============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Agee, J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Controlling water pollution from grazing activities 

SOURCE:     In: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, 
            CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            15-17 

TOPICS:     Non-point Pollution, Grazing Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Almand, J.D. and W.B. Krohn 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      The position of the Bureau of Land Management on the 
            protection and management of riparian ecosystems 

SOURCE:     Strategies for Protection and Management of Floodplain 
            Wetlands and Other Riparian Ecosystems, Callaway Gardens, GA, 
            Dec. 11-13, 1978. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. 
            GTR-WO-12, 9 p. 

TOPICS:     Policy, Protection, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     American Fisheries Society, Western Division 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Management and protection of Western riparian stream 
            ecosystems 

SOURCE:     Riparian Habitat Committee, position paper. ed. D. Duff. 24 p. 

TOPICS:     Management, Protection, Ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Anderson, M.T. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Riparian management of coastal Pacific ecosystems 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 364-368 

TOPICS:     Management, Logging Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Anderson, M.W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Protection of riparian lands through tax incentives 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 433-434 

TOPICS:     Water Law, Protection 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Apple, L.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      The use of beavers in riparian/aquatic habitat restoration in 
            a cold desert, gully-cut stream system: a case history 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the 18th Annual Meeting, Colorado-Wyoming 
            Chapter, American Fisheries Society. pp. 29-35 

TOPICS:     Habitat Restoration, Beavers 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Apple, L.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Riparian habitat restoration in cold desert, gully-cut stream 
            systems: an innovative, cost effective, ecological approach 

SOURCE:     Poster session presentation, 49th North American Wildlife and 
            Natural Resources Conference, Boston, MA, Mar. 23-28, 1984, 7 
            p. 

TOPICS:     Habitat Restoration, Ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Apple, L.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Riparian habitat restoration and beavers, poster session paper 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rpt. RM-120, pp. 489-490 

TOPICS:     Habitat Restoration, Beavers 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Apple, L.L. and B.H. Smith 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      The use of beavers for riparian/aquatic habitat restoration of 
            cold desert, gully-cut stream systems in southwestern Wyoming 

SOURCE:     American Fisheries Society/Wildlife Society Joint Chapter 
            Meeting, Logan, UT, Feb. 8-10, 1984, 11 p. 

TOPICS:     Beavers, Habitat Restoration 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Armour, C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Critique of the Diamond Fork Aquatic Study 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Idaho Water Resources Workshop, Boise, ID, 
            Nov. 27-29, 1979. U.S.D.I. Bur. of Land Mngmt., Idaho State 
            Office, Boise, ID, pp. 27-29 

TOPICS:     Evaluations, Techniques, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Armour, C.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Effects of deteriorated range streams on trout 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I. Bur. Land Mngmt., Boise, ID. 7 p. 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Armour, C.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Livestock management approaches and the fisheries resource 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., p. 39 

TOPICS:     Management, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bedell, T.E. (ed.) 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Range watersheds, riparian zones and economics: 
            interrelationships in management and use 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management 
            Short Course, Pendleton, OR, Jan. 25-27, 1984. Oregon State 
            Univ., Corvallis, OR, 98 p. 

TOPICS:     Watersheds, Streamside Vegetation, Economic Value 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Behrens-Tepper, J.C., J.T. O'Leary, and D.C. Andersen 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Focused recreation use in riparian ecosystems: a taxonomy of 
            user types 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 216-218 

TOPICS:     Recreational Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bergstrom, D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Beavers: biologists "rediscover" a natural resource 

SOURCE:     Forestry Research West, Oct. 1985. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, 
            pp. 1-5 

TOPICS:     Beavers, Techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Binns, N.A. and F.M. Eiserman 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Quantification of fluvial trout habitat in Wyoming 

SOURCE:     Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 108 (3): 
            215-228 

TOPICS:     Techniques, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bjornn, T.C., D.C. Burns, A.W. Collotzi, H.W. Newhouse, and 
            W.S. Platts 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      A method for predicting fish response to sediment yields 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Intermountain and Northern Regions. A 
            working draft, 35 p. 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, Classification, Sediment Loads 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Boehne, P. and R. House 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Stream ordering; a tool for land managers to classify western 
            Oregon streams 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I. Bur. of Land Mngmt, Oregon State Office, Tech. Note 
            OR-3, 6 p. 

TOPICS:     Classification, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bohn, C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Biological importance of streambank stability 

SOURCE:     Rangelands, 8 (2): 55-56 

TOPICS:     Stream Stability, Streambanks 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bohn, C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 (in press) 

TITLE:      Effects of grazing management on streambanks 

SOURCE:     Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference, Reno, 
            NV, Mar. 1986 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Management, Streambanks 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bohn, C. and J.C. Buckhouse 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Interpreting coliform counts in northeast Oregon rangeland 
            streams 

SOURCE:     1981 Research in Rangeland Management, Agricultural Experiment 
            Station, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, Specl. Rept. 620, 
            pp. 15-17 

TOPICS:     Non-point Pollution, Water Quality, Research 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bohn, C. and J.C. Buckhouse 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Coliform organisms as an indicator of water quality in 
            wildland streams 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Soil and Water Conserv., 40 (1): 95-97 

TOPICS:     Water Quality, Non-point pollution 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bohn, C.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      The response of soils, streambanks and instream coliform 
            bacteria levels to grazing management in a riparian area 

SOURCE:     M.S. Thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR. 85 p. 

TOPICS:     Soils, Water Quality, Grazing Systems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bohn, C.C. and J.C. Buckhouse 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Some responses of riparian soils to grazing management in 
            northeastern Oregon 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Range Mngmt., 38 (4): 378-381 

TOPICS:     Soils, Grazing Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bohn, C.C. and J.C. Buckhouse 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Effects of grazing management on streambanks 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the 51st North American Wildlife and Natural 
            Resources Conference, Reno, NV, Mar. 21-26, 1986. The Wildlife 
            Management Institute, 15 p. 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Grazing Systems, Water Quality 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bottom, D.L., P.J. Howell, and J.D. Rodgers 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      The effects of stream alterations on salmon and trout habitat 
            in Oregon 

SOURCE:     Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, Portland, OR. 70 p. 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, Stream Improvements, Evaluations 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bowers, W., W. Hosford, A. Oakley, and C. Bond 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Native trout 

SOURCE:     Wildlife Habitats in Managed Rangelands -- the Great Basin of 
            Southeastern Oregon. ed. J.W. Thomas and C. Maser. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. PNW-80, 16 p. 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brady, W., D.R. Patton, and J. Paxson 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      The development of Southwestern riparian gallery forests 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 39-43 

TOPICS:     Riparian Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brinson, M.M., B.L. Swift, R.C. Plantico, and J.S. Barclay 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Riparian ecosystems: their ecology and status 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Services 
            Program, FWS/OBS-81/17 

TOPICS:     Ecosystems, Classification 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Britten, C.M., J.E. Cornely, and F.A. Sneva 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Burning, haying, grazing, and non-use of flood meadow 
            vegetation 

SOURCE:     1980 Progress Report, Research in Rangeland Management, 
            Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State Univ., 
            Corvallis, OR, Specl. Rept. 586, pp. 7-9 

TOPICS:     Vegetation Manipulation, Wetlands, Grazing Impacts, Fire 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brown, D.E., C.H. Lowe, and C.P. Pase 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      A digitized classification system for the biotic communities 
            of North America, with community (series) and association 
            examples for the Southwest 

SOURCE:     Jour. of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 14 (1): 1-16 

TOPICS:     Classification 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brown, D.E., C.H. Lowe, and J.F. Hausler 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Southwestern riparian communities: their biotic importance and 
            management in Arizona 

SOURCE:     Symposium on the Importance, Preservation and Management of 
            the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ, Jul. 9. U.S.D.A. Forest 
            Service, Fort Collins, CO, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-43, pp. 201-211 

TOPICS:     Classification, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brunsfeld, S.J. and F.D. Johnson 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Field guide to the willows of east-central Idaho 

SOURCE:     College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences, Univ. of 
            Idaho, Moscow, ID, Bulletin No. 39, 95 p. 

TOPICS:     Streamside Vegetation, Classification, Revegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bryant, L.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Livestock response to riparian zone exclusion 

SOURCE:     M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID. 31 p. 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Riparian Exclosures 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bryant, L.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Response of livestock to riparian zone exclusion 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Range Mngmt., 35 (6): 780-785 

TOPICS:     Riparian Exclosures, Livestock Behavior, Grazing Impacts, 
            Riparian Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bryant, L.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Livestock management in the riparian ecosystem 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 285-289 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Grazing Systems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bryant, L.D. and J.M. Skovlin 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Effect of grazing strategies and rehabilitation on an eastern 
            Oregon stream 

SOURCE:     Proceedings, Habitat Disturbance and Recovery, California 
            Trout, Inc., San Francisco, CA., pp. 27-30 

TOPICS:     Grazing Systems, Streamside Vegetation, Enhancement 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bryant, M.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Changes 30 years after logging in large woody debris, and its 
            use by salmonids 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 329-334 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, Logging Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Buckhouse, J.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Riparian shrubby vegetation protection against herbivore 
            browsing 

SOURCE:     Water Resources Research Institute, WRRI-94. Corvallis, OR: 
            Oregon State Univ., 8 p. 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Protection 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Buckhouse, J.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Riparian shrubby vegetation protection against herbivore 
            grazing 

SOURCE:     1984 Progress Report -- Research in Rangeland Management, 
            Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State Univ., 
            Corvallis, OR, Specl. Rept. 715, pp. 1-2 

TOPICS:     Protection, Streamside Vegetation, Grazing Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Buckhouse, J.C., J.M. Skovlin, and R.W. Knight 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Streambank erosion and ungulate grazing relationships 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Range Mngmt., 34 (4): 339-340 

TOPICS:     Erosion, Grazing Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Buckhouse, J.C. and C.C. Bohn 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Response of coliform bacteria concentration to grazing 
            management 

SOURCE:     1983 Progress Report -- Research in Rangeland Management, 
            Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State Univ., 
            Corvallis, OR, Specl. Rept. 682, pp. 1-7 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Grazing Systems, Non-point Pollution, 
            Management, Water Quality 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Buckhouse, J.C. and J.M. Skovlin 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Streambank erosion in a Blue Mountain stringer meadow in 
            response to livestock and big game grazing management 

SOURCE:     Progress Report -- Research in Rangeland Management, 
            Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State Univ., 
            Corvallis, OR, Specl. Rept. No. 549, pp. 2-4 

TOPICS:     Erosion, Grazing Impacts, Wildlife Habitat, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Burns, J.W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Public values and riparian systems 

SOURCE:     California Riparian Systems Conference, Univ. of California, 
            Davis, CA, Sep. 17-19, 1981, pp. 226-227 

TOPICS:     Economics, Ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Busby, F.E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Riparian and stream ecosystems, livestock grazing, and 
            multiple-use management 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 6-12 

TOPICS:     Ecosystems, Livestock Behavior, Multiple Use 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Campbell, C.J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1970 

TITLE:      Ecological implications of riparian vegetation management 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Soil and Water Conserv., Mar.-Apr., pp. 49-52 

TOPICS:     Ecosystems, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Canterbury, R.A. and B.H. Smith 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Energy development in the overthrust belt of southwestern 
            Wyoming: present problems and future potentials for aquatic 
            resources on public lands 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting, Colorado-Wyoming 
            Chapter, American Fisheries Society, Laramie, WY, Feb. 25-26, 
            1981, 7 p. 

TOPICS:     Oil/Gas Impacts, Mining Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Capen, D.E. and J.B. Low 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Management considerations for nongame birds in Western 
            wetlands 

SOURCE:     Proceedings, Management of Western Forests and Grasslands for 
            Nongame Birds, Salt Lake City, UT, Feb. 11-14, 1980. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. INT-86, pp. 67-77 

TOPICS:     Birds, Management, Wetlands 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Chapman, D.W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1962 

TITLE:      Effects of logging upon fish resources of the West Coast 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Forestry, Aug. 1962, pp. 533-537 

TOPICS:     Logging Impacts, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Chapman, D.W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Summarization of sessions 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            75-76 

TOPICS:     Riparian Issues 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Christensen, K.M. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      The linear interval method for determining habitat selection 
            of riparian wildlife species 

SOURCE:     

TOPICS:     Techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cline, L.D., R.A. Short, J.V. Ward, C.A. Carlson, and H.L. 
            Gray 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Effects of highway construction on water quality and biota in 
            an adjacent Colorado mountain stream 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range 
            Experiment Station, Research Note RM-429, 11 p. 

TOPICS:     Road Impacts, Water Quality, Stream Organisms 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cook, C.W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1966 

TITLE:      Factors affecting utilization of mountain slopes by cattle 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Range Mngmt., 19: 200-204 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cooper, J.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      A technique for evaluating and predicting the impact of 
            grazing on stream channels 

SOURCE:     Transactions, Bonneville Chapter, American Fisheries Society, 
            Salt Lake City, UT, Feb. 3-4, 1978, 17 p. 

TOPICS:     Techniques, Grazing Impacts, Evaluations 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cope, O.B., ed. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Proceedings of the Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream 
            Ecosystems 

SOURCE:     Denver, CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. Trout Unlimited, Inc., 94 p. 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Corbett, E.S. and J.A. Lynch 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Management of streamside zones on municipal watersheds 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 187-190 

TOPICS:     Water Quality, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. La Roe 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the 
            United States 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Services 
            Program, FWS/OBS-79/31, 103 p. 

TOPICS:     Classification, Wetlands 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cross, S.P. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Responses of small mammals to forest riparian perturbations 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 269-275 

TOPICS:     Wildlife Habitat, Logging Impacts, Bufferstrips 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Crouse, M.R. and R.R. Kindschy 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      A method for predicting riparian vegetation potential of 
            semiarid rangelands 

SOURCE:     Symposium on Acquisition and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat 
            Inventory Information, Portland, OR, Oct. 28-30, 1981, pp. 
            110-116 

TOPICS:     Potential, Classification, Techniques, Streamside Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cuplin, P. 

PUB. YEAR:  unknown 

TITLE:      The use of large scale color infrared photography for stream 
            habitat and riparian vegetation inventory 

SOURCE:     Bur. of Land Mngmt., Tech. Note 325, 7 p. 

TOPICS:     Techniques, Inventories 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cuplin, P. 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Remote sensing streams 

SOURCE:     BLM/ASP Workshop on Practical Applications and Use of Color 
            Infrared and Color Imagery, Denver, CO, Jan. 30-Feb. 1, 3 p. 

TOPICS:     Techniques, Monitoring, Inventories 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cuplin, P. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Riparian area inventory and monitoring using large scale 
            infrared photography 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 69-71 

TOPICS:     Techniques, Monitoring 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cuplin, P. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      A selected annotated riparian bibliography 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I. Bur. of Land Mngmt., Denver Service Center. 66 p. 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Research, Techniques, Evaluations 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cuplin, P., W.S. Platts, O. Casey, and R. Masinton 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      A comparison of riparian area ground data with large scale 
            airphoto interpretation 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 67-68 

TOPICS:     Techniques, Monitoring 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dahlem, E.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      The Mahogany Creek watershed -- with and without grazing 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            31-34 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Darling, L.A. and G.B. Coltharp 

PUB. YEAR:  1973 

TITLE:      Effects of livestock grazing on the water quality of mountain 
            streams 

SOURCE:     Proceedings, Water-Animal Relations, Kimberly, ID. ed. H.F. 
            Mayland. pp. 1-8 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Water Quality 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Davis, G.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Management alternatives for the riparian habitat in the 
            Southwest 

SOURCE:     Symposium on the Importance, Preservation and Management of 
            the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ, Jul. 9. U.S.D.A. Forest 
            Service, Fort Collins, CO, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-43, pp. 59-67 

TOPICS:     Management, Planning 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Davis, J.W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Livestock and riparian habitat management -- why not? 

SOURCE:     Western Proceedings, 62nd Annual Conference of the Western 
            Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Las Vegas, NV, Jul. 
            19-22, 1982, pp. 225-232 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Davis, J.W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Options for managing livestock and riparian habitats 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the 51st North American Wildlife and Natural 
            Resources Conference, Reno, NV, Mar. 21-26, 1986. The Wildlife 
            Management Institute, 20 p. 

TOPICS:     Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     DeBano, L.F., J.J. Brejda, and J.H. Brock 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Enhancement of riparian vegetation following shrub control in 
            Arizona chaparral 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Soil and Water Conserv., 39 (5): 317-320 

TOPICS:     Enhancement, Riparian Vegetation, Vegetation Manipulation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dick-Peddie, W.A. and J.P. Hubbard 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Classification of riparian vegetation 

SOURCE:     Symposium on the Importance, Preservation and Management of 
            the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ, Jul. 9. U.S.D.A. Forest 
            Service, Fort Collins, CO, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-43, pp. 85-90 

TOPICS:     Classification 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Duff, D.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Riparian habitat recovery on Big Creek, Rich County, Utah -- a 
            summary of eight years of study 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            91-92 

TOPICS:     Research, Riparian Exclosures 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Duff, D.A. and J.L. Cooper 

PUB. YEAR:  1976 

TITLE:      Techniques for conducting stream habitat survey of national 
            resource land 

SOURCE:     Bur. of Land Mngmt., Tech. Note T/N 283, 72 p. 

TOPICS:     Inventories, Techniques, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Duff, D.A. and R.S. Wydoski 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Indexed bibliography on stream habitat improvement 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Intermountain Region. 143 p. 

TOPICS:     Stream Improvements, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Eastern Energy and Land Use Team 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Summaries of riparian and stream alteration studies completed 
            by the Eastern Energy and Land Use Team 

SOURCE:     National Water Resources Analysis Group, U.S.D.I. Fish and 
            Wildlife Service, Kearneyville, WV. 38 p. 

TOPICS:     Dewatering, Water Flows, Stream Stability 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Eastern Washington University 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Symposium on Monitoring Aquatic and Riparian Natural Areas, 
            Cheney, WA 

SOURCE:     Eastern Washington Univ., 5 p. (abstracts) 

TOPICS:     Monitoring, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Elder, R.G. and R.C. Moore 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Impacts of oil and development on riparian zones in the 
            overthrust belt: the role of industrial siting 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 379-383 

TOPICS:     Oil/Gas Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Elmore, W. and P. Cuplin (1984) Use of color infrared 
            photography in stream habitat inven 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Use of color infrared photography in stream habitat 
            inventories 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short 
            Course; Range Watersheds, Riparian Zones and Economics: 
            Interrelationships in Management and Use, Pendleton, OR, Jan. 
            25-27, 1984. ed. T.E. Bedell. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 
            OR, pp. 6-12 

TOPICS:     Inventories, Monitoring, Techniques, Aquatic/Riparian Habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Everest, F.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Anadromous fish habitat and forest management -- economic 
            considerations 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife 
            Agencies/Western Division of American Fisheries Society. pp. 
            153-171 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, Logging Impacts, Economics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Everest, F.H. and W.R. Meehan 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Forest management and anadromous fish habitat productivity 

SOURCE:     Transactions of the 46th North American Wildlife and Natural 
            Resources Conference. Wildlife Management institute, 
            Washington, D.C., pp. 521-530 

TOPICS:     Logging Impacts, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Fannin, T.E., M. Parker, and T.J. Maret 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Multiple regression analysis for evaluating non-point source 
            contributions to water quality in the Green River, Wyoming 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 201-205 

TOPICS:     Non-point Pollution, Water Quality 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Field, D.R., M.E. Lee, and K. Martinson 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Human behavior and recreation habitats: conceptual issues 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 227-231 

TOPICS:     Recreational Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Finch, D.M. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      A weighted-means ordination of riparian birds in southeastern 
            Wyoming 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 495-498 

TOPICS:     Birds, Wildlife Habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Findley, J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Riparian monitoring using large scale infra-red aerial 
            photography in southeastern Oregon 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short 
            Course; Range Watersheds, Riparian Zones and Economics: 
            Interrelationships in Management and Use, Pendleton, OR, Jan. 
            25-27, 1984. ed. T.E. Bedell. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 
            OR, pp. 13-17 

TOPICS:     Monitoring, Techniques, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Fogel, M.N. and P.F. Ffolliott 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Evaluating effects of management on riparian ecosystems 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 384-388 

TOPICS:     Modeling, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ganskopp, D.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Plant communities and habitat types of the Meadow Creek 
            Experimental Watershed 

SOURCE:     M.S. Thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR. 162 p. 

TOPICS:     Classification, Micro-habitats, Watersheds 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Garcia, J.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      A method for assessing the value of stream corridors to fish 
            and wildlife resources 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 335-338 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, Wildlife Habitat, Modeling 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gibbons, D.R. and E.O. Salo 

PUB. YEAR:  1973 

TITLE:      An annotated bibliography of the effects of logging on fish of 
            the western United States and Canada 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range 
            Experiment Station, Gen. Tech. Rept. PNW-10, 145 p. 

TOPICS:     Logging Impacts, Streamside Vegetation, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gillen, R.L., W.C. Krueger, and R.F. Miller 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Cattle use of riparian meadows in the Blue Mountains of 
            northeastern Oregon 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Range Mngmt., 38 (3): 205-209 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Glinski, R.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Regeneration and distribution of sycamore and cottonwood trees 
            along Sonoita Creek, Santa Cruz County, Arizona 

SOURCE:     Symposium on the Importance, Preservation and Management of 
            the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ, Jul. 9. U.S.D.A. Forest 
            Service, Fort Collins, CO, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-43, pp. 116-123 

TOPICS:     Riparian Vegetation, Distribution 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Grant, J.W.A., J. Englert, and B.F. Bietz 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Application of a method for assessing the impact of watershed 
            practices: effects of logging on salmonid standing crops. N. 
            Amer. 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 6 (1): 24-31 

TOPICS:     Logging Impacts, Watersheds, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gregg, R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      A method for analyzing livestock impacts on stream and 
            riparian habitats 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            92-94 

TOPICS:     Techniques, Grazing Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Groeneveld, D.P. and T.E. Griepentrog 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Interdependence of groundwater, riparian vegetation, and 
            streambank stability: a case study 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 44-48 

TOPICS:     Riparian Vegetation, Groundwater, Streambanks 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gruell, G.E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Fire's influence on wildlife habitat on the Bridger-Teton 
            National Forest, Wyoming 

SOURCE:     Volume 1 -- Photographic Record and Analysis. U.S.D.A. Forest 
            Service, Res. Ppr. INT-235, 207 p. 

TOPICS:     Fire, Wildlife Habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gunderson, D.R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1968 

TITLE:      Floodplain use related to stream morphology and fish 
            populations 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Wildlife Mngmt., 32 (3): 507-514 

TOPICS:     Stream Morphology, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harr, R.D. and F.M. McCorison 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Initial effects of clearcut logging on size and timing of peak 
            flows in a small watershed in western Oregon 

SOURCE:     Water Resources Research, 15 (1): 90-94 

TOPICS:     Logging Impacts, Watersheds, Water Flows 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harris, R.R., R.J. Risser, and C.A. Fox 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      A method for evaluating streamflow discharge -- plant species 
            occurrence patterns on headwater streams 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 87-90 

TOPICS:     Hydroelectric Projects, Evaluations 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Haugen, G. (Chairman) 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      The best management practices for the management and 
            protection of Western riparian stream ecosystems 

SOURCE:     Western Division, American Fisheries Society. 45 p. 

TOPICS:     Management, Protection, Ecosystems, Policy 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Haugen, G.N. 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Riparian best management practices 

SOURCE:     Fisheries, 8 (1): 2, 9 

TOPICS:     Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Haugen, G.N. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Strategies for riparian area management 

SOURCE:     Fisheries, 10 (4): 20-21 

TOPICS:     Planning, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede, B. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Interactions between streamside vegetation and stream dynamics 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 54-58 

TOPICS:     Streamside Vegetation, Stream Dynamics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede, B.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Stream dynamics: an overview for land managers 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range 
            Experiment Station, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-72, 26 p. 

TOPICS:     Stream Dynamics, Management, Classification 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heifetz, J., M.L. Murphy, and K.V. Koski 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Effects of logging on winter habitat of juvenile salmonids in 
            Alaskan streams. N. Amer 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 6 (1): 52-58 

TOPICS:     Logging Impacts, Bufferstrips, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Helm, W.T. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Glossary of stream habitat terms 

SOURCE:     Western Division, American Fisheries Society. 34 p. 

TOPICS:     Classification, Definitions 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hoar, A.R. and M.J. Erwin 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Relationships between the expansion of agriculture and the 
            reduction of natural riparian habitat in the Missouri River 
            floodplain of northeast Montana, 1938 - 1982 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 250-256 

TOPICS:     Agriculture, Riparian Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Holechek, J.L., M. Vavra, and J. Skovlin 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Cattle diet and daily gains on a mountain riparian meadow in 
            northeastern Oregon 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Range Mngmt., 35 (6): 745-747 

TOPICS:     Livestock Behavior, Wetlands, Economic Value 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Horton, J.S. and C.J. Campbell 

PUB. YEAR:  1974 

TITLE:      Management of phreatophyte and riparian vegetation for maximum 
            multiple use values 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Res. Papr. RM-117, 23 p. 

TOPICS:     Streamside Vegetation, Multiple Use 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     House, R.A. and P.L. Boehne 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Evaluation of instream enhancement structures for salmonid 
            spawning and rearing in a coastal Oregon stream. N. Amer 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 5 (2B): 283-295 

TOPICS:     Stream Improvements, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hubert, W.A., R.P. Lanka, T.A. Wesche, and F. Stabler 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Grazing management influences on two brook trout streams in 
            Wyoming 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 290-294 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Fisheries, Stream Morphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Huntoon, V.G. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Public input in decision-making 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            65-67 

TOPICS:     Public Involvement, Riparian Issues 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Idaho Cattle Association 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Epidemic strikes -- ripariopsychorrhea 

SOURCE:     The Line Rider, 2 (8): 1, 8 

TOPICS:     Riparian Issues 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Irvine, J.R. and N.E. West 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Riparian tree species distribution and succession along the 
            lower Escalante River, Utah 

SOURCE:     The Southwestern Naturalist, 24 (2): 331-346 

TOPICS:     Distribution, Riparian Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jackson, W.L. and B.P. Van Haveren 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Design for a stable channel in coarse alluvium for riparian 
            zone restoration 

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin, 20 (5): 695-703 

TOPICS:     Habitat Restoration, Stream Stability 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jahn, L.R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Value of riparian habitats to natural ecosystems 

SOURCE:     Strategies for Protection and Management of Floodplain 
            Wetlands and Other Riparian Ecosystems, Callaway Gardens, GA, 
            Dec. 11-13, 1978. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. 
            GTR-WO-12, 9 p. 

TOPICS:     Ecosystems, Riparian Vegetation, Policy 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson, R.R. and C.W. Lowe 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      On the development of riparian ecology 

SOURCE:     

TOPICS:     Ecosystems, Classification 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson, R.R. and D.A. Jones 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Importance, Preservation and Management of Riparian Habitat: a 
            Symposium, Tucson, AZ. Jul. 9 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, Gen. Tech. Rept. 
            RM-43, 217 p. 

TOPICS:     Management, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Protection 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson, R.R. and J.F. McCormick 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Strategies for Protection and Management of Floodplain 
            Wetlands and Other Riparian Ecosystems 

SOURCE:     Proceedings, Callaway Gardens, GA, Dec. 11-13, 1978. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. GTR-WO-12, 410 p. 

TOPICS:     Protection, Wetlands, Ecosystems, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson, R.R. and L.T. Haight 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Avian use of xeroriparian ecosystems in the North American 
            warm deserts 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 156-160 

TOPICS:     Birds, Riparian Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson, S.R., H.L. Gray, and S.L. Ponce 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Range cattle impacts on stream water quality in the Colorado 
            Front Range 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range 
            Experiment Station, Research Note RM-359, 8 p. 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Water Quality 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kaffman, J.B., W.C. Krueger, and M. Vavra 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Effects of late season cattle grazing on riparian plant 
            communities 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Range Mngmt., 36 (6): 685-690 

TOPICS:     Grazing Systems, Grazing Impacts, Riparian Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kauffman, J.B., W.C. Krueger, and M. Vavra 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Impacts of cattle on streambanks in northeastern Oregon 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Range Mngmt., 36 (6): 683-685 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Streambanks 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kauffman, J.B. and W.C. Krueger 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Livestock impacts on riparian ecosystems and streamside 
            management implications -- a review 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Range Mngmt., 37 (5): 430-437 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Streamside Vegetation, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Keller, C.R., L. Anderson, and P. Tappel 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Fish habitat changes in Summit Creek, Idaho, after fencing the 
            riparian area 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            46-52 

TOPICS:     Habitat Restoration, Riparian Exclosures 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Keller, C.R. and K.P. Burnham 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Riparian fencing, grazing, and trout habitat preference on 
            Summit Creek, Idaho 

SOURCE:     N. Amer. Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 2 (1): 53-59 

TOPICS:     Riparian Exclosures, Grazing Impacts, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kennedy, C.E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Wildlife conflicts in riparian management: water 

SOURCE:     Symposium on the Importance, Preservation and Management of 
            the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ, Jul. 9, pp. 52-58 

TOPICS:     Management, Watersheds 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kimbal, J. and F. Savage 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Diamond Fork aquatic and range habitat improvement 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Uinta National 
            Forest. 19 p. 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Habitat Restoration 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kindschy, R.R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      A line-intercept method for monitoring riparian vegetation 
            trend 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short 
            Course; Range Watersheds, Riparian Zones and Economics: 
            Interrelationships in Management and Use, Pendleton, OR, Jan. 
            25-27, 1984. ed. T.E. Bedell. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 
            OR, pp. 25-30 

TOPICS:     Techniques, Monitoring, Potential, Riparian Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kindschy, R.R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Response of red willow to beaver use in southeastern Oregon 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Wildlife Mngmt., 49 (1): 26-28 

TOPICS:     Beaver, Grazing Impacts, Revegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Knight, R.W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Streamside erosional response to animal grazing practices on 
            Meadow Creek in northeastern Oregon. M.S. 

SOURCE:     Thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR. 59 p. 

TOPICS:     Erosion, Grazing Impacts, Grazing Systems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Knopf, F.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Significance of riparian vegetation to breeding birds across 
            an altitudinal cline 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 105-111 

TOPICS:     Birds, Streamside Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Koski, K.V., J. Heifetz, S. Johnson, M. Murphy, and J. 
            Thedinga 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Evaluation of buffer strips for protection of salmonid rearing 
            habitat and implications for enhancement 

SOURCE:     Pacific Northwest Stream Habitat Management Workshop, Humboldt 
            State Univ., Arcata, CA, Oct. 10-12, 1984. ed. T.J. Hassler. 
            pp. 138-155 

TOPICS:     Bufferstrips, Evaluations, Protection, Fisheries, Enhancement 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Krausman, P.R., K.R. Rautenstrauch, and B.D. Leopold 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Xeroriparian systems used by desert mule deer in Texas and 
            Arizona 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 144-149 

TOPICS:     Wildlife Habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Krueger, H.O. and S.H. Anderson 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      The use of cattle as a management tool for wildlife in 
            shrub-willow riparian systems 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 300-304 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kusler, J.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      A call for action: protection of riparian habitat in the arid 
            and semi-arid West 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 6-8 

TOPICS:     Protection, Policy 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lea, G.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      BLM management and policy for riparian/stream ecosystems 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            13-15 

TOPICS:     Management, Policy, Ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lloyd, J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Cowfish: habitat capability model 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Northern Region. 32 p. 

TOPICS:     Modeling, Grazing Impacts, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lotspeich, F.B. and W.S. Platts 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      An integrated land-aquatic classification system. 

SOURCE:     N. Amer. Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 2 (2): 138-149 

TOPICS:     Classification 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lowrence, R. and A. Shirmohammadi 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      REM: a model for riparian ecosystem management in agricultural 
            watersheds 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 237-240 

TOPICS:     Modeling, Ecosystems, Watersheds 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Manning, R.E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Impacts of recreation on riparian soils and vegetation 

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin, 15 (1): 30-43 

TOPICS:     Recreational Impacts, Soils, Streamside Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Mantell, M., P. Metzger, and C. Reid 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Improving riparian protection by linking state programs 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 421-425 

TOPICS:     Water Law, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Marcuson, P.E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      The effect of cattle grazing on brown trout in Rock Creek, 
            Montana 

SOURCE:     Montana Department of Fish and Game, Specl. Rept., Project No. 
            F-20-R-21, II-a, 23 p. 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Fisheries, Riparian Vegetation 
            ============================================================================ 
            AUTHOR: Marlow, C.B., T.M. Pogacnik, and D.H. Murphy PUB. 
            YEAR: 1983 TITLE: Cattle behavior in a foothills riparian zone 
            SOURCE: Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management, 
            Albuquerque, NM, Feb. 14-16, 7 p. TOPICS: Livestock Behavior 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Marlow, C.B. and T.M. Pogacnik 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Time of grazing and cattle-induced damage to streambanks 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 279-284 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Grazing Systems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Marlow, C.B. and T.M. Pogacnik 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Cattle feeding and resting patterns in a foothills riparian 
            zone 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Range Mngmt., 39 (3): 212-217 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Distribution, Riparian Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Martin, D.J., L.J. Wasserman, and V.H. Dale 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Influence of riparian vegetation on posteruption survival of 
            coho salmon fingerlings on the west-side streams of Mount St. 
            Helens, Washington 

SOURCE:     N. Amer. Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 6 (1): 1-8 

TOPICS:     Revegetation, Fisheries, Riparian Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Martin, S.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Evaluating the impacts of cattle grazing on riparian habitats 
            in the national forests of Arizona and New Mexico 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            35-38 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Livestock Behavior 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McBride, J.R. and J. Strahan 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Establishment and survival of woody riparian species on gravel 
            bars of an intermittent stream 

SOURCE:     The American Midland Naturalist, 112 (2): 235-245 

TOPICS:     Riparian Vegetation, Water Flows 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McCluskey, D.C., J. Brown, D. Bornholdt, D.A. Duff, and A.H. 
            Winward 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Willow planting for riparian habitat improvement 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I. Bur. of Land Mngmt., Denver Service Center. 21 p. 

TOPICS:     Enhancement, Streamside Vegetation, Vegetation Manipulation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McDevitt, H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Public users' perspective of the grazing issue 

SOURCE:     In: Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, 
            CO, Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            71-74 

TOPICS:     Public Involvement, Riparian Issues 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McNatt, R.M., R.J. Hallock, and A.W. Anderson 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Riparian habitat and instream flow studies; Lower Verde River: 
            Fort McDowell Reservation, Arizona 

SOURCE:     Riparian Habitat Analysis Group, U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife 
            Service, Albuquerque, NM. 54 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian Vegetation, Water Flows, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Meehan, W.R., F.J. Swanson, and J.R. Sedell 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Influences of riparian vegetation on aquatic ecosystems with 
            particular reference to salmonid fishes and their food supply 

SOURCE:     Symposium on the Importance, Preservation and Management of 
            the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ, Jul. 9. U.S.D.A. Forest 
            Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-43, pp. 137-145 

TOPICS:     Riparian Vegetation, Ecosystems, Fisheries, Stream Organisms 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Meehan, W.R. and W.S. Platts 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Livestock grazing and the aquatic environment 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Soil and Water Conserv., 33 (6): 274-278 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Meyer, P.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  unknown 

TITLE:      Valuing habitat supportive of fish and wildlife 

SOURCE:     Meyer Resources, Inc., Davis, CA. 24 p. 

TOPICS:     Economics, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Fisheries, Wildlife 
            Habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Meyers, L.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Woody riparian survey 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I. Bur. of Land Mngmt., Dillon Resource Area, Dillon, 
            MT. 16+ p. 

TOPICS:     Inventories, Riparian Vegetation, Techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Meyers, L.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  unknown 

TITLE:      Impacts of livestock grazing systems on riparian habitats in 
            southwestern Montana 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I. Bur. of Land Mngmt., Dillon Resource Area, Dillon, 
            MT. 19 p. 

TOPICS:     Grazing Systems, Grazing Impacts, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Nelson, R.W. and E.C. Weller 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      A better rationale for wetland management 

SOURCE:     Environmental Management, 8 (4): 295-308 

TOPICS:     Wetlands, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Newton, J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Fifteenmile Creek riparian recovery, Wasco County, Oregon 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short 
            Course; Range Watersheds, Riparian Zones and Economics: 
            Interrelationships in Management and Use, Pendleton, OR, Jan. 
            25-27, 1984. ed. T.E. Bedell. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 
            OR, pp. 80-83 

TOPICS:     Riparian Exclosures, Protection, Revegetation, Enhancement 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Noh, L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Grazing riparian/stream ecosystems on Federal lands -- the 
            livestock producers' viewpoint 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 3-4 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Economic Value 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Oakley, A.L., J.A. Collins, L.B. Everson, D.A. Heller, J.C. 
            Howerton, and R.E. Vincent 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Riparian zones and freshwater wetlands 

SOURCE:     Management of Wildlife and Fish Habitats in Forests of Western 
            Oregon and Washington. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific 
            Northwest Region, pp. 57-80 

TOPICS:     Wetlands, Streamside Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Olson, R.W. and C.L. Armour 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Economic considerations for improved livestock management 
            approaches for fish and wildlife in riparian/stream areas 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            67-71 

TOPICS:     Economic Value, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Oregon/Washington Riparian Habitat Subcommittee 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Managing riparian ecosystems (zones) for fish and wildlife in 
            eastern Oregon and eastern Washington 

SOURCE:     Oregon/Washington Interagency Wildlife Committee. 44 p. 

