to reach both sides of
the part to be weld
ed.
Another emerging technology, especially when combined with robotics, is

water-jet cutting, which is likely to become increasingly important for
cutt
ing plastics quickly and cleanly. It is already being used in the
automotive
 industry for cutting carpets, door panels and instrument panels.
In both ar
eas robot suppliers are forming partnerships with companies which
have devel
oped the technologies so that they can exploit the opportunities
quicker. Co
mau has a co-operation agreement with Trumpf, the German machine
tool builde
r best-known for its laser-cutting machines, while last year ABB
Robotics fo
rmed a joint venture with Ingersoll-Rand of the US to develop and
market a r
obotised water-jet cutting system in Europe.
The search for a broader Europe
an customer base coincides with a much more
price-conscious attitude over th
e past two to three years among customers,
due as much to general business c
onditions as to scepticism about the early
claims made by robot suppliers.
S
uppliers are rationalising their product ranges to give customers what they

want and no more, but using developments in control systems to increase the

applications available from each model.
These conditions give advantages and
 disadvantages in more or less equal
measure to European suppliers and Japan
ese/US importers, which control one
third of the market. Demark and Mattucci
 strongly believe that the European
suppliers benefit from a approach based 
on solutions rather than products.
'The Japanese do not have the solutions f
or European needs,' says Mattucci
flatly. This is a view strongly disputed b
y the Japanese producers, but in a
price-sensitive market the the Japanese d
o have the advantage of size -
investment in control systems, in particular,
 can be spread over a bigger
sales base.
Ultimately, though, all the robot s
uppliers could benefit if they can
persuade more European companies of the b
enefits of robots. And that is
likely to be a gradual process where technolo
gy is only one factor in the
equation.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PU
B>
<PAGE> London Page 18 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-8893</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBNB3AE8FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
14
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  14 FEB 92 / Technology: Machine replaces milkmaid 
</HEADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By STEVEN SONSINO </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
For the last thre
e years Professor Jim Hewit's team in the Department of
Mechanical Engineeri
ng at the Loughborough University of Technology has been
looking at cows' ud
ders with more than a passing interest.
Talking to colleagues at the Agricul
tural and Food Research Council they
discovered that if cows could be milked
 as often as the cows themselves
wanted, milk production would increase.
The
 stress on the cows of being rounded up for milking would also be
reduced, w
hich could improve milk quality. And farmers would need less
equipment, as m
ilking would be spread throughout the day, not compressed
into the tradition
al early and late shifts.
The Loughborough team has developed a robotic mach
ine to milk the cows
automatically. The system incorporates a thermal imagin
g system attached to
a contraption of booms and telescopic tubing.
The solut
ion appeared by accident. Hewit discovered a thermal imaging system
in the l
ab from a previous project. Wondering whether this might distinguish
cold te
ats from hot udders, the team tested it on cows on an Oxfordshire
farm.
Not 
only did it pick out the teats on the cow when the animal entered the
milkin
g stall, without the need for human guidance, it also picked out a
teat dise
ased with mastitis, which appeared black to the imaging system. The
cow's ow
ner was shocked, but grateful, and so were the Loughborough
engineers: in a 
surprise spin-off the robot had become a dual milking and
diagnostic imaging
 system.
Work will begin in May on the remaining hurdle: making the imaging 
systems
rugged enough and cheap enough for life on the farm. At present an e
ffective
imaging system costs around Pounds 30,000, says Hewit, and he is wo
rried
that a roaring trade in robot rustling might develop.
Eventually he be
lieves unattended milking stalls will appear on the farm.
Cows will wander i
n as they please or be called in by the tape-recorded
lowings of suckling ca
lves.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 10 </PAGE>

</DOC>

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============= Transaction # 129 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 131 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 132 ==============================================
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zfind "(title {technology}) and (title {robot})"

============= Transaction # 133 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 134 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-3682</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CCMBUABBFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9203
13
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  13 MAR 92 / Technology (Worth Watching): Robotic e
yes see the light </HEADLINE>
<TEXT>
'ROBOTIC eyes' can now be made from a p
hotosensitive protein called
bacteriorhodopsin (BR) found in salt-saturated 
water such as the Dead Sea.
A team from Fuji Photo Film in Japan has develop
ed a retina-like light
sensor which rivals the most sophisticated silicon de
vices. It mimics some
of the functions of the eye in a simpler, less costly 
and more compact
package.
The sensor is constructed by wedging a thin film o
f the protein between two
oxide electrodes in an electrically conductive gel
. When light hits the
sensor the BR molecules react by changing shape, gener
ating a quick electric
pulse that travels through the electrode. But if the 
light remains constant
the protein returns to its original shape. No charge 
is generated until the
light level changes again.
Potential applications inc
lude recognition systems for security purposes and
factory automation.
Fuji 
Photo Film: Japan, 04 6573 7070.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PA
GE> London Page 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