TOPICS:     Management, Ecosystems, Riparian Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Parker, M., F.J. Wood, Jr., B.H. Smith, and R.G. Elder 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Erosional downcutting in lower order riparian ecosystems: have 
            historical changes been caused by the removal of beaver 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rpt. RM-120, pp. 35-38 

TOPICS:     Erosion, Beavers 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Pase, C.P. and E.F. Layser 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Classification of riparian habitat in the Southwest 

SOURCE:     Symposium on the Importance, Preservation and Management of 
            the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ, Jul. 9. U.S.D.A. Forest 
            Service, Fort Collins, CO, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-43, pp. 5-9 

TOPICS:     Classification 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Payne, N.F., G.P. Munger, J.W. Matthews, and R.D. Taber 

PUB. YEAR:  1975 

TITLE:      Inventory of vegetation and wildlife in riparian and other 
            habitats along the upper Columbia River, volumes 4A and 4B 
            (text and maps) 

SOURCE:     Inventory of Riparian Habitats and Associated Wildlife along 
            Columbia and Snake Rivers. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North 
            Pacific Division (1976), 560 p. + 36 maps 

TOPICS:     Inventory 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Plantico, R.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      The value of riparian ecosystems: institutional and 
            methodological considerations 

SOURCE:     California Riparian Systems Conference, Univ. of California, 
            Davis, CA, Sep. 17-19, 1981, pp. 233-240 

TOPICS:     Economics, Research, Ecosystems, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Livestock interactions with fish and aquatic environments: 
            problems in evaluation 

SOURCE:     Transactions of the 43rd North American Wildlife and Natural 
            Resources Conference. Wildlife Management Institute, 
            Washington, D.C., pp. 498-504 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Fisheries, Evaluations, Aquatic/Riparian 
            Habitats 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Livestock interactions with fish and their environments 

SOURCE:     Cal-Neva Wildlife Transactions. pp. 92-96 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, Grazing Impacts, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Livestock grazing and riparian/stream ecosystems -- an 
            overview 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            39-45 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Relationships among stream order, fish populations, and 
            aquatic geomorphology in an Idaho river drainage 

SOURCE:     Fisheries, 4 (2): 5-9 

TOPICS:     Classification, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Effects of livestock grazing 

SOURCE:     Influence of Forest and Rangeland Management on Anadromous 
            Fish Habitat in Western North America. U.S.D.A. Forest 
            Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. PNW-124, 25 p. 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Impairment, protection and rehabilitation of Pacific salmonoid 
            habitats on sheep and cattle ranges 

SOURCE:     Proceedings: Propagation, Enhancement, and Rehabilitation of 
            Anadromous Salmonid Populations and Habitat in the Pacific 
            Northwest, Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, CA, Oct. 15-17, 1981. 
            ed. T.J. Hassler. pp. 82-92 

TOPICS:     Protection, Fisheries, Grazing Impacts, Enhancement 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Protection and enhancement of Pacific salmonids on ranges 
            grazed by livestock: an overview 

SOURCE:     Proceedings: Propagation, Enhancement, and Rehabilitation of 
            Anadromous Salmonid Populations and Habitat in the Pacific 
            Northwest, Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, CA, Oct. 15-17, 1981. 
            ed. T.J. Hassler. pp 62-65 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Sheep and cattle grazing strategies on riparian-stream 
            environments 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of Wildlife-Livestock Relationships, Coeur 
            d'Alene, ID, Apr. 20-22, 1981. Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID, pp. 
            251-270 

TOPICS:     Grazing Systems, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Grazing Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Sheep and streams 

SOURCE:     Rangelands, 3 (4): 158-160 

TOPICS:     Livestock Behavior, Grazing Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Stream inventory garbage in -- reliable analysis out: only in 
            fairy tales 

SOURCE:     Acquisition and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory 
            Information: Proceedings of a Symposium, Portland, OR, Oct. 
            28-30. ed. N.B. Armantrout. pp. 75-84 

TOPICS:     Inventories, Techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Livestock and riparian-fishery interactions: what are the 
            facts? 

SOURCE:     Transactions of the 47th North American Wildlife and Natural 
            Resources Conference. Wildlife Management institute, 
            Washington, D.C., pp. 507-515 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Fisheries, Aquatic/Riparian habitats 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      How many stream habitat evaluation systems do we need? -- Less 
            than a million 

SOURCE:     Proceedings, 63rd Annual Conference of the Western Association 
            of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Teton Village, WY, Jul. 10-14, 
            1983, pp. 212-220 

TOPICS:     Evaluations, Techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Those vital streambanks. 

SOURCE:     Western Wildlands, 3 (9): 7-10 

TOPICS:     Streambanks, Streamside Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Compatibility of livestock grazing strategies with 
            riparian-stream systems 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short 
            Course; Range Watersheds, Riparian Zones and Economics: 
            Interrelationships in Management and Use, Pendleton, OR, Jan. 
            25-27, 1984. ed. T.E. Bedell. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 
            OR, pp. 67-74 

TOPICS:     Grazing Systems, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Grazing Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Determining and evaluating riparian-stream enhancement needs 
            and fish response 

SOURCE:     Pacific Northwest Stream Habitat Management Workshop, Humboldt 
            State Univ., Arcata, CA, Oct. 10-12, 1984. ed. T.J. Hassler. 
            pp. 181-190 

TOPICS:     Evaluations, Enhancement, Fisheries, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Progress in range riparian-stream research at the 
            Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Bonneville Chapter of the American 
            Fisheries Society, Logan, UT, Feb. 8-9, pp. 78-84 

TOPICS:     Research, Grazing Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S., C. Armour, G. Booth, M. Bryant, J.L. Bufford, P. 
            Cuplin, S. Jensen, G. Lienkaemper, W. Minshall, S. Monsen, 
            R.L. Nelson, J.R. Sedell, and J.S. Tuhy 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Methods for evaluating and managing riparian habitats 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range 
            Experiment Station, Ogden, UT, Gen. Tech. Rept. 

TOPICS:     Evaluations, Management, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S., K.A. Gebhardt, and W.L. Jackson 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      The effects of large storm events on basin-range riparian 
            stream habitats 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 30-34 

TOPICS:     Storm Events, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S., R.J. Behake, J.C. Buckhouse, O.E. Casey, E.W. 
            Claire, J. Cooper, D.A. Duff, W.A. Evans, G. Haugen, P.E. 
            Marcuson, W.R. Meehan, R.W. Phillipes, R.F. Raleigh, and J.M. 
            Skovlin 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Livestock interactions with fish and their environments 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Workshop on Livestock and 
            Wildlife-Fisheries relationships in the Great Basin, Sparks, 
            NV. ed. J.W. Menke. Specl. Publ. 3301, Univ. of California, 
            Berkeley, 1973, pp. 36-41 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S., R.L. Nelson, and G.W. Minshall 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Development of aquatic methodology to evaluate impacts from 
            livestock grazing; methodology testing, BLM, Idaho Falls 
            District, Idaho Falls, ID 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range 
            Experiment Station, Progress Rept. 4, 42 p. 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Research, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S., R.L. Nelson, O. Casey, and V. Crispin 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Riparian-stream habitat conditions on Taber Creek, Nevada, 
            under grazed and ungrazed conditions 

SOURCE:     Proceedings, 63rd Annual Conference of the Western Association 
            of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Teton Village, WY, Jul. 10-14, 
            1983, pp. 162-174 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Riparian Exclosures, Aquatic/Riparian 
            Habitats 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S., S.B. Martin, and E.R.J. Primbs 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Water quality in an Idaho stream degraded by acid mine waters 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. INT-67, 19 p. 

TOPICS:     Water Quality, Mining Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S., W.F. Megahan, and G.W. Minshall 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Methods for evaluating stream, riparian, and biotic conditions 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. INT-138, 70 p. 

TOPICS:     Techniques, Research, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Evaluations 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. and F.J. Wagstaff 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Fencing to control livestock grazing on riparian habitats 
            along streams: is it a viable alternative? 

SOURCE:     N. Amer. Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 4 (3): 266-272 

TOPICS:     Riparian Exclosures, Grazing Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. and J.N. Rinne 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Riparian and stream enhancement management and research in he 
            Rocky Mountains 

SOURCE:     N. Amer. Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 5 (2A): 115-125 

TOPICS:     Enhancement, Management, Research 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. and R.F. Raleigh 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Impacts of grazing on wetlands and riparian habitat 

SOURCE:     Developing Strategies for Rangeland Management. National 
            Research Council/National Academy of Sciences. Boulder, CO: 
            Westview Press, pp. 1105-1117 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Wetlands 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. and R.L. Nelson 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      he electronic capacitance meter: a tool for evaluating 
            riparian-fishery habitat 

SOURCE:     N. Amer. Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 3 (3): 219-227 

TOPICS:     Techniques, Research 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. and R.L. Nelson 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Impacts of rest-rotation grazing on stream banks in forested 
            watersheds in Idaho 

SOURCE:     N. Amer. Jour. of Fisheries Mngmt., 5: 547-556 

TOPICS:     Grazing Systems, Grazing Impacts, Streambanks, Watersheds 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. and R.L. Nelson 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Stream habitat and fisheries response to livestock grazing and 
            instream improvement structures, Big Creek, Utah 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Soil and Water Conserv., 40 (4): 374-379 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Fisheries, Grazing Impacts, Stream 
            Improvements 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. and R.L. Nelson 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Streamside and upland vegetation use by cattle 

SOURCE:     Rangelands, 7 (1): 5-7 

TOPICS:     Streamside Vegetation, Livestock Behavior, Grazing Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. and R.L. Nelson 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Will the riparian pasture build good streams? 

SOURCE:     Rangelands, 7 (1): 7-10 

TOPICS:     Riparian Pastures, Enhancement 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. and S.B. Martin 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Livestock grazing and logging effects on trout 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of Wild Trout II, Yellowstone National Park, WY, 
            Sept. 24-25. Trout Unlimited and Federation of Fly Fishermen. 
            pp. 34-46 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Logging Impacts, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. and W.R. Meehan 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Livestock grazing and fish environments: situation and needs 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of Workshop on Livestock and Wildlife-Fisheries 
            Relationships in the Great Basin, Sparks, NV, May 3-5, 1977. 
            ed. J.W. Menke. Div. of Agric. Sci., Univ. of California, 
            Berkeley, CA, Specl. Publ. 3301, pp. 30-34 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Fisheries, Research 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Pogacnik, T.M. and C.B. Marlow 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      The effects of time of grazing on stream channel stability and 
            suspended sediment loading 

SOURCE:     Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management, 
            Albuquerque, NM, Feb. 14-16, 11 p. 

TOPICS:     Livestock Behavior, Stream Stability, Sediment Loads 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Prichard, D. and L.L. Upham 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Enhancement of riparian areas in Texas Creek, Colorado 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the 51st North American Wildlife and Natural 
            Resources Conference, Reno, NV, Mar. 21-26, 1986. The Wildlife 
            Management Institute, 13 p. 

TOPICS:     Habitat Restoration 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Raleigh, R.F. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Closing remarks 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            89-90 

TOPICS:     Riparian Issues 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Range Inventory Standardization Committee (RISC), Society of 
            Range Management 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Guidelines and terminology for range inventories and 
            monitoring 

SOURCE:     Presented to Board of Directors of SRM, Albuquerque, NM, Feb. 
            1983, 13 p. 

TOPICS:     Inventories, Definitions, Monitoring 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Reed, J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Resources -- use, abuse, and management 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            64-65 

TOPICS:     Multiple Use, Grazing Impacts, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Reichard, N. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Riparian habitat restoration: some techniques for dealing with 
            landowners, livestock, and eroding streambanks 

SOURCE:     Pacific Northwest Stream Habitat Management Workshop, Humboldt 
            State Univ., Arcata, CA, Oct. 10-12, 1984. ed. T.J. Hassler. 
            pp. 

TOPICS:     Revegetation, Techniques, Erosion, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rhodes, J., C.M. Skau, D. Greenlee, and D.L. Brown 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Quantification of nitrate uptake by riparian forests and 
            wetlands in an undisturbed headwaters watershed 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 175-179 

TOPICS:     Watersheds, Water Quality 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rickard, W.H. and C.E. Cushing 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Recovery of streamside woody vegetation after exclusion of 
            livestock grazing 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Range Mngmt., 35 (3): 360-361 

TOPICS:     Riparian Exclosures, Enhancement, Grazing Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rinne, J.N. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Livestock grazing effects on Southwestern streams: a complex 
            research problem 

SOURCE:     iparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 295-299 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Research 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ritzi, R.W., H. Bouwer, and S. Sorooshian 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Water resource conservation by reducing phreatophyte 
            transpiration 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 191-196 

TOPICS:     Modeling, Water Flows 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rochester, H., Jr., T. Lloyd, and M. Farr 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Physical impacts of small-scale hydroelectric facilities and 
            their effects on fish and wildlife 

SOURCE:     Western Energy and Land Use Team, Div. of Biol. Serv., 
            U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS-84/19, 191 p. 

TOPICS:     Hydroelectric Projects, Water Flows, Fisheries, Wildlife 
            Habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rodgers, J.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Reclamation of riparian zones and water law: first in time -- 
            first in right 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 374-378 

TOPICS:     Habitat Restoration, Water Law 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rosgen, D.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      A stream classification system 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. 

TOPICS:     Classification, Stream Dynamics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rupp, C.W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Management and policy for grazing riparian ecosystems on 
            national forest system lands 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            17-19 

TOPICS:     Management, Policy, Ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sather, J.H. and R.D. Smith 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      An overview of major wetland functions and values. Western 
            Energy and Land Use Team, Div. of Biol. Serv. 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS-84/18, 68 p. 

TOPICS:     Wetlands, Ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schultze, R.F. and G.I. Wilcox 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Emergency measures for streambank stabilization: an evaluation 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 59-61 

TOPICS:     Storm Events, Soils, Revegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Siekert, R.E., Q.D. Skinner, M.A. Smith, J.L. Dodd, and J.D. 
            Rodgers 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Channel response of an ephemeral stream in Wyoming to selected 
            grazing treatments 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 276-278 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Grazing Systems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Simcox, D.E. and E.H. Zube 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Arizona riparian areas: a bibliography 

SOURCE:     Prepared for: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management, 
            Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ. School of Renewable 
            Natural Resources, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 38 p. 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Evaluations, Research, Techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Simons, L.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Small mammal community structure in old growth and logged 
            riparian habitat 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 505-506 

TOPICS:     Wildlife Habitat, Logging Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Skovlin, J.M. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Impacts of grazing on wetlands and riparian habitat: a review 
            of our knowledge 

SOURCE:     Developing Strategies for Rangeland Management. National 
            Research Council/National Academy of Sciences. Boulder, CO: 
            Westview Press, pp. 1001-1103 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Skovlin, J.M., W.R. Meehan, J.C. Buckhouse, and M. Vavra 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Determining the influence of grazing on riparian and aquatic 
            habitats in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon 

SOURCE:     Proceedings, Workshop on Livestock and Wildlife-Fisheries 
            Relationships in the Great Basin, Sparks, NV, May 3-5, 1977. 
            ed. J.W. Menke. Div. of Agric. Sci., Univ. of California, 
            Berkeley, CA, Specl. Publ. 3301, pp. 164-169 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Evaluations 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith, B.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Recent findings on the condition of aquatic habitat on 
            national resource lands and its potential for future 
            management within the concept of multiple use 

SOURCE:     Twelfth Annual Meeting, Colorado-Wyoming Chapter, American 
            Fisheries Society, Cheyenne, WY, Mar. 2-3, 1977, 7 p. 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Potential 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith, B.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Not all beavers are bad; or, an ecosystem approach to stream 
            habitat management, with possible software applications 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting, Colorado-Wyoming 
            Chapter, American Fisheries Society, Fort Collins, CO, Feb. 
            27-28, 1980, 6 p. 

TOPICS:     Beavers, Ecosystems, Modeling 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith, B.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Riparian willow management: its problems and potentials, 
            within the scope of multiple use on public lands 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Ninth Wyoming Shrub Ecology Workshop, 
            Lander, WY, Jun. 5-6, 1980, pp. 15-20 

TOPICS:     Riparian Vegetation, Multiple Use 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith, B.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      The ecosystem approach to stream habitat management 

SOURCE:     Rocky Mountain Regional Soil-Water-Air Workshop, Jackson Hole, 
            WY, Feb. 2-6, 1981, 5 p. 

TOPICS:     Ecosystems, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith, B.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Livestock-riparian-fisheries interrelationships; or, 
            functional applications of adaptation for personal survival 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting, Colorado-Wyoming 
            Chapter, American Fisheries Society, Fort Collins, CO, Mar. 
            3-4, 1982, 4 p. 

TOPICS:     Interrelationships, Grazing Impacts, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith, B.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Restoration of riparian habitats within the BLM-Rock Springs 
            district 

SOURCE:     Wildlife Habitat Rehabilitation and Reclamation Symposium, 
            Native Plants, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, Jan. 10-11, 1983, 8 
            p. 

TOPICS:     Habitat Restoration, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith, B.H. and J.D. Dunder 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Bone Draw: riparian rehabilitation for development of a 
            seasonal sport fishery 

SOURCE:     American Fisheries Society/Wildlife Society Joint Chapter 
            Meeting, Logan, UT, Feb. 8-10, 1984, 9 p. 

TOPICS:     Habitat Restoration, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Spear, M.J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Position paper: activities and views of the U.S. Fish and 
            Wildlife Service on riparian ecosystems 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 27-29 

TOPICS:     Policy 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stabler, D.F. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Increasing summer flow in small streams through management of 
            riparian areas and adjacent vegetation: a synthesis 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 206-210 

TOPICS:     Water Flows, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Steinblums, I.J. and A.A. Leven 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Riparian area management in the Pacific Southwest Region of 
            the U.S.D.A. Forest Service 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 507-509 

TOPICS:     Management, Policy 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stevens, L.E., B.T. Brown, J.M. Simpson, and R.R. Johnson 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      The importance of riparian habitat to migrating birds 

SOURCE:     Symposium on the Importance, Preservation and Management of 
            the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ, Jul. 9. U.S.D.A. Forest 
            Service, Fort Collins, CO, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-43, pp. 156-164 

TOPICS:     Birds 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Storch, R.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Livestock/streamside management programs in eastern Oregon 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            56-59 

TOPICS:     Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Storch, R.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      The integration of the riparian zone in the grazing management 
            of associated rangelands 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of a Symposium on Forestland Grazing, Spokane, WA, 
            Feb. 23-25, pp. 19-21 

TOPICS:     Multiple Use, Grazing Systems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stream Renovation Guidelines Committee, The Wildlife Society 
            and American Fisheries Society 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Stream obstruction removal guidelines. 

SOURCE:     American Fisheries Society. 9 p. 

TOPICS:     Stream Improvements, Techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stuber, R.J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Trout habitat, abundance, and fishing opportunities in fenced 
            vs. unfenced riparian habitat along Sheep Creek, Colorado 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 310-314 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, Recreational Impacts, Riparian Exclosures 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swan, B. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Riparian habitat -- the cattlemen's viewpoint 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 4-6 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Economic Value 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swank, G.W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Streamside management units in the Pacific Northwest 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 435-438 

TOPICS:     Management, Policy 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swanson, G.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      The Mitigation Symposium; a National Workshop on Mitigating 
            Losses of Fish and Wildlife Habitats 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range 
            Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-65, 
            696 p. 

TOPICS:     Wetlands, Hydroelectric Projects, Oil/Gas Impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sweep, D.H., J.M. Zilincar, B.H. Smith, and R.V. Hardy 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Integration of riparian systems management strategies within 
            the context of multiple use land management programs in 
            southwestern Wyoming 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 371-373 

TOPICS:     Management, Multiple Use 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Szaro, R.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Factors influencing bird populations in Southwestern riparian 
            forests. Proceedings, Management of Western Forests and 
            Grasslands for Nongame Birds, Salt Lake City, UT, Feb. 11-14, 
            1980 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. INT-86, pp. 403-418 

TOPICS:     Birds, Evaluations, Wetlands 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Szaro, R.C. and D.R. Patton 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      iparian habitat classification in the southwestern U.S. 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the 51st North American Wildlife and Natural 
            Resources Conference, Reno, NV, Mar. 21-26, 1986. The Wildlife 
            Management Institute, 18 p. 

TOPICS:     Classification 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Szaro, R.C. and L.F. DeBano 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      The effects of streamflow modification on the development of a 
            riparian ecosystem 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 211-215 

TOPICS:     Water Flows, Streamside Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Taylor, D.M. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Effects of cattle grazing on passerine birds nesting in 
            riparian habitat 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Range Mngmt., 39 (3): 254-258 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Birds, Aquatic/Riparian Habitats 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Theurer, F.D., I. Lines, and T. Nelson 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Interaction between riparian vegetation, water temperature, 
            and salmonid habitat in the Tucannon River 

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin, 21 (1): 53-64 

TOPICS:     Streamside Vegetation, Fisheries, Water Quality 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thomas, A.E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Seen a riparian area lately? Good ones are green! Inside Idaho 
            (April) 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I. Bur. of Land Mngmt., Idaho State Office, Boise, ID, 
            pp. 8-9 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Streamside Vegetation, Planning 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thomas, J.W., C. Maser, and J.E. Rodiek 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Riparian zones in managed rangelands -- their importance to 
            wildlife 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            21-31 

TOPICS:     Ecosystems, Wildlife Habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thomas, J.W., C. Maser, and J.E. Rodiek 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Riparian zones 

SOURCE:     Wildlife Habitats in Managed Rangelands -- the Great Basin of 
            Southeastern Oregon. ed. J.W. Thomas and C. Maser. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. PNW-80, 18 p. 

TOPICS:     Ecosystems, Wildlife Habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thomas, J.W., C. Maser, and J.E. Rodiek 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Riparian zones 

SOURCE:     Wildlife Habitats in Managed Forests -- the Blue Mountains of 
            Oregon and Washington. ed. J.W. Thomas. U.S.D.A. Forest 
            Service, Agric. Hndbk. 553, pp. 40-47 

TOPICS:     Ecosystems, Wildlife Habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tiedemann, A.R., J.D. Helvey, and T.D. Anderson 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Stream chemistry and watershed nutrient economy following 
            wildfire and fertilization in eastern Washington 

SOURCE:     Jour. of Environmental Quality, 7 (4): 580-588 

TOPICS:     Fire, Water Quality, Watersheds 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tubbs, A.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Riparian bird communities of the Great Plains. Proceedings, 
            Management of Western Forests and Grasslands for Nongame 
            Birds, Salt Lake City, UT, Feb. 11-14, 1980 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. INT-86, pp. 419-433 

TOPICS:     Birds, Wildlife Habitat, Riparian Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      The importance of riparian habitats and their management to 
            wildlife and fisheries -- a current resume of knowledge 

SOURCE:     Intermountain Region (Ogden, UT). 28 p. 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Riparian Issues 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 4 

PUB. YEAR:  unknown 

TITLE:      Identification of riparian areas in the planning process 

SOURCE:     An administrative report, Ogden, UT. 3 p. 

TOPICS:     Planning 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management 

PUB. YEAR:  1975 

TITLE:      Birch Creek aquatic habitat management plan 

SOURCE:     Idaho Falls District Office, Idaho Falls, ID. 86 p. 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Riparian Exclosures, Stream Improvements, 
            Planning 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Riparian zones -- life support systems of the desert 

SOURCE:     Arizona Public Lands Update, Special Issue. Phoenix, AZ: 
            Arizona State Office (BLM), 4 p. 

TOPICS:     Streamside Vegetation, Wildlife Habitat, Enhancement 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Riparian aquatic information data summary (RAIDS) 

SOURCE:     Division of Resource Systems, Denver Service Center, Denver, 
            CO. 35 p. 

TOPICS:     Inventory, Techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service 

PUB. YEAR:  unknown 

TITLE:      Riparian habitat -- an unrecognized resource 

SOURCE:     Riparian Habitat Analysis Group, U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife 
            Service, Albuquerque, NM. 4 p. 

TOPICS:     Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      treamside areas -- management dividends 

SOURCE:     Biological Services Program, FWS/OBS-80/55, 10 p. 

TOPICS:     Streamside Vegetation, Multiple Use 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Van Haveren, B.P. and W.L. Jackson 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Rehabilitating riparian ecosystems in semiarid environments 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the 51st North American Wildlife and Natural 
            Resources Conference, Reno, NV, Mar. 21-26, 1986. The Wildlife 
            Management Institute, 22 p. 

TOPICS:     Ecosystems, Habitat Restoration 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Van Velson, R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Effects of livestock grazing upon rainbow trout in Otter 
            Creek, Nebraska 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            53-55 

TOPICS:     Grazing Impacts, Fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Vanderheyden, J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Managing for multiple resources in western Cascades forest 
            riparian areas: an example 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 448-452 

TOPICS:     Management, Multiple Use 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Vavra, M. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Livestock production possibilities on streamside meadows 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short 
            Course; Range Watersheds, Riparian Zones and Economics: 
            Interrelationships in Management and Use, Pendleton, OR, Jan. 
            25-27, 1984. ed. T.E. Bedell. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 
            OR, pp. 35-44 

TOPICS:     Riparian Vegetation, Economic Value 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wagstaff, F.J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Economic issues in grazing and riparian area management 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the 51st North American Wildlife and Natural 
            Resources Conference, Reno, NV, Mar. 21-26, 1986. The Wildlife 
            Management Institute, 19 p. 

TOPICS:     Economic Value, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wald, J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      he BLM and the NEPA process 

SOURCE:     Forum -- Grazing and Riparian/Stream Ecosystems, Denver, CO, 
            Nov. 3-4, 1978. ed. O.B. Cope. Trout Unlimited, Inc., pp. 
            61-63 

TOPICS:     Management, Policy 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Warner, R.E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Fish and wildlife resource needs in riparian ecosystems 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Water Resources 
            Analysis Group, Eastern Energy and Land Use Team. 52 p. 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, Wildlife Habitat, Ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Warner, R.E. and K. Hendrix 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      California Riparian Systems: Ecology, Conservation, and 
            Productive Management 

SOURCE:     Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA. 1035 p. 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/Riparian Habitats, Ecosystems, Management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Weller, M.W., J.S. Griffith, Jr., R.L. Noble, and R.L. 
            Stickney 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Aquatic and wetland ecosystems: multifaceted challenges 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the 51st North American Wildlife and Natural 
            Resources Conference, Reno, NV, Mar. 21-26, 1986. The Wildlife 
            Management Institute. 

TOPICS:     Ecosystems, Research 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wesche, T.A., C.M. Goertler, and C.B. Frye 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Importance and evaluation of instream and riparian cover in 
            smaller trout streams 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 325-328 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, Streamside Vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Winegar, H.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Camp Creek channel fencing -- plant, wildlife, soil, and water 
            response 

SOURCE:     Rangeman's Jour., 4 (1): 10-12 

TOPICS:     Riparian Exclosures, Enhancement, Wildlife Habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Winward, A.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      An ecosystem classification for intermountain riparian areas 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of 1984 Pacific Northwest Range Management Short 
            Course; Range Watersheds, Riparian Zones and Economics: 
            Interrelationships in Management and Use, Pendleton, OR, Jan. 
            25-27, 1984. ed. T.E. Bedell. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 
            OR, pp. 1-5 

TOPICS:     Classification, Ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     York, J.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Dormant stub planting techniques 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 513-514 

TOPICS:     Techniques, Revegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Youngblood, A.P., W.G. Padgett, and A.H. Winward 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Riparian community type classification in the Intermountain 
            Region 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. U.S.D.A. 
            Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120, pp. 510-512 

TOPICS:     Classification 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ambasht, R.S., M.P. Singh and Eklabya Sharma 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Soil, water and nutrient conservation by certain riparian 
            herbs 

SOURCE:     J. of Environ. Manage., 18: 99-104 

TOPICS:     Soil erosion, riparian vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Andrews, E.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Hydraulic adjustment of the East Fork River, Wyoming to the 
            supply of sediment 

SOURCE:     Rhodes, Dallas D. and Garnett P. Williams (eds.) Adjustments 
            of the Fluvial System. Proc. Tenth Annual Geomorph. Symp. 
            Series. Binghampton, New York. pp. 169-197 

TOPICS:     Geomorphology, hydraulic geometry, channel adjustments 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Andrews, E.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Effective and bankfull discharges of streams in the Yampa 
            River basin, Colorado and Wyoming 

SOURCE:     J. of Hydrol., 46: 311-330 

TOPICS:     Geomorphology, flood analysis, sediment tranport 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Andrews, E.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Bank stability and channel width adjustment, East Fork River, 
            Wyoming 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Res., 18 (4): 1184-1192 

TOPICS:     Channel morphology, streambank stability, channel adjustments 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Andrews, E.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Bed-material entrainment and hydraulic geo- metry of 
            gravel-bed rivers in Colorado. 

SOURCE:     Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 95: 371-378 

TOPICS:     Hydraulic geometry, sediment transport, riparian vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Angradi, T., M. Vinson, C. Contor, M. Riehle, B. Parker and J. 
            Mende 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Fish population estimates for fenced and unfenced sections of 
            Burnt Creek, Custer County, Idaho 

SOURCE:     Report to U.S. D.I. Bureau of Land Management, Salmon District 
            Office, Salmon, ID. 11 p. 

TOPICS:     Fish populations, livestock impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Arnold, J.G. and J.R. Williams 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Validation of SWRRB - Simulator for water resources in rural 
            basins 

SOURCE:     J. Water Res. Planning and Manage., 113 (2): 243-256 7. 
            Arnold, J.G. and J.R. Williams (1987) Validation of SWRRB - 
            Simulator for water resources in rural basins. J. Water Res. 
            Planning and Manage., 113 (2): 243-256 

TOPICS:     Modeling, water resource management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ashton, William S. and Stephen R. Bredthauer 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Riverbank erosion processes on the Yukon River at Galena, 
            Alaska 

SOURCE:     Cold Regions Hydrology Symposium, Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 
            July, 1986. pp. 415-423 

TOPICS:     Streambank erosion 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Austin, T. Al 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Utilization of models in water resources. 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Bull., 22 (1): 49-56 

TOPICS:     Modeling, water resource management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Babbitt, Bruce 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Saving habitat in the desert 

SOURCE:     Defenders- Sept/Oct 86. pp. 20-29 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Babcock, William H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Tenmile Creek: a study of stream re- location 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Bull. 22 (3): 405-415 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries, habitat improvement 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bailey, Robert G. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Classification systems for habitat and ecosystems 

SOURCE:     Research on Fish and Wildlife Habitat. U.S.-Environmental 
            Protection Agency, EPA 600/8-82-022. pp. 16-26 

TOPICS:     Classification, aquatic/riparian habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Baltz, Donald M., B. Vrondacek, L.R. Brown and P.B. Moyle 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      nfluence of temperature on microhabitat choice by fishes in a 
            California stream 

SOURCE:     Trans. of the Am. Fish. Soc., 116 (1): 12-20 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, fish populations, aquatic/riparian habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Barfield, B.J. and R.C. Warner 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Applied Hydrology and Sedimentology for Disturbed Areas 

SOURCE:     Oklahoma Technical Press, Stillwater, OK. 603 p. 

TOPICS:     Hydrology, hydrologic cycle, soil erosion, sediment yield, 
            check dams, vegetation management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Barnes, H.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1967 

TITLE:      Roughness characteristics of natural channels. 

SOURCE:     U.S. Geol. Sur. Water Suppl. Pap. 1849. 213 p. 

TOPICS:     Channel characteristics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bathurst, James C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Flow resistance estimation in mountain streams 

SOURCE:     J. Hydrl. Engineer., 111 (4): 625-643 

TOPICS:     Channel hydraulics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Batson, Fred T., Paul E. Cuplin, and Wallace A. Crisco 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      The use of aerial photography to inventory and monitor 
            riparian areas 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management, Technical Reference 
            1737-2, Aug. 1987, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO. 16 p. 

TOPICS:     Remote sensing, aerial photography, riparian vegetation, 
            techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bayha, Keith 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Instream flow methodologies for regional and national 
            assessments 

SOURCE:     Instream Flow Information Paper No. 7, U.S.D.I.-Fish and 
            Wildlife Service/OBS-78/61. 98 p. 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, instream flow, water resource management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Behmer, D.J. and C.P. Hawkins 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Effects of overhead canopy on macroinvertibrate production in 
            a Utah stream 

SOURCE:     Freshwater Biol., 16: 287-300 

TOPICS:     Aquatic macroinvertibrates, riparian ecosystems, riparian 
            vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Benedict, N.B. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Classification and dynamics of subalpine meadow ecosystems in 
            the southern Sierra Nevada 

SOURCE:     Warner, Richard E. and Kathleen M. Hendrix (eds.) California 
            Riparian Sytems: Ecology, Conservation and Productive 
            Management, University of California Press, Berkeley. pp. 
            92-95 

TOPICS:     Classification 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Beschta, R.L. and W.S. Platts 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Morphologic features of small streams: significance and 
            function 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Bull., 22 (3): 369-379 

TOPICS:     Channel morphology, aquatic/riparian habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bettis, E. Arthur, III, and Dean M.Thompson 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Gully erosion 

SOURCE:     Rangelands, 7 (2): 70-72 

TOPICS:     Gully erosion 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Binns, N. Allen 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Stabilizing eroding stream banks in Wyoming, a guide to 
            controlling bank erosion in streams 

SOURCE:     Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Cheyenne, WY. 42 p. 

TOPICS:     Streambank erosion, streambank stabilization, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Blakesley, J.A. and K.P. Reese 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Avian habitat relationships in riparian zones of northern Utah 

SOURCE:     Completion Report to U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Ogden, UT. 59 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian bird communities, aquatic/riparian habitats 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Boughton, Walter C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Evaluating partial areas of watershed runoff 

SOURCE:     J. Irrig. and Drainage Engineer. ASCE, 113 (3): 356-366 

TOPICS:     Modeling, hydrology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bovee, Ken D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      A guide to stream habitat analysis using the instream flow 
            incremental methodology 

SOURCE:     Instream Flow Information Paper No. 12, U.S.D.I.-Fish and 
            Wildlife Service/OBS-82/26. 248 p. 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, aquatic/riparian habitat, instream flow, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bradford, J.M., D.A. Farrell, and W.E. Larson 

PUB. YEAR:  1973 

TITLE:      Mathematical evaluation of factors affecting gully stability 

SOURCE:     Soil Sci. Soc. of Am. Proc., Vol. 37. pp. 103-107 

TOPICS:     Gully erosion, sediment characteristics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bradford, J.M. and R.F. Piest 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Gully wall stability in loess- derived alluvium 

SOURCE:     Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., Vol. 41, 1977, pp. 115-122 

TOPICS:     Gully erosion, sediment characteristics, streambank stability 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Braun, Richard H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Emerging limits on federal land management discretion: 
            livestock, riparian ecosystems, and Clean Water Law 

SOURCE:     Environmental Law 17 (43): 43-79 

TOPICS:     Riparian ecosystems, riparian management, water law 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brayton, D. Scott 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      The beaver and the stream 

SOURCE:     J. Soil and Water Conserv., Mar.-Apr. 1984. pp. 108-109 

TOPICS:     Beaver, riparian restoration 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brenner, Fred J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Evaluation and mitigation of wetland habitats on mined lands 

SOURCE:     1986 National symposium on mining, hydrology, sedimentology, 
            and reclamation. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. Dec. 
            8-12. pp. 181-184. 

TOPICS:     Wetlands, wetland ecosystems, hydrology, mining impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brock, John H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Physical characteristics and pedogenesis of soils in riparian 
            habitats along the upper Gila River basin 

SOURCE:     Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ, Apr. 16-18, 1985. 
            U.S.D.A.-Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-120. pp. 49-53 

TOPICS:     Riparian soils, soil characteristics, aquatic/riparian habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brothers, T.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Historical vegetation change in the Owens River riparian 
            woodland 

SOURCE:     Warner, Richard E. and Kathleen M. Hendrix (eds.) California 
            Riparian Systems: Ecology, Conservation and Productive 
            Management, University of California Press, Berkeley. pp. 
            75-84 

TOPICS:     Historical ecology, riparian vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brown, George W. and Robert L.Beschta 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      The art of managing water 

SOURCE:     J. of Forestry, Oct. 1985. pp. 604-615 

TOPICS:     Water resource management, water quality 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brown, Mark K. and Gary R. Parsons 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Waterfowl production on beaver flowages in a part of northern 
            New York 

SOURCE:     New York Fish and Game J. 26 (2): 142-153 

TOPICS:     Beaver, beaver management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brussock, Peter P., Arthur V. Brown and John C. Dixon 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Channel form and stream ecosystem models 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Bull., 21 (5): 859-866 

TOPICS:     Stream ecosystems, geomorphology, channel morphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bryan, Rorke B. and Ian A. Campbell 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Surface flow and erosional processes in semiarid mesoscale 
            channels and drainage basins 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, Recent Develop- ments in 
            the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield, 
            July 1982, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 123-133 

TOPICS:     Drainage basins, streambank erosion 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Buckhouse, J.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Riparian responses to various grazing systems and to periodic 
            ice flows 

SOURCE:     Gudmundsson, O. (ed.) Grazing Research at Northern Latitudes 
            Workshop, Aug. 5-10, Hvanneyri, Iceland, NATO Advanced Science 
            Institutes Series: Series A, Life Sciences, Vol. 108. pp. 
            79-86 

TOPICS:     Grazing systems, riparian vegetation, river ice, livestock 
            management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Buckhouse, J. C. and R.E. Gaither 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Potential sediment pro- duction within vegetative communities 
            in Oregon's Blue Mountains 

SOURCE:     J. Soil and Water Conserv., Mar.-Apr. 1982, pp. 120-122 

TOPICS:     Soil erosion, sediment production 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Burgi, Philip H. and Susumi Karaki 

PUB. YEAR:  1971 

TITLE:      Seepage effect on channel bank stability 

SOURCE:     J. Irrig. and Drain. Div., Vol. 97 No. IR1, Proc. of the Am. 
            Soc. Civil Engineers. pp. 59-72 

TOPICS:     Streambank stability, channel morphology, surface 
            water-ground- water interaction 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Burkham, D.E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1976 

TITLE:      Hydraulic effects of changes in bottom-land vegetation on 
            three major floods, Gila River in southeastern Arizona 

SOURCE:     U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 655-J. 14 p. 

TOPICS:     Channel characteristics, channel adjustments, channel hydraul- 
            ics, riparian vegetation, flood analysis 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Campbell, A.G. and J.F. Franklin 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Riparian vegetation in Oregon's western Cascade Mountains: 
            composition, biomass, and autumn phenology 

SOURCE:     Coniferous Forest Biome. Bull., 14: 90 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Carson, Michael A. and George A. Griffiths 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Influence of channel width on bedload transport capacity 

SOURCE:     J. Hydraulic Engineer., 113 (12): 1489-1509 

TOPICS:     Channel hydraulics, sediment transport 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Chang, Howard H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Water and sediment routing through curved channels 

SOURCE:     J. Hydraulic Engineer. 111 (4): 644-658 

TOPICS:     Modeling, sediment transport 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Charlton, F.G. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      River stabilization and training in gravel-bed rivers 

SOURCE:     Hey, R.D., J.C. Bathurst, and C.R. Thorne (eds.) Gravel Bed 
            Rivers. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., New York. pp. 635- 652 

TOPICS:     Channel morphology, streambank erosion, streambank 
            stabilization 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Chow, Van te 

PUB. YEAR:  1964 

TITLE:      Handbook of Applied Hydrology 

SOURCE:     McGraw-Hill, Inc. 

TOPICS:     Hydrology, hydrologic cycle, geomorphology, water resource 
            management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clifton, Catherine F. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Effects of land use and vegetation on the channel morphology 
            of Wickiup Creek, Blue Mountains, Oregon 

SOURCE:     M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison. 107 p. 

TOPICS:     Channel morphology, livestock impacts, riparian vegetation, 
            organic debris 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cline, S.P. and C.A. Phillips 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Coarse woody debris and debris-dependent wildlife in logged 
            and natural riparian zone forests - a western Oregon example 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep., RM-99, pp. 33-39 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation, logging impacts, organic debris 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Coleman, Neil L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Effects of suspended sediment on the open-channel velocity 
            distribution 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Res., 22 (10): 1377-1384 

TOPICS:     Channel hydraulics, sediment transport 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Conners, M.E. and R.J. Naiman 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Particulate allochthonous inputs: relationships with stream 
            size in an undisturbed watershed 

SOURCE:     Can. J. Fisher. Aquat. Sci., 41 (10): 1473-1484 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation, organic debris, carbon cycling 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cooperrider, A.Y., R.J. Boyd, and H.R. Stuart, eds. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Inventory and Monitoring of Wildlife Habitat 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land Management, Service Center, Denver, 
            CO. 858 p. 

TOPICS:     Inventory, monitoring, aquatic/riparian habitat, wetland eco- 
            systems, stream ecosystems, aquatic ecosystems, rangeland eco- 
            systems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Corradini, C. and V.P. Singh 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Effect of spatial variability of effective rainfall on direct 
            runnoff by a geomorphologic approach 

SOURCE:     J. of Hydrol., 81 (1985): 27-43 

TOPICS:     Hydrology, hydrograph analysis, geomorphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Coulson, R.N., L.J. Folse and D.K. Loh 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Artificial intelligence and natural resource management 

SOURCE:     Science, 237, July 1987. pp. 262-267 

TOPICS:     Artificial intelligence, expert systems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cowan, W.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1956 

TITLE:      Estimating hydraulic roughness coefficients 

SOURCE:     Agric. Engineer., 37: 473-475 

TOPICS:     Channel characteristics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cowell, Daryl W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      The Canadian Beaver, Castor canadensis, as a geomorphic agent 
            in karst terrain 

SOURCE:     Canad. Field-Naturalist 98 (2): 227-230 

TOPICS:     Beaver, geomorphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Crouch, Glenn L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Wildlife habitat on the lower South Platte River in Colorado 

SOURCE:     Paper presented at the Symposium on Wooded Draws. South Dakota 
            School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, Jun. 12-13, 1984. 
            pp. 1-3 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, riparian vegetation, historic 
            journals 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cuplin, Paul and Fred Batson 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Stream/riparian area inventory and monitoring using large 
            scale color infrared airphotos 

SOURCE:     Proceedings Remote Sensing in Forest and Range Resource 
            Manage- ment, Aug. 20-22, 1985, Colorado State University, 
            Fort Collins, CO. p. 356-361 

TOPICS:     Remote sensing, aerial photography, inventory, monitoring 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cuplin, Paul and Raymond J. Boyd 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      A selected, annotated bibliography of riparian area management 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management, Denver Service Center, 
            Technical Reference 1737-1, July 1987. 83 p. 

TOPICS:     Bibliography, riparian management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dale, H.M. and C.E. Garton 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      The aquatic macrophyte vegetation of an isolated island lake 
            adjacent to Lake Nipigon, Ontario: a comparative study after a 
            fifty-six year interval 

SOURCE:     Canad. Field Naturalist 98 (3): 444-450 

TOPICS:     Aquatic vegetation, beaver 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Davis, E.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Chapparal conversion and streamflow: nitrate in- crease 
            inbalanced mainly by a decrease in bicarbonate 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Res., 23 (1): 215-224 

TOPICS:     Water quality, soil characteristics, vegetation management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Davis, E.A. and L.F. DeBano 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Nitrate increases in soil water following conversion of 
            chapparal to grass 

SOURCE:     Biogeochemistry, 2: 53-65 

TOPICS:     Soil characteristics, water quality, vegetation management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     DeBano, Leonard F. and Burchard H. Heede 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Enhancement of riparian ecosystems with channel structures 

SOURCE:     Water Res. Bull. 23 (3): 463-470 

TOPICS:     Riparian ecosystems, instream structures, geomorphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dinius, S.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Design of an index of water quality 

SOURCE:     Water Res. Bull., 23 (5): 833-843 

TOPICS:     Water quality 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dodd, J.L., M.A. Smith, J.D. Rodgers, R.E. Siekert and Q.D. 
            Skinner 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Influence of grazing on above ground biomass and shrub density 
            associated with an ephemeral stream in Wyoming 

SOURCE:     Abstracts. 40th Annual Meeting, Society of Range Management 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation, livestock impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Douglas, David C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Avian-habitat associations in riparian zones 

SOURCE:     M.S. Thesis, Washington State University, Pullman, WA. 74 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian bird communities, aquatic/riparian habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Draper, Stephen E. and Srinivas G. Rao 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Runoff prediction using remote sensing imagery 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Bull., 22 (6): 463-470 

TOPICS:     Remote sensing, hydrology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Duff, Donald, Mary Gnehm, Terry Shrader, and Lynn Howard 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Indexed bibliography on stream habitat improvement 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A.- Forest Service report, Intermountain Region, Ogden, 
            UT. 98 p. 

TOPICS:     Bibliography, aquatic/riparian habitat, habitat improvement 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Duncan, Sally L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Leaving it to beaver 

SOURCE:     Environment, 26 (3): 41-45 

TOPICS:     Beaver, beaver ecology, beaver management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Duncan, S.H., R.E. Bilby, J.W. Ward and J.T. Heffner 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Transport of road-surface sediment through ephemeral stream 
            channels 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Bull., 23 (1): 113-119 

TOPICS:     Sediment characteristics, sediment transport, sediment 
            storage, organic debris, logging effects 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dunne, Thomas and Luna B. Leopold 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Water in Environmental Planning 

SOURCE:     W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, CA. 795 p. 

TOPICS:     Hydrology, hydrologic cycle, geomorphology, water resource 
            management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Eckert, R.E., Jr. 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Methods for improving mountain meadow communities 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep., INT-157, Nov. 1983. 
            pp. 67-75 

TOPICS:     Livestock management, vegetation management, check dams, tech- 
            niques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Edmonds, R.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Analysis of coniferous forest ecosystems in the western United 
            States 

SOURCE:     Hutchinson Ross Publ. Co., Stroudsburg, PA. 419 p. 

TOPICS:     Forestry management, riparian vegetation, hydrology, geomorph- 
            ology, organic debris, soil erosion 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Elmore, Wayne 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Riparian management: back to basics 

SOURCE:     Paper presented at the Natural Resources Law Center, 
            University of Colorado School of Law, June 8-10, 1987. 8 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian ecosystems, riparian management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Elmore, Wayne and Robert L. Beschta 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Riparian areas: perceptions in management 

SOURCE:     Rangelands, 9 (6): 260-265 

TOPICS:     Riparian management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Estes, Christopher C. and John F. Orsborn 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Review and analysis of methods for quantifying instream flow 
            requirements 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Bull. 22 (3): 389-398 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, aquatic/riparian habitat, instream flow 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ferguson, Bruce K. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Environmental patterns of water management 

SOURCE:     J. of Environ. Systems, 16 (3): 161-178 

TOPICS:     Water resource management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Finch, Deborah M. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Similarities in riparian bird communities among elevational 
            zones in southeastern Wyoming 

SOURCE:     Proceeding Wyoming Water 1986 and Streamside Zone Conference, 
            Casper, WY, Apr. 28-30, 1986. pp. 105-109 

TOPICS:     Riparian bird communities 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Fleming, George and Ahmed Al Kadhimi 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Sediment modelling and data sources: a compromise in 
            assessment 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent 
            Developments in the Ex- planation and Prediction of Erosion 
            and Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 251-259 

TOPICS:     Modeling, soil erosion, sediment transport 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Franz, C., J.D. Rodgers, J.L. Dodd, M.A. Smith, R.E. Siekert 
            and Q.D. Skinner 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Influence of grazing on root biomass and soil texture 
            associated with an ephemeral stream in Wyoming 

SOURCE:     Abstracts. 40th Annual Meeting, Society of Range Management. 

TOPICS:     Livestock impacts, riparian vegetation, soil characteristics, 
            riparian soils 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Frissell, Christopher A., Willian J. Liss, Charles E. Warren 
            and Michael D. Hurley 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      A hierarchical framework for stream habitat classification: 
            viewing streams in a watershed context. 

SOURCE:     Environ. Manage., 10 (2): 199-214 

TOPICS:     Classification, aquatic/riparian habitat, geomorphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Galbraith, William A. and E. William Anderson 

PUB. YEAR:  1971 

TITLE:      Grazing history of the northwest 

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage., 24 (1): 6-12 

TOPICS:     Grazing history 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gebhardt, Karl 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Determining hydrologic properties of soils 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management, Tech. Note 371, Idaho 
            State Office, Boise ID. 34 p. 

TOPICS:     Soil characteristics, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gebhardt, Karl 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Development of a monitoring program for natural resource 
            management 

SOURCE:     Unpubl. doc. on file U.S.D.I.- Bureau of Land Management, 
            Idaho State Office, Boise, ID. 

TOPICS:     Monitoring, water resource management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gholz, H.L., G.M. Hawk, A. Campbell, K. Cromack Jr. and A.T. 
            Brown 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Early vegetation recovery and element cycles on a clear- cut 
            watershed in western Oregon, U.S.A.. Can. 

SOURCE:     J. Fores. Res., 15 (2): 400-409 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation, logging impacts, nitrogen cycling 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gilliland, Martha W. and Wanada Baxter-Potter 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      A geographic information system to predict non-point source 
            pollution potential 

SOURCE:     Water Res. Bull., 23 (2): 281-291 

TOPICS:     Geographic information systems, non-point source pollution 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Girard, Michele M. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Native woodland ecology and habitat type classification of 
            southwestern North Dakota 

SOURCE:     Ph.D. thesis, North Dakota State University. 331 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation, classification 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Goldner, B.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Riparian restoration efforts associated with structurally 
            modified flood control channels 

SOURCE:     Warner, Richard E. and Kathleen M. Hendrix (eds.) California 
            Riparian Systems: Ecology, Conservation and Productive 
            Management, University of California Press, Berkeley. pp. 
            445-451 

TOPICS:     Riparian restoration, vegetation management, instream 
            structures 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Goss, Don W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1973 

TITLE:      Relation of physical and mineralogical properties to 
            streambank stability 

SOURCE:     Water Res. Bull., 9 (1):140-144 

TOPICS:     Streambank stability, sediment characteristics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Graf, William L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Mining and channel response 

SOURCE:     Assoc. Am. Geog., Ann., 69 (2): 262-275 

TOPICS:     Mining impacts, channel hydraulics, photographic studies 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Graf, William L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      The development of montane arroyos and gullies 

SOURCE:     Earth Surf. Proc., 4: 1-14 

TOPICS:     Gully erosion 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Graf, W.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Geomorphic measurements from ground-based photographs 

SOURCE:     Pitty, Alistair (ed.) Geomorphology: Themes and Trends. Barnes 
            and Noble Books, Totowa, NJ. pp. 211-225 

TOPICS:     Techniques, geomorphology, photographic studies 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Grasse, James E. and Euvern Putnam 

PUB. YEAR:  1950 

TITLE:      Beaver management and ecology in Wyoming 

SOURCE:     Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Project Bullitin No. 6, 
            Wyoming Game and Fish Commission, Cheyenne, WY. 75 p. 

TOPICS:     Beaver ecology, beaver management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gregory, K.J. and J.R. Madew 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Land use change, flood frequency, and channel adjustments 

SOURCE:     Hey, R.D., J.C. Bathurst and C.R. Thorne (eds.) Gravel Bed 
            Rivers. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. pp. 757-781 

TOPICS:     Land use, channel adjustments, flood analysis 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gregory, K.J., A.M. Gurnell and C.T. Hill 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      The permanence of debris dams related to river channel 
            processes 

SOURCE:     J. Hydrol. Sciences, 30 (3): 371-381 

TOPICS:     Organic debris, flood analysis, hydrograph analysis 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Griffiths, David 

PUB. YEAR:  1902 

TITLE:      Forage conditions on the northern border of the Great Basin, 
            being a report on investigations made during July and August, 
            1901, in the region between Winnemucca, Nevada and Ontario, 
            Oregon 

SOURCE:     U.S. Bur. Plant Indus. Bull., 15. 60 p. 

TOPICS:     Historic investigation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Grissinger, E.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Bank erosion of cohesive material 

SOURCE:     Hey, R.D., Bathurst, J.C. and C.R. Thorne (eds.) Gravel-bed 
            Rivers. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. pp. 273-287 

TOPICS:     Streambank erosion, sediment characteristics, channel 
            hydraulics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Grissinger, E.H., W.C. Little and J.B. Murphey 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Erodibility of streambank materials of low cohesion 

SOURCE:     Trans. of the ASAE. pp. 624-630 

TOPICS:     Streambank erosion, soil characteristics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gurnell, A.M. and K.J. Gregory 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      The influence of vegetation on stream channel processes 

SOURCE:     Burt, T.P. and D.E. Walling (eds.) Catchment Experiments in 
            Fluvial Geomorphology. Geo Books, Norwich, UK. pp. 515-535 98. 
            Gurnell, A.M. and K.J. Gregory (1981) The influence of 
            vegetation on stream channel processes. In: Burt, T.P. and 
            D.E. Walling (eds.) Catchment Experiments in Fluvial 
            Geomorphology. Geo Books, Norwich, UK. pp. 515-535 

TOPICS:     Geomorphology, channel morphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gutzwiller, Kevin J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Riparian habitat use by breeding cavity-nesting birds in 
            southeastern Wyoming 

SOURCE:     Ph.D. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie. 125 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian bird communities, aquatic/riparian habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Haines, F.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1971 

TITLE:      The Snake Country Expedition 

SOURCE:     University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK. 172 p. 

TOPICS:     Historic journals 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hanson, Paul L., Steve W. Chadde, and Robert D. Pfister 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Riparian dominance types of Montana 

SOURCE:     Montana Riparian Assoc., School of Forestry, University of 
            Montana, Missoula, MT, Aug. 14, 1987. 358 pp. 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hardin, Timothy S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Use of hydraulic simulation to evaluate habitat improvement 
            structures 

SOURCE:     Western Assoc. of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, and Western 
            Division of Am. Fisheries Soc., Proc., Portland, OR. pp. 
            111-119 

TOPICS:     Modeling, aquatic/riparian habitat, habitat improvement 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harenberg, W.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Using channel geometry to estimate flood flows at ungaged 
            sites in Idaho 

SOURCE:     U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Resour. Invest. 80-32 

TOPICS:     Flood analysis, channel morphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harris, D.D. and L.E. Hubbard 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Magnitude and frequency of floods in eastern Oregon 

SOURCE:     U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Resour. Inves. Rep., 82-4078. 39 p. 

TOPICS:     Flood analysis 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harris, Richard R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Relationships between vegetation and fluvial geomorphology at 
            Cottonwood Creek, California 

SOURCE:     Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley. 337 p. 

TOPICS:     Geomorphology, riparian vegetation, riparian management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harrison, A.E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1974 

TITLE:      Reoccupying unmarked camera stations for geological 
            observations 

SOURCE:     Geology, Vol. 2, 469-471 

TOPICS:     Techniques, photographic studies 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harrison, Benjamin and Gary Kellogg 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Mapping riparian/wetland habitats on the Nez Perce National 
            Forest - a cooperative approach 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. -Forest Service and U.S.D.I. -Fish and Wild- life 
            Service. 9 p. 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitats, inventory, monitoring, aerial 
            photo- graphy 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harvey, M.D., C.C. Watson and S.A. Schumm 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Gully erosion 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land Management Tech. Note. 366, Denver 
            Fed- eral Center, Denver CO. (1985-578-193/25153). 181 p. 

TOPICS:     Gully erosion, geomorphology, channel restoration 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harvey, Michael D. and Chester C. Watson 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Fluvial processes and morphological thresholds in incised 
            channel restoration 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Bull., 22 (3): 359-368 

TOPICS:     Geomorphology, channel adjustments, channel restoration 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heatwole, C.D., A.B. Bottcher and L.B. Baldwin 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Basin scale model for evaluating best management practice 
            implementation programs 

SOURCE:     Trans. of the ASAE, 29 (2): 439-444 

TOPICS:     Modeling, best management practices, water resource 
            management, drainage basins 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede, Burchard 

PUB. YEAR:  1966 

TITLE:      Design, construction and cost of rock check dams 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Research Paper RM-20. 20 p. 

TOPICS:     Check dams 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede, Burchard 

PUB. YEAR:  1971 

TITLE:      Characteristics and processes of soil piping in gullies 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Research Paper RM-68. 15 p. 

TOPICS:     Gully erosion, soil erosion, soil characteristics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede, Burchard H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1976 

TITLE:      Equilibrium condition and sediment transport in an ephemeral 
            mountain stream 

SOURCE:     Vol. 6, Hydrology and water resources in Arizona and the 
            Southwest. Proc. 1976 Meet. Ariz. Sect., Am. Water. Resour. 
            Assoc. and Hydrol. Sect., Ariz. Acad. Sci., Tucson, Apr.-May 
            1976. pp. 97-102 

TOPICS:     Channel adjustments, hydraulic geometry 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede, Burchard 

PUB. YEAR:  1976 

TITLE:      Gully development and control: the status of our knowledge 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Research Paper RM-169. 42 p. 114. 
            Heede, Burchard (1976) Gully development and control: the 
            status of our knowledge. U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Research 
            Paper RM-169. 42 p. 

TOPICS:     Gully erosion, gully control, check dams 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede, Burchard 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Case study of a watershed rehabilitation project: Alkali 
            Creek, Colorado 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Research Paper RM-189. 18 p. 

TOPICS:     Watershed restoration, vegetation management, erosion control, 
            check dams 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede, Burchard 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Designing gully control systems for eroding watersheds 

SOURCE:     Environ. Manage., 2 (6): 509-522 

TOPICS:     Gully control, geomorphology, vegetation management, check 
            dams 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede, Burchard 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Dynamics of selected mountain streams in the western U.S.A. 

SOURCE:     Zeit. fur Geomorph. N.F., 25 (1): 17-32 

TOPICS:     Geomorphology, channel morphology, channel adjustments 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede, Burchard 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Balance and adjustment processes in stream and riparian 
            systems 

SOURCE:     Wyoming Water 1986 and Streamside Zone Conference, Proc., 
            Caspar, WY, Apr. 28-30. pp. 3-7 

TOPICS:     Ecosystem disturbance, channel adjustments 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede, Burchard 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Designing for dynamic equilibrium in streams. Water Resour 

SOURCE:     Bull., 22 (3): 351-357 

TOPICS:     Ecosystem disturbance, channel adjustments, check dams 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede, Burchard H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Opportunities and limits of erosion control in stream and 
            gully systems 

SOURCE:     18th International Erosion Control Association Conference 
            Proceedings: You're Gambling without it. (1987, Reno, NV) 

TOPICS:     Soil erosion, gully erosion, erosion control, channel 
            adjustments 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede, Burchard and L.F. DeBano 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Gully rehabilitation: a three-stage process in a sodic soil 

SOURCE:     Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 48 (6): 1416-1422 121. Heede, Burchard 
            and L.F. DeBano (1986) Gully rehabilitation: a three-stage 
            process in a sodic soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 48 (6): 
            1416-1422 

TOPICS:     Soil erosion, gully erosion, erosion control, check dams, 
            channel morphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hey, R.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Gravel-bed rivers: form and processes 

SOURCE:     Hey, R.D., Bathurst, J.C. and C.R. Thorne (eds.) Gravel Bed 
            Rivers. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., New York. pp. 5-13 

TOPICS:     Channel morphology, modeling 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hey, R.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      River mechanics 

SOURCE:     J. Inst. of Water Engineers and Scient., 40 (2): 139-158 

TOPICS:     Channel hydraulics, channel morphology, sediment transport 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hickin, Edward J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      River channel changes: retrospect and prospect 

SOURCE:     Specl. Publ. Int. Assoc. Sediment., 6: 61-83 

TOPICS:     Channel morphology, geomorphology, hydraulic geometry, channel 
            adjustments 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hickin, Edward J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Vegetation and river channel dynamics 

SOURCE:     Canad. Geog., 28 (2): 111-126 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation, geomorphology, channel morphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hockberger, Jr., John J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Indiscrete regulation of indiscrete sources: the Idaho water 
            quality standards and control of sed- iment impacts on salmon 
            and steelhead spawning and rearing hab- itat 

SOURCE:     Idaho Law Review, Vol. 22: 469- 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, water law, Clean Water Act, water quality, 
            non-point source pollution 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Holl, Royal G. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Grazing nonpoint source control strategy 

SOURCE:     Prepared under an interagency agreement between the U.S. 
            Environ- mental Protection Agency, Region 8, Denver CO, and 
            the U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management. 24 p. 

TOPICS:     Livestock impacts, Clean Water Act, water quality, non-point 
            source pollution 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Honey, W.D., R.J. Seidler and P.C. Klingeman 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Riparian zone systems, uses and management 

SOURCE:     U.S. Geol. Sur. Water Resour. Div., Reston, VA. Report No. 
            USGS/G-864-22. 78 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian ecosystems, riparian vegetation, riparian management, 
            geomorphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hooke, J.M. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      An analysis of the processes of river bank erosion 

SOURCE:     J. of Hydrology, 42 (1979): 39-62 

TOPICS:     Streambank erosion, hydrograph analysis 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Horton, Jerome E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1973 

TITLE:      Evapotranspiration and water research as related to riparian 
            and phreatophyte management-an abstract bib- liography 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Misc. Publ. No. 1234, Jan. 1973. 192 
            p. 

TOPICS:     Bibliography, hydrology, hydrologic cycle, water resources, 
            riparian management, vegetation management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Howard, R.J. and J.E. Larson 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      A stream habitat classifica- tion for beaver 

SOURCE:     J. Wildl. Manage. 49 (1): 19-25 

TOPICS:     Beaver, beaver habitat, classification 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Howard-Williams, C., S. Pickmere and J. Davies 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Nutrient retention and processing in New Zealand streams: the 
            influence of riparian vegetation 

SOURCE:     New Zealand Agric. Sci., 20 (2): 11-114 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation, non-point source pollution, nitrogen 
            cycling 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hughes, R.M. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Use of watershed characteristics to select control streams for 
            estimating effects of metal mining wastes on extensively 
            disturbed streams 

SOURCE:     Environ. Manage., 9 (3): 253-262 

TOPICS:     Mining impacts, stream ecosystems, riparian vegetation, 
            aquatic macroinvertibrates 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hussey, M.R., Q.D. Skinner, J.C. Adams and A.J. Harvey 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Denitrification and bacterial numbers in riparian soils of a 
            Wyoming mountain watershed 

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage., 38 (6): 492-496 

TOPICS:     Riparian soils 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Idaho Department of Health and Welfare 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Riparian areas: what are they and what do they do 

SOURCE:     Clean Water, newsletter of the Idaho Water Quality Bureau, 450 
            W. State St., Boise, ID 83720 

TOPICS:     Riparian ecosystems, water quality 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Irizarri, R.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1969 

TITLE:      The effects of stream alteration in Idaho 

SOURCE:     Idaho Fish and Game Dept., Federal Aid in Fish and Wildlife 
            Restoration Job Completion Report F55-R-2, Boise, ID. 26 p. 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, water resources 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ives, Ronald 

PUB. YEAR:  1942 

TITLE:      The beaver-meadow complex 

SOURCE:     J. Geomorph., 5: 191-203 

TOPICS:     Beaver ecology, geomorphology 

COMMENTS:   Contains 7 articles by Heede, Harvey and Watson, Beschta and 
            Platts, Orsborn and Anderson, Estes and Orsborn, Van Haveren, 
            and Babcock, cited individually in this report. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jackson, William L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Engineering considerations in small stream management 

SOURCE:     American Water Resour. Assoc. Monograph Series #5, reprinted 
            from Water Resour. Bull. 22 (3): 351-415 

TOPICS:     

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jackson, William L. and Robert L Beschta 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Influences of in- creased sand delivery on the morphology of 
            sand and gravel channels 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Bull., 20 (4): 527-533 

TOPICS:     Channel morphology, sediment transport, channel hydraulics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jackson, T.J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Soil water modeling and remote sensing 

SOURCE:     IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, GE-24 (1): 37-46 

TOPICS:     Remote sensing, soil characteristics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jenkins, K.J. and R.G. Wright 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Simulating succession of riparian spruce forests and white 
            tail deer capacity in north- western Montana 

SOURCE:     West. J. Appl. Forest., 2 (3): 80-83 

TOPICS:     Modeling, riparian vegetation, logging impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson, Clifton W., Roger L. Engleman, Jeffrey P. Smith and 
            Clayton L. Hanson 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Helley-Smith bed load samplers 

SOURCE:     Tech. Note, J. Hydrl. Div., Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Engin., Vol. 
            103 No. HY10, Oct. 1977. pp. 1217-1221 

TOPICS:     Sediment transport, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson, Clifton W. and Jeffrey P. Smith 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Sediment characteristics and transport from northwest 
            rangeland watersheds 

SOURCE:     Trans. of the ASAE, Soil and Water Div., Paper # 77-2509. 
            1157-63 

TOPICS:     Sediment characteristics, sediment transport, sediment yield 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson, Clifton W. and Nancy D. Gordon 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Streamflow measurement and analysis for northwest rangelands 

SOURCE:     Proc. of the Water for Resource Development Conference, HY 
            Div. ASCE, Couer d'Alene, ID, Aug. 14-17. pp. 469-473 

TOPICS:     Hydrology, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson, R. Roy 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Riparian habitats and recreation: inter- relationships and 
            impacts in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain region 

SOURCE:     Eisenhower Consortium Bull.: 12. Eisenhower Consortium for 
            Western Environmental Forestry Research. 31 p. 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitats, riparian vegetation, recreation 
            impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jolly, J.P. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      A proposed method for accurately calculating sediment yields 
            from reservoir deposition 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, Recent Developments in 
            the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield, 
            July 1982, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 153-161 

TOPICS:     Sediment yield, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Julien, Pierre Y. and Marcel Frenette 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Macroscale analysis of upland erosion 

SOURCE:     J. Hydrlogic. Sciences, 32 (3): 347-357 

TOPICS:     Soil erosion, drainage basins 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kaniuka, Russell 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Underground channels mapped by radar 

SOURCE:     Agricultural Research, 35 (1): 14-15 

TOPICS:     Surface water-groundwater interaction, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kantrud, Harold A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Effect of vegetation manipulation on breeding waterfowl in 
            prairie wetlands--a literature review 

SOURCE:     U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Tech. Report #3, Washington, 
            D.C. 15 p. 

TOPICS:     Bibliography, waterfowl management, wetlands, vegetation 
            manage- ment 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Karr, James R., Philip R. Yant and Kurt D. Fausch 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Spatial and temporal variability of the index of biotic 
            integrity in three midwestern streams 

SOURCE:     Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 116 (1): 1-11 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, aquatic/riparian habitat, fish populations, water 
            quality 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kauffman, J.B., W.C. Kreuger and M. Vavra 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Ecology and plant communities of the riparian area associated 
            with Catherine Creek in northeastern Oregon 

SOURCE:     Tech. Bull. No. 147, Agricultural Expiri- ment Station, Oregon 
            State Univ., Corvallis. 33 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian ecosystems, riparian vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Keller, E.A. and F.J. Swanson 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Effects of large organic material on channel form and fluvial 
            processes 

SOURCE:     Earth Surf. Proces. and Land., 4: 361-380 

TOPICS:     Geomorphology, channel morphology, organic debris 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Keller, E.A. and Taz Tally 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Effects of large organic debris on channel form and fluvial 
            processes in a coastal redwood environment 

SOURCE:     Rhodes, Dallas D. and Garnett P. Williams (eds.) Adjustments 
            of the Fluvial System. Proc. Tenth Annual Geomorph. Symp. 
            Series. Binghampton, New York. pp. 169-197 

TOPICS:     Geomorphology, channel morphology, organis debris 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kelsay, Laura E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1964 

TITLE:      List of cartographic records of the General Land Office 

SOURCE:     U.S. National Archive and Record Service, Gen. Serv. Admin., 
            Washington, D.C. 

TOPICS:     Historic documents 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ketcheson, Gary L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Sediment rating equations: an evaluation for streams in the 
            Idaho batholith 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-213, Sept. 1986, 
            Ogden, UT. 12 p. 

TOPICS:     Sediment yield 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Klock, G.O. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985) 

TITLE:      Modeling the cumulative effects of forest practices on 
            downstream aquatic ecosystems 

SOURCE:     J. Soil and Water Conserv., Mar.-Apr. 1985. pp. 237-241 

TOPICS:     Aquatic ecosystems, modeling, forestry management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Krueger, Henry O. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Avian response to mountainous shrub-willow riparian systems in 
            southeastern Wyoming 

SOURCE:     Ph.D. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie. 100 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian bird communities, riparian vegetation, livestock 
            impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     LaBaugh, James W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Wetland ecosystem studies from a hydrologic perspective 

SOURCE:     Water Res. Bull., 22 (1): 1-9 

TOPICS:     Hydrology, wetland ecosystems, water balance 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lane, Emory W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1953 

TITLE:      Design of stable channels 

SOURCE:     Trans. Am. Soc. of Civil Engineers, Paper No. 2776. pp. 
            1234-1260 

TOPICS:     Streambank stability, channel hydraulics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lane, L.J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Development of a procedure to estimate runoff and sediment 
            transport in ephemeral streams 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent 
            Developments in the Explana- tion and Prediction of Erosion 
            and Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 275-282 

TOPICS:     Modeling, sediment transport, sediment yield 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lanka, R.P., W.A. Hubert and T.A. Wesche 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Relations of geo- morphology to stream habitat and trout 
            standing stock in small Rocky Mountain streams 

SOURCE:     Trans. Am. Fisheries Soc. 116: 21-28 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries, geomorphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Laycock, W.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1969 

TITLE:      Exclosures and natural areas on rangelands in Utah 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Research Paper INT-62. 44 p. 

TOPICS:     Exclosures, natural areas 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Leininger, W.C. and M.J. Trlica 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Successional and hydrological changes following protection 
            from long-term heavy grazing in a northern Colorado riparian 
            zone 

SOURCE:     Abst. of the IV Int. Congress of Ecology, Syracuse, New York. 
            p.214 

TOPICS:     Riparian ecosystems, livestock impacts, livestock management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Leopold, L.B. and T. Maddock 

PUB. YEAR:  1953 

TITLE:      The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some 
            physiographic implications 

SOURCE:     U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 252. 57 p. 

TOPICS:     Hydraulic geometry, channel morphology, channel hydraulics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Leopold, L.B., M.G. Wolman and J.P. Miller 

PUB. YEAR:  1964 

TITLE:      Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology 

SOURCE:     W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, CA. 522 p. 

TOPICS:     Geomorphology, channel morphology, hydraulic geometry 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lisle, Thomas E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Effects of aggradation and degradation on riffle-pool 
            morphology in natural gravel channels, northwestern California 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Res., 18 (6): 1643-1651 

TOPICS:     Channel morphology, channel hydraulics, sediment transport 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lisle, Thomas E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Stabilization of a gravel channel by large stream obstructions 
            and bedrock bends, Jacoby Creek, north- western California 

SOURCE:     Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 97 (Aug. 1986): 999-1011 

TOPICS:     Streambank stabilization, channel morphology, channel 
            hydraulics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lisle, T.E., A.K. Lehre, H.A. Martinson, D.F. Meyer, K.M. 
            Nolan and R.D. Smith 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Stream channel adjustments after the 1980 Mt. St. Helens 
            eruptions 

SOURCE:     Erosion control in volcanic areas: Proceedings of a Symposium; 
            Jul. 6-9 1982; Seattle and Vancouver, WA. Tech. Memo. PWRI 
            1908. (Tsukuba Science City, Japan): Public Works Research 
            Institute, Ministry of Construction, Gov. of Japan. pp. 31-72 

TOPICS:     Channel adjustments, sediment tranport, sediment storage 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lohrey, Michael H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Planning gully control and restoration 

SOURCE:     Unpubl. report prepared for U.S.D.A.-Forest Service, Fremont 
            National Forest, Jan. 1981. 21 p. 

TOPICS:     Gully erosion, gully control, watershed restoration, check 
            dams 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lowdermilk, W.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1975 

TITLE:      Conquest of the land through 7000 years 

SOURCE:     Agric. Info. Bull. No. 99, U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service. 
            30 p. 

TOPICS:     Historic investigation, land use 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lowrance, Richard, Julie K. Sharpe and Joseph M. Sheridan 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Long term sediment deposition in the riparian zone of an agri- 
            cultural watershed 

SOURCE:     Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta. Environ- Resources Center. 
            ERC-03-84, in cooperation with Georgia Univ., Athens. Inst. of 
            Ecology, and Agricultural Research Service, Tifton, GA, 
            Southeast Watershed Research Center. 92 p. 

TOPICS:     Sediment transport, water quality, riparian ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lowrance, Richard, Ralph Leonard and Joseph Sheridan 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Managing riparian ecosystems to control nonpoint pollution 

SOURCE:     J.Soil Water Conserv., 40 (1): 87-91 

TOPICS:     Riparian ecosystems, non-point source pollution, riparian 
            vegetation, riparian soils, water quality, riparian management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Malde, Harold E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1973 

TITLE:      Geological bench marks by terrestrial photography 

SOURCE:     J. Resear., U.S. Geol. Surv., 1 (2): 193-206 

TOPICS:     Techniques, photographic studies 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Marlow, C.B., T.M. Pogacnik and S.D. Quinsey 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Streambank stability and cattle grazing in southwestern 
            Montana 

SOURCE:     J. Soil and Water Conserv., July-August 1987. pp. 291-296 

TOPICS:     Livestock grazing, livestock impacts, streambank stability 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Martin, Douglas J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Production of cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) in relation to 
            riparian vegetation in Bear Creek, Washington 

SOURCE:     Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 166 p. 

TOPICS:     Fish populations, riparian vegetation, logging impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Marston, R.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      The geomorphic significance of log steps in forest streams 

SOURCE:     Ann. Assoc. Am. Geog., 72: 99-108 

TOPICS:     Geomorphology, channel morphology, organic debris 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Maxwell, James R. and Rhey M. Soloman 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Threshold limits of hydrologic function in arid and semiarid 
            landscapes 

SOURCE:     Unpubl. report, U.S.D.A.-Forest Service, Albuquerque, NM. 25 
            p. 

TOPICS:     Gully erosion, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     May, B.E. and J.E. Guest 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      The riparian pasture: opportunity for coordinated management 

SOURCE:     Proc. of the Bonneville Chap- ter of the American Fisheries 
            Society, Utah State University, Logan, UT., Feb. 8-9. 11 p. 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, riparian vegetation, livestock 
            impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McBride, J.R. and J. Strahan 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Establishment and survival of woody riparian species on gravel 
            bars of an intermittent stream 

SOURCE:     Am. Midland Nat., 112 (2): 235-245 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation, riparian ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Megahan, W.F. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Channel sediment storage behind obstructions in forested 
            drainage basins draining the granitic bedrock of the Idaho 
            batholith 

SOURCE:     Proc. Workshop on Sediment Budgets and Routing in Forested 
            Drainage Basins, U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. 
            PNW-141. pp. 114-121 

TOPICS:     Sediment transport, sediment storage, sediment yield 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Megahan, W.F. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Evaluating effects of land use on sedimentation - a case for 
            sediment budgeting 

SOURCE:     Hydrl. Sci. and Tech.: Short Papers, 1 (1), Sept. 1985, Am. 
            Inst. Hydrl. pp. 13-16 

TOPICS:     Sediment transport, sediment storage, sediment budget 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Megahan, W.F. and R.A. Nowlin 

PUB. YEAR:  1976 

TITLE:      Sediment storage in channels draining small forested 
            watersheds in the mountains of central Idaho 

SOURCE:     3rd Federal Interagency Sediment Conference Proc., Denver, CO. 
            pp. 4-115 - 4-126 

TOPICS:     Sediment production, sediment transport, sediment storage, 
            sediment yield 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Megahan, W.F. and P.N. King 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Identification of critical areas on forest lands for control 
            of nonpoint sources of pollution 

SOURCE:     Environ. Manage., 9 (1): 7-17 

TOPICS:     Non-point source pollution, logging impacts, soil erosion 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Melton, B.L., R.L. Hoover, R.L. Moore and D.J. Pfankuch 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Aquatic and riparian wildlife. Chapter 6 

SOURCE:     Hoover, R.L. and D.L. Wills (eds.) Managing Forested Lands for 
            Wildlife. Colo. Div. of Wildl. in cooperation with U.S.D.A. 
            -Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Denver, CO. pp. 
            261-301 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, riparian ecosystems, aquatic 
            ecosystems riparian management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Merritt, Richard W. and Daniel L. Lawson 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Leaf litter pro- cessing in floodplain and stream communities 

SOURCE:     Proc. Symposium National Riparian Ecosystems; Strategies for 
            the Protection and Management of Floodplain Wetlands and other 
            Riparian Ecosystems, Dec. 11-13, 1978, Callaway Gardens, GA. 
            pp. 93-105 

TOPICS:     Riparian ecosystems, aquatic ecology, aquatic 
            macroinvertibrates 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Meyer, Philip A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Valuing riparian habitat 

SOURCE:     A presentation to the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Philip A. 
            Meyer, Consultant, P.O. Box 1152, Davis, CA, 95617. 10 p. 