============= Transaction # 135 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT921-7109</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-CBYA2AA4FT</PROFILE>
<DATE>9202
25
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  25 FEB 92 / Technology: Robots pick up the call - 
Peggy Hollinger speaks to a computerised telephone operator </HEADLINE>
<BYL
INE>    By PEGGY HOLLINGER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
Most telephone operators who wor
k for Colorgraphic, the Leicester-based
direct marketing services group, are
 devoid of personality, never get sick
or take days off. Nick Winks, chief e
xecutive, wants to keep it that way.
Winks is speaking of his robot operator
s, which are 60 times more productive
than humans. The speech interactive sy
stem recently introduced at the
company's Decisions Voice Response subsidiar
y, based in Bristol, can handle
up to 120,000 calls a day compared with 2,00
0 taken by a staff of 16 humans.
Speech interactive is the simple term for a
 system which recognises letters,
numbers and words as spoken by a caller. T
he computer then matches
combinations of words, letters and/or numbers to a 
database which provides
information to be translated back into a voice respo
nse.
The commercial use of speech interactive systems is gaining ground in t
he UK
as consumers lose their inhibitions about talking to computers and as 
the
direct marketing industry matures.
Until recently, most computer voice s
ystems had been the preserve of
business-to-business transactions, says Jeff
 Williams of Datapoint, which
designs telemarketing software. However, the s
uccess of the 24-hour
telephone bank, First Direct - although not a speech i
nteractive system -
has shown that the consumer-to-computer market is waitin
g to be tapped.
The biggest challenge to telemarketing in recent years has b
een volume. With
90 per cent of the response to a television advertisement, 
for example,
coming in within 15 minutes of the broadcast, it is almost impo
ssible to
staff a switchboard at a viable cost. So the answer has been to ad
vertise at
unsocial hours - when most of your potential audience will be asl
eep.
Yet computer-operated marketing can solve that problem. Everything from

financial dealing to booking holidays could be organised by computer, say
t
elemarketing enthusiasts.
In Colorgraphic's case, the computer is used to de
vise packages for clients,
including a car insurance quotation system and ch
arity fundraising. Winks
says his software is at least 12 months ahead of an
ything used in the UK. He
claims it is even more advanced than anything used
 in the US, as most
systems there are based on the touchtone phone rather th
an the speech
interactive method.
What makes the Colorgraphic system unique 
is its ability to recognise almost
any accent, ask questions, interpret the 
answers, provide a customer profile
within seconds, and even make an appoint
ment to call back if the lines are
too busy.
Colorgraphic, which handles the
 calls for client telephone campaigns, can
also gain access to several outsi
de databases at the same time. 'That's
where Colorgraphic has really scored,
' says Williams. 'It has written a
sophisticated software package.'
For exam
ple, one of Colorgraphic's clients is a leading UK insurer. Within
minutes c
allers can receive a quote for car insurance by ringing the
Colorgraphic com
puters which dip into the insurer's own database for the
criteria to compile
 the quote. The program is due to be launched in the
spring. The cost for su
ch an exercise can be a low as Pounds 2.15, compared
with Pounds 6 using a l
ive operator.
Other services include house insurance quotes, motor advertisi
ng campaigns
where a caller can be referred to the nearest dealer, and stock
 ordering for
retailers where the computer checks credit worthiness, alerts 
the warehouse
and issues a delivery note.
If the system is unsure of what it
 has heard, it is able to flag the call
for a human 'verifier' who replays t
he tape and types in the correct words.
At any stage the system can divert t
o a live operator if it, or the caller,
chooses.
Developing the system cost 
Pounds 1m. To leap the accent hurdle, charities
around the country were offe
red Pounds 1 per phone call to gather a sample
of 500 different accents for 
each letter of the alphabet and the numbers
zero to nine.
Now Colorgraphic h
opes to draw in advertisers and is working on custom-made
software to meet t
heir needs. For advertisers, the benefits of any such
system are in the imme
diate response: 'We are looking to turn the operation
round, from the TV cam
paign to the letter in the post, in a two-hour
window,' says Colin Bond, Col
orgraphic's business development director.
</TEXT>
<PUB>The Financial Times 
</PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 12 </PAGE>
</DOC>