TOPICS:     Economic values 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Milon, J. Walter 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Optimizing nonpoint source controls in water quality 
            regulation 

SOURCE:     Water Res. Bull., 23 (3): 387-396 

TOPICS:     Non-point source pollution, best management practices 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Minshall, G.W., R.C. Peterson, K.W. Cummins, T.L. Bott, J.R. 
            Sedell, C.E. Cushing and R.L. Vannote 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Interbiome comparison of stream ecosystem dynamics 

SOURCE:     Ecological Monographs, 53 (1): 1-25 

TOPICS:     Stream ecosystems, aquatic ecology, carbon cycling, aquatic 
            macroinvertibrates 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Montgomery, James M., Consulting Engineers Inc. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Bear Valley Creek, Idaho fish habitat enhancement project 
            feasability study 

SOURCE:     Prepared for the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes, funded by BPA 
            Contract No. 83-359, prepared by James M. Montogomery, 
            Consulting Engineers, Inc., 1301 Vista Ave., Boise, ID 83705 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, habitat enhancement 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Morris, J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Evaluating the wetland resource 

SOURCE:     J. Environ. Manage. 24: 147-156 

TOPICS:     Wetlands, economic values 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Munther, Greg L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Importance of beaver management in grazed riparian ecosystems 

SOURCE:     Unpubl. report prepared for U.S.D.A.-Forest Service, Lolo 
            National Forest, Missoula, MT 

TOPICS:     Beaver ecology, beaver management, beaver/cattle interactions, 
            riparian restoration 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Murphy, Peter J. and Eduardo J. Agiurre M. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Bedload or sus- pended load 

SOURCE:     J. Hydraul. Engineer., 111 (1): 93-552 

TOPICS:     Sediment transport, channel hydraulics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Myers, Lewis H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Montana BLM riparian inventory and monitoring 

SOURCE:     Riparian Technical Bulletin No. 1, Aug. 1987, U.S. Bureau of 
            Land Management, Billings, MT. 38 p. 193. Myers, Lewis H. 
            (1987) Montana BLM riparian inventory and monitoring. Riparian 
            Technical Bulletin No. 1, Aug. 1987, U.S. Bureau of Land 
            Management, Billings, MT. 38 p. 

TOPICS:     BLM-Montana riparian projects, inventory, monitoring 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Myers, Lewis H., Allan Thomas, Brad Hines, Reed Stalder, 
            Robert Wagner, Kris Eshelman, Allen Cooperrider, Ray Boyd 

PUB. YEAR:  unknown 

TITLE:      Riparian area management: inventory and monitoring 

SOURCE:     Review draft, Tech. Ref. TR #1737-2, U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land 
            Manage- ment, Service Center, Denver, CO. 90 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian management, inventory, monitoring, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Naiman, R.J. and J.M. Melillo 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Nitrogen budget of a subarctic stream altered by beaver 
            (Castor canadensis). 

SOURCE:     Oeocologia (Berlin) 62: 150-155 

TOPICS:     Beaver, riparian ecosystems, nitrogen cycling 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Nanson, Gerald C. and Harry F. Beach 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Forest succession and sedimentation on a meandering-river 
            floodplain, northeast British Columbia, Canada 

SOURCE:     J. of Biogeography, 4: 229-251 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation, geomorphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream 
            Improvement 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      The effects of fine sediment on salmonid spawning gravel and 
            juvenile rearing habitat - a literature review 

SOURCE:     Tech. Bull. No. 428, NCASI Inc., 260 Madison Ave., New York, 
            NY, 100016. 66 p. 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, aquatic/riparian habitat, forestry management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Natural Resources Defense Council 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Citizen's handbook on water quality standards 

SOURCE:     NRDC, 1350 New York Ave., NW #300, Washington, D.C. 20005. 35 
            p. 

TOPICS:     Water law, Clean Water Act, water quality 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Natural Resources Law Institute 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Livestock grazing in ri- parian zones: ensuring fishery 
            protection in federal rangeland management 

SOURCE:     Anadromous Fish Law Memo, Issue #37, Oct. 1986, Lewis and 
            Clark College, Portland, OR. 18 p. 

TOPICS:     Water law, riparian ecosystems, riparian restoration, range 
            management, Clean Water Act 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Natural Resources Law Institute 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Fish and wildlife preser- vation, environmental protection, 
            and the Northwest's electric power system: a panel of views 

SOURCE:     Anadromous Fish Law Memo, Issue #42, Aug. 1987, Lewis and 
            Clark College, Portland, OR. 27 p. 

TOPICS:     Water law, Northwest Power Act, Indian treaty fishing rights, 
            Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Neff, Don J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1957 

TITLE:      Ecological effects of beaver habitat abandonment in the 
            Colorado Rockies 

SOURCE:     J. Wildlife Manage. 21 (1): 80-84 

TOPICS:     Beaver, beaver ecology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Neill, C.R. and J.D. Mollard 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Erosional processes and sediment yield in the upper Oldman 
            River basin, Alberta, Canada 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent 
            Develop- ments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion 
            and Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 183-191 

TOPICS:     Soil erosion, sediment yield, land use 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Nelson, Rodger L., William S. Platts and Osborne Casey 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Evidence for variability in spawning behavior of interior cut- 
            throat trout in response to environmental uncertainty 

SOURCE:     Great Basin Naturalist, 47 (3): 480-487 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Nelson, Wayne, Gerry Horak and Joe Soloman 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Instream flow strategies for Idaho 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service/OBS- 78/38. 95 p. 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, instream flow, water law, water resource management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Nilsson, Christer 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Distribution of stream-edge vegetation along a gradient of 
            current velocity 

SOURCE:     J. of Ecology, 75 (2): 513-522 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation, channel hydraulics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Odgaard, A. Jacob and Carlos E. Moscone 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Streambank protection by submerged vanes 

SOURCE:     J. Hydraul. Engineer., 113 (4):520-536 

TOPICS:     Streambank erosion, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Okagbue, C.O. and T.K.S. Abam 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      An analysis of stratigraphic control on river bank failure 

SOURCE:     Engineer. Geol., 22: 231-245 

TOPICS:     Streambank stability, streambank erosion 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Oliphant, J. Orin 

PUB. YEAR:  1947 

TITLE:      The cattle herds and ranches of the Oregon country, 1860-1890 

SOURCE:     Agric. History, 21: 217-238 

TOPICS:     Historic investigation, historic documents 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Orsborn, John F. and John W. Anderson 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Stream improvements and fish response: a bio-engineering 
            assessment 

SOURCE:     Water Res. Bull. 22 (3): 381-388 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries, channel restoration 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Osborn, H.B. and J.R. Simanton 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Gully migration on a south- west rangeland watershed 

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage., 39 (6): 558-561 

TOPICS:     Gully erosion, sediment yield 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Osterkamp, W.R. and Hedman, E.R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Variation of width and discharge for natural high-gradient 
            stream channels 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Res., 13 (2): 256-258 

TOPICS:     Hydraulic geometry, channel hydraulics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Pall, Ramesh, W.T. Dickinson, D. Green and R. McGirr 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Impacts of soil characteristics on soil erodability. 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent 
            Develop- ments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion 
            and Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 39-47 

TOPICS:     Soil characteristics, soil erosion 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Park, C.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Man-induced changes in stream channel capacity. In: Gregory, 
            K.J. 

SOURCE:     Gregory, K.J., (ed.) River Channel Changes. John Wiley and 
            Sons, New York. pp. 121-144 

TOPICS:     Geomorphology, channel morphology, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Parker, Michael 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Beaver, water quality, and riparian systems. 

SOURCE:     Wyoming Water 1986 and Streamside Zones Conference Proc., Apr. 
            28-30 1986. Wyoming Water Research Center, University of 
            Wyoming, Laramie, WY 

TOPICS:     Beaver, water quality, riparian ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Parsons, Steve and Shirley Hudson 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Channel cross section surveys and data analysis 

SOURCE:     Report No. TR-4341-1, U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management, 
            Denver Service Center, Denver, CO. 48 p. 

TOPICS:     Techniques, channel morphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Passey, H.B., K. Vern, E.W. Williams and D.E. Ball 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Relationships between soil, plant community, and climate on 
            range- lands of the Intermountain West 

SOURCE:     U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tech. Bull. No. 1669. 123 p. 

TOPICS:     Rangeland ecoystems, soil characteristics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Patrick, D.M., L.M. Smith and C.B. Whitten 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Methods for studying accelorated fluvial change 

SOURCE:     Hey, R.D., J.C. Bathurst and C.R. Thorne (eds.) Gravel Bed 
            Rivers. John Wiley and Sons, New York. pp. 783-815 

TOPICS:     Remote sensing, channel characteristics, streambank erosion, 
            geomorphology, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Patton, Peter C. and Stanley A. Schumm 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Ephemeral-stream processes: implications for studies of 
            Quaternary valley fills 

SOURCE:     Quat. Resear., 15 (24): 24-43 

TOPICS:     Channel morphology, gully erosion, sediment yield 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Payne, Neil F. and Frederick Copes 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Wildlife and fish- eries habitat improvement handbook 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. -Forest Service, Wildlife and Fisheries 
            Administrative Report, December 1986. 403 p. 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, habitat improvement, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Peart, M.R. and D.E. Walling 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Particle size characteristics of fluvial suspended sediment 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Exeter Sym- posium, July 1982, Recent 
            Developments in the Explanation and Pre- diction of Erosion 
            and Sediment Yield. IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp.397- 407 

TOPICS:     Sediment transport, channel hydraulics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Peterjohn, W.T. and D.L. Correll 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Nutrient dynamics in and agricultural watershed: observations 
            on the role of a riparian forest 

SOURCE:     Ecology, 65 (5): 1466-1475 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation, nonpoint source pollution, carbon 
            cycling, nitrogen cycling 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Petersen, Robert C. and Kenneth W. Cummins 

PUB. YEAR:  1974 

TITLE:      Leaf processing in a woodland stream 

SOURCE:     Freshwat. Biol., Vol. 4. pp. 343-368 

TOPICS:     Aquatic ecology, aquatic macroinvertibrates 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Pfankuch, D.J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Stream reach inventory and channel stability evaluation 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A.-Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT. 26 p. 

TOPICS:     Techniques, inventory, streambank stability 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Piest, R.F., J.M. Bradford and G.M. Wyatt 

PUB. YEAR:  1975 

TITLE:      Soil erosion and sediment transport from gullies 

SOURCE:     J. of the Hydraul. Div., Proc. of the Am. Soc. Civil 
            Engineers, Vol. 101, No. HY1, January 1975. pp. 65-80 

TOPICS:     Gully erosion, sediment transport, soil erosion 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, William S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Managing fish and livestock on Idaho rangelands 

SOURCE:     Rangelands, 8 (5): 213-221 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, livestock grazing 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, William S. 

PUB. YEAR:  in press 

TITLE:      Livestock grazing strategies and fisheries compatibility 

SOURCE:     N. Am J. Fisheries Manage. 34 p. 

TOPICS:     Grazing strategies, fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, William S. 

PUB. YEAR:  in press 

TITLE:      Using a hydrogeologic, historic and futuristic approach to 
            stream riparian management 

SOURCE:     Fisheries. 27 p. 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, riparian management, geomorphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, William S. and Rodger L. Nelson 

PUB. YEAR:  in review 

TITLE:      Stream canopy and its relationship to salmonid biomass in the 
            intermountain west 

SOURCE:     North Am. J. Fisheries Manage. 30 p. 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S., C. Armour, G. Booth, M. Bryant, J.L. Bufford, P. 
            Cuplin, S. Jensen, G. Lienkaemper, G.W. Minshall, S. Monsen, 
            R.L. Nelson, J.R. Sedell and J.S. Tuhy 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Methods for evaluating riparian habitats with applications to 
            management 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A.-Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-221. 177 p. 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, riparian vegetation, organic debris 
            riparian soils, channel characteristics, riparian management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Poel, Piet van der, R.G. Spooner and R.F. Piest 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Slope indicator measurements of subsurface movement in gully 
            walls 

SOURCE:     Trans. of the ASAE, 29 (4), August 1986. pp. 982-987 

TOPICS:     Gully erosion, streambank stability 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ponce, Victor C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Generalized stability analysis of channel banks 

SOURCE:     J. of the Irr. and Drain. Div., Proc. Am. Soc. Civil 
            Engineers, Vol. 104, No. IR4, Dec. 1978. pp. 343-350 

TOPICS:     Streambank stability 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Potyondy, John P. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Some techniques for using frequency analysis and realtime data 
            to interprit flood potential data 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Bull., 23 (1): 139-145 

TOPICS:     Flood analysis 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Price, K.P. and M.K. Ridd 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Riparian habitat on the Humbolt River 

SOURCE:     Center for Remote Sensing and Cartography, University of Utah, 
            Salt Lake City. 48 p. 

TOPICS:     Remote sensing, aerial photography, inventory, 
            aquatic/riparian habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Prouty, Michael 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      A new program for riparian research 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Forest Research West, Apr. 1987. pp. 
            7-10 

TOPICS:     Riparian management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Pruitt, Thomas A. and Richard L. Nadeau 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Recommended stream resource maintenance flows on seven 
            southern Idaho streams 

SOURCE:     Instream Flow Information Paper No. 8, U.S.D.I.-Fish and 
            Wildlife Service/OBS-78/68. 60 p. 

TOPICS:     Fisheries, instream flow, water resource management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Raleigh, R.F. and D.A. Duff 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Trout stream habitat improvement: ecology and hydrology 

SOURCE:     Paper presented at Wild Trout II Symposium, Mammoth, WY, Sept. 
            24-25, 1979. 11 p. 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries, habitat improvement 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rango, Albert 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Assessment of remote sensing input to hydro- logic models 

SOURCE:     Water Res. Bull., 21 (3): 423-432 237. Rango, Albert (1985) 
            Assessment of remote sensing input to hydro- logic models. 
            Water Res. Bull., 21 (3): 423-432 

TOPICS:     Remote sensing, hydrology, modeling, water resource management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Reichenbacher, Frank W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Ecology and evolution of south- western riparian plant 
            communities 

SOURCE:     Desert Plants, 6 (1): 15-22 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation, historical ecology, livestock effects 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Resource Systems, Inc. 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Boise River fish and wildlife habitat study/ wetland inventory 
            and management guidelines 

SOURCE:     Final Report prepared for the City of Boise, December 1983, by 
            Resource Sys- tems, Inc, Boise, ID. 158 p. 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, riparian management, wetland 
            inventory, wetland conservation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rice, J., R.D. Ohmart and B.W. Anderson 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Habitat selection attributes of an avian community: a 
            discriminant analysis in- vestigation 

SOURCE:     Ecol. Mono., 53 (3): 263-290 

TOPICS:     Riparian bird communities, aquatic/riparian habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Richards, Keith 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Rivers - Form and Process in Alluvial Channels 

SOURCE:     Metheun, New York, NY. 358 p. 

TOPICS:     Geomorphology, channel characteristics, hydraulic geometry 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rinne, John N. and T. Tharlson 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Effect of domestic livestock grazing on montane streams: 
            aquatic macroinvertibrates 

SOURCE:     Proc. Western Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Western 
            Division Am. Fisheries Soc., Portland, OR, Jul. 20-23. pp. 
            91-98 

TOPICS:     Aquatic macroinvertebrates, livestock grazing 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Roath, L.R. and W.C. Kreuger 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Cattle grazing influence on a montane riparian zone 

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage., 35 (1): 100-103 

TOPICS:     Livestock grazing, livestock impacts, riparian vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Roath, L.R. and W.C. Kreuger 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Cattle grazing and behavior on a forested range 

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage., 35 (3): 332-338 

TOPICS:     Livestock grazing, livestock behavior 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rogers, W.F. and V.P. Singh 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Some geomorphic relationships and hydrograph analysis 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Bull., 22 (5): 777-784 

TOPICS:     Hydrograph analysis, geomorphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rooseboom, A. and F.J.Mulke 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Erosion initiation 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent 
            Develop- ments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion 
            and Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 59-66 

TOPICS:     Soil erosion, sediment transport 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rosgen, D.L., H.L. Silvey and J.P. Potyondy 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      The use of channel maintenance flow concepts in the Forest 
            Service 

SOURCE:     Hydrl. Sci. and Tech.: Short Papers, 2 (1), Mar. 1986, Am. 
            Inst. Hydrl. pp. 19-26 

TOPICS:     Instream flow, channel maintenance flows, channel morphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rovey, Catherine E. Keager 

PUB. YEAR:  1975 

TITLE:      Numerical model of flow in a stream-aquifer system 

SOURCE:     Hydrology Paper No. 74, August 1975, Colorado State 
            University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523. 

TOPICS:     Hydrology, modeling, surface water-groundwater interaction 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rowley, W.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      U.S. Forest Service Grazing and Rangelands - A History 

SOURCE:     Texas A & M University Press, College Station. 270 p. 

TOPICS:     Grazing history 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Russell, Israel C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1903 

TITLE:      Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho 
            and southeastern Oregon 

SOURCE:     U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Suppl. and Irrig. Pap. No. 78. 

TOPICS:     Historic investigation, water resources 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Russell, Israel C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1905 

TITLE:      Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of 
            central Oregon 

SOURCE:     U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 252. 

TOPICS:     Historic investigation, water resources 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sadeghipour, Jamshid and John A. Dracup 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Regional frequency analysis of hydrologic multiyear droughts 

SOURCE:     Water Res. Bull., 21 (3): 481-487 

TOPICS:     Hydrology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sanville, William D., H. Peter Eilers, Theodore R. Boss, and 
            Thomas G. Pfleeger 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Environmental gradients in northwest freshwater wetlands 

SOURCE:     Environ. Manage., 10 (1). pp. 125-134 

TOPICS:     Wetlands, wetland ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Savabi, M. Reza and Gerald F. Gifford 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Application of selected soil loss equations to trampled soil 
            conditions 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Bull., 23 (4): 709-715 

TOPICS:     Soil erosion, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schumm, S.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1960 

TITLE:      Effect of sediment characteristics on erosion and deposition 
            in ephemeral-stream channels 

SOURCE:     U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 352-C. pp. 31-70 

TOPICS:     Sediment characteristics, channel morphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schumm, S.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1973 

TITLE:      Geomorphic thresholds and complex response of drainage systems 

SOURCE:     Morisawa, M. (ed.) Fluvial Geomorphology. Binghampton 
            Symposium Series #4, Binghamton, New York. pp.299- 310 

TOPICS:     Geomorphology, stream networks, channel adjustments, gully 
            erosion 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schumm, S.A. and R.W. Lichty 

PUB. YEAR:  1965 

TITLE:      Time, space, and causality in geomorphology 

SOURCE:     Am. J. of Science, 263: 110-119 

TOPICS:     Geomorphology, stream characteristics, channel adjustments 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schumm, S.A., M.D. Harvey and C.C. Watson 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Incised Channels: Morphology, Dynamics and Control 

SOURCE:     Water Resources Publications, Littleton, CO. 

TOPICS:     Gully erosion, gully control, stream networks, channel morph- 
            ology, channel adjustments 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sedell, J.R. and J.L. Froggatt 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Importance of streamside forests to large rivers: the 
            isolation of the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A., from its 
            floodplain by snagging and streamside forest removal 

SOURCE:     For. Sci. Lab., U.S.D.A.-Forest Service, Corvallis, OR. 
            Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische 
            und Angenwandte Limnologie, 22: 1828-1834 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation, historical ecology, historic inves- 
            tigation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Seyedbagheri, Kathleen A., Michael L. McHenry and William S. 
            Platts 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      An annotated bibliography of the hydrology and fisheries 
            studies of the South Fork Salmon River 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A.-Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-235, Ogden, UT. 27 
            p. 

TOPICS:     Bibiliography, aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries, soil 
            erosion 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sharp, Brian 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Management guidelines for the willow flycatcher 

SOURCE:     U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR, January, 1987. 
            21 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian bird communities 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Shinn, D.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1976 

TITLE:      Land use habits and changes in vegetation on eastern Oregon 
            rangelands: an historic perspective 

SOURCE:     First Conference on Scientific Research in the National Parks, 
            Proc., Nov. 9-12 1976, U.S.D.I. National Park Service Trans. 
            and Proc. Series No. 5. pp. 1135-1141 

TOPICS:     Rangeland ecosystems, historical ecology, land use 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Siekert, R.E., M.A. Smith, J.D. Rodgers, J.L. Dodd and Q.D. 
            Skinner 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Change in stream channel morphology with grazing of an 
            ephemeral stream in Wyoming 

SOURCE:     Abstracts. 40th Annual Meeting, Society of Range Management. 

TOPICS:     Channel morphology, livestock impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Silverman, A.J. and W.D. Tomlinson 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Biohydrology of mountain fluvial systems: the Yellowstone, 
            Parts I and II 

SOURCE:     Montana Water Resour. Res. Center Completion Report 147, Dec. 
            1984. 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation, geomorphology, fisheries, 
            aquatic/riparian habitat 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Simons, D.B. 

PUB. YEAR:  1975 

TITLE:      The geomorphic and hydraulic response of rivers. 

SOURCE:     Trans. of the Wildlife Manage. Inst. 40th N. Am. Wildlife and 
            Natural Resources Conference, Pittsburg, PA, Mar. 1975. pp. 
            209-219 

TOPICS:     Channel morphology, channel hydraulics, geomorphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Simons, D.B. and Ruh-Ming Li 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Bank erosion on regulated rivers 

SOURCE:     Hey, R.D., J.C. Bathurst, and C.R. Thorne (eds.) Gravel Bed 
            Rivers. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., New York, pp. 717-747 

TOPICS:     Streambank erosion, channel hydraulics, channel morphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Skinner, Q.D., J.C. Adams and M.R. Hussey 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Distribution of denitrifying and sulfate reducing bacteria 
            within a riparian zone along a mountain stream 

SOURCE:     U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Resour. Div., Reston, VA. Report No. 
            USGS/G-879-07. 71 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian soils, soil characteristics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Skinner, Q.D., J.E. Speck, M. Smith and J.C. Adams 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Stream water quality as influenced by beaver within grazing 
            systems in Wyoming 

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage. 37 (2): 142-146 

TOPICS:     Water quality, beaver ecology, grazing systems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Skinner, Q.D., M.A. Smith, J.L. Dodd, J.D. Rodgers and R.E. 
            Siekert 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      The effects of selected grazing treatment on channel 
            morphology and sediment within the riparian zone of Fifteen 
            Mile Creek 

SOURCE:     Abstracts. 39th Annual Meeting, Society of Range Management. 

TOPICS:     Channel morphology, livestock impacts, grazing systems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith, Derald G. 

PUB. YEAR:  1976 

TITLE:      Effect of vegetation on lateral migration of anastomosed 
            channels of a glacier meltwater river 

SOURCE:     Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 87: 857-860 

TOPICS:     Geomorphology, streambank stability, riparian vegetation, soil 
            erosion, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith, Derald G. 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      River ice processes: thresholds and geo- morphological effects 
            in northern and mountain rivers 

SOURCE:     Coates, Donald R. and John D. Vitek (eds.) Thresholds in Geo- 
            morphology. Geomorphology Symposium Series, Binghamton, NY. 
            George Allen & Unwin, Boston, MA. pp. 323-343 

TOPICS:     River ice, geomorphology, channel morphology, channel 
            adjustments 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sollins, P., C.A. Glassman and C.M. Dahm 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Composition and possible origin of ditrital material in 
            headwater streams 

SOURCE:     Ecology, 66: 297-299 

TOPICS:     Riparian ecosystems, organic debris 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Speaker, R., K. Moore and S. Gregory 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Analysis of the process of retention of organic matter in 
            stream ecosystems 

SOURCE:     Verhandlung Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie, 22 (3): 
            1835-1841 

TOPICS:     Sediment transport, stream ecosystems, riparian vegetation, 
            organic debris, material transfer 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stednick, J.D. and W.C. Leininger 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Rangeland and Watershed Management 

SOURCE:     Introduction to Forest Science. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New 
            York. (in press) 

TOPICS:     Rangeland ecosystems, water resource management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stevens, Michael A. and Carl F. Nordin, Jr. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Critique of the regime theory for alluvial channels 

SOURCE:     J. Hydraul. Engineer., 113 (11): 1359-1379 

TOPICS:     Hydrology, channel hydraulics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Still, D.A. and S.F. Shih 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Using Landsat data to classify land use for assessing the 
            basinwide runoff index 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Bull., 21 (6): 931-940 276. Still, D.A. and S.F. 
            Shih (1985) Using Landsat data to classify land use for 
            assessing the basinwide runoff index. Water Resour. Bull., 21 
            (6): 931-940 

TOPICS:     Land use, remote sensing, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swanson, F.J., R.L. Fredrikson and F.M. McCorison 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Material transfer in a western Oregon forested watershed 

SOURCE:     R.L. Edmonds (ed.) Analysis of Coniferous Forest Ecosystems in 
            the Western United States. US/IBP Synthesis Series 14, 
            Stroudsburg, PA, Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co. pp. 267-291 

TOPICS:     Material transfer, organic debris, soil erosion, ecosystem 
            dis- turbance 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swanson, F.J., S.V. Gregory, J.R. Sedell and A.G. Campbell 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Land - water interactions: the riparian zone 

SOURCE:     R.L. Edmonds (ed.) Analysis of Coniferous Forest Ecosystems in 
            the Western United States. US/IBP Synthesis Series 14, 
            Stroudsburg, PA, Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co. pp. 267-291 

TOPICS:     Riparian ecosystems, riparian vegetation, aquatic/riparian 
            habitat, material transfer, organic debris 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swanson, F.J., R.L. Graham and G.E. Grant 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Some effects of slope movement on river channels 

SOURCE:     Intern. Sympos. Erosion Debris Flow and Disaster Prevention, 
            Septh 3-5, Tsukuba, Jaban. pp. 273-278 

TOPICS:     Soil erosion, geomorphology, channel morphology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swanson, Sherman 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      The value of healthy riparian areas 

SOURCE:     Fact Sheet, College of Agriculture, University of Nevada-Reno, 
            Nevada Cooperative Extension. 3 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation, water resources 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swanson, Sherman, Ray Miles, Steve Leonard and Kenneth Genz 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Classifying rangeland riparian areas: the Nevada approach. 

SOURCE:     Interagency task force report, Nevada Riparian Management and 
            Research and Management Task Force, Reno, NV. 13 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian management, classification 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swift, Bryan L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Status of riparian ecosystems in the United States. Water 
            Resour 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Bull., 20 (2): 223-228 

TOPICS:     Riparian ecosytems, riparian vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Szaro, Robert C. and Martin D. Jakle 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Avian use of a desert riparian island and adjacent shrub 
            habitat 

SOURCE:     The Condor 87: 511-519 

TOPICS:     Riparian bird communities, riparian vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tabor, James E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1976 

TITLE:      Inventory of riparian habitats and associated wildlife along 
            the Columbia River 

SOURCE:     Final Report, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Pacific 
            Division. pp. 352-771 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, inventory, riparian vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Teaford, James W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Beaver pond management 

SOURCE:     Section 5.5.2, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wildlife Resources 
            Management Manual, Environmental Impact Research Program, 
            Tech. Report EL-86-10. 10 p. 

TOPICS:     Beaver management, waterfowl management, riparian bird 
            communities 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Teskey, Robert O. and Thomas M. Hinkley 

PUB. YEAR:  1977 

TITLE:      Plant and soil responses to flooding. Vol. I 

SOURCE:     Impact of water level changes on woody riparian and wetland 
            communities, U.S.D.I. Fish and Wild- life Service/OBS-77/58. 
            30 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation, soil characteristics, flooding effects 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thomas, Allan E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Riparian protection/ enhancement in Idaho 

SOURCE:     Rangelands 8 (5): 224-227 

TOPICS:     Riparian enhancement, livestock impacts, BLM-Idaho riparian 
            projects 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     homas, Allan E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Idaho riparian and aquatic protection and enhancement program 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land Management Tech. Bull. 87-3 (A&B), 
            Nov. 1987, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID. 

TOPICS:     BLM-Idaho riparian projects, riparian enhancement 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thomas, Allan E. and Cheryl Wentzell 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      A bibliography of rip- arian topics with emphasis on the 
            intermountain west 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I.- Bureau of Land Management Tech. Bull. 86-4, Sept. 
            1986, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID. 

TOPICS:     Bibliography, aquatic/riparian habitat, riparian management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thorne, Colin R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Field measurements of rates of bank erosion and bank material 
            strength 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Florence Symposium, Erosion and Sediment 
            Transport Measurement, June 1981, IAHS Publ. No. 133. pp. 
            503-512 

TOPICS:     Streambank erosion, techniques, sediment characteristics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thorne, Colin R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Processes and mechanisms of river bank erosion 

SOURCE:     Hey, R.D., J.C. Bathurst and C.R. Thorne (eds.) Gravel Bed 
            Rivers. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., New York. pp. 227- 271 

TOPICS:     Channel hydraulics, streambank erosion 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thorne, Colin R. and N. Keith Tovey 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Stability of composite river banks 

SOURCE:     Earth Surf. Proc. and Landforms, Vol. 6: 469-484 

TOPICS:     Streambank stability, soil erosion, sediment characteristics, 
            sediment transport 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thorne, Colin R. and Lyle W. Zevenbergen 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Estimating mean velocity in mountain rivers 

SOURCE:     J. Hydraul. Engineer., 111 (4): 612-624 

TOPICS:     Hydrology, channel hydraulics 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tiedemann, A.R., D.A. Higgins, T.M. Quigley, H.R. Sanderson 
            and D.B. Marx 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Responses of fecal coliform in streamwater to four grazing 
            strategies 

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage. 40 (4): 322-329 

TOPICS:     Water quality, non-point source pollution, grazing systems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Triska, F.J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1984 

TITLE:      Role of wood debris in modifying channel geomorphology and 
            riparian areas of a large lowland river under pristine 
            conditions: a historical case study 

SOURCE:     Verhand- lung Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie, 22 (3): 
            1876-1892 

TOPICS:     Channel morphology, geomorphology, riparian ecosystems, 
            historic investigation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Troendle, C.A. and R.M. King 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Effect of partial and clear- cutting on streamflow at 
            Deadhorse Creek, Colorado 

SOURCE:     J. of Hydrology, 90: 145-157 

TOPICS:     Logging effects, hydrology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tucker, T.L. and W.C. Leininger 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Livestock grazing affects fish habitat and nongame wildlife 
            populations in a mountainous riparian area 

SOURCE:     Abst. of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Range 
            Manage., Boise, ID. (in press) 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries, livestock impacts, live- 
            stock management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1944 

TITLE:      The history of western range research 

SOURCE:     Agric. History, 18: 127-143 

TOPICS:     Grazing history 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.A.-Soil Conservation Service and U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land 
            Management 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Little Lost River Flood Control Measure Plan and Environmental 
            Impact Statement, Howe, Butte County, Idaho 

SOURCE:     67 p. 

TOPICS:     Flood control, flooding effects, habitat improvement 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.A.-Soil Conservation Service, Camas Soil Conservation 
            District & U.S.-Forest Service 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Idaho Cooperative River Basin Study: Camas Creek erosion and 
            sediment study 

SOURCE:     116 p. 

TOPICS:     Watershed restoration, streambank stabilization 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land Management 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Selected riparian area management strategies for: Arizona, 
            California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Wyoming 

SOURCE:     Unpubl. report on file, BLM State Office, Boise, ID. 55 p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian management, monitoring 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Summaries of riparian and stream alteration studies completed 
            by the Eastern Energy and Land Use Team 

SOURCE:     Eastern Energy and Land Use Team and National Water Resources 
            Analysis Group. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, vi. 38 p. 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, water resources 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     University of Washington 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Streamside Management - Riparian, Wildlife and Forestry 
            Interactions 

SOURCE:     Streamside Management - Riparian, Wildlife and Forestry 
            Interactions 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitats, riparian ecosystems, riparian 
            management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Vale, Thomas R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1975 

TITLE:      Presettlement vegetation in the sagebrush- grass area of the 
            Intermountain West 

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage., 28 (1): 32-36 

TOPICS:     Historic investigation, historic journals, livestock grazing, 
            rangeland ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Van Dyne, George M., William Burch, Sally Fairfax and William 
            Huey 

PUB. YEAR:  unknown 

TITLE:      Forage allocation on arid and semi arid public grazing lands: 
            summary and recommendations 

SOURCE:     Developing Strategies for Rangeland Management: A Report. pp. 
            1-25 

TOPICS:     Forage allocation, livestock management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Van Haveren, Bruce P. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Management of instream flows through runoff detention and 
            retention 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Bull. 22 (3): 399-404 

TOPICS:     Instream flows, modeling 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Van Haveren, Bruce, Eric B. Janes and William L. Jackson 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Nonpoint pollution control on public lands 

SOURCE:     J. Soil and Water Conserv., 40 (1): 92-94 

TOPICS:     Non-point source pollution, water quality, sediment yield 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Van Haveren, Bruce P. and William L. Jackson 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Concepts in stream riparian rehabilitation 

SOURCE:     Trans. 51st N.A. Wildl. & Nat. Res. Conf., Mar. 21-26, 1986, 
            Reno, NV. pp. 280-289 

TOPICS:     Riparian ecosystems, geomorphology, hydrology, channel 
            adjustments 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Vance, Mary 

PUB. YEAR:  1986) 

TITLE:      Wetland conservation: a bibliography 

SOURCE:     Public Administration Series: Bibiliography #P 2058, ISSN: 
            0193-970X, ISBN: 1-55590-118-2, Vance Bibliographies, P.O. Box 
            229, Monticello, IL 61856. 20 p. 

TOPICS:     Wetland conservation, bibliography 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Vasiliev, O.F. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      System modeling of the interaction between surface and ground 
            waters in problems of hydrology 

SOURCE:     J. Hydrol. Sciences, 32 (3): 297-311 

TOPICS:     Hydrology, modeling, surface water-groundwater interaction 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Walker, John W. and R.K. Heitschmidt 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Effect of various grazing systems on type and density of 
            cattle trails 

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage., 39 (5): 428-430 

TOPICS:     Livestock grazing, livestock impacts, grazing systems 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Walling, D.E. and P. Kane 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Temporal variation of suspended sediment properties 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent 
            Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and 
            Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 409-419 

TOPICS:     Sediment transport, nonpoint-source pollution 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Walling, D.E. and B.W. Webb 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Sediment availability and the prediction of storm-period 
            sediment yields 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent 
            Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and 
            Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 327-337 

TOPICS:     Sediment transport, modeling, sediment yield 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Walters, M. Alice, Robert Teskey and Thomas M. Hinkley 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Mediterranean region/ western arid and semi-arid region. Vol 
            VII 

SOURCE:     Impact of water level changes on woody riparian and wetland 
            communities, U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service/OBS-78/93. 90 
            p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Walters, M. Alice, Teskey, Robert and Thomas M. Hinkley 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain Regions. Vol. VII 

SOURCE:     Impact of water level changes on woody riparian and wetland 
            communities, U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service/OBS-78/93. 90 
            p. 

TOPICS:     Riparian vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Welch, R. and T.R. Jorday 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Analytic non-metric close-range photogrammetry for monitoring 
            stream channel erosion 

SOURCE:     Photo- gram. Enginner. and Rem. Sens., 49 (3): 367-374 

TOPICS:     Streambank erosion, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Weltz, Mark and M. Karl Wood 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Short duration grazing in New Mexico: effects on sediment 
            production 

SOURCE:     J. Soil and Water Conserv. Jul.-Aug., 1986. pp. 262-266 

TOPICS:     Soil erosion, sediment production, livestock grazing, 
            livestock impacts 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wesch, T.A., D.W. Reiser and V.R. Hasfurther 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Development and testing of a new technique for measuring fine 
            sediment in streams 

SOURCE:     1986 Symposium on mining, hydrology, sedimentology, and 
            reclamation. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, Dec. 8-12. 
            pp. 49-53 

TOPICS:     Sediment transport, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wesch, T.A., C.M. Goertler and C.B. Frye 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Contribution of riparian vegetation to trout cover in small 
            streams. N. Am. 

SOURCE:     J. Fisheries Manage. 7: 151-153 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, riparian vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Whittaker, J.G. and T.R.H. Davies 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Erosion and sediment transport processes in step-pool torrents 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent 
            Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and 
            Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 99-104 

TOPICS:     Soil erosion, sediment transport 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Williams, J.R., A.D. Nicks and J.G. Arnold 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Simulator for water resources in rural basins 

SOURCE:     J. Hydraul. Engineer., 111 (6): 970-986 

TOPICS:     Modeling, hydrology, sediment yield 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wilson, Bruce N. and Billy J. Barfield 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      A detachment model for non-cohesive sediment 

SOURCE:     Trans. of the ASAE, 29 (2): 445-449 

TOPICS:     Sediment transport, modeling 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wilson, Lars 

PUB. YEAR:  1962 

TITLE:      Observations on the dambuilding behavior of the beaver (Castor 
            fiber l.) in a stream tank 

SOURCE:     Technical report EOOAR Contract No. AF 61(052)-195. 21 p. 

TOPICS:     Beaver, beaver ecology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wilzbach, M.A. and K.W. Cummins 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Influence of habitat man- ipulations on interactions between 
            cuttroat trout and inver- tibrate drift 

SOURCE:     Ecology, 67 (4): 898-911 

TOPICS:     Aquatic/riparian habitat, fisheries, aquatic 
            macroinvertebrates 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Windell, John T., B.E. Willard, D.J. Cooper, S.Q. Foster, C.F. 
            Knud-Hansen, L.P. Rink and G.N. Kiladis 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      An ecological characterization of Rocky Mountain Montane and 
            subalpine wetlands 

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service, OBS-Report 86 (11). 295 p. 

TOPICS:     Wetlands, wetland ecology 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wolman, M. Gordon 

PUB. YEAR:  1954 

TITLE:      A method of sampling coarse river-bed material 

SOURCE:     Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Vol. 35, No. 6, Dec. 1954. pp. 
            951-956 

TOPICS:     Channel characteristics, techniques 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wolman, M. Gordon 

PUB. YEAR:  1959 

TITLE:      Factors influencing erosion of a cohesive river bank 

SOURCE:     Am. J. of Science, Vol. 257, March 1959. pp. 204- 216 

TOPICS:     Streambank erosion 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wolman, M. Gordon and Ran Gerso 

PUB. YEAR:  1978 

TITLE:      Relative scales of time and effectiveness of climate in 
            watershed geomorpholog 

SOURCE:     Earth Surf. Proc., 3: 189-208 

TOPICS:     Geomorphology, drainage basins, climate 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Yoo, Kyung H. and Myron Molnau 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Upland soil erosion simulation for agricultural watersheds 

SOURCE:     Water Resour. Bull., 23 (5): 819- 827 

TOPICS:     Modeling, soil erosion 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Young, R.A. and C.A. Onstad 

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      The effect of soil characteris- tics on erosion and nutrient 
            loss 

SOURCE:     Proceeding of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982, Recent 
            Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and 
            Sediment Yield, IAHS Publ. No. 137. pp. 105-113 

TOPICS:     Soil characteristics, soil erosion, sediment transport, 
            non-point source pollution 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Zimmerman, R.C., J.C. Goodlet and G.H. Comer 

PUB. YEAR:  1967 

TITLE:      Influence of vegetation on channel form of small streams 

SOURCE:     Int. Assoc. Scient. Hydrol.: Symposium on River Morphology, 
            Publ. 75. pp. 255-275 

TOPICS:     Channel morphology, riparian vegetation 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Zurowski, Wirgiliuz 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Preliminary results of European beaver reintroduction in the 
            tributary streams of the Vistula River 

SOURCE:     Acta Theriologica 24 (7): 85-91 

TOPICS:     Beaver, beaver ecology, beaver management 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Alexander, E.B. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Proceedings of watershed '89: a conference on the stewardship 
            of soil, air and water resources: Juneau, AK, March 21-23, 
            1989 

SOURCE:     U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska Region, 
            Juneau, AK. 215 pp. Service, Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 215 
            pp. 

TOPICS:     watershed hydrology, biological diversity 

COMMENTS:   Some papers relevant to riparian issues included in this 
            bibliography. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Alexander, E.B., E. Kissinger, R.H. Huecker and P.Cullen 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Soils of southeast Alaska as sinks for organic carbon fixed 
            from atmospheric carbon dioxide. p. 203-210 

SOURCE:     E.B. Alexander (ed.), Proceedings of Watershed '89: A 
            Conference on the Stewardship of Soil, Air, and Water 
            Resources. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 
            Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 215 pp. 

TOPICS:     wetland soils, soil development 

COMMENTS:   Discusses the organic carbon (C) storage in histosols and 
            other wet-soil orders, indicating a possible increase in 
            organic C storage as glaciers recede. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Allen, E.O. 

PUB. YEAR:  1968 

TITLE:      Range use, foods, condition, and productivity of white-tailed 
            deer in Montana 

SOURCE:     J. Wildl. Manage. 32(1):130-141. white-tailed deer in Montana. 
            J. Wildl. Manage. 32(1):130-141. 

TOPICS:     white-tailed deer, wildlife habitat 

COMMENTS:   The study area included 20 bottoms and three islands of the 
            Missouri River floodplain, Montana. Forty and 33 percent of 
            summer deer (white-tailed deer, Odocoileus viginianus) 
            observations, and 22 and 35 percent of fall deer observations 
            were made in the meadow vegetation type (distributed generally 
            throughout the floodplain) and alfalfa fields, respectively. 
            Fifty percent of winter and 19 percent of spring observations 
            were in the cottonwood type (adjacent to the river). 
            Weed-infested fields accounted for 26 and 53 percent of winter 
            and spring observations, respectively. Western snowberry 
            (Symphoricarpos occidentalis), occurring in the cottonwood 
            vegetation type, was the most important food type. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Amaranthus, M., H. Jubas and D. Arthur 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Stream shading, summer streamflow and maximum water 
            temperature following intense wildfire in headwater streams. 
            p.75-78 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Symposium on Fire and Watershed Management; 
            1988, Sacramento, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-109. Berkeley, CA: 
            U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific 
            Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 164p. 

TOPICS:     streamwater temperature, riparian forest, fire effects 

COMMENTS:   Adjacent headwater streams were monitored for postfire shade, 
            summer streamflow and maximum water temperature following the 
            Silver Complex fire in southern Oregon. Variation in maximum 
            water temperature increase was strongly correlated to stream 
            flow and percent total streamside shade. Dead vegetation 
            provided the most shade. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Anonymous 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Beaver management program for the Wood River Resource 
            Conservation and Development Area. A report sponsored by the 
            Blaine, Camas, Wood River, and Gooding Soil Conservation 
            Districts 

SOURCE:     Wood River R.C. and D. Project assisted by the U.S. Department 
            of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 

TOPICS:     beaver, riparian management 

COMMENTS:   A beaver management committee has been formed by public and 
            private land managers within the Wood River Resource and 
            Conservation and Development Project Area. The report outlines 
            the goals of this committee and its beaver management policy. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Anonymous 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Montana Riparian Association bibliography 

SOURCE:     Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, University 
            of Montana, Missoula, MT. 

TOPICS:     bibliography, riparian habitat, riparian management 

COMMENTS:   Alphabetically arranged by author, without annotation. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Anthony, R.G., E.D. Forsman, G.A. Green, G. Witmer, and S.K. 
            Nelson. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Small mammal populations in riparian zones of different-aged 
            coniferous forest 

SOURCE:     The Murrelet 68:94-102. 

TOPICS:     bibliography, riparian habitat, riparian management 

COMMENTS:   Small mammals were trapped in riparian zones in young, 
            mature, and old-growth coniferous forests in spring and summer 
            of one year. More species, but fewer individuals, were 
            captured on the streamside transects in comparison to the 
            riparian fringe transects, 15-20 m from the stream. No species 
            was solely dependent on riparian zones in old-growth forests, 
            however, additional studies are needed. (from authors 
            abstract) 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Auble, G.T., D.B. Hamilton, J.E. Roelle, J. Clayton, L.H. 
            Fredrickson 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      A prototype expert system for moist soil management. p. 
            137-143 

SOURCE:     Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). 
            Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian 
            Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, 
            Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland 
            Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. 

TOPICS:     soil moisture, management 

COMMENTS:   A computer program that suggests management regimes for a set 
            of moist soil impoundments. The program meets a series of 
            ranked habitat objectives by assigning management regimes to 
            particular units, and considers unit characteristics such as 
            vegetation and hydrologic constraints. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Baad, M.F. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Soil-vegetation correlations within the riparian zone of Butte 
            Sink in the Sacramento Valley of northern California 

SOURCE:     S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88(25). 48 pp. 

TOPICS:     riparian classification, riparian plant communities, riparian 
            soils 

COMMENTS:   The study tests a system for delineating wetlands by 
            correlation of vegetation indices with soil types. Each plant 
            was assigned a wetland indicator number, based on prepared 
            plant lists or a provisional number for species not previously 
            listed for the area. Vegetation indices included the wetland 
            indicator and either the plant density or percent cover. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bain, M.B. and J.T. Finn 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Streamflow regulation and fish community structure 

SOURCE:     Ecology 69 (2):382-392. 

TOPICS:     aquatic habitat, stream flow regulation, fishery, biological 
            diversity 

COMMENTS:   An abundant (>90% of all fish) and diverse (nine species) 
            group of small-fish species and size classes were restricted 
            to microhabitat that was characterized as shallow in depth, 
            slow in current velocity, and concentrated along stream 
            margins (tributaries of the Connecticut River, Vermont). This 
            group of fish was reduced in abundance in the regulated river 
            and absent at the study site with the greatest flow 
            fluctuation. Another fish group included species and size 
            classes that used either a broad range of habitat or a 
            microhabitat that was deep, fast, or both, and was 
            concentrated in midstream areas. The density of fish in this 
            group was higher in the regulated river and peaked at the 
            sites with the greatest fluctuations in flow. Highly variable 
            and unpredictable flow regimes appear to be a high-frequency 
            disturbance that affects fish differently depending on the way 
            they use stream habitat and acts to reduce community 
            complexity. (from authors' abstract) 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Baker Jr., M.B. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      The diversity in streamflow response from upland basins in 
            Arizona 

SOURCE:     citation incomplete: author's address. U.S. Department of 
            Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range 
            Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Arizona 
            State University, Tempe, AZ. State University, Tempe, AZ.) 

TOPICS:     stream flow response, soil depth 

COMMENTS:   Soil depth was used to explain hydrograph differences for 
            study areas in Arizona during a wet year. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Baker, W.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Classification of the riparian vegetation of the montane and 
            subalpine zones in western Colorado 

SOURCE:     Great Basin Naturalist 49:214-228. 

TOPICS:     riparian classification, riparian forest, riparian plant 
            communities 

COMMENTS:   A classification of relatively undisturbed riparian 
            vegetation, remnant from pre-settlement vegetation, in western 
            Colorado. Plant associations include montane riparian forests, 
            subalpine riparian forests, lower subalpine willow carrs, 
            upper subalpine willow carrs and a subalpine wetland. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Baldwin, M.F. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Wetlands: fortifying federal and regional cooperation 

SOURCE:     Environment 29(7):17. 

TOPICS:     wetland protection, wetlands policy implementation 

COMMENTS:   Reviews the basis for federal government involvement in the 
            protection of wetlands, recommends the strengthening of local 
            and state programs by implementing an effective efficient 
            wetland regulatory program under Section 404 of the Clean 
            Water Act and by focussed planning to protect valuable and 
            vulnerable wetlands in cooperation with other federal, state 
            and local agencies, private groups and the public. (from 
            author's introduction) 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Barclay, J.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Impact of stream alterations on riparian communities in 
            southcentral Oklahom 

SOURCE:     U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 
            Biological Services Program: FWS/OBS-80/17. 91 p. 

TOPICS:     stream channelization, biological diversity, riparian 
            vegetation, birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles 

COMMENTS:   Evaluates the effects on bird, mammal, amphibian, and reptile 
            populations of stream channelization and stream impoundment in 
            the southern grasslands region, Oklahoma. Two channelized 
            streams and one impounded stream, all major tributaries of the 
            Washita River, were studied. Present day land use was usually 
            the most apparent factor determining vegetation differences 
            between sites. Altered flood patterns reduced productivity on 
            channelized or impounded streams, however. Bird, amphibian, 
            reptile and small mammal species richness was reduced on 
            channelized sites. Impoundment effects tended towards lower 
            species diversity and higher relative abundance on downstream 
            sites. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Beaudry, P.G. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Hydrology of the Skeena River floodplains I: Implications to 
            herbicide use. p. 165-171 

SOURCE:     E.B. Alexander (ed.), Proceedings of Watershed '89: A 
            Conference on the Stewardship of Soil, Air, and Water 
            Resources. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 
            Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 215 pp. 

TOPICS:     water quality, herbicide fate, floodplain hydrology 

COMMENTS:   Based on the annual groundwater regime, stratigraphy of 
            deposits, soil characteristics, soil and air climates, and 
            chemical/physical properties of herbicides, inferences were 
            made about the probable herbicide fate in the coastal alluvial 
            environment. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Beaudry, P.G. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Hydrology of the Skeena River Floodplains II: Flood hazard 
            classification for silviculture. p. 173-178. 

SOURCE:     E.B. Alexander (ed.), Proceedings of Watershed '89: A 
            Conference on the Stewardship of Soil, Air, and Water 
            Resources. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 
            Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 215 pp. 

TOPICS:     floodplain hydrology, planting, aerial photography 

COMMENTS:   A flood hazard classification system based on flood level for 
            planting of sitka spruce. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bezanson, C.E. and L.E. Hughes. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      A riparian zone-one story 

SOURCE:     Rangelands 11(2):56-57. 

TOPICS:     grazing systems, riparian enhancement, southwestern desert 
            streams 

COMMENTS:   A brief case study of riparian vegetation enhancement by 
            grazing management in "The Strip" of northwestern Arizona. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Blakesley, J.A. and K.R. Reese 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Avian use of campground and noncampground sites in riparian 
            zone 

SOURCE:     Journal of Wildlife Management 52(3):339-402. 

TOPICS:     bird communities 

COMMENTS:   Shrub, sapling and tree densities; cover of residual stems 
            and deadwood; and litter depth were all lower in campground 
            than noncampground plots. Differences in avian community 
            composition appeared related to nesting substrate, cover, and 
            foraging substrate. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bledsoe, S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      An alternative approach to the regulation of riparian 
            management 

SOURCE:     Streamside Management: Riparian Wildlife and Forestry 
            Interactions. p. 239-244. University Washington, Institute of 
            Forest Resources, no. 59: Seattle, WA. 

TOPICS:     wetlands policy implementation 

COMMENTS:   A forest industry proponent, bureaucrat, regulator and 
            legislator comments on regulatory approaches to riparian 
            management with the conclusion that regulations are best 
            designed to support site-specific decision making process and 
            that monitoring is essential. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Boggs, K. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      A site classification with management information for riparian 
            and wetland sites in northwest Montana 

SOURCE:     Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and 
            Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana 
            Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in 
            Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of 
            Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 

TOPICS:     riparian classification, riparian plant communities 

COMMENTS:   Seral plant communities (community types) have, 
            theoretically, not reached a steady state condition and, thus, 
            some species are still being replaced by others. Seral 
            communities may, however, remain stable for time frames 
            relevant to land management decisions. Major seral communities 
            are included in the riparian/wetland classification scheme. 
            See Boggs et al.(1990) and Hansen et al. (1989) for complete 
            riparian and wetland classification scheme with habitat types 
            defined for Montana. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Boggs, K., P. Hansen, R. Pfister, and J. Joy 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in 
            northwestern Montana 

SOURCE:     Draft Version 1. Montana Riparian Association, Montana Forest 
            and Conservation Experiment Station, University of Montana, 
            Missoula, MT. 217 pp. 

TOPICS:     riparian classification, riparian plant communities, riparian 
            soils, riparian management 

COMMENTS:   A key for identifying riparian site types, i.e., areas 
            occupied or potentially occupied by a specific riparian 
            association (plant community type representing the latest 
            successional stage attainable on a specific hydrologic site). 
            Community types which represent disclimax or seral communities 
            that are stable for time frames relevant to land management 
            decisions are described. Habitat types are described for 
            specific communities. Soils, adjacent communities and 
            management information is provided for each habitat type. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bohn, C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Management of winter soil temperatures to control streambank 
            erosion. p.69-71. 

SOURCE:     R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.), Riparian 
            Resource Management, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau 
            of Land Management. 193 pp. 

TOPICS:     streambank erosion, soil temperature, streambank vegetation 

COMMENTS:   Freeze-thaw cycles in soil are of greater magnitude without 
            vegetation than with vegetation cover. Soil frost reduces soil 
            strength. Hypothesizes that vegetation insulates the 
            streambank soil and so may improve bank stability. Different 
            vegetative cover affects freeze-thaw cycles and so may also 
            affect bank stability. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Boring, K.K., L. Boring, T. Harris, and F. Cubbage 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Section 404 Federal Wetlands Regulation: defining wetlands and 
            corps jurisdiction 

SOURCE:     TOPS (spring 1988):18-21. 

TOPICS:     wetlands regulation 

COMMENTS:   Review of federal law that has evolved regarding the waters 
            of the United States that fall under the 404 permit 
            requirements administered by the COE (Corps of Engineers) and 
            comparison of the scientific concept of wetlands with the 
            current method of wetlands delineation employed by the COE. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Boule, M.E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Wetland creation and enhancement in the Pacific Northwest. p. 
            130-136. 

SOURCE:     J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend (eds.). Increasing Our Wetland 
            Resources. National Wildlife Federation Proceedings, Oct. 
            1987, Washington D.C. 

TOPICS:     wetlands creation, project management 

COMMENTS:   Management and assessment of a wetland creation project. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Braasch, S., and G.W. Tanner. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Riparian zone inventory 

SOURCE:     Rangelands, 11(3):103-106. 

TOPICS:     riparian inventory, beaver 

COMMENTS:   Qualitative observations of beaver and grazing impacts, 
            Pfankuch bank/channel stability evaluation and plant habitat 
            classification of mountain stream riparian zones. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brinson, M.M. 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Riparian and floodplain ecosystems: functions, values, and 
            management 

SOURCE:     U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 
            Biological Services Program, Eastern Energy and Land Use Team, 
            Kearneysville, WV. 7 p. 

TOPICS:     riparian, floodplain management 

COMMENTS:   A synopsis of functions, values and management of riparian 
            floodplain ecosystems. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Britton, C.M. and F.A. Sneva 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Effects of haying and non-use on flood meadow vegetation. 
            p.5-7. 

SOURCE:     Research in Rangeland Management, Oregon State University, 
            Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 549: Oregon 
            State Univ., Corvallis, OR. 39 p. 

TOPICS:     management, meadow vegetation 

COMMENTS:   Comparison of herbage yield and plant species composition for 
            hayed and adjacent uncut meadow areas. See Britton et al. 
            (1980), referred to in the 1986 bibliography (Thomas and 
            Wentzell, 1986), for subsequent results. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brown, C.R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Avian use of native and exotic riparian habitats on the Snake 
            River, Idaho 

SOURCE:     M.Sc. Thesis. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. 60 
            pp. 

TOPICS:     wildlife habitat, bird communities, biological diversity 

COMMENTS:   Avian use in 5 riparian habitat types (willow, Russian olive, 
            willow-Russian olive mix, river birch and hackberry) was 
            inventoried during the winter and breeding seasons, 1989. 
            Twenty-two species were observed during winter inventories and 
            36 species observed during the breeding season of which 21 
            species bred in the study area. Willow sites had higher 
            species richness and density than the exotic Russian olive 
            sites. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Burke, I.C., W.A. Reiners, and D.S. Schimel. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Organic matter turnover in a sagebrush-steppe landscape 

SOURCE:     Biogeochemistry 7: 11-31. 

TOPICS:     soil processes 

COMMENTS:   Compares organic matter accumulation and N in surface soils 
            of sagebrush steppe vegetation and in different 
            micro-topographic positions. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cale, W.G., G.M. Henebry, and J.A. Yeakley 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Inferring process from pattern in natural communities 

SOURCE:     Can we understand what we see? BioScience 39(9):600-605. 

TOPICS:     ecosystem processes 

COMMENTS:   Thesis: predictions must derive from analysis of fundamental 
            processes, not from analysis of biological patterns. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Carson, R.G. and J.M. Peek 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Mule deer habitat selection patterns in northcentral 
            Washington 

SOURCE:     J. Wildl. Manage. 51(1):46-51. 

TOPICS:     mule deer, wildlife habitat 

COMMENTS:   Mule deer (northcentral Washington) used the riparian cover 
            type for thermal protection, security and browsing (Saskatoon 
            serviceberry). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Chadwick, D.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      The biodiversity challenge. By linking protected habitats, 
            America can aid the survival of nature's richness 

SOURCE:     Defenders Magazine Special Report, Defenders of Wildlife, 
            Portland, OR. 14 p. 

TOPICS:     biological diversity, gap analysis, wildlife habitat 

COMMENTS:   The essay introduces concepts of island biogeography and 
            applies these to wildlife survival on islands of natural 
            habitat created by human conversion of landscapes. Wildlife 
            conservation is discussed in terms of conservation of habitat 
            types, the areal extent and continuity of habitats. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Chaney, E., W. Elmore, and W.S. Platts 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Livestock grazing on western riparian areas 

SOURCE:     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 45 p. 

TOPICS:     grazing effects, riparian enhancement, management 

COMMENTS:   A glossy presentation with photographs addressing riparian 
            functions, values and issues, documenting cases of successful 
            riparian enhancement studies throughout the west. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cheng, J.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Streamflow changes after clear-cut logging of a pine 
            beetle-infested watershed in southern British Columbia, Canada 

SOURCE:     Water Resources Research 25(3):449-456. 

TOPICS:     stream flow, logging effects 

COMMENTS:   In response to clear-cut logging over 30% of a watershed, 
            annual and monthly water yields and annual peak flows 
            increased, and annual peak flow and half flow volume 
            occurrence dates arrived earlier than for pre-logging 
            conditions and for a no-cut control watershed. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ciliberti, V. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Small scale placer mining on Bureau of Land Management (BLM) 
            administered land 

SOURCE:     Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and 
            Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana 
            Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in 
            Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of 
            Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 

TOPICS:     placer mining management 

COMMENTS:   In Montana, regulation of placer mining operations under 5 
            acres in a rea is achieved by negotiation with the operator. 
            The BLM has few powers to compel compliance by operators. 
            Water quality violation is a possible avenue for obtaining 
            compliance (from author's abstract). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clary, W.P. and D.E. Medin. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Differences in vegetation biomass and structure due to cattle 
            grazing in a northern Nevada riparian ecosystem 

SOURCE:     Res. Pap. INT-427. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 
            Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 8 p. 

TOPICS:     riparian plant communities, grazing effects, grazing 
            exclosure 

COMMENTS:   The study area is on the West Fork of Deer Creek in 
            northeastern Nevada. Plots are located within an 11-year 
            grazing exclosure and on the adjacent grazed riparian zone. 
            Cattle grazing effects were concentrated in the riparian, not 
            in adjacent uplands. Positioning of the exclosure fence across 
            the narrow Deer Creek canyon probably reduced cattle access to 
            the unfenced riparian, resulting in similar aspen stands 
            upstream of the exclosure and within the exclosure. Below the 
            exclosure, grazing had a major impact on aspen regeneration 
            and stand structure. Greatest vegetation biomass differences 
            between the grazed and fenced areas occurred among graminoid 
            species. Willow stands were extremely variable, masking 
            biomass differences. There were no significant differences 
            between sites for biomass of small shrubs, but large shrubs 
            other than willow had significantly greater biomass in the 
            grazed areas. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clary, W.P. and B.F. Webster. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Managing grazing of riparian areas in the Intermountain Region 

SOURCE:     Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-263. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of 
            Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 
            11 p. 

TOPICS:     grazing management 

COMMENTS:   Riparian grazing management recommendations for planning and 
            implementing riparian grazing on National Forest System lands 
            in the Intermountain Region. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clary, W.P., and B.F. Webster. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Riparian grazing guidelines for the Intermountain Region 

SOURCE:     Rangelands 12:209-212. 

TOPICS:     grazing management 

COMMENTS:   Grazing practices which intend to reduce impacts on the 
            herbaceous plant community, the woody plant community and 
            streambank morphology are recommended. Criteria of minimum 
            season-end stubble heights and an emphasis on early grazing 
            are aimed at the maintenance of the woody plant community and 
            streambank morphology. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clifton, C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Effects of vegetation and landuse on channel morphology. p. 
            121-129 

SOURCE:     R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.), Riparian 
            Resource Management. An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department 
            of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 193 pp. 

TOPICS:     hydrology, channel morphology, streambank vegetation 

COMMENTS:   Variability of channel morphology within a drainage is high 
            and depends on factors such as vegetation, associated land 
            uses, and organic debris. Increased channel roughness reduces 
            erosional energy and promotes sedimentation. 
            Vegetation-responsive channel parameters include channel 
            width, wetted perimeter, channel shape. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clifton, C. and A.E. Thomas 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      A bibliography of riparian and related topics with emphasis on 
            the Intermountain West 

SOURCE:     Technical Bulletin 88-2. U.S. Department of the Interior, 
            Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID. 69 
            pp. 

TOPICS:     BLM, bibliography, riparian 

COMMENTS:   Lists recent publications up to 1988 (322 references) that 
            address riparian topics. Copies of that bibliography in both 
            booklet and diskette form are available from A.E. Thomas at 
            the Idaho State Office, BLM. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Colby, B.G. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Enhancing instream flow benefits in and era of water marketing 

SOURCE:     Water Resources Research 26(6):1113-1120. 

TOPICS:     water rights, instream flow, policy 

COMMENTS:   This article examines current instream flow policies in the 
            western states and outlines the economic values generated by 
            stream flows. The author argues that instream values are high 
            enough to compete in the market for water rights with 
            offstream uses when important recreation sites and wildlife 
            species are involved. The paper suggests how western state 
            policies might be altered to accommodate instream flow 
            protection within the context of water marketing, with the 
            objective of improving the efficiency of water allocation 
            among instream and consumptive uses. (from author's abstract) 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Compton, B.B., R.J. Mackie, and G.L. Desek 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Factors influencing distribution of white-tailed deer in 
            riparian habitats 

SOURCE:     Journal of Wildlife Management 52(3): 544-548. 

TOPICS:     white-tailed deer, wildlife habitat 

COMMENTS:   Evaluation of factors influencing distribution of 
            white-tailed deer (Odocoileus viginianus) along the lower 
            Yellowstone River in eastern Montana during winter, summer and 
            fall, 1985. The amount of riparian forest and shrubland cover 
            was the most important factor influencing deer distribution 
            and accounted for 70% of the variation observed in relative 
            deer abundance among sections of the river bottom. Cattle 
            distribution and amount of island area also influenced the 
            distribution of deer (from Abstract). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cooperrider, A.Y. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Conservation of biological diversity on western rangelands 

SOURCE:     Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural 
            Resources Conference: 55th Annual Meeting, March 16-21, 1990, 
            Denver, CO.: Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C. 

TOPICS:     biological diversity, ecosystem processes 

COMMENTS:   Biological diversity - diversity at the community/habitat, 
            species and genetic levels - is threatened by our activities 
            on the western rangelands. The paper reviews programs that 
            currently address these losses and recommends further 
            research, expanded inventory taking and new programs that 
            focus on semi-natural areas that surround preserves. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Corn, P.S., and R.B. Bury 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Logging in western Oregon: responses of headwater habitats and 
            stream amphibians 

SOURCE:     Forest Ecology and Management, 29:39-57. 

TOPICS:     riparian forest, amphibians, biological diversity 

COMMENTS:   Compared the occurrence and abundance of amphibians between 
            streams flowing through uncut forests and streams in logged 
            stands where second growth has reestablished the canopy. 
            Pacific giant salamanders (Dicampton ensatus), Olympic 
            salamanders (Rhyacotriton olympicus), Dunn's salamanders 
            (Plethodon dunni), tailed frogs (Ascaphus truei). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cornwell, J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Developing grazing management plans for riparian areas 

SOURCE:     Idaho Range News, April (1990), Soil Conservation Service 
            (Boise). 

TOPICS:     grazing strategies 

COMMENTS:   Suggestions to managers for developing plans for management 
            of riparian grazing (a generalized view). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Crance, J.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Relationships between palustrine wetlands of forested riparian 
            floodplains and fishery resources: a review 

SOURCE:     U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88(32). 27 pp. 

TOPICS:     riparian forest, fishery, floodplain hydrology, ecosystem 
            processes 

COMMENTS:   Palustrine wetlands of forested riparian floodplains were 
            defined as freshwater wetlands that are coupled to upland 
            watersheds and to adjacent streams. Hydrology, nutrient 
            transport, productivity and fish species structure were 
            reviewed. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Crisco, W. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Riparian vegetation analysis with low altitude aerial 
            photography 

SOURCE:     A case study report, BLM Vale District, Oregon. BLM Remote 
            Sensing Section, Denver, CO. 

TOPICS:     riparian monitoring, aerial photography, BLM 

COMMENTS:   Infrared aerial photographs of 11 riparian sites were 
            obtained during two periods, 1981-1982 and in 1987, at scales 
            from 1:1, 790 to 1:3, 570. Vegetation and channel 
            characteristics were characterized and acreages of each 
            category determined. Significant vegetation changes were 
            observed. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cummins, K.W., M.A. Wilzbach, D.M. Gates, J.B. Perry and W.B. 
            Taliaferro 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Shredders and riparian vegetation 

SOURCE:     Bioscience 39(1):24-30. 

TOPICS:     stream invertebrates, riparian ecosystems, stream organic 
            debris 

COMMENTS:   Synthesis of a conceptual model that links riparian litter 
            with stream shredders which, as a group, convert large organic 
            plant substrates such as leaf litter into smaller particles. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Davis, G.J. and M.M. Brinson 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Responses of submersed vascular plant communities to 
            environmental change: summary 

SOURCE:     U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 
            Biological Services \ Program: FWS/OBS-80/42. 15 p. 

TOPICS:     aquatic plants, water quality 

COMMENTS:   Condensation of a more comprehensive, technical publication 
            by the same authors entitled RESPONSES OF SUBMERSED VASCULAR 
            PLANT COMMUNITIES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, FWS/OBS-79/33. 
            Environmental parameters include: light transmission, 
            fluctuating water levels, wave action, sedimentation, 
            nutrients, and seasonal effects. Potential impacts of various 
            developmental activities are discussed briefly. (authors' 
            abstract) 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Davis, R.K. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      The benefits of riparian development: a report to TGS 
            Technology Inc. on procedures for the economic evaluation of 
            riparian protection projects of the U.S. 

SOURCE:     Bureau of Land Management. 

TOPICS:     BLM, riparian management 

COMMENTS:   An economic analysis of riparian improvement projects. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     De Meo, T.E., and W.D. Loggy 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Development of wetlands mapping procedures for forest planning 
            in southeast Alaska. p. 57-72. 

SOURCE:     E.B. Alexander (ed.), Proceedings of Watershed '89: A 
            Conference on the Stewardship of Soil, Air, and Water 
            Resources. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 
            Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 215 pp. 

TOPICS:     wetland classification, geographical information system 

COMMENTS:   Wetland boundaries were generated using a geographical 
            information system (GIS), hydric soil information and wetland 
            plant associations. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     De Roo, A.P.J., L. Hazelhoff, and P.A. Burrough. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Soil erosion modelling using 'ANSWERS' and geographical 
            information systems 

SOURCE:     Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 14:517-532. 

TOPICS:     erosion models, soil erosion, geographical information system 

COMMENTS:   A model that simulates surface runoff and erosion was linked 
            to a Geographical Information System. Model output is very 
            sensitive to small changes of several input variables, such as 
            infiltration, antecedent soil moisture, and soil roughness. 
            Detailed information about rainfall intensities during an 
            event is needed. Sensitivity and insufficient input data make 
            the validation of ANSWERS difficult. (from abstract) 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     DeBano, L.F. and W.R. Hansen 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Rehabilitating depleted riparian areas using channel 
            structures. p. 141-148. 

SOURCE:     R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.), Riparian 
            Resource Management. An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department 
            of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 193 pp. 

TOPICS:     channel restoration, in-stream structures, riparian 
            enhancement 

COMMENTS:   Case studies of watershed-riparian rehabilitation. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     DeBano, L.F., and L. Schmidt 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Interrelationship between watershed condition and health of 
            riparian areas in southwestern United States. p. 45-52. 

SOURCE:     R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.). Riparian 
            Resource Management. An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department 
            of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 
            193 p. 

TOPICS:     riparian management, watershed rehabilitation, riparian 
            enhancement 

COMMENTS:   A review of relationships between the whole watershed and 
            riparian zones with watershed management suggestions for 
            improvement of the riparian. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     DeBano, L.F., and L.J. Schmidt. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Improving southwestern riparian areas through watershed 
            management 

SOURCE:     Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-182. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of 
            Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range 
            Experiment Station. 33 pp. 

TOPICS:     watershed rehabilitation, riparian enhancement, soil erosion, 
            in-stream structures, channel dynamics, streambank protection 
            structures 

COMMENTS:   This paper reviews opportunities and watershed restoration 
            techniques available for rehabilitating and enhancing riparian 
            ecosystems in southwest environments. As such, it is intended 
            to serve as a state-of-the-art report on riparian hydrology 
            and improvement in both naturally occurring and man-made 
            riparian areas throughout the Southwest (from Abstract). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     DeLaune, R.D., W.H. Patrick, and S.R. Pezeshki. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Forseeable flooding and death of coastal wetland forests 

SOURCE:     Environmental Conservation. 14(2):129-133. 

TOPICS:     soil, Cs137 

COMMENTS:   Of interest is the technique of dating sediment layers in 
            forest soils by measuring 137Cs activity in soil. 137Cs is a 
            product of nuclear-weapon testing and does not occur 
            naturally. Fallout levels first appeared in 1954 with peak 
            levels occurring in 1963 and 1964. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Deusen, M.S., and P.W. Adams 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Riparian areas: fish and wildlife havens 

SOURCE:     Woodland Fish and Wildlife Project, June 1989: World Forestry 
            Center, Portland, OR. 7 p. 

TOPICS:     riparian ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   This publication tells how riparian areas provide essential 
            fish and wildlife habitat, how land use can affect this 
            habitat, and briefly describes management practices that 
            protect or enhance the habitat (from Introduction). The 
            publication is aimed to serve as a practical guide to woodland 
            owners. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     DeVelice, R.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Potential effects of global climate change on riparian forests 

SOURCE:     Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and 
            Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana 
            Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in 
            Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of 
            Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 

TOPICS:     global warming effects, wildlife habitat 

COMMENTS:   Abstract of a spoken presentation. Recommends broad-scale 
            monitoring for early detection of ecosystem change in response 
            to global warming, establishment of migration corridors to 
            enable species movement to favorable environments, and natural 
            areas designation to attempt to maximize landscape diversity 
            so that suitable habitats will remain available for most 
            species. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dickson, J.G. and J. Howard. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Small mammals in streamside management zones in pine 
            plantations. p. 375-378. 

SOURCE:     Management of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Small Mammals in North 
            America. Proceedings of the symposium, July 19-21, 1988, 
            Flagstaff, AZ: Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-166. U.S. Department of 
            Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range 
            Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 

TOPICS:     small mammals, streamside management zones, riparian forest 

COMMENTS:   The study quantified captures of small mammals in mature 
            hardwood or pine-hardwood strips along streams that flow 
            through pine plantations in Texas. More small mammals were 
            captured in the narrow streamside management zones (tree 
            canopy absent and dense brushy vegetation) than in medium or 
            wide zones. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dieter, C.D., and T.R. McCabe. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Habitat use by beaver along the Big Sioux River in eastern 
            South Dakota. p. 135-140. 

SOURCE:     R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.). Riparian 
            Resource Management. An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department 
            of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 
            193 p. 

TOPICS:     beaver 

COMMENTS:   Species and diameter of trees evaluated for grazed and 
            ungrazed riparian areas utilized by beaver. Ungrazed, 
            beaver-utilized areas were dominated by many young trees with 
            small DBH, < 7.5 cm, many stems the result of sprouting. In 
            such areas, beaver cut selectively, choosing trees near to the 
            stream and favoring particular species. There was apparently 
            less beaver damage in the grazed areas, because of lesser 
            availability of small-diameter trees close to streams. No 
            evidence that beaver degraded the ungrazed areas, despite the 
            greater evidence of damage to trees. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dobyns, H.F. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Historical Perspective. A workshop presentation: Practical 
            approaches to riparian resource management 

SOURCE:     An educational workshop. D'Arcy McNickle Center for the 
            History of the American Indian, The Newberry Library, Chicago. 
            IL. 

TOPICS:     riparian, historical riparian uses 

COMMENTS:   A history of use of riparian resources in North America from 
            paleoindian times (8000 BC) to present. Thesis is that 
            riparian "management" by human communities occurs only within 
            the priorities for selective riparian resource use defined by 
            the social structure. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Douglas, A.J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Annotated bibliography of economic literature on wetlands 

SOURCE:     U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 89(19). 67pp. 

TOPICS:     bibliography, economics of wetland protection 

COMMENTS:   Annotated bibliography of recent, post-1965, economic 
            literature on wetlands. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dusek, G.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Use of riparian areas in Montana by white-tailed deer. 

SOURCE:     Montana Riparian Association. Management of riparian and 
            wetland forested ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana 
            Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990, in 
            Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of 
            Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 

TOPICS:     white-tailed deer, wildlife habitat 

COMMENTS:   In eastern Montana hardwood draws containing green ash and 
            adjacent prairies are an important habitat type for 
            white-tailed deer, particularly when interspersed with 
            croplands. Highest deer density is along the river bottoms. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Eicher, A.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Soil-plant correlations in wetlands and adjacent uplands of 
            the San Francisco Bay estuary, California 

SOURCE:     U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88 (21). 35 pp. 

TOPICS:     riparian classification, riparian soils, riparian plant 
            communities 

COMMENTS:   The study tests a system for delineating wetlands by 
            correlation of vegetation indices with soil types. Each plant 
            was assigned a wetland indicator number, based on prepared 
            plant lists or a provisional number for species not previously 
            listed for the area. Vegetation indices included the wetland 
            indicator and either the plant density or percent cover. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Filip, G.M., L.D. Bryant, and C.A. Parks 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Mass movement of river ice causes severe tree wounds along the 
            Grande Ronde River in northeastern Oregon 

SOURCE:     Northwest Science 63(5):211-213. 