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============= Transaction # 137 ==============================================
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<DOC>
<DOCNO>FT943-11018</DOCNO>
<PROFILE>_AN-EHBDUACKFT</PROFILE>
<DATE>940
802
</DATE>
<HEADLINE> FT  02 AUG 94 / Technology: Robots get the dirty work
 - Japan is developing intelligent systems to help an ageing population </HE
ADLINE>
<BYLINE>    By ANDREW FISHER </BYLINE>
<TEXT>
A nifty little robot d
arts down a street, picks up the rubbish and puts it
into a truck. Inside a 
power station, another robot carries out vital
maintenance work. A hard-pres
sed nurse uses robotic help to move beds and
patients.
Hard to imagine thoug
h it may be, Japanese research experts are working on
such applications - an
d on robots for the home - although it will probably
not be until well into 
the next century that they can be put into practice.
Labour will be in short
 supply in coming years. The 125m population is
ageing and will slowly decli
ne as the birth rate falls.
'Such systems are necessary for coming generatio
ns in Japan,' says Kazuo
Asakawa, head of the intelligent systems laboratory
 at Fujitsu, the Japanese
computer group. 'We have to develop intelligent sy
stems to replace young
people.'
Most people do not want to do the so-called 
'3K' jobs - denoting the
Japanese words for 'dirty, difficult and dangerous'
 - such as working in
hospitals, collecting rubbish, maintaining power stati
ons and cleaning.
Asakawa foresees robots also being used in the office, for
 handling mail and
other straightforward tasks and eventually in the home.
T
he key to such developments will be neural networks - complex computer
syste
ms that can learn to recognise patterns and react accordingly. The
robots wi
ll be equipped with an array of sensors that will enable them to
adapt to th
eir surroundings. 'In 10 years, we hope to develop autonomous
systems using 
neural networks,' says Asakawa.
In the view of Hiroyuki Yoshikawa, president
 of the University of Tokyo,
robots could be the answer to many of Japan's e
conomic and social problems.
'It is necessary to use Japan's highly educated
 labour force to invent these
kinds of things.' He believes that Japanese in
dustry must look ahead to new
products such as these to prepare for a future
 in which over-production and
over-capacity will inhibit industrial growth.

Japan's car industry is already plagued by over-capacity, as well as high
co
sts; the surge in the yen is eating further into export profits. In common
w
ith other academics and industrialists, Yoshikawa warns of the danger of
'ho
llowing-out' as lower-cost countries in Asia and elsewhere take up
productio
n of goods which have become too expensive to make in Japan. The
electronics
 companies are already big producers in south-east Asia and car
makers have 
been expanding their overseas operations.
'We must change the direction of e
ndeavour,' adds Yoshikawa, a specialist in
engineering design theory. He thi
nks industry should lean
towards more automation of services such as healthc
are and cleaning. He
talks of the need for greater 'amplification of service
s', with intelligent,
computer-controlled machines doing much of the awkward
 and dirty work now
done by humans.
In other countries, where unemployment i
s high, this is less of an issue.
But Japan's unemployment rate is less than
 3 per cent, kept low by the
tradition of lifetime employment and the high l
evel of consensus and
discipline in Japanese society. This is despite the re
cession after the
bursting of the 'bubble' economy of the late 1980s.
Japane
se companies already use robots far more widely than the rest of the
world. 
In 1992, there were 350,000 robots in Japan, of which more than
280,000 were
 advanced (operating in different axes, or with sensors or
learning controls
), according to latest statistics from the United Nations
and the Internatio
nal Federation of Robotics. This compared with 47,000
(42,000 advanced) in t
he US and 39,000 (35,500) in Germany.
The electronics industry is the bigges
t user of robots in Japan, followed by
cars. But the advanced applications e
nvisaged by Asakawa, Yoshikawa and
others are still at the pilot stage. The 
Ministry of International Trade and
Industry supports some of them. Work is 
progessing on robots to take the
backache out of nurses' lifting work and on
 micromachines to help doctors
operate and even to carry tiny doses of medic
ine to certain parts of the
body.
The rubbish-collecting robots described by
 Yoshikawa - he calls them 'social
robots' - are still at the basic research
 stage. 'I can't say when they will
be ready. The direction of research is t
o invent new robotics for use on the
roads and streets of a city. I hope thi
s will be completed in five to 10
years.'
A programme to develop robots to e
nter the containment vessels of nuclear
power plants and carry out maintenan
ce work began in 1978, he says. The
first prototype was too heavy at 400kg. 
Toshiba then made a more
sophisticated one, which was suitable for the work.
 But power companies are
reluctant to rely on robots rather than humans for 
work in which safety and
reliability is essential.
'My idea is first mainten
ance, then social and then home robots,' says
Yoshikawa. All these areas, he
 feels, are ripe for 'amplification' through
intelligent automation. Ultimat
ely, the home could be the biggest market for
robots. But to do household cl
eaning and other work, they must be made of
softer materials than metal and 
have more flexible gear systems to fit in
with the random pattern of life in
 the home.
Yoshikawa says there are no prototypes of the home robot yet. But
 he adds
that robot manufacturers such as Fuji Machine and Matsushita have s
hown
considerable interest. Asakawa says Fujitsu is also working on computer

programs for domestic use.
Thus, sometime around 2010, robots could be scur
rying around Japanese
streets, homes, offices and hospitals doing routine jo
bs and taking some of
the strain out of daily life.
</TEXT>
<XX>
Countries:-

</XX>
<CN>JPZ  Japan, Asia.
</CN>
<XX>
Industries:-
</XX>
<IN>P3569 General
 Industrial Machinery, NEC.
</IN>
<XX>
Types:-
</XX>
<TP>CMMT  Comment & Ana
lysis.
    TECH  Products & Product use.
    MGMT  Management & Marketing.
<
/TP>
<PUB>The Financial Times </PUB>
<PAGE> London Page 11 </PAGE>
</DOC>