TOPICS:     river ice, streambank vegetation 

COMMENTS:   Lateral movement of river ice across the floodplain caused 
            large wounds on tree stems (mountain alder) and direct 
            mortality of shrub or indirect mortality through wounding and 
            subsequent infection by canker fungi. The ages of wounds 
            indicated a 20 to 30 year period between events of lateral ice 
            movement across the floodplain. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Finch, D.M. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Bird-habitat relationships in subalpine riparian shrublands of 
            the central Rocky Mountains. p. 167-172 

SOURCE:     C.A. Troendle, M.R. Kaufmann, R.H. Hamre (tech. coords.). 
            Management of Subalpine Forests: Building on 50 Years of 
            Research. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Gen. 
            Tech. Rep. RM-149. 

TOPICS:     bird communities, biological diversity, wildlife habitat 

COMMENTS:   Examined associations between bird abundance, habitat 
            structure measured at random sites, and habitat measured at 
            bird locations in subalpine riparian shrublands. The subalpine 
            riparian avifaunas were depauperate with only four abundant 
            species-- song sparrow, white-crowned sparrow, Lincoln's 
            sparrow and Wilson's warbler. Habitat requirements overlapped 
            among these species but differed significantly from 
            randomly-sampled habitat in the same areas. Results indicated 
            that species preferred densely-foliated ground and shrub 
            layers, and higher effective vegetation height (from 
            abstract). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Finch, D.M. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Habitat use and habitat overlap of riparian birds in three 
            elevational zones 

SOURCE:     Ecology 70(4): 866-880. 

TOPICS:     riparian ecosystems, bird communities, biological diversity, 
            riparian habitat 

COMMENTS:   The low elevation riparian habitat provides a broader more 
            complex resource base than higher elevation riparian habitats. 
            Over all sites, zone-independent bird species were generalists 
            and zone-dependent species were more often habitat 
            specialists. On a site-by-site basis, however, some high 
            elevation specialists were generalists for their sites, and 
            some zone generalists were in fact specialists within a 
            particular site. Avifauna diversity in western and Rocky 
            Mountains riparian sites is not saturated, indicating that the 
            Great Plains region still offers a barrier to western 
            dispersal. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Floyd, D., P. Ogden, B. Roundy, G. Ruyle, and D. Stewart. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Improving riparian habitats 

SOURCE:     Rangelands 10(3):132-134. 

TOPICS:     grazing strategies, riparian enhancement, southwestern desert 
            streams 

COMMENTS:   Briefly describes two Arizona grazing allotments where the 
            author claims that rotational grazing and sensitivity to the 
            riparian habitat values has resulted in greatly enhanced 
            riparian habitats. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Foote, A.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Effects of wave energy on plant establishment in shallow 
            lacustrine wetlands. p. 115-119. 

SOURCE:     Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). 
            Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian 
            Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, 
            Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland 
            Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. 

TOPICS:     lacustrine sediment transport, emergent wetland plants, seed 
            bank 

COMMENTS:   Studies address affects of wave action on sediment 
            resuspension, seed bank redistribution and survival of tubers 
            in shallow wave-washed wetlands. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Fox, J.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Simulating vegetation-water yield relations in interior 
            Alaska. p. 179-189. 

SOURCE:     E.B. Alexander (ed.), Proceedings of Watershed '89: A 
            Conference on the Stewardship of Soil, Air, and Water 
            Resources. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 
            Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 215 pp. 

TOPICS:     watershed hydrology, watershed models 

COMMENTS:   A model for predicting spring runoff in cold climates. The 
            model incorporates interactions among snowmelt and soil 
            infiltration capacity. The former is affected by all factors 
            influencing the snowpack energy balance and the latter is 
            affected by soil texture, autumn soil moisture, snowpack depth 
            and air temperature, all of which determine soil freezing and 
            thawing. The study hypothesized that runoff will increase 
            after timber harvest, not only due to increased snowmelt rates 
            and decreased transpiration, but also due to fall soil 
            moisture and subsequent formation of concrete frost (from the 
            abstract). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gebhardt, K.A., C. Bohn, S. Jensen, and W.S. Platts. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Use of hydrology in riparian classification. p. 53-59. 

SOURCE:     R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton, and J.L. Kershner (eds.), 
            Riparian Resource Management, U.S. Department of the Interior, 
            Bureau of Land Management. 193 pp. 

TOPICS:     riparian classification, hydrology 

COMMENTS:   Presents a general classification scheme for riparian zones 
            based on hydrologic and geomorphic features. Recognising the 
            dynamic nature of the riparian, a concept of 'state' is 
            introduced as a unit of classification to indicate the 
            responses of a site type to physical impacts. Physical 
            processes that affect soil water regime and erosion resistance 
            can effect 'state' changes. The relative vulnerability and 
            resilience of riparian vegetation may be described in terms of 
            the 'state' of the riparian and the physical processes 
            occurring within. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gebhardt, K.A., J. Gebhardt, G. Koonce, B. O'Brien, S. Sweet, 
            and R.B. Tiedmann. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Creating wildlife and wetland amenities in an urban 
            environment. p. 157-161. 

SOURCE:     Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). 
            Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian 
            Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, 
            Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland 
            Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. 

TOPICS:     riparian creation, mitigation 

COMMENTS:   Description of wetland-wildlife habitat creation in 
            association with an urban housing project. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Genter, D.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      The role of riparian habitat in maintaining rare and 
            endangered species. 

SOURCE:     Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and 
            Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana 
            Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in 
            Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of 
            Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 

TOPICS:     biological diversity, riparian 

COMMENTS:   Abstract of spoken presentation. Summarizes numbers of animal 
            species dependent on or heavily dependent on riparian habitats 
            in Montana. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Goldner, B.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  unknown 

TITLE:      Riparian restoration efforts associated with structurally 
            modified flood control channels. 

SOURCE:     California Riparian Systems. Sept. 1981, Davis, CA. 

TOPICS:     riparian restoration, planting 

COMMENTS:   Methods used to vegetate flood control channels. Discussed 
            were plant species selection, planting, irrigation and 
            maintainance. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     

PUB. YEAR:  

TITLE:      

SOURCE:      75. Grant, G. 1986. Assessing effects of peak flow increases 
            on stream channels: a rational approach. p. 142-149. In: 
            Proceedings of the California Watershed Management Conference, 
            November 18-20, 1986, West Sacramento, CA.: (citation 
            incomplete: Author's address: Pacific Northwest Research 
            Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 
            Corvallis, OR) 

TOPICS:     watershed, cumulative effects, streamflow 

COMMENTS:   Criticizes employment of arbitrary limits to the basin 
            drainage area affected by forestry activities. Recommends a 
            procedure using the magnitude of flow increases that can be 
            accommodated by downstream channels before channel instability 
            occurs to determine the upper limit for basin area compaction. 
            Discusses the physical factors which affect channel stability 
            and ways to determine this component of the cumulative 
            watershed effects of forest practices. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Grant, G. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      The RAPID technique: a new method for evaluating downstream 
            effects of forest practices on riparian zones 

SOURCE:     Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-220. Portland, OR. U.S. Department of 
            Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research 
            Station. 36p. 

TOPICS:     riparian inventory, aerial photography, channel adjustments 

COMMENTS:   The RAPID technique (riparian aerial photographic inventory 
            of disturbance), uses aerial photographs to evaluate changes 
            in channel conditions through time and links such changes with 
            their possible stream causes. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Green, D.M. and J.B. Kauffman. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Nutrient cycling at the land-water interface: the importance 
            of the riparian zone. p. 61-68. 

SOURCE:     R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.). Riparian 
            Resource Management. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau 
            of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 

TOPICS:     saturated soils, soil redox 

COMMENTS:   Sedge and grass colonization of the riparian varies as redox 
            potential of the surface soil. Subsurface flow of aerated 
            water produces more oxidized conditions at depth than in the 
            surface above the water table. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gresswell, R.E., B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Riparian Resource Managemen 

SOURCE:     An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department of the Interior, 
            Bureau of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 193 p. 

TOPICS:     symposium, riparian management, hydrology, grazing effects 

COMMENTS:   Symposium papers and extended abstracts on topics relating to 
            riparian management. Some individual titles are included in 
            this bibliography. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Griggs, J 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Trout in small woodland areas 

SOURCE:     Woodland Fish and Wildlife Project, August 1990: World 
            Forestry Center, Portland, OR. 

TOPICS:     salmonid habitat 

COMMENTS:   Information bulletin for small-area land owners interested in 
            stocking farm ponds with trout. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gutzwiller, K.J. and S.H. Anderson. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Multiscale associations between cavity-nesting birds and 
            features of Wyoming streamside woodlands 

SOURCE:     The Condor 89:534-548. 

TOPICS:     bird communities, wildlife habitat 

COMMENTS:   Riparian habitat use by cavity-nesting birds was studied at 3 
            scales: (1) nest trees, (2) nest sites (vegetation surrounding 
            nest trees), and (3) disjunct fragments (0.1 to 32.3 ha) of 
            floodplain forest. Features of Wyoming streamside woodlands on 
            all three spatial scales influence habitat use and are 
            important in structuring communities of cavity-nesting birds. 
            Some patterns of habitat use on the scales of nest trees and 
            habitat fragments were not predictable from habitat 
            associations observed elsewhere for the same species. 
            Bird-habitat relations on one scale were (or were not) 
            predictable from relations on other scales, depending on the 
            species. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hall, F.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Management practices and options 

SOURCE:     J.W. Thomas and C. Maser (eds.), Wildlife habitats in managed 
            rangelands-- the Great Basin of southeastern Oregon. U.S. 
            Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. 
            PNW-189. Pacific and Northwest Forest and Range Experiment 
            Station, Portland, OR. 17 p. 

TOPICS:     wildlife habitat, grazing 

COMMENTS:   Deals primarily with livestock management in relation to 
            wildlife and wildlife habitat. Included are discussions of 
            ecological status (range condition), livestock management, 
            multiple-use options for each species featured in previous 
            chapters (trout, sage grouse, pronghorn, mule deer, and 
            bighorn sheep). Concludes with a discussion of diversity (from 
            abstract). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hancock, J.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Selling a successful riparian management program. A public 
            land managers viewpoint. p. 1-9. 

SOURCE:     R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.). Riparian 
            Resource Management. An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department 
            of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 
            193 p. 

TOPICS:     riparian management 

COMMENTS:   Goals of a successful riparian management program: identify 
            and demonstrate the benefits of good riparian management; 
            create a motivated group of landusers and managers to set 
            goals; monitor progress. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hansen, P.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Alternative approaches for inventory and mapping of riparian 
            and wetland areas 

SOURCE:     Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and 
            Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana 
            Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in 
            Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of 
            Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 

TOPICS:     riparian inventory 

COMMENTS:   A brief summary of planning vegetation mapping projects. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hansen, P.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      The development of a site classification with management 
            information for riparian and wetland areas - its applicability 
            and use 

SOURCE:     Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and 
            Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana 
            Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in 
            Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of 
            Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 

TOPICS:     riparian classification 

COMMENTS:   Summarizes the classification scheme developed for riparian 
            and wetland areas in Montana by the Montana Riparian 
            Association. Suggests ways in which the habitat-type 
            classification can be applied. See Boggs et al.(1990) and 
            Hansen et al. (1989) for complete riparian and wetland 
            classification scheme with habitat types defined for Montana. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hansen, P.L., S.W. Chadde and R.D. Pfister. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Riverine wetlands of southwestern Montana 

SOURCE:     Montana Riparian Association, School of Forestry, University 
            of Montana, Missoula, MT. 39 p. 

TOPICS:     riparian inventory, riparian plant communities 

COMMENTS:   The study describes dominant plant species and major riparian 
            dominance types occurring along major rivers of southwestern 
            and west central Montana. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hansen, P., R. Pfister, J. Joy, D. Svoboda, K. Boggs, L. 
            Myers, S. Chadde, and J. Pierce 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Classification and management of riparian sites in 
            southwestern Montana 

SOURCE:     Draft version 2. Montana Riparian Association, School of 
            Forestry, Univ. Montana, Missoula, MT. 

TOPICS:     riparian classification, riparian soils, riparian plant 
            communities, riparian management 

COMMENTS:   A key for identifying riparian site types, i.e., areas 
            occupied or potentially occupied by a specific riparian 
            association (plant community type representing the latest 
            successional stage attainable on a specific hydrologic site). 
            Community types which represent disclimax or seral communities 
            that are stable for time frames relevant to land management 
            decisions are described. Habitat types are described for 
            specific communities. The classification system was developed 
            from 1071 riparian sample plots. Soils, adjacent communities 
            and management information is provided for each habitat type. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede, B.H., M.D. Harvey, and J.R. Laird 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Sediment delivery linkages in a chaparral watershed following 
            a wildfire 

SOURCE:     Environmental Management 12(3):349-358. 

TOPICS:     watershed erosion, sediment transport, wildfire 

COMMENTS:   Temporal and spatial sediment delivery to and within the 
            stream network following a wildfire on a chaparral watershed 
            in Arizona, U.S.A., was studied. Methods included 
            interpretation of channel processes (aggradation, degradation) 
            from sequential aerial photographs, field measurements of 
            sediment delivery, and overland flow from ten microwatersheds 
            having different vegetation cover (erosion pavement-no 
            vegetation, erosion pavement with vegetation buffer strips, 
            open chaparral cover). The watershed/stream response to fire 
            was complex. The bulk of the sediment was stored in colluvial 
            deposits before the 1959 fire, was eroded from hillslopes into 
            the channels immediately following the fire, and was still not 
            exported from the basin 33 years after the fire. Relatively 
            rapid vegetation recovery led to the reestablishment of 
            chaparral buffer strips on most channel banks. The vegetation 
            strips greatly reduced sediment delivery from the hillslopes 
            to the channels. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Higgins, D.A., S.B. Maloney, A.R. Tiedemann, and T.M. Quigley 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Storm runoff characteristics of grazed watersheds in eastern 
            Oregon. 

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin, 25:87-100. 

TOPICS:     watershed hydrology, stormflow, grazing effects 

COMMENTS:   Quantified storm flow responses to summer convective storms, 
            producing single-peak hydrographs, for forested and meadow 
            watersheds subject to low-to-moderate degrees of grazing in 
            the Blue Mountains, eastern Oregon. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Higgins, D.A., A.R. Tiedemann, T.M. Quigley, D.B. Marx 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Streamflow characteristics of small watersheds in the Blue 
            Mountains of Oregon 

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 25(6):1131-1149. 

TOPICS:     watershed hydrology 

COMMENTS:   Streamflow data for water years 1978-84 were evaluated to 
            identify streamflow characteristics for 13 small watersheds 
            (0.46-7.00 mi2) in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon and to 
            determine differences among grazing intensities and vegetation 
            types. Two classes of vegetation were evaluated: (1) western 
            larch-Douglas-fir (nine watersheds) and (2) other (four 
            watersheds representing fir-spruce, lodgepole pine, ponderosa 
            pine, and mountain meadow. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hogan, D.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Channel response to mass wasting in the Queen Charlotte 
            Islands, British Columbia: Temporal and spatial changes in 
            stream morphology. p. 125-142. 

SOURCE:     E.B. Alexander (ed.), Proceedings of Watershed '89: A 
            Conference on the Stewardship of Soil, Air, and Water 
            Resources. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 
            Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 215 pp. Alaska Region, Juneau, AK. 
            215 pp. 

TOPICS:     riparian forest, woody debris, channel morphology 

COMMENTS:   Debris jams cause sedimentological, morphological and 
            hydraulic changes upstream and downstream. The effects of 
            these are described morphologically, temporally and spatially. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     House, R., and V. Crispin. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Economic analyses of the value of large debris as salmonid 
            habitat in coastal Oregon streams 

SOURCE:     Technical Note, OR-7-6512. Portland OR: U.S. Department of the 
            Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office, 
            Portland OR. 11 p. 

TOPICS:     in-stream structures, salmonid habitat, riparian forest, 
            riparian management 

COMMENTS:   Management scenarios which involved stream rehabilitation 
            with large woody debris additions and rehabilitation combined 
            with conifer harvest from the riparian zone showed greater 
            short-term fishery benefits than leaving a stream under a low 
            debris loading level. However, the best long-term economic 
            alternative to maintain salmonid productivity in coastal 
            streams is through maintainance of mature coniferous riparian 
            zones under continuous high debris loading (from Abstract). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hunter, B.A., M.S. Johnson, and D.J. Thompson. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Ecotoxicology of copper and cadmium in a contaminated 
            grassland ecosystem 

SOURCE:     Tissue distribution and age accumulation in small mammals. 
            Journal of Applied Ecology 26:89-99. 

TOPICS:     small mammals, metal contamination 

COMMENTS:   In order to assess the potential toxicological significance 
            of accumulated metals in wild small mammals, both the tissue 
            distribution and dynamics of age accumulation of metals in 
            populations of animals from contaminated environments were 
            established. This paper examines both these issues in small 
            mammals inhabitating grasslands contaminated by metal refinery 
            emissions. (from authors' introduction; study located in Great 
            Britain) Species examined: common shrew (Sorex araneus L.), 
            field vole (Microtus agrestis L.), wood mouse (Apodemus 
            sysvaticus L.) 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Interagency Wetlands Coordinating Body 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Wise use and protection of federally managed wetlands: the 
            federal land management agency role 

SOURCE:     Workshop proceedings, October 18-20, 1989, Harpers Ferry, WV. 

TOPICS:     wetland management 

COMMENTS:   Nine federal agencies participated in a workshop concerning 
            policy, coordination and cooperation on wetland land 
            management issues. This somewhat preliminary report of the 
            results of the workshop includes materials presented by each 
            of the agencies and point-form summaries of discussions. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Isabelle, P.S., L.J. Fooks, and P.A. Keddy. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Effects of roadside snowmelt on wetland vegetation: an 
            experimental study 

SOURCE:     Journal of Environmental Management 25:57-60. 

TOPICS:     water quality 

COMMENTS:   Contaminants in roadside snowmelt may have toxic effects on 
            individual species and affect community structure of roadside 
            wetlands. De-icing agents are of particular concern. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ischinger, L.S., and K. Schneller-McDonald. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Wetland restoration and creation in the west: what do we 
            really know? p. 29-42. 

SOURCE:     Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). 
            Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian 
            Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, 
            Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland 
            Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. 

TOPICS:     bibliography, wetland restoration, wetland creation, 
            lacustrine, riparian 

COMMENTS:   Analysis of articles collected and documented in the U.S. 
            Fish and Wildlife Service wetland creation/restoration data 
            base. Of 1000 records in the data base, 79 deal with 
            non-coastal freshwater wetlands in the west. Of the 79 
            records, 30 are concerned with the restoration of riparian 
            areas, and 34 cite the creation or restoration of fish or 
            wildlife habitat as a major objective. The availability of 
            quality data from baseline studies, qualitative or 
            quantitative measurements of wetland functions, and monitoring 
            efforts are discussed. Research needs are addressed. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jackson, S.G., and J.A. Kadlec. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Recent flooding of wetlands around Great Salt Lake, Utah. p. 
            120-125. 

SOURCE:     Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). 
            Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian 
            Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, 
            Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland 
            Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. 

TOPICS:     lacustrine wetlands 

COMMENTS:   Discusses affects of temporary water-level rise in the Great 
            Salt Lake on salt marshes. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jackson, W., T. Martinez, P. Cuplin, W.L. Minckley, B. Shelby, 
            P. Summers, D. McGlothlin, B. Van Haveren. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Assessment of water conditions and management opportunities in 
            support of riparian values: BLM San Pedro River Properties, 
            Arizona 

SOURCE:     Proj. Compl. Rep. 88/004+7200. U.S. Department of the 
            Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Service Center, Denver, 
            CO. 180 pp. 

TOPICS:     BLM, groundwater, riparian vegetation, geomorphology, water 
            rights 

COMMENTS:   Presents information on the condition of water resources and 
            the riparian vegetation in the San Pedro River Management 
            Area. Justifies the quantification of instream-dependent uses 
            identified in the area and examines and recommends strategies 
            for protecting or enhancing the water-related values. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jatnieks-Straumanis, S.A., and L.E. Foote. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Wetland mitigation banking: how it works in Minnesota 

SOURCE:     Rangelands 10:120-123. 

TOPICS:     wetland mitigation banking 

COMMENTS:   Short review of Minnesota Dept. of Transport experiences with 
            mitigation banking. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jenkins, K.J., and R.G. Wright. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Simulating succession of riparian spruce forests and 
            white-tailed deer carrying capacity in northwestern Montana 

SOURCE:     West. J. Appl. For. 2(3): 80-83. northwestern Montana. West. 
            J. Appl. For. 2(3): 80-83. 

TOPICS:     riparian forest, population models, white-tailed deer 

COMMENTS:   Successional modelling demonstrated the effects of two timber 
            harvesting strategies on white-tailed deer populations. 
            Simulated populations declined following two timber harvesting 
            schedules, but recovered after cessation of harvest. Gradual 
            but continuing decline was predicted by alteration of the 
            hydrologic regime of the river resulting in increased runoff 
            and erosion. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson, K.L., C. Moseley, J.C. Moseley, and J. O'Laughlin. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      BLM riparian policy in Idaho: analysis of public comment on a 
            proposed policy statement 

SOURCE:     Report No. 2, Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Policy Analysis 
            Group, June 1990. Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment 
            Station, University of Idaho, Moscow ID. 28 p. 

TOPICS:     BLM, riparian policy evaluation 

COMMENTS:   Analysis of public comment on the proposed BLM riparian 
            policy for Idaho. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson, S.R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Protecting riparian values during timber harvest and related 
            activities: Kootenai National Forest experience 

SOURCE:     Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and 
            Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana 
            Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in 
            Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of 
            Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 

TOPICS:     riparian forest, woody debris, SMZ, streamside management 
            zone 

COMMENTS:   In the Kootenai National Forest, northwestern Montana, large 
            woody debris is a particularly important factor in determining 
            the physical and biological characteristics of small and 
            intermediate-sized streams. A task force effort to address 
            inadequacies in the national forest plan regarding timber 
            harvests in forested riparian zones is discussed. Includes 
            stream classification and management recommendations for 
            streamside management zones (SMZ). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jones, K.B. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Comparison of herpetofaunas of a natural and altered riparian 
            ecosystem. p.222-227. 

SOURCE:     Management of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Small Mammals in North 
            America. Proceedings of a symposium, July 19-21, 1988, 
            Flagstaff, AZ. 

TOPICS:     reptiles, amphibians, biological diversity, wildlife habitat 

COMMENTS:   Reptile abundance and diversity were greater on an unaltered 
            riparian ecosystem than on an altered site. Two streams; one 
            having no major water impoundments and the sampling site 
            located in a mature gallery-type stand of cottonwood and 
            willow (unaltered), the other river having major impoundments, 
            regulated flow, reduced flooding and the sample site located 
            in a poorly developed tree gallery with no evidence of tree 
            reproduction (altered). The distribution and abundance of 
            certain microhabitats appear to account for differences in 
            reptile abundance and diversity on the two sites. In 
            conserving riparian ecosystems, attention needs to be given to 
            protecting more habitat components, including microhabitats 
            such as surface litter found important to herpetofauna. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Keigley, R.B. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Developing methods of restoring vegetation communities while 
            preserving genetic integrity 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the High Altitude Revegetation Workshop No. 8: 
            Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO: Colorado Water 
            Resources Research Institute, 1988, Information Series no.59. 

TOPICS:     biological diversity, revegetation 

COMMENTS:   An applied paper outlining concepts and methods used in 
            revegetating steep slopes to produce a target plant community 
            that reflects local genetic integrity. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kenna, J., W. Devaurs, D. Troutman, G. King, W. Street, B. 
            Cannon, D. Simontacchi, and V. Modrell 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Warner Wetlands area of critical environmental concern (ACEC) 
            management plan 

SOURCE:     U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 
            Lakeview, OR. BLM-OR-PT-90-28-1792. 

TOPICS:     BLM, grazing, lacustrine management, meadow 

COMMENTS:   A BLM management plan for Warner Wetlands, ACEC, OR. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kindschy, R.R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Regrowth of willow following simulated beaver cutting 

SOURCE:     Wildlife Society Bulletin 17:290-294. 

TOPICS:     simulated beaver herbivory, willow 

COMMENTS:   Measured the responses of willow to cutting treatments that 
            simulated beaver herbivory during different seasons. Red 
            willow (Salix lasiandra) is the most susceptible to cutting 
            during hot summers conditions. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     King, J.G. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Streamflow responses to road building and harvesting: a 
            comparison with the equivalent clearcut area procedure 

SOURCE:     Res. Pap. INT-401. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 
            Service, Intermountain Research Station. 13 p. 

TOPICS:     hydrology, stream flow, logging effects 

COMMENTS:   Increases in annual streamflow and peak streamflows were 
            determined on four small watersheds following timber 
            harvesting and road building. The measured hydrologic changes 
            are compared to those predicted by a methodology commonly used 
            in the Forest Service's Northern Region, the equivalent 
            clearcut area procedure. Increases in peak streamflows are 
            discussed with respect to their potential to modify the 
            channel system. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kirby, R.E., S.J. Lewis, and T.N. Sexson 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Fire in North American wetland ecosystems and fire-wildlife 
            relations: an annotated bibliography 

SOURCE:     U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Rep. 88(1), 146 pp. 

TOPICS:     bibliography, wetlands, fire effects 

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Knopf, F.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Changing landscapes and the cosmopolitism of the eastern 
            Colorado avifauna 

SOURCE:     Wildlife Society Bulletin 14:132-142. 

TOPICS:     biological diversity, bird communities, floodplain forests 

COMMENTS:   The development of a riparian forest on the Great Plains has 
            provided a corridor for the movement of forest birds across 
            those grasslands that have historically served as an 
            ecological barrier to dispersal. The corridor has resulted in 
            secondary contact of many congeneric species which currently 
            hybridize on the Great Plains; the hybridization may be 
            interpreted either as reversing 10, 000 years of speciation, 
            or alternatively as promoting hybrid vigor within populations. 
            Natural resource management agencies need to develop formal 
            positions on the issues of cosmopolitism and hybridization of 
            wildlife species which occur with broad changes in native 
            landscapes. (from authors summary) 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Knopf, F.L., R.R. Johnson, T. Rich, F.B. Samson, and R.C. 
            Szaro. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Conservation of riparian ecosystems in the United States. 

SOURCE:     Wilson Bull. 100(2): 272-284. 

TOPICS:     biological diversity, riparian ecosystems, bird communities, 
            riparian conservation policy 

COMMENTS:   Avian diversity on a continental scale, particularly the 
            western North American region, is jeopardized by the decline 
            of riparian ecosystems. The authors summarize the positions or 
            non-positions of public agencies in regards to riparian 
            management and recommend government-wide changes. Their 
            recommendations reflect the importance of riparian ecosystems 
            relative to surrounding uplands as wildlife habitats 
            throughout the west and indicate the need for co-ordinated 
            management of geographic regions and habitat corridors for 
            dispersal of avian species. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Knopf, F.L., J.A. Sedgwick and R.W. Cannon 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Guild structure of a riparian avifauna relative to seasonal 
            cattle grazing 

SOURCE:     J. Wildl. Manage. 52(2):280-290. 

TOPICS:     bird communities, grazing effects, biological diversity 

COMMENTS:   Avian guilds have been proposed as an approach to evaluating 
            impacts of land-management programs on public lands. It has 
            been recommended that guild delineations based on functional 
            and structural criteria, should be replaced by guilds based on 
            similarities among species' responses to a given perturbation. 
            The present study provided information on the response of 
            summer birds to grazing of a shrub-willow vegetation at 
            Arapaho NWR. Three response guilds were delineated: (a) 
            eurytopic, habitat generalists, (b) stenotopic, habitat 
            specialists, and (c) mesotopic, intermediate habitat 
            specialists. Authors hypothesized that the response-guild 
            structure primarily reflects the impact of cattle upon the 
            horizontal patterning of the vegetative community. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kozel, S.J., W.A. Hubert, and M.G. Parsons 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Habitat features and trout abundance relative to gradient in 
            some Wyoming streams 

SOURCE:     Northwest Science 63(4):175-182. 

TOPICS:     salmonid habitat, channel gradient 

COMMENTS:   Low-gradient reaches (0.1-1.4%) were found to have deeper 
            nearshore water depths, more undercut banks, and more trench 
            pools than moderate-gradient reaches (1.5-4.0%), while 
            moderate-gradient reaches had more cobble substrate, dammed 
            pools formed by woody debris, and plunge pools. The mean 
            standing stock of trout was 267 kg/ha in low gradient reaches 
            and 102 kg/ha in moderate-gradient reaches. Habitat features 
            correlated with trout standing stocks differed between the two 
            gradient classes. (from authors' abstract) 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Krasny, M.E., K.A. Vogt, and J.C. Zasada. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Establishment of four Salicaceae species on river bars in 
            interior Alaska. 

SOURCE:     olarctic Ecology 11:210-219. 

TOPICS:     river bar vegetation, willow, riparian plant communities 

COMMENTS:   In general, seed germination was not useful in explaining the 
            patterns of plant distribution on river bar site. Vegetative 
            reproduction can be important in both initial establishment 
            and survival on river bar sites. Seed reproduction was 
            important on mesic sites and vegetative reproduction was 
            important on sites favorable to seed germination. Once 
            established on mesic sites, however, expansion does not take 
            place by root sprouting. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kulla, A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Transitional forest grazing and compatible grazing systems for 
            forested riparian and wetland sites in western Montana. 

SOURCE:     Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and 
            Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana 
            Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in 
            Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of 
            Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 

TOPICS:     grazing strategies, riparian forest 

COMMENTS:   All riparian compatible systems proposed to date have in 
            common the prescription of less total grazing in the riparian 
            area 'either through rest, season adjustment, number 
            adjustment, livestock management, or structural improvement'. 
            Whether the allotment can handle the same or increased 
            stocking will depend on the availability and condition of the 
            non-riparian upland areas. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     LaFayette, R.A. and D.W. Paweleck 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      New revetment design controls streambank erosion 

SOURCE:     U.S. Forest Service, Engineering Field Notes, 
            22(July-Aug):23-31. 

TOPICS:     streambank stabilization, streambank erosion, riparian 
            restoration 

COMMENTS:   Describes successful use of porous-fence revetment to prevent 
            streambank failures on a deeply entrenched stream. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     LaGrange, T.G. and J.J. Dinsmore 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Plant and animal community responses to restored Iowa wetlands 

SOURCE:     Prairie Naturalist 21(1):39-48. 

TOPICS:     wetland restoration 

COMMENTS:   This study demonstrates that a high-quality wetland, with a 
            plant and animal community very similar to unaltered Iowa 
            wetlands, can be restored by removing or blocking tile lines. 
            This is and easy and cost-effective way to restore wetland 
            complexes where there are none or to add wetlands to an 
            existing wetland complex. (from authors' abstract) 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lane, L.J., A.D. Nicks, J.M. Laflen, M.A. Weltz, W.J. Rawls, 
            and D.I. Page. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      The water erosion prediction project: model overview. 
            p.487-494. 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of National Water Conference, IR and WR Divisions 
            of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Newark, DE, July 
            17-20, 1989. 

TOPICS:     soil erosion, erosion models 

COMMENTS:   Overview of a soil erosion model developed by the U.S. 
            Department of Agriculture's Water Erosion Prediction Project 
            (WEPP). Model user requirements, model structure, and 
            experimental program for WEPP are summarized. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Larson, J.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Wetland creation and restoration: An outline of the scientific 
            perspective. p. 73-79 

SOURCE:     J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend, eds. Increasing Our Wetland 
            Resources. Nat. Wildlife Fed. Proceedings, Oct. 1987, 
            Washington D.C. 

TOPICS:     hydrology, soil development, wetland creation 

COMMENTS:   General. Addresses the importance of understanding hydrologic 
            and soil processes in relation to vegetation responses when 
            creating wetlands. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Legge, T.A., D.J. Herman, and B. Zamora 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Effects of cattle grazing on mountain meadows in Idaho. 

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 34(4): 324-328. 

TOPICS:     grazing effects 

COMMENTS:   Vegetation changes which occurred during 12 years of 
            protection from grazing were documented in mountain meadows of 
            north-central Idaho. Plant composition changes were evident on 
            five sites studied, whereas herbage production was 
            significantly less on the grazed than ungrazed areas at two of 
            the sites. On average, the percent of bare ground and 
            moss-covered areas were greater on grazed than ungrazed sites. 
            Litter accumulation was greater, on average, on the ungrazed 
            sites. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Leininger, W.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Non-chemical alternatives for managing selected plant species 
            in the western United States 

SOURCE:     U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service 
            and University Cooperative Extension, Colorado State 
            University, Fort Collins, CO. 48 p. 

TOPICS:     weed management 

COMMENTS:   A summary of literature on non-chemical plant control for 14 
            plant species, arranged by species specifically for land 
            managers. The species include wild oats (Avena fatua), diffuse 
            knapweed (Centaurea diffusa), spotted knapweed (Centaurea 
            maculosa), Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens), musk thistle 
            (Carduus nutans), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), field 
            bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), leafy spurge (Euphorbia 
            esula), St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum), tall whitetop 
            (Lepidium latifolium), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), yellow 
            foxtail (Setaria glauca), green foxtail (Setaria viridis), 
            common cattail (Typha latifolia). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Leopold, L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Ethos, equity and the water resource 

SOURCE:     The Abel Wolman Distinguished Lecture, presented to the 
            National Research Council, Feb. 15, 1990, National Academy of 
            Sciences Auditorium. 14 p. 

TOPICS:     water resources, water policy 

COMMENTS:   Discusses an ethos, or an unwritten guiding belief in the 
            maintenance of the hydrologic continuum (i.e., the effective 
            operation of forces in the drainage basin that maintain a 
            balance among processes of weathering, soil formation, water 
            and sediment delivery to stream channels and the exit of water 
            and sediment from the basin) in the administration of water 
            resources. Evidence of how management fails to follow such an 
            ethos and the effects of catastrophic change to the hydrologic 
            continuum were explored. Discusses equity in administration -- 
            a dedication to fairness, to consideration of various 
            interests and treatment of all with some measure of equality. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lienkaemper, G.W. and F.J. Swanson 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Dynamics of large woody debris in streams in old-growth 
            Douglas-fir forests 

SOURCE:     Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:150-156. 

TOPICS:     riparian forest, woody debris 

COMMENTS:   Reports the dynamics of woody debris in streams, based on 7 
            to 9 years of observations in five stream reaches in 
            old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Additions of woody debris is 
            widely scattered in time and space and comes mainly from 
            single trees rooted away from the streambank. Wind appears to 
            be the major agent of wood entry into streams. Downstream 
            movement is strongly related to length of individual pieces; 
            most pieces that moved were shorter than bankfull width. (from 
            authors' abstract) 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lowe, C.H., R.R. Johnson, and P.S. Bennett. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Riparian lands are wetlands: the problem of applying eastern 
            American concepts and criteria to environments in the North 
            American southwest. p. 119-122. 

SOURCE:     Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest. 
            Vol. 16. Proceedings: Glendale, AZ, April 19, 1986. American 
            Water Resources Association, Arizona Section, Arizona-Nevada 
            Academy of Science, Hydrology Section, and the Arizona 
            Hydrological Society. 

TOPICS:     riparian classification, southwestern desert streams, 
            hydrology 

COMMENTS:   The paper argues that riparian lands are wetlands relative to 
            the surrounding uplands. By this definition, the driest 
            wetlands are ephemerally watered riparian scrub systems 
            supported by infrequent water and sometimes by flow of surface 
            water only once or less during a year's time. Periodic 
            wetlands support riparian systems that are also watered by 
            subsurface flow or sheet flow from higher areas. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Majors, J.E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Opportunities to protect in-stream flows and wetland uses of 
            water in California 

SOURCE:     U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 89(10). 76 pp. 

TOPICS:     instream flow, water rights 

COMMENTS:   The purpose of this report is to encourage cooperative and 
            innovative thinking by all persons interested in in-stream 
            flows, fish, wildlife, and watershed management at Federal, 
            State, or local levels of government, as well as private 
            individuals and wildlife organizations (from Introduction). 
            Examples include riparian rights; wild and scenic rivers; 
            stream evaluation programs; California Endangered Species Act; 
            acquisition of land and water, including rights; wetlands 
            preservation; and protection and enhancement. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Manci, K.M. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Riparian ecosystem creation and restoration: a literature 
            summary. 

SOURCE:     U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Rep. 89(20). 59 pp. 

TOPICS:     bibliography, riparian ecosystems, riparian restoration, 
            riparian creation 

COMMENTS:   Annotated bibliography addressing riparian functions (fish 
            and wildlife habitat, hydrologic flow, erosion control and 
            water quality improvement); planning for projects; techniques 
            (planting, fencing, landforming, installing instream devices, 
            and treating soil); monitoring; evaluation; and case studies. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Marks, J.S. and V. Saab Marks. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Winter habitat use by Columbian sharp tailed grouse in western 
            Idaho. 

SOURCE:     J. Wildl. Manage. 52(4):743-746. 

TOPICS:     sharp-tailed grouse, wildlife habitat 

COMMENTS:   Habitat use by Columbian sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus 
            phasianellus columbianus) was studied during three winters in 
            western Idaho. Grouse were closely associated with mountain 
            shrub and riparian cover types, the only cover types that 
            provided food and escape cover regardless of snow depth. 
            Fruits of Douglas hawthorn (Crataegus douglassi) and buds of 
            Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) and common 
            chokecherry (Prunus virginiana). (from Abstract). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Marlow, C.B. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Mitigating livestock impacts to streambanks within northern 
            Rocky Mountain foothills riparian zones. p.147-150. 

SOURCE:     Issues and Technology in the Management of Impacted Wildlife, 
            Proceedings III, Nov. 2-4, 1987, Colorado Springs, CO. 
            Boulder, CO: Thorne Ecological Institute, 1988. 177 p. 

TOPICS:     grazing strategies, grazing effects, streambank erosion 

COMMENTS:   The length of grazing time in riparian zones and soil 
            conditions at the time of grazing appear to have greater 
            impact on streambanks than the total numbers of cattle 
            grazing. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Marron, D.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Physical and chemical characteristics of a metal contaminated 
            overbank deposit, west-central South Dakota, U.S.A. 

SOURCE:     Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 14:419-432. 

TOPICS:     water quality, sediment transport 

COMMENTS:   Overbank deposition of arsenic and other mine-tailing metals 
            is discussed in relation to sediment transport. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Marzolf, G.R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1978. 

TITLE:      The potential effects of clearing and snagging on stream 
            ecosystems 

SOURCE:     U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 
            Biological Services Program:FWS/OBS-78/14. 32 p. 

TOPICS:     bibliography, aquatic habitat, woody debris 

COMMENTS:   Reviews the biological and hydrological processes affected by 
            stream obstruction/debris and the effects of removal of those 
            obstructions on stream functions. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McAdoo, J.K., G.N. Back, M.R. Barrington, and D.A. Klebenow. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Wildlife use of lowlands meadows in the Great Basin. p. 
            310-319. 

SOURCE:     Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural 
            Resources Conference: 51st Annual Meeting, 1986: Wildlife 
            Management Institute, Washington, D.C. 

TOPICS:     mammals, small mammals, bird communities 

COMMENTS:   Documents the use of wetlands, riparian areas and marshes by 
            bird and mammal species for the period 1978-80 (inventory 
            phase) and for 1981-85 (research phase). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McCluskey, D.C., J. Brown, D. Bornholdt, D.A. Duff, and A.H. 
            Winward. 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      J. Brown, D. Bornholdt, D.A. Duff, and A.H. Winward. 1983. 
            Willow planting for riparian habitat improvement. 

SOURCE:     Tech. Note 363, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of 
            Land Management. 21 p. 

TOPICS:     planting, riparian enhancement, willow 

COMMENTS:   A technique is described for the planting of willow stem 
            cuttings in riparian areas. Considerations before planning 
            willow plantings are suggested. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McKee, A., J.E. Means, W.H. Moir, and J.F. Franklin. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      First-year recovery of upland and riparian vegetation in the 
            devastated area around Mount St. Helens. p. 168-187. 

SOURCE:     D.E. Bilderback (ed.), Mount St. Helens 1980: Botanical 
            Consequences of the Explosive Eruption. University of 
            California Press, Berkeley, CA. 

TOPICS:     riparian recovery, riparian plant communities 

COMMENTS:   A study with goals: to document first-year patterns of 
            revegetation in the major habitats created within the 
            devastated area around Mount St. Helens; to compare vegetative 
            recovery in forested areas clearcut prior to the eruption, in 
            blown-down forests, and in standing dead forests; to 
            investigate the effects of snowpack in the blown-down forests 
            on plant recovery; to compare recovery of riparian vegetation 
            on sites in the devastated area with that on sites receiving 
            only ashfall; and to establish a network of plots for the 
            study of vegetative recovery in the future. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McLemore, C.E., and W.R. Meehan. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Invertebrates of Meadow Creek, Union County, Oregon, and their 
            use as food by trout 

SOURCE:     Res. Pap. PNW-RP-394. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of 
            Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research 
            Station. 13 p. 

TOPICS:     stream invertebrates, aquatic habitat, salmonids 

COMMENTS:   From 1976 to 1980, invertebrates were collected from several 
            reaches of Meadow Creek in eastern Oregon. Five sampling 
            methods were used: benthos, drift, sticky traps, water traps 
            and fish stomachs. A total of 372 taxa were identified, of 
            which 239 were used as food by rainbow trout (steelhead; Salmo 
            gairdneri Richardson). Of the taxa found in trout stomachs, 71 
            (29.5%) were terrestrial. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Medin, D.E. and W.P. Clary. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Small mammal populations in a grazed and ungrazed riparian 
            habitat in Nevada 

SOURCE:     Res.Pap. INT-413. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 
            Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 6p. 

TOPICS:     small mammals, grazing effects, biological diversity 

COMMENTS:   Community composition and relative abundance of small mammal 
            populations in grazed and exclosed riparian zones at 6200 ft, 
            northeastern Nevada, were monitored in late summer. The 
            numbers of species trapped and the total numbers of 
            individuals trapped were greater inside the protected areas 
            than in the grazed areas. Species observed: deer mouse 
            (Peromyscus maniculatus), western jumping mouse (Zapus 
            princeps), least chipmunk (Tamias minimus), Great Basin pocket 
            mouse (Perognathus parvus), golden-mantled ground squirrel 
            (Spermophilus lateralis), vagrant shrew (Sorex vagrans), 
            long-tailed vole (Microtus longiclaudus), montane vole 
            (Microtus montanus), Townsend's ground squirrel (Spermophilus 
            townsendii), northern pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides), and 
            bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Medin, D.E., and W.P. Clary 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Bird and small mammal populations in a grazed and ungrazed 
            riparian habitat in Idaho 

SOURCE:     Res. Pap. INT-425. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 
            Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 8p. 

TOPICS:     bird communities, small mammals, grazing exclosure, 
            biological diversity 

COMMENTS:   A survey of bird and small mammal populations (spring and 
            later summer, respectively, in 1988 and 1989) in two 9 ha 
            plots, one placed at the upstream end of a 122 ha grazing 
            exclosure (grazing excluded from 1975), the other placed in 
            the adjacent upstream grazed riparian zone. The Summit Creek 
            study area is located in Custer County, ID, in the Little Lost 
            River drainage. In 1989, there was little difference between 
            grazed and ungrazed habitats in total breeding bird density, 
            but presence of shorebirds in the grazed area caused the 
            tendency for greater species richness, bird biomass and bird 
            species diversity in the grazed habitat as compared with the 
            ungrazed habitat. Small mammal populations were higher on the 
            grazed than the ungrazed plots but species richness and 
            diversity of the small mammal communities were higher in the 
            ungrazed habitat. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Medin, D.E., and K.E. Torquemada. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Beaver in western North America: An annotated bibliography, 
            1966 to 1986 

SOURCE:     Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-242. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of 
            Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 
            18 p. 

TOPICS:     beaver, bibliography 

COMMENTS:   This annotated bibliography of 206 references is provided as 
            a working tool for natural resource specialists, land-use 
            planners and others charged with managing beavers and their 
            habitats (from Abstract). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Medina, A.L. and S.C. Clark. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Stream channel and vegetation changes in sections of McKnight 
            Creek, New Mexico 

SOURCE:     Great Basin Naturalist 48(3):373-381. 

TOPICS:     channel morphology, riparian vegetation, grazing exclosure 

COMMENTS:   The effects of grazing on stream channel morphology and 
            riparian vegetation were insignificant compared with channel 
            adjustments caused by wildfire in the headwaters, high amounts 
            of sedimentation in the upper channel and storm events. This 
            result exemplifies the importance of overall watershed 
            condition to channel stability and plant communities in the 
            riparian zone. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Megahan, W.F. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Increased sedimentation following helicopter logging and 
            prescribed burning on granitic soil. p. 259-260. 

SOURCE:     Erosion and sedimentation in the Pacific Rim: proceedings of 
            the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 3-7 
            August, 1987, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. IAHS 
            publication; no. 165). 

TOPICS:     soil erosion, watershed 

COMMENTS:   A brief summary of a paired watershed study in a steep 
            granitic landscape. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Michael, J.L., D.G. Neary and M.J.M. Wells. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Picloram movement in soil solution and streamflow from a 
            coastal plain forest. 

SOURCE:     J. Environ. Qual. 18:89-95. 

TOPICS:     water quality, herbicide fate, riparian forest 

COMMENTS:   A study of the movement, on- and off-site, of the herbicide 
            picloram and its residues, following aerial application of 
            picloram to four forested watersheds. Movement was monitored 
            in the mineral soil, soil solution, groundwater and streams. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Miller, L.K., and K. Schneller-McDonald. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Wetland bibliographic data bases. p. 43-48. 

SOURCE:     Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). 
            Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian 
            Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, 
            Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland 
            Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. 

TOPICS:     bibliography 

COMMENTS:   The paper is an overview of the structure of the Wetland 
            Values Citation Data Base (WVCDB), the Wetland 
            Creation/Restoration Data Base (CREATE). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Minckley, W.L. and J.N. Rinne. 

PUB. YEAR:  1985 

TITLE:      Large woody debris in hot-desert streams: An historical review 

SOURCE:     Desert Plants 7(3):142-153. 

TOPICS:     woody debris, southwestern desert streams 

COMMENTS:   Large-particulate organic debris is denied to present-day 
            desert streams because of interception by impoundments and as 
            a result of decimation of formerly extensive riparian 
            vegetation. Historical records indicate a substantial, but 
            sporadic, input of coarse debris (from high-elevation 
            forests), which was reduced to finer particles through molar 
            action in canyon-bound reaches of desert rivers. Historical 
            changes, functions of large debris in the systems, and 
            probable future conditions are reviewed. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Minshall, G.W., S.E. Jensen, and W.S. Platts. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      The ecology of stream and riparian habitats of the Great Basin 
            region: a community profile 

SOURCE:     U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(7.24). 142 pp. 

TOPICS:     riparian classification, hydrology, geomorphology, riparian 
            soils, riparian ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   Proposes a hierarchical framework for classification of 
            riparian ecosystems of the Great Basin hydrographic region: 
            hydrologic unit, e.g., region, subregion, basin, subbasin and 
            tributary basin; geomorphic valley form, e.g., glacial 
            valleys, fluvial canyons, alluvial valleys and lacustrine 
            basins; water regime, e.g., permanently flooded, 
            semi-permanently flooded, saturated, seasonally flooded and 
            sub-irrigated; physiognomy of the community, e.g., forest, 
            shrub, herb and moss/lichen, and non-vegetated physiognomic 
            classes are cobble, gravel, sand and silt bars; community 
            type, based on floristic similarities in both the overstory 
            and understory; and descriptors, based on the functional 
            attributes of riparian ecosystems. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Molloy, D.P. and R.H. Struble. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      A simple and inexpensive method for determining stream 
            discharge from a streambank 

SOURCE:     Journal of Freshwater Ecology 4(4):477-481. 

TOPICS:     stream flow 

COMMENTS:   Describes a flotation method for measuring stream discharge 
            small to moderate-sized streams without entering the stream. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Montana Riparian Association. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Management of Riparian and Wetland Forested Ecosystems in 
            Montana 

SOURCE:     Fourth Annual Montana Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 
            September, 1990 in Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian 
            Association, School of Forestry, University of Montana, 
            Missoula, MT. 

TOPICS:     riparian forest management, wetland management 

COMMENTS:   Abstracts of twelve presentations. Topics relate to 
            fisheries, forestry, streamside management zones, 
            biodiversity, global warming effects, riparian classification 
            and inventory. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Moore, D.R.J., P.A. Keddy, C.L. Gaudet and I.C. Wisheu. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Conservation of wetlands: do infertile wetlands deserve a 
            higher priority? 

SOURCE:     Biological Conservation 47:203-217. 

TOPICS:     biological diversity, wetlands 

COMMENTS:   Infertile wetlands had higher species richness and many more 
            rare species than fertile wetlands. Further, infertile 
            wetlands had a greater range of vegetation types than did 
            fertile wetlands. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Morganweck, R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Status and trends of wetlands in the coterminous U.S. 

SOURCE:     Renewable Resources Journal 7(3):6-7. 

TOPICS:     wetland management, wetland losses 

COMMENTS:   A summary of wetland area, ownership, conservation and 
            losses. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Murphy, M.L. and K.V. Koski. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Input and depletion of woody debris in Alaska streams and 
            implications for streamside management. 

SOURCE:     North American Journal Fisheries Management 9:427-436. 

TOPICS:     salmonid habitat, riparian forest, woody debris 

COMMENTS:   Natural rates of input and depletion of large woody debris 
            (LWD) in southeast Alaska streams studied to provide a basis 
            for managing streamside zones to maintain LWD for fish habitat 
            after timber harvest. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott, and L.K. Miller 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian 
            Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, 14-16 Nov, 1988, 
            Denver, CO 

SOURCE:     Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists, 
            Denver, CO. 239 pp. 

TOPICS:     symposium, riparian restoration, riparian creation, wetlands 
            management, wetland mitigation, wetland policy, wetland water 
            rights, water quality, wildlife habitat 

COMMENTS:   Plenary addresses were: Public policy and Colorado Wetlands; 
            Wetlands protection and water rights; A stream classification 
            system; The influence of riparian/wetland systems on surface 
            water quality; Riparian wildlife habitats: more, worth less, 
            and under invasion; Mountain wetland vegetation dynamics. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Myers, L.H. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Grazing and riparian management in southwestern Montana. p. 
            117-120 

SOURCE:     R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.). Riparian 
            Resource Management. An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department 
            of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 
            193 p. 

TOPICS:     grazing systems, grazing management 

COMMENTS:   Standardized approaches to riparian grazing management are 
            not practical. The results of 34 grazing systems in riparian 
            zones are analyzed in terms of riparian recovery and important 
            factors that apply to Montana are discussed. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Nachlinger, J.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Soil-vegetation correlations in riparian and emergent 
            wetlands, Lyon County, Nevada 

SOURCE:     U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88(17). 39 pp. 

TOPICS:     riparian classification, riparian soils, riparian plant 
            communities 

COMMENTS:   The study tests a system for delineating wetlands by 
            correlation of vegetation indices with soil types. Each plant 
            was assigned a wetland indicator number, based on prepared 
            plant lists or a provisional number for species not previously 
            listed for the area. Vegetation indices included the wetland 
            indicator and either the plant density or percent cover. See 
            Eicher (1988) and Baad (1988) for similar studies in 
            California and explanation of methods. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Naiman, R.J., C.A. Johnston, and J.C. Kelley. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Alteration of North American streams by beaver 

SOURCE:     BioScience 38(11):753-762. 

TOPICS:     beaver, hydrology, wetland creation 

COMMENTS:   A review of changes in the structure and dynamics of streams 
            and related wetlands as beaver recolonize their historic 
            habitat. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Neary, D.G., and J.L. Michael. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Effect of sulfometuron methyl on ground water and stream 
            quality in coastal plain forest watersheds 

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin, 25: 617-623. 

TOPICS:     water quality monitoring, groundwater, herbicide fate 

COMMENTS:   An evaluation of off-site movement of a herbicide to 
            streamflow, with sediment transport and by leaching into 
            ground water on a sandy lower coastal plain flatwoods site. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Negri, S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      The San Pedro riparian area 

SOURCE:     Arizona Highways, April 1989, 18-33. 

TOPICS:     riparian, southwestern desert streams 

COMMENTS:   Travelogue, including prehistoric and cultural histories. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Nilsson, C., G. Grelsson, M. Johansson, and U. Sperens. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Patterns of plant species richness along riverbanks 

SOURCE:     Ecology 70(1):77-84. 

TOPICS:     riparian plant communities, biological diversity, riparian 
            ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   Total species richness along two rivers increased with 
            substrate heterogeneity and was at a maximum at intermediate 
            levels of substrate fineness. Observation coincides with the 
            hypothesis that species diversity and environmental 
            heterogeneity should be closely related along rivers. On the 
            rivers studied, ice scour was most likely a cause of substrate 
            heterogeneity, causing patchiness by erosion, transport and 
            deposition of soil material, by affecting bank height (flood 
            height) and channel width. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Noon, K.F. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Major implementation issues in protection of nation's wetlands 

SOURCE:     Renewable Resources Journal 7(3):14-15. 

TOPICS:     wetland policy implementation 

COMMENTS:   Brief discussion of six major wetlands protection 
            implementation issues in Michigan. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     O'Malley, R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Wetlands Protection: perspective of the states in long-term 
            policy direction 

SOURCE:     Renewable Resources Journal 7(3):8-11. 

TOPICS:     wetland policy, wetland protection 

COMMENTS:   Spoken presentation from the perspective of the New Jersey 
            experience. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     O'Toole, R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Economic protection for riparian forests. Streamside 
            management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions 

SOURCE:     Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Institute of Forest 
            Resources, 1988: p. 259-269. 

TOPICS:     economics of wetland protection 

COMMENTS:   Pricing natural resource values. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Oakley, A.L. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Riparian management practices of the Bureau of Land 
            Management. 

SOURCE:     Streamside Management: Riparian Wildlife and Forestry 
            Interactions. p. 191-196. University of Washington, Institute 
            of Forest Resources, no. 59: Seattle, WA. 

TOPICS:     wetland policy implementation, BLM 

COMMENTS:   Policies for preparing plans and managing BLM lands and 
            resources are based on applicable federal laws, Executive 
            Orders, regulations, manuals, policy statements and other 
            guidance from the Director and State Director for Oregon and 
            Washington. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Odum, W.E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Predicting ecosystem development following creation and 
            restoration of wetlands. p.67-70. 

SOURCE:     J. Zelazny and J.S. Feierabend (eds.). Increasing Our Wetland 
            Resources. National Wildlife Federation Proceedings, Oct. 
            1987, Washington D.C. 

TOPICS:     wetland creation, ecosystem development 

COMMENTS:   Suggests research questions addressing the development of 
            plant communities, soil conditions and hydrology in created 
            and restored wetlands. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ogle, D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Willow poles help restore streambanks 

SOURCE:     Idaho Range News, April (1990), Soil Conservation Service 
            (Boise). 

TOPICS:     streambank protection structures, riparian soils, channel 
            morphology 

COMMENTS:   Willow cuttings and willow poles were planted to stabilize 
            streambanks in the Henry's Lake area. Vertical banks on 
            straight stream sections and meanders were planted. Snow-drift 
            melt causing bank failure appeared to maintain the steep 
            angles of unvegetated banks. Willow establishment reduced 
            failures and resulted in shallower bank angles. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Olson, T.E., and F.L. Knopf. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Patterns of relative diversity within riparian small mammal 
            communities, Platte River watershed, Colorado. p. 379-386. 

SOURCE:     R.C. Szaro, K.E. Severson, and D.R. Patton (tech. coords.). 
            Management of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Small Mammals in North 
            America: proceedings of the symposium; 1988, July 19-21; 
            Flagstaff, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-166. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. 
            Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 
            Forest and Range Experiment Station. 

TOPICS:     small mammals, wildlife habitat, biological diversity 

COMMENTS:   Focus of the study was to analyze patterns of small mammal 
            similarity within and between riparian and adjacent upland 
            sites in the same watershed and across the elevational 
            gradient. In accordance with avifaunal studies in the same 
            watershed (Knopf, 1985), riparian sites at the higher 
            elevations contributed substantially to the regional diversity 
            of small mammal populations. In order to conserve regional 
            integrity in native small mammal faunas, the authors recommend 
            that land uses allowed in and adjacent to high elevation 
            riparian zones should be considered as carefully as those in 
            lowland floodplains. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Padgett, W.G., A.P. Youngblood, A.H. Winward. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Riparian community type classification of Utah and 
            southeastern Idaho 

SOURCE:     R4-Ecol-89-01. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 
            Intermountain Region. 191 p. 

TOPICS:     riparian classification, riparian soils, riparian plant 
            communities, riparian management 

COMMENTS:   A community type classification system (no indication of 
            successional status), based on approximately 600 sample 
            stands. Distribution, vegetation composition, soils and 
            successional status are discussed. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Pfister, R.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Streamside management zones (SMZ)-- Delineation criteria and 
            management guidelines. 

SOURCE:     Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and 
            Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana 
            Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in 
            Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of 
            Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 

TOPICS:     streamside management zone, SMZ, riparian forest 

COMMENTS:   Abstract from a spoken presentation. The Montana Riparian 
            Association Management Guidelines Working Group has been 
            working on a matrix of soil erosion hazards relative to 
            management practices. SMZ width guidelines for substrates of 
            high, medium and low erodibility classes, and for various 
            slope classes presented. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Pfister, R.D. and K.W. Boggs. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Methodology for riparian inventory and streamside management 
            zone delineation on the Kootenai National Forest. 

SOURCE:     Montana Riparian Association. Management of Riparian and 
            Wetland Forested Ecosystems in Montana: Fourth Annual Montana 
            Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 September, 1990 in 
            Whitefish, MT: Montana Riparian Association, School of 
            Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 

TOPICS:     riparian inventory, riparian forest 

COMMENTS:   A brief overview of a study to develop and demonstrate 
            techniques for mapping wetlands and streamside management 
            zones (based on Montana's BMPs, best management practices, and 
            criteria being developed by a Montana Riparian Association 
            Working Group) in heavily forested areas. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Managing riparian stream habitats. p.59-62. 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Wyoming Water 1986 and Streamside Zone 
            Conference, April 28-30, 1986, Casper, WY: Wyoming Water 
            Research Center, University of Wyoming Agricultural Extension 
            Service, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. 

TOPICS:     aquatic habitat, grazing strategies 

COMMENTS:   Recommends improved grazing management strategies. Describes 
            riparian pasture and stream-corridor fencing methods for 
            managing the riparian zones and discusses the effects of 
            grazing time and species on riparian vegetation and stream 
            health. Resilience to rare hydrologic events is an attribute 
            of 'healthy' riparian zones. Riparian management should 
            anticipate the rare event, particularly given the rapid 
            climate changes predicted for the next century. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Compatibility of livestock grazing strategies with fisheries. 
            p.103-110. 

SOURCE:     R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.). Riparian 
            Resource Management. An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department 
            of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Billings, MT. 193 
            p. 

TOPICS:     grazing systems, fishery 

COMMENTS:   Reviews effects of grazing on the stream condition and 
            practiced strategies for grazing in the riparian. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S., and R.L. Nelson. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Characteristics of riparian plant communities and streambanks 
            with respect to grazing in northeastern Utah. p. 73-81. 

SOURCE:     R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.). Riparian 
            Resource Management: An Educational Workshop. U.S. Department 
            of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Billings, Montana. 
            193 p. 

TOPICS:     plant communities, streambank stability, grazing effects, 
            grazing exclosure 

COMMENTS:   A study of plant communities in grazed and ungrazed riparian 
            zones. Streambank stability was related to the community type 
            and grazed condition. Root systems, sod formation, horizontal 
            rooting and depth extent affect the stability of vegetated 
            streambanks. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S. and R.L. Nelson. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Stream canopy and its relationship to salmonid biomass in the 
            Intermountain West 

SOURCE:     North American Journal of Fisheries Management 9:446-457. 

TOPICS:     salmonid habitat, streambank vegetation 

COMMENTS:   Salmonid biomass and stream canopy characteristics that 
            affect thermal input were measured for streams in the Rocky 
            Mountains and Great Basin. Relationships between salmonid 
            biomass and overstory attributes differed between streams of 
            the two regions. Salmonid biomass was strongly correlated with 
            canopy density (+ve), light intensity (-ve) and sun arc (-ve) 
            in the more productive Great Basin streams, but the same 
            correlations were weak for the Rocky Mountain streams. 
            Insolation is likely to be a limiting factor in the Great 
            Basin streams studied, whereas other factors moderate its 
            effect in the Rocky Mountain study streams. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S., R.J. Torquemada, M.L. McHenry, and C.K. Graham. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Changes in salmon spawning and rearing habitat from increased 
            delivery of fine sediment to the South Fork Salmon River, 
            Idaho 

SOURCE:     Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 118:274-283. 

TOPICS:     salmonid habitat, sediment characteristics 

COMMENTS:   Levels of surface and subsurface fine sediment (<4.75 mm in 
            diameter) were measured annually from 1965 to 1985 in spawning 
            and rearing areas for chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tschawytscha 
            and steelhead O. mykiss (formerly Salmo gairdneri) in the 
            South Fork Salmon River, Idaho. A logging moratorium initiated 
            in 1965, coupled with natural recovery and watershed 
            rehabilitation, led to significant decreases in the amounts of 
            fine sediments delivered to and stored in the South Fork 
            Salmon River; this reduction led to a limited resumption to 
            logging operations within the watershed in 1978. By 1985, 
            surface and subsurface sediment levels in chinook salmon 
            spawning areas averaged 19.2% of the surface area and 25.4% of 
            the volume, respectively. However, additional recovery to 
            pre-logging fine sediment levels is probably contingent on 
            both further watershed recovery and the occurrence of flood 
            flows capable of transporting material downstream. An 
            equilibrium between incoming sediment from the watershed and 
            outgoing sediment from the river appears to have been reached 
            under flow regimes that have occurred since 1975 (from 
            Abstract). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts, W.S., F.J. Wagstaff, and E. Chaney. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Cattle and Fish on the Henry's Fork 

SOURCE:     Rangelands 11:58-62. 

TOPICS:     grazing, management 

COMMENTS:   A synopsis of the historic uses of the Henry's Fork of the 
            Snake River, Idaho, and of present uses, and a summary of a 
            streambank rehabilitation project along approximately 6 miles 
            of the Henry's Fork. The study employs a stuttered deferred 
            grazing rotation with selected rest. Electric fencing 
            technology was employed. Data describing streambanks and 
            vegetation for 1985 (grazed) and 1986 (rested) indicates 
            potential for vegetation improvement with rest from grazing 
            but does not yet indicate changes in streambank 
            characteristics. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Price, K.P. and M.K. Ridd. 

PUB. YEAR:  1983 

TITLE:      Riparian habitat on the Humboldt River, Deeth to Elco, Nevada 

SOURCE:     Univ. of Utah Res. Instit., Salt Lake City, UT. CRSC Rep. 
            83-3. 48 p. 

TOPICS:     riparian inventory, riparian management, remote sensing. 

COMMENTS:   Not complete copy. Infrared and conventional B/W photographs 
            of the riparian zone were interpreted, vegetation maps 
            produced and compared with historical maps. Lengthy review of 
            river geomorphology and management impacts on the riparian. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Quigley, T.M. 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Estimating contribution of overstory vegetation to stream 
            surface shade 

SOURCE:     Wildlife Society Bulletin 9(1):22-27. 

TOPICS:     riparian forest, aquatic habitat, stream shading 

COMMENTS:   A method for estimating the contribution of forest overstory 
            to stream surface shade is presented. Characteristics measured 
            are stream width, distance from vegetation to stream, 
            orientation of stream, height of overstory, density of 
            vegetation, crown measurement, location, date, and time. 
            Examples given. (form authors abstract) 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ratliff, R.D., M.R. George, N.K. McDougald 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Managing livestock grazing on meadows of California's Sierra 
            Nevada. A manager-user guide. 

SOURCE:     Cooperative Extension Leaflet No. 21421: Cooperative Extension 
            University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural 
            Resources, University of California, Berkeley, CA. 

TOPICS:     management, grazing, meadows 

COMMENTS:   A management guide with recommendations for herbage 
            productivity, timing, and length of grazing period for 
            mountain meadows. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Reed, P.B., Jr. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      National list of plant species that occur in wetlands: 
            Intermountain (Region 8). 

SOURCE:     U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88(26.8). 76pp. 

TOPICS:     wetland plant species 

COMMENTS:   This plant list for the Intermountain Region (Region 8) is a 
            subset of the National List. Plant species that occur in 
            wetlands, as used in the National List, are species that have 
            demonstrated an ability to achieve maturity and reproduce in 
            an environment where all or portions of soil within the root 
            zone become, periodically or continuously, saturated or 
            inundated during the growing season (from abstract). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Reed, P.B., Jr. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      National list of plant species that occur in wetlands: 
            national summary 

SOURCE:     U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88(24). 244 pp. 

TOPICS:     wetland plant species 

COMMENTS:   Plant species that occur in wetlands, as used in the National 
            List, are species that have demonstrated an ability to achieve 
            maturity and reproduce in an environment where all or portions 
            of soil within the root zone become, periodically or 
            continuously, saturated or inundated during the growing season 
            (from abstract). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Reichmuth, D.R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Salmon River habitat structures evaluation of past work and 
            proposals for future work 

SOURCE:     Report prepared by GEOMAX, Bozeman, MT. 

TOPICS:     in-stream structures, channel dynamics 

COMMENTS:   Recommends alternative to riprap treatment where channel is 
            eroding highway and a sediment-separating structure to 
            separate bottom water with high sediment load from 
            low-sediment top water. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ribaudo, M.O., and C.E. Young. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Estimating the water quality benefits from soil erosion 
            control. 

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin, 25:71-78. 

TOPICS:     non-point pollution, soil erosion 

COMMENTS:   A conceptual model for estimating water quality benefits from 
            the control of soil erosion and results of such modelling is 
            discussed. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rickard, W.H., L.E. Rogers, B.E. Vaughan, and S.F. Liebetrau 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Shrub-Steppe Balance and Change in a Semi-Arid Terrestrial 
            Ecosystem. 

SOURCE:     Developments in Agricultural and Managed-Forest Ecology 
            Series, v. 20. Elsevier Science Publishing Company Inc., New 
            York, NY. 272 p. 

TOPICS:     bibliography, riparian soils, hydrology, plant communities, 
            bird communities 

COMMENTS:   Includes eight bibliographic chapters which focus on research 
            conducted at the Arid Land Ecological Reserve, at the Hanford 
            Site of the Lower Columbia River. 1. Introduction: 
            Shrub-Steppe Lands; 2. Climate of the Hanford Site; 3. Soils: 
            Carbon and Mineral Cycling Processes; 4. Water Balance; 5. 
            Springs and Streams; 6. Plant Communities: Characteristics and 
            Responses; 7. Terrestrial Animal Habitats and Population 
            Responses; 8. Theoretical Perspective on Ecosystem Disturbance 
            and Recovery. Topics covered which are relevant to the 
            riparian include bird populations, hydrology of springs and 
            streams and associated vegetation, and effects of land-uses on 
            the sagebrush-bunchgrass uplands. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rinne, J.N. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Effects of livestock grazing exclosure on aquatic 
            macroinvertebrates in a montane stream, New Mexico 

SOURCE:     Great Basin Naturalist 48(2):146-153. 

TOPICS:     stream invertebrates, grazing effects, aquatic habitat, 
            experimental design 

COMMENTS:   Based on a limited literature and this study, authors 
            conclude that aquatic macroinvertebrates are useful biological 
            indicators of grazing impacts on stream ecosystems. The 
            authors emphasize the importance of collecting baseline data 
            and of defining the variability of factors within study areas 
            prior to implementing treatments. Linear changes in stream 
            habitat may affect water quality and biota in the stream quite 
            apart from the affects of grazing and exclosure. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rinne, J.N. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Grazing effects on stream habitat and fishes: research design 
            considerations 

SOURCE:     North American Journal of Fisheries Management 8:240-247. 

TOPICS:     grazing effects, fishery, experimental grazing design 

COMMENTS:   A 4-year study of a montane stream from which cattle grazing 
            had been excluded for 10 years indicated that stream bank 
            vegetation and stability were markedly improved and that 
            stream substrate fines were somewhat reduced, but it indicated 
            that fish populations were unaffected. Shortcomings of this 
            case history study are common to similarly designed studies of 
            grazing effects on fishes and their habitats. Three major 
            deficiencies in research design are (1)lack of pretreatment 
            data, (2) improper consideration of fishery management 
            principles, and (3) linear positioning of treatments along a 
            stream. Future research on riparian grazing effects must 
            address these factors in addition to designs of long-term (10+ 
            years) ecosystem (watershed) studies. (author's abstract) 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Robertson, D., R. Garcia, and K. Piwowar. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Comparison of wetland habitat in undisturbed and reclaimed 
            phosphate surface-mined wetlands. p.180-193. 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference on Wetlands 
            Restoration and Creation, May 14-15, 1987: Hillsborough 
            Community College, Institute of Florida Studies, Plant City, 
            FL. 

TOPICS:     wetland creation, reclamation 

COMMENTS:   Assessment of aquatic development in two reclaimed wetlands, 
            one two years old and one year old. The reclamation methods 
            are described briefly. Macroinvertebrate sampling and species 
            richness results provided. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Samson, F.B., F.L. Knopf, and L.B. Hass. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Small mammal response to the introduction of cattle into a 
            cottonwood floodplain. p. 432-438. 

SOURCE:     R.C. Szaro, K.E. Severson, and D.R. Patton (tech. coords.). 
            Management of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Small Mammals in North 
            America: proceedings of the symposium; 1988, July 19-21; 
            Flagstaff, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-166. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. 
            Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 
            Forest and Range Experiment Station. 

TOPICS:     small mammals, grazing effects, biological diversity 

COMMENTS:   Examined small mammal communities and vegetation structure 
            before, during and after grazing (1 and 5 months following 
            grazing) and between grazed (winter) and ungrazed (control) 
            communities on South Platte River floodplain. Each small 
            mammal species exhibited different habitat use compared to 
            availability and few habitat variables differed on grazed 
            versus ungrazed pastures. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schultz, T.T., and W.C. Leininger. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Differences in riparian vegetation between grazed areas and 
            exclosures. 

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 43(4):295-299. 

TOPICS:     plant communities, grazing effects, grazing exclosure 

COMMENTS:   Differences in vegetation structure were examined in a 
            montane riparian zone in north-central Colorado after 30 years 
            of cattle exclusion and continued, but reduced, grazing 
            pressure. Total vascular vegetation, shrub, and graminoid 
            canopy cover was greater in the exclosures as compared to 
            grazed areas, while forb canopy cover was similar between 
            treatments. Exclosures had nearly 2 times the litter cover, 
            while grazed areas had 4 times more bare ground. The mean peak 
            standing crop over the 2 years of the study in the exclosures 
            was about 5 times that in the grazed areas. Cattle utilized 
            about 65% of the current years growth of vegetation. (from 
            authors abstract) 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schumann, R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Morphology of Red Creek, Wyoming, an arid-region anastomosing 
            channel system 

SOURCE:     Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 14:277-288. 

TOPICS:     channel dynamics, sediment characteristics 

COMMENTS:   Describes formation mechanisms of an anastomosing stream. 
            Lateral channel migration is inhibited by the high cohesion of 
            the silt and clay channel sediment. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, J.D. Jacobi, J.E. Estes. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Species richness. 

SOURCE:     A geographic approach to protecting future biological 
            diversity. BioScience 37(11):782-788. 

TOPICS:     biological diversity, geographical information systems 

COMMENTS:   The thesis is that the most efficient and cost-effective way 
            to retain maximal biological diversity in the minimal area is 
            to focus efforts on species-rich areas. A geographical 
            information systems mapping approach has identified unexpected 
            inequities in present-time wildlife/nature preserves and the 
            extent of protection of species-rich habitats. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Scott, J.M., et al. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Gap analysis: protecting biodiversity using geographic 
            information systems 

SOURCE:     A handbook for a workshop held at the University of Idaho, 
            October 29-31, 1990, Moscow, ID. 

TOPICS:     biological diversity, gap analysis 

COMMENTS:   Chapters included are: (1) Introduction to biodiversity and 
            conservation planning. (2) Mapping actual vegetation to 
            predict regional biodiversity. (3) GIS data layers and mapping 
            of biodiversity. (3) Interpreting the data. A section on the 
            mapping of wetland and aquatic habitats (riparian areas) 
            indicates the difficulties of dealing with small but 
            species-rich land areas. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sedell, J.R., F.H. Everest, and D.R. Gibbons. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Streamside vegetation management for aquatic habitat. 
            p.115-125. 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the National Silviculture Workshop: 
            Silviculture for All Resources. Sacramento, CA, May 11-14, 
            1987. Wash, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 
            Service, Timber Management; March 1989. 322 p. 

TOPICS:     riparian forest, management, stream shading, woody debris 

COMMENTS:   The authors discuss three aspects of silvicultural management 
            of Riparian Management Areas (RMA): effects of extended timber 
            rotations or permissible rates of entry into RMAs; organic 
            debris standards and RMA width and shading requirements. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sedgwick, J.A., and F.L. Knopf. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Breeding bird response to cattle grazing of a cottonwood 
            bottomland. 

SOURCE:     J. Wildl. Manage. 51(1):230-237. 

TOPICS:     bird communities, grazing effects 

COMMENTS:   Habitat use by migratory bird species utilizing the 
            grass-herb-shrub layer of vegetation in a riparian community 
            (South Platt River, CO) subjected to late fall, early winter 
            cattle grazing. Breeding bird populations on ungrazed control 
            plots and fall-grazed plots (16 ha) were censused over a 
            10-day period in spring of 1982, 1984, and 1985. Ordination of 
            six species on axes of forb cover and mid-level shrub density 
            cover suggested different susceptibilities to grazing. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sedgwick, J.A., F.L. Knopf. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Habitat relationships and nest site characteristics of 
            cavity-nesting birds in cottonwood floodplains. 

SOURCE:     Journal Wildlife Management 54(1):112-124. 

TOPICS:     bird communities, biological diversity, riparian forest 

COMMENTS:   Lack of regeneration of cottonwood, decline in the dead limb 
            lengths, trees with more than 1 m length of dead limb (> 10 cm 
            dia.), and snag density along the South Platte River will 
            probably result in the decline in cavity-nesting birds. 
            Red-headed woodpeckers and American kestrels have the most 
            particular cavity requirements for nesting. An aging overstory 
            with a lower percentage of small trees and a lack of 
            regeneration, resulting in lower small tree densities, could 
            adversely affect chickadees. A mosaic of sites of differing 
            age structures in cottonwood floodplains accommodates a 
            greater variety of cavity-nesting species. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sheeter, G.R., and E.W. Claire. 

PUB. YEAR:  1981 

TITLE:      Use of juniper trees to stabilize eroding streambanks on the 
            South Fork John Day River. 

SOURCE:     U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 
            Tech. Note:OR-1. 4 p. 

TOPICS:     streambank protection structures 

COMMENTS:   Streambank revetments created by anchorage of cut junipers on 
            nearly vertical eroding streambanks were successful in 
            stabilizing banks. Silt deposited in the revetments reduced 
            bank slope. Lower energy of stream water in reaches with 
            revetments favored revegetation. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Shepard, B.B. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Evaluation of the U.S. Forest Service "COWFISH" model for 
            assessing livestock impacts on fisheries in the Beaverhead 
            National Forest, Montana. 

SOURCE:     R.E. Gresswell, B.A. Barton and J.L. Kershner (eds.), Riparian 
            Resource Management, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of 
            Land Management. pp.23-33. 

TOPICS:     COWFISH model, grazing effects, fishery 

COMMENTS:   Use of the "COWFISH" model increases awareness of effects of 
            livestock grazing on aquatic resources, but does not replace 
            the need for sampling fish populations in grazing-impacted 
            streams. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sidle, R.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Overview of cumulative effects concepts and issues. p. 
            103-107. 

SOURCE:     Forestry on the Frontier, Proceedings of the 1989 Society of 
            American Foresters Annual Convention. Bethesda, MD. 

TOPICS:     watershed, cumulative effects, water quality, sediment 
            transport 

COMMENTS:   Activities within a watershed and natural processes interact 
            in a cumulative way to affect downstream water quality. Major 
            emphasis of the paper is on water quality, nutrient cycling 
            and chemical transport. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sidle, R.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Cumulative effects of forest practices on erosion and 
            sedimentation. p. 108-112. 

SOURCE:     Forestry on the Frontier, Proceedings of the 1989 Society of 
            American Foresters Annual Convention. Bethesda, MD. 

TOPICS:     erosion, sediment transport, compaction 

COMMENTS:   Topics linked were onsite mass erosion, onsite surface 
            erosion, sediment transport and routing, and downstream 
            effects of these. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sidle, R.C. and M.C. Amacher. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Effects of mining, grazing and roads on sediment and water 
            chemistry in Birch Creek, Nevada. p. 463-472. 

SOURCE:     Watershed Planning and Analysis in Action, Symposium 
            Proceedings of American Society of Civil Engineers, Durango, 
            CO, 9-11 July, 1990. 

TOPICS:     sediment transport, water quality, cumulative effects, woody 
            debris 

COMMENTS:   Assessment of the cumulative effects of mining and other land 
            uses on water quality of Birch Creek showed that mine dumps 
            and roads increased fine sediment deposits in some reaches. 
            Fine sediments were trapped by woody debris. (from Abstract). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Slaughter, C.W., and J.W. Aldrich 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Annotated bibliography on soil erosion and erosion control in 
            subarctic and high-latitude regions of North America. 

SOURCE:     Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-253. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of 
            Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research 
            Station. 234 p. 

TOPICS:     bibliography, erosion, hydrology 

COMMENTS:   Emphasizes the physical processes of upland soil erosion, 
            prediction of soil erosion and sediment yield, and erosion 
            control. The bibliography is divided into two sections: (1) 
            references specific to Alaska, the Arctic and subarctic, and 
            similar high-latitude settings; and (2) references relevant to 
            understanding erosion, sediment production, and erosion 
            control. Most of the cited works were published prior to 1981. 
            (from abstract) 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smirnow, E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Water resources analyses: flow category analysis for flow 
            duration curves. Unpublished report prepared for U.S. 

SOURCE:     Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Grand Mesa, 
            Uncompahgre and Gunnison National Forest, Delta, CO. 

TOPICS:     hydrology 

COMMENTS:   Outlines a procedure for flow category analysis, intended to 
            provide investigators with a tool to expedite and refine the 
            generation of flow duration curves/tables, flow regime 
            frequencies, and sediment yields. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Snyder, W.D. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Stem cutting propagation of woody phreatophytes in eastern 
            Colorado. p. 151-156. 

SOURCE:     Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). 
            Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian 
            Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, 
            Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland 
            Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. 

TOPICS:     planting, riparian restoration 

COMMENTS:   Plantings of six native woody phreatophytes and one exotic 
            species evaluated. Techniques and survival discussed. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Speaker, R.W., K.J. Luchessa, J.F. Franklin, and S.V. Gregory. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      The use of plastic strips to measure leaf retention by 
            riparian vegetation in a coastal Oregon stream. 

SOURCE:     The use of plastic strips to measure leaf retention by 
            riparian vegetation in a coastal Oregon stream. 

TOPICS:     riparian forest, organic debris 

COMMENTS:   Plastic strips, rather than leaves, were tested in studies 
            estimating the rate of removal of coarse particulate organic 
            matter from low-order forested streams. Processes involved in 
            the retention of organic debris, both instream and on bank, 
            are discussed in relation to the results of an experiment 
            comparing the debris retention by streams sections with 
            manipulated bank vegetation densities. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stern, D.H. and M.S. Stern. 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Effects of bank stabilization on the physical and chemical 
            characteristics of streams and small rivers: an annotated 
            bibliography. 

SOURCE:     U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 
            Biological Services Program: FWS/OBS-80/12. 78 p. 

TOPICS:     bibliography, streambank protection structures, water quality 

COMMENTS:   An annotated bibliography. Included papers vary from 
            technical documents to general discussions addressing the 
            physical and chemical changes that result from bank 
            stabilization techniques. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stevens, M. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Between land and Water: the wetlands of Idaho. 

SOURCE:     Nongame wildlife leaflet # 9. Idaho Wildlife, 10(4):13-24. 

TOPICS:     wetlands, wetland plant species 

COMMENTS:   Essay introducing Idaho wetlands; history, soils, vegetation 
            and wetland protection. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stromberg, J.C., and D.T. Patten. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Total protection: one management option. p. 61-62. 

SOURCE:     Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). 
            Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian 
            Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, 
            Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland 
            Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. 

TOPICS:     plant communities, floodplain management, floodplain 
            hydrology, seed dispersal 

COMMENTS:   Flood timing in relation to seed dispersal may affect 
            community structure. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stuber, P.J. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Proceedings of the national symposium on protection of 
            wetlands from agricultural impacts 

SOURCE:     April 25-29, 1988, Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of 
            Interior, Fish and Wild. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88(16). 221 pp. 

TOPICS:     symposium, wetlands, wetland management, wetlands policy 
            implementation 

COMMENTS:   Formal papers focused on four main topics: (1) Agricultural 
            Impacts on Wetlands, (2) National Legislative Wetland 
            Protection Strategies, (3) State/Regional Wetland Protection 
            Strategies, and (4) Management Protection Strategies (from 
            abstract). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Suring, L.H., and P.A. Vohs, Jr 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Habitat use by Columbian white-tailed deer. 

SOURCE:     J. Wildl. Manage. 43:610-619. 

TOPICS:     white-tailed deer, wildlife habitat 

COMMENTS:   Study area was the Columbian White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus 
            viginianus) National Wildlife Refuge, on the Washington shore 
            of the Columbia River. The climate was wet (245 cm) and mild, 
            promoting continued growth of forage throughout the year. 
            Communities providing both cover and forage were more heavily 
            utilized than were communities providing cover or foliage 
            alone. Browse was not used, apparently because of the 
            year-round availability of green forage. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swanson, S. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Priorities for riparian management. 

SOURCE:     Rangelands, 11(5):228-230. 

TOPICS:     grazing management, riparian enhancement 

COMMENTS:   Outlines general processes of stream channel erosion, 
            floodplain functions, and the effects of vegetation on 
            channel/floodplain interactions. Suggests criteria for 
            prioritizing stream reaches for management activities. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swenson, E.A. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Progress in the understanding of how to reestablish native 
            riparian plants in New Mexico. p. 144-150. 

SOURCE:     Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). 
            Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian 
            Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, 
            Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland 
            Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. 

TOPICS:     planting, riparian restoration 

COMMENTS:   Reports on the development of a dormant pole planting 
            technique and several operational projects. Guidelines for 
            successful pole planting. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Szaro, R.C. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Riparian and scrubland community types of Arizona and New 
            Mexico. 

SOURCE:     Desert Plants 9(3-4):69-124. 

TOPICS:     riparian classification, riparian plant communities 

COMMENTS:   Discusses the role of disturbance in riparian systems and 
            presents the framework of a plant community classification 
            system (commmunity type concept) for Arizona and New Mexico 
            based on actual site data for existing vegetation. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Szaro, R.C. and S.C. Belfit. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      Herpetofaunal use of a desert riparian island and its adjacent 
            scrub habitat 

SOURCE:     Journal of Wildlife Management 50(4):752-761. 

TOPICS:     reptiles, amphibians, biological diversity, riparian 
            mitigation, riparian habitat mitigation 

COMMENTS:   The restriction of water flow in 1959 in Queen Creek in 
            Whitlow Ranch Dam, Pinal County, Arizona, has caused the 
            development of a 15-ha riparian island upstream behind the 
            dam. The herpetofaunas of the riparian interior, riparian 
            edge, desert wash, and upland habitats were sampled to assess 
            the value of this type of development for mitigating continued 
            losses of riparian habitat. Total species richness was 4 in 
            the riparian interior, 7 in the riparian edge, 14 in the 
            desert wash, and 15 in the desert upland. Many of the locally 
            expected species were absent. The lack of invasion by typical 
            riparian species probably results more from biogeographic 
            considerations and flooding patterns than from structural and 
            physical conditions of this newly formed riparian habitat. 
            Regression models for species abundance emphasize the 
            importance of using floristic information rather than summary 
            variables in developing animal-habitat relationships. (from 
            author's abstract) See also Szaro and Belfit (1987) for 
            analysis of small mammal populations on the same riparian 
            island. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Szaro, R.C. and S.C. Belfit. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Small mammal use of a riparian desert riparian island and its 
            adjacent scrub habitat 

SOURCE:     Research Note RM-473: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 
            Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 
            Fort Collins, CO. 

TOPICS:     small mammals, riparian habitat mitigation, riparian 
            mitigation 

COMMENTS:   A 15 ha riparian island was created upstream of a dam built 
            in 1959. Small mammal populations in the riparian interior, 
            riparian edge, desert wash and upland habitats surrounding the 
            island were sampled to assess the value of this type of 
            development (water flow restriction by dam) for mitigating 
            continued loss of riparian habitat. The riparian island had 
            few small mammals; more were recorded in the adjacent desert 
            washes and desert upland habitats. Habitat models were 
            developed for the desert shrew, Arizona pocket mouse, and 
            Bailey's pocket mouse. (from author's abstract). The author 
            concludes that potential is limited for using the development 
            of a dense willow gallery forest resulting from changes in 
            hydrologic regime to mitigate the loss of more structurally 
            diverse riparian habitats. Canopy opening to increase 
            development of shrub and herbaceous layers and import of 
            riparian fauna from similar islands might improve the value of 
            the mitigation riparian island as small mammal habitat. 
            Species studied: desert shrew (Notiosorex crawfordi), Arizona 
            pocket mouse (Perognathus amplus), Bailey's pocket mouse 
            (Perognathus baileyi) 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Szaro, R.C., S.C. Belfit, J.K. Aitkin, and R.D. Babb. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      The use of timed fixed-area plots and a mark-recapture 
            technique in assessing riparian garter snake populations. p. 
            239-246. 

SOURCE:     Management of Amphibians, Reptiles, and Small Mammals in North 
            America. Proceedings of a symposium, July 19-21, 1988, 
            Flagstaff, AZ: Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-166. U.S. Department of 
            Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range 
            Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 

TOPICS:     reptiles, wildlife habitat, grazing exclosure 

COMMENTS:   Wandering garter snake populations along a thin-leaf alder 
            riparian community in northern New Mexico were sampled using 
            timed fixed-area plots and a mark-recapture method. Both 
            methods served to determine yearly differences and relative 
            magnitude of snake density between years. Timed fixed-area 
            plots enabled quantification of dramatic differences in snake 
            abundance between exclosures and the grazed area. This 
            sampling method yielded significant differences in exclosure 
            population estimates for 1985 indicating that the spatial 
            distribution of snakes might not be random. The more 
            labor-intensive mark-recapture estimators are recommended for 
            assessing impactsof riparian management regimes on snake 
            populations. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Szaro, R.C. and J.N. Rinne. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Ecosystem approach to management of southwestern riparian 
            communities. p. 502-511. 

SOURCE:     Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural 
            Resources Conference: 53rd Annual Meeting, 1988: Wildlife 
            Management Institute, Washington, D.C. 

TOPICS:     biological diversity, community ecology, grazing exclosure, 
            grazing management 

COMMENTS:   The paper exemplifies common problems with ecosystem studies: 
            riparian area responses to grazing exclosure, geographic 
            variation and water impoundment. The response to grazing on 
            riparian areas can vary depending on the populations measured, 
            whether birds, reptiles, fish, small mammals, etc. Researchers 
            and managers need to act cooperatively in study design so that 
            testable hypotheses are addressed and proper controls applied. 
            Sufficient preliminary data is often lacking. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thomas, A.E., and C. Wentzell. 

PUB. YEAR:  1986 

TITLE:      A bibliography of riparian topics with emphasis on the 
            intermountain west. 

SOURCE:     Technical Bulletin 86-4. U.S. Department of the Interior, 
            Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID. 69 
            pp. 

TOPICS:     BLM, bibliography, riparian 

COMMENTS:   This bibliography will be available on request from A.E. 
            Thomas at the Idaho State Office, BLM. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thomas, J.W., C. Maser, and J.E. Rodiek. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Edges 

SOURCE:     Wildlife habitats in managed rangelands -- the great basin of 
            southeastern Oregon. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 
            Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-189. Pacific Northwest Forest and 
            Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR. 17 p. 

TOPICS:     biological diversity, wildlife habitat management 

COMMENTS:   Edge can be a measure of overall diversity of any area. 
            Diversity is considered as inherent (community/community) 
            edge, induced (successional stage/successional stage) edge and 
            total edge. Size of stands are related to expected wildlife 
            diversity (from abstract). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tiedemann, A.R., D.A. Higgins, T.M. Quigley, and H.R. 
            Sanderson. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Stream chemistry responses to four range management strategies 
            in eastern Oregon. Research Paper PNW-RP-413 

SOURCE:     Portland, OR. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 
            Pacific Northwest Research Station. 9 p. 

TOPICS:     water quality, riparian forest 

COMMENTS:   Four grazing management strategies, implemented as part if 
            the Oregon Range Evaluation Project. Nitrate-N, PO4, Ca, Mg, K 
            and Na levels and pH were monitored in streamwater. Grazing 
            systems/strategies included season-long/no distribution 
            management (8.2 ha/AUM), deferred rotation/uniform pasture use 
            (7.7 ha/AUM), deferred rotation/intensive management with 
            pasture improvement (2.8 ha/AUM), and rest rotation/intensive 
            management with pasture improvement (2.8 ha/AUM). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tiedemann, A.R., T.M. Quigley, T.D. Anderson 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Effects of timber harvest on stream nutrient chemistry and 
            dissolved nutrient losses in northeast Oregon 

SOURCE:     Forest Science 34(2):344-358. 

TOPICS:     water quality, riparian forest 

COMMENTS:   Study examined streamwater nutrient levels before and after 
            partial clearcut of Pacific Northwest watersheds. The maximum 
            treatment was clearcut of 41% of the watershed area in two 
            blocks (3.6 and 8.5 ha), machine piling and burning of slash 
            with machine scatter of unburned slash. For another watershed, 
            17% of the area was clearcut in two small blocks (0.8 and 2.4 
            ha). A selective harvest was performed in a third watershed 
            and no harvest in the fourth control watershed. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tung, Y.K. and W.E. Hathhorn. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Determination of the critical locations in a stochastic stream 
            environment 

SOURCE:     Ecological Monitoring, 45: 43-61. 

TOPICS:     water quality monitoring 

COMMENTS:   Discusses the location of critical points for dissolved O2, 
            i.e., minimum dissolved O2, in streams best described by 
            stochastic rather than deterministic models. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Turner, R.E. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Secondary production in riparian wetlands 

SOURCE:     Transactions of the 53rd North American Wildlife and Natural 
            Resources Conference 53:491-501. 

TOPICS:     ecosystem processes, riparian ecosystem 

COMMENTS:   Riparian wetlands have high primary production, provide 
            fluctuating environments and an aquatic/terrestrial food web 
            or chain, resulting in concentrated secondary production. 
            Based on analyses of food chains, riparian ecosystems have 
            more trophic species per number of trophic links than do 
            nonwetland ecosystems. The vegetation canopy of riparian 
            wetlands adds to maximum ecosystem dimension, which probably 
            results in relatively longer food chains compared with other 
            wetland ecosystem types. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S. General Accounting Office. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Public rangelands. Some riparian areas restored but widespread 
            improvement will be slow. 

SOURCE:     GAO/RCED-88-105: Report to congressional requesters. U.S. 
            General Accounting Office, Washington D.C. 85 p. 

TOPICS:     wetland policy evaluation, wetland policy implementation 

COMMENTS:   Examines federal efforts to restore degraded riparian areas 
            on public rangelands, achievements to date, the extent of the 
            problem remaining, and the factors that will impede more 
            widespread progress in the future. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.A.-Forest Service. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Integrated riparian evaluation guide. Intermountain Region 

SOURCE:     Ogden, UT. 102 pp. 

TOPICS:     riparian evaluation, management, monitoring 

COMMENTS:   The guide provides an approach to stratify and classify 
            riparian areas by integrating geomorphologic, hydrologic, 
            aquatic, soil and vegetation information. Three levels of 
            evaluation, management applications and interpretations, 
            monitoring strategies suggested and several classification 
            appendices supplied. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land Management. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Wyoming riparian management activity guide - 1989. 

SOURCE:     U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 
            Wyoming State Office, Cheyenne, Wy. 58 p. 

TOPICS:     BLM, wetland policy implementation 

COMMENTS:   Presents the Wyoming riparian strategy for BLM lands. 
            Provides a breakdown of riparian projects, including planned 
            actions, projects, monitoring, research, training, information 
            transfer and funding options. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land Management. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Fish and Wildlife 2000. Annual progress report, fiscal year 
            1990. 

SOURCE:     U.S. Department of the Interior, BLM, Washington, D.C. 29 p. 

TOPICS:     BLM 

COMMENTS:   Summary of projects implemented under the BLM "Fish and 
            Wildlife 2000 - A Plan for the Future" and of future fish and 
            wildlife projects. Includes habitat management. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service. 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Riparian ecosystems: a preliminary assessment of their 
            importance, status and needs. 

SOURCE:     Eastern Energy and Land Use Team, National Water Resources 
            Analysis Group, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kearneysville, 
            WV. 13 p. 

TOPICS:     riparian ecosystems 

COMMENTS:   A preliminary assessment reflecting the perspective which led 
            to the development of a Fish and Wildlife Service riparian 
            program. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Wetlands. Meeting the president's challenge. 

SOURCE:     U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service: 
            1990 Wetlands Action Plan. 64 p. 

TOPICS:     wetland protection, policy implementation 

COMMENTS:   Document describes the role of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
            Service in contributing to the President's goal of "no net 
            loss" of the nation's wetlands. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Valiela, D. and P.H. Whitfield. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Monitoring strategies to determine compliance with water 
            quality objectives 

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin, 25:63-69. 

TOPICS:     water quality monitoring 

COMMENTS:   Two sampling strategies designed to test for compliance with 
            water quality objectives are examined for, (1) objectives 
            based on long-term mean requirements, and (2) for objectives 
            based on maximum allowable concentrations. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Vinson, M.R. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Sediment dynamics in meandering and straight sections of a 
            relocated stream channel. p.76-87. 

SOURCE:     Mutz, K.M., D.J. Cooper, M.L. Scott and L.K. Miller (eds.). 
            Restoration, Creation, and Management of Wetland and Riparian 
            Ecosystems in the American West. Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 1988, 
            Denver CO: Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland 
            Scientists, Denver CO. 239 pp. 

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics, sediment transport, sediment storage 

COMMENTS:   Sediment dynamics examined for meandering and straight 
            sections of a relocated stream channel in coarse alluvium. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Walker, M.D., D.A. Walker, and K.R. Everett. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Wetland soils and vegetation, arctic foothills, Alaska. 

SOURCE:     U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 89(7). 89 pp. 

TOPICS:     wetland soils, wetland plant species 

COMMENTS:   Analyses of relationships between hydric soils and wetland 
            plant species in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, 
            Alaska. The site is considered to be representative of broad 
            regions of acidic tussock tundra in the foothills. Seven soil 
            subgroups identified. Weighted and index averages were 
            calculated for each of 84 samples by weighing each species 
            according to its wetland indicator status in a published list 
            of vascular wetland plants of the U.S. Analysis of variance 
            among soil types using averages based on vascular species 
            alone or in combination with cryptogamic species led to a 
            highly significant distinction between hydric and non-hydric 
            soils. Cryptogams, lichen-moss crusts on the soil surface 
            which have not been reviewed for wetland status, did not 
            separate the soil types properly. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Walters, M.A., R.O. Teskey, and T.M. Hinckley. 

PUB. YEAR:  1980 

TITLE:      Impact of water level changes on woody riparian and wetland 
            communities. Volume VIII. Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain 
            Regions. 

SOURCE:     U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 
            Biological Services Program: FWS/OBS-78/94. 46 p. 

TOPICS:     riparian plant communities, watertable effects, bibliography 

COMMENTS:   Impacts of flooding and drought on riparian zone vegetation, 
            specifically mountainous areas, northern California, 
            Washington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho, New Mexico and Arizona. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Weber, C.I. et al. 

PUB. YEAR:  1990 

TITLE:      Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of 
            effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms 

SOURCE:     Second Edition. Methods Manual, No. PB 89-207 013/AS. 
            Cincinatti, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 
            Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory. 

TOPICS:     water quality monitoring 

COMMENTS:   A project summary available in files. Methods for estimating 
            the chronic toxicity to the fathead minnow (Pimephales 
            promelas), a cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia), and a green alga 
            (Selenastrum capricornutum). 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Welling, C.H., R.L. Pederson, and A.G. van der Valk. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Temporal patterns in recruitment from the seed bank during 
            drawdowns in a prairie wetland 

SOURCE:     Journal of Applied Ecology 25:999-1007. 

TOPICS:     emergent wetland plants, wetlands seed bank 

COMMENTS:   Describes seasonal patterns of seedling recruitment, assesses 
            the potential impact on recruitment of environmental 
            conditions during drawdowns and compares vegetation produced 
            by drawdowns lasting 1 or 2 years. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wesche, T.A., D.W. Reiser, V.R. Hasfurther, W.A. Hubert, Q.D. 
            Skinner. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      New technique for measuring fine sediment in streams 

SOURCE:     North American Journal of Fisheries manag ement 9:234-238. 

TOPICS:     hydrology, sediment characteristics 

COMMENTS:   Evaluation of sediment trapping capabilities of modified 
            Whitlock-Vibert boxes under laboratory and field conditions 
            and comparison with sediment trapped in adjacent streambed 
            gravels. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     West, R.A., S.J. Paustian and J.R. Martin. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      A proposed streamside riparian mapping system for the Tongass 
            National Forest. 

SOURCE:     Proceedings of watershed '89: a conference on the stewardship 
            of soil, air and water resources: Juneau, Alaska, March 21-23, 
            1989. Juneau, AK: U.S. Department of Agriculture, For. Serv., 
            Alaska Region, 1989, p. 73-85. 

TOPICS:     riparian inventory, riparian soils, riparian plant 
            communities, channel morphology, geomorphology 

COMMENTS:   A hierarchical inventory utilizing GIS technology: Level I, 
            identifies watershed boundaries, areas and is used to estimate 
            annual precipitation and compute water budgets; Level II, 
            delineates boundaries between the aquatic-riparian ecosystems 
            and the surrounding terrestrial environment by overlaying the 
            Soil/Plant Association Layer (delineates landform), the 
            Channel Type Layer and the Watershed Layer; Level III, 
            comprises mapping of the aquatic and riparian ecosystems; and 
            Level IV, maps specific riparian sites as defined by 
            particular plant associations with specific soils and channel 
            types. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Williams, S.E., and P.D. Stahl. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Importance of mycorrhizal fungi in land revegetation. p. 
            72-89. 

SOURCE:     Proceedings Thirty-Ninth Annual Meeting, Great Plains 
            Agricultural Forestry Committee, June 22-25, 1987. Vol. 39. 

TOPICS:     soil fungi 

COMMENTS:   A review of the biology and applications in revegetation of 
            mycorrhizae. It seems that loss of mycorrhizal inoculum might 
            be a concern where revegetation of degraded riparian areas or 
            range with sensitive species is concerned. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Winward, A.H. and W.G. Padgett. 

PUB. YEAR:  1989 

TITLE:      Special considerations when classifying riparian areas. p. 
            186-192. 

SOURCE:     Land Classifications Based on Vegetation: Applications for 
            Resource Management. Proceedings: Moscow, ID, November 17-19, 
            1987. Ogden UT: Intermountain Research Station, Gen. Tech. 
            Rep. INT; 257. 

TOPICS:     riparian classification, riparian plant communities, channel 
            dynamics 

COMMENTS:   Uses a concept of riparian complexes, groups of riparian 
            community types, to classify riparian zones, their condition 
            and goals for riparian enhancement. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wood, J.C., and M.K. Wood. 

PUB. YEAR:  1988 

TITLE:      Infiltration and water quality on range sites at Fort Stanton, 
            New Mexico. Water Resour 

SOURCE:     Bull., 24(2):317-323. 

TOPICS:     soil infiltration rates, grazing effects 

COMMENTS:   Examined soil infiltration rates, sediment concentration and 
            runoff water quality for range sites on a mesa top, hillside 
            slopes and on valley bottom with varied grazing treatments and 
            fertilization (valley bottom only). Soil infiltrability on 
            grassland was susceptible to grazing. Short-duration grazing 
            of pinyon pine-juniper treatments did not affect infiltration. 
            Fertilization of bottomlands with soil conditions that favored 
            plant growth increased plant biomass and cover. Higher 
            stocking rates can be achieved if plant cover and biomass are 
            sufficient to offset adverse effects of increased animal 
            disturbance. Fertilized bottomlands have increased chemical 
            nutrient losses. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Zube, E.H. and D.E. Simcox. 

PUB. YEAR:  1987 

TITLE:      Arid lands, riparian landscapes and management conflicts 

SOURCE:     Environmental Management 11(4):529-535. 

TOPICS:     riparian, management 

COMMENTS:   Reports on a mail survey of the perceptions, attitudes, and 
            opinions of the general public and special interest groups 
            toward a riparian landscape in the Sonoran Desert. A specific 
            point of enquiry is the relative position of professional 
            resource managers compared with other groups on issues such as 
            land use planning, appropriate management prescriptions, and 
            appropriate land uses adjacent to riparian areas. Discriminant 
            analysis of response data reveals significant differences 
            among several special interest groups and the general public, 
            and identifies an important challenge for the managers who are 
            more aware of the fragility of arid lands and riparian 
            ecosystems and of threats to their continued productivity 
            posed by rapid urban expansion. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Zwank, P.J., R.D. Sparrowe, W.R. Porath, and O. Torgerson. 

PUB. YEAR:  1979 

TITLE:      Utilization of threatened bottomland habitats by white-tailed 
            deer. 

SOURCE:     Wildl. Soc. Bull. 7:226-232. 

TOPICS:     white-tailed deer, wildlife habitat 

COMMENTS:   White-tailed deer (Odocoileus viginianus) were monitored from 
            1971 to 1978 to document their utilization of bottomland 
            habitats threatened by water resource development (Swan Lake 
            National Wildlife Refuge, bottomland in north-central 
            Missouri). Data collected support other observations that deer 
            inagricultural areas of the Midwest utilize bottomland 
            habitats throughout the year. The destruction of naturally 
            vegetated bottomlands constitutes a threat to viable 
            white-tailed deer populations. 

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Irizarri,RA

PUB. YEAR:  1969

TITLE:      The effects of stream alteration in Idaho

SOURCE:     Idaho Fish and Game Dept., Federal Aid in Fish and Wildlife 
            Restoration Job Completion Report F55-R-2, Boise, ID. 26 p.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; water resources

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kauffman,JB; Kreuger,WC; Vavra,M

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Ecology and plant communities of the riparian area associated with
            Catherine Creek in northeastern Oregon

SOURCE:     Technical Bull. No. 147.  Agricultural Expiriment Station, Oregon
            State Univ., Corvallis. 33 p.

TOPICS:     riparian ecosystems; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   A multitude of biotic/abiotic factors interacted to form an extremely
            complex ecosystem along Catherine Creek in the Wallowa mountains. A 
            total of 258 stands of vegetation representing 60 plant communities
            were identified. At least 20 species of mammals and 81 species of birds
            utilize the area May-October. The diversity of riparian communities
            was attributed factors such as: soil characteristics, streamflow 
            dynamics, climate, plant community interactions, animal effects, and
            mans'effects. Analysis of the nine most common community types 
            indicated their composition and structure were significantly afected
            by those factors.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Keller,EA; Tally,T

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Effects of large organic material on channel form and fluvial
            processes

SOURCE:     Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 4, 361-380.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; geomorphology; organic debris

COMMENTS:   Large organic debris in streams flowing through old-growth redwood 
            forests in California significantly influence channel form and fluvial
            processes in small to intermediate size streams.  Approximately 60% of
            the total drop in elevation over a several hundred meter reach was
            associated with large organic debris. Debris also provides numerous
            sites for sediment storage.  The influence of large organic debris
            on channel forms and process in low gradient stream reaches is less
            than in steeper channels. However, the debris still may affect 
            development of pools and may help stabilize channel banks.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Keller,EA; Tally,Taz

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Effects of large organic debris on channel form and fluvial processes
            in a coastal redwood environment

SOURCE:     In: Rhodes, Dallas D. and Garnett P. Williams eds. Adjustments of the
            Fluvial System. Proc. Tenth Annual Geomorph. Symp. Series. 
            Binghampton, New York. pp.169-197.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; geomorphology; organis debris

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Klock,GO

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Modeling the cumulative effects of forest practices on downstream
            aquatic ecosystems

SOURCE:     Journal Soil and Water Conserv. Mar.-Apr. 1985, 237-241.

TOPICS:     aquatic ecosystems; forestry management; modeling

COMMENTS:   A Watershed Cumulative Effects Analysis (KWCEA) was developed to
            determine a watershed's hydrologic condition. It uses key watershed
            parameters affecting streamwater quality and quantity. The model 
            may be used to evaluate the potential downstream impact of all forest
            practice options within a watershed and to schedule/coordinate forest
            practices within it.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lane,LJ

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Development of a procedure to estimate runoff and sediment transport
            in ephemeral streams

SOURCE:     In: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium:Developments in the
            explanation and prediction of erosion and sediment yield. July 1982.
            IAHS Publ.No. 137.  p.272-282.

TOPICS:     modeling; sediment transport; sediment yield

COMMENTS:   This paper describes a hydrological model for application with semiarid
            watersheds. The model incorporates simplified routing schemes to include
            the influence of transmission losses on runoff. The procedure is used
            to estimate runoff rates and amounts together with sediment yieldsfrom
            semiarid watersheds. This procedure requires a minimum of observed 
            data for calibration and is designed for practical applications.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lanka,RP; Hubert,WA; Wesche,TA

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Relations of geo-morphology to stream habitat and trout standing stock
            in small Rocky Mountain streams

SOURCE:     Trans. Am. Fisheries Soc 116, 21-28.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; fisheries; geomorphology

COMMENTS:   This paper presents evidence that drainage basin morphology and 
            trout standing stock are related through a functional link between
            geomorphic features and stream habitat quality.  Numerous significant
            univariate correlations were found between geomorphic variables, 
            stream habitat variables, and trout standing stock in both 
            high-elevation forest and low-elevation rangeland streams. When
            geomorphic variables alone were incorporated into regression models
            they predicted trout standing stock as accurately as did stream 
            habitat variables.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Leininger,WC; Trlica,MJ

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Successional and hydrological changes following protection from 
            long-term heavy grazing in a northern Colorado riparian zone

SOURCE:     Abstracts of the IV International Congress of Ecology. Syracuse,
            NY.  P.214.
            
TOPICS:     livestock impacts; livestock management; riparian ecosystems

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Leopold,LB; Maddock,T

PUB. YEAR:  1953

TITLE:      The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic 
            implications

SOURCE:     US Geological Survey. Professional Paper 252.

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics; channel morphology; hydraulic geometry

COMMENTS:   Some hydraulic characteristics of stream channels - depth, width,
            velocity, and suspended load - are measured quantitatively and vary
            with discharge as simple power functions at a given river cross
            section. Similar variations in relation to discharge exist among 
            the cross sections along the length of the river under the condition
            that discharge at all points is equal in frequency of occurrence.
            In the data studied, it appeared that when discharges are of equal
            frequency at different points along the river, the velocity as well
            as the width and depth of flow, increases with discharge downstream.
            This increase of velocity downstream results from the fact that the
            increase in depth overcompensates for the decrease in slope. An 
            empiric quantitative relation among the average measurements of 
            width, depth, velocity, discharge, and suspended sediment load is
            derived from data on natural rivers and shows that depth and width,
            as well as velocity, are functions of the load transported in the
            channel. The empiric relation between hydraulic characteristics of
            the channel and suspended load provides a logical explanation of 
            the observed channel shape. The average river channel-system tends
            to develop in a way to produce an approximate equilibrium between
            the channel and the water/sediment it must transport. This state
            appears to exist even in headward ungraded tributaries and in 
            given cross sections for all discharges.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Leopold,LB; Wolman,MG; Miller,JP

PUB. YEAR:  1964

TITLE:      Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology

SOURCE:     W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, CA. 522 pages

TOPICS:     channel morphology; geomorphology; hydraulic geometry

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lisle,TE; Lehre,AK; Martinson,HA; Meyer,DF; Nolan,KM; Smith,RD

PUB. YEAR:  1983

TITLE:      Stream channel adjustments after the 1980 Mt. St. Helens eruptions

SOURCE:     p.31-72. In: Erosion control in volcanic areas: Proceedings of the
            Symposium. 6-9 July 1982. Seattle and Vancouver, WA. Public Works 
            Research Institute 1908.

TOPICS:     channel adjustments; sediment storage; sediment tranport

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lowdermilk,WC

PUB. YEAR:  1953, 1975

TITLE:      Conquest of the land through 7000 years

SOURCE:     USDA Soil Conservation Serice. Agri. Information Bulletin No. 99. 30p.

TOPICS:     historic investigation; land use

COMMENTS:   Soil erosion, deforestation, overgrazing, neglect, and conflicts
            between cultivators and herdsmen have served to topple empires and
            destroy entire civilizations. Careful stewardship of the land and 
            the earth's resources, through terracing, crop rotation, and other
            soil conservation measures, has enabled other societies to flourish
            for centuries.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Marlow,CB; Pogacnik,TM; Quinsey,SD

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Streambank stability and cattle grazing in southwestern Montana

SOURCE:     Journal Soil and Water Conserv. July-August 1987, 291-296.

TOPICS:     livestock grazing; livestock impacts; streambank stability

COMMENTS:   Cattle impact riparian communities by grazing and trampling. 
            Re-evaluation of management practices indicated that implementing
            rest-rotation grazing management and limiting cattle use of
            riparian vegetation will reduce cattle impacts. In SW Montana,
            both streamflow and cattle use were highly correlated with the
            degree of change in stream channel profile. Streambank alteration
            may result from a combination of high soil moisture levels, high 
            streamflow, and cattle use. Cattle use alone did not explain the
            degree of change in channel profile.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     May,BE; Guest,JE

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      The riparian pasture: opportunity for coordinated management

SOURCE:     Proc. of the Bonneville Chapter of the American Fisheries Society.
            8-9 Feb. 1984. Utah State University; Logan,UT.  11p.

TOPICS:     incomplete; aquatic/riparian habitat; livestock impacts; riparian
            vegetation

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Megahan,WF

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Channel sediment storage behind obstructions in forested drainage
            basins draining the granitic bedrock of the Idaho batholith

SOURCE:     p.114-121. In: Proceedings of the workshop on sediment budgets and
            routing in forested drainage basins. USDA Forest Service.  General 
            Technical Report PNW-141.

TOPICS:     sediment storage; sediment transport; sediment yield

COMMENTS:   The total volume of sediment stored behind obstructions varied between
            drainage basins and years in response  to changes in bankfull channel
            width and annual peak-flow rates, respectively. Logs were the most
            important type of obstruction because they had the greatest longevity
            and stored the greatest amount of sediment. An average of 15 times 
            more sediment was stored behind obstructions than was delivered to 
            the mouths of the drainages as annual average sediment yield. Logging
            reduced total channel-sediment storage behind obstructions becaused
            many natural obstructions were destroyed by felling and subsequent 
            clearing operations to remove logging debris from channels. Storage
            behind obstructions is an important component of the overall 
            sediment routing through forested drainage basins.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Megahan,WF

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Evaluating effects of land use on sedimentation - a case for sediment
            budgeting

SOURCE:     Hydrological Science and Technology 1(1), 13-16.

TOPICS:     sediment budget; sediment storage; sediment transport

COMMENTS:   Understanding the linkages between erosion and sedimentation could
            help meet present needs for water quality monitoring and evaluation
            of environmental impacts. Development of sediment budgets to account
            for watershed erosion processes and zones of sediment storage is an
            approach to provide this understanding. A sediment budget for 
            forested watersheds in the mountainous zone of the interior US is
            presented along with data to quantify selected budget components. 
            The sediment budget, with certain modifications, is applicable to 
            watersheds anywhere.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Megahan,WF; Nowlin,RA

PUB. YEAR:  1976

TITLE:      Sediment storage in channels draining small forested watersheds in 
            the mountains of central Idaho

SOURCE:     P.4-115 to 4-126. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Federal Interagency 
            Sediment Conference. Denver, CO.

TOPICS:     sediment production; sediment storage; sediment transport;
            sediment yield

COMMENTS:   The role of sediment storage was studied in channels draining seven
            small forested watersheds in central Idaho. Data collection included
            an inventory of sediment deposited behind channel obstructions, 
            detailed surveys of channel cross sections, and measurements of 
            annual sediment yields in sediment detention reservoirs. The channel
            cross sections were used in evaluating annual changes in the total 
            volume of sediment stored on channel bottoms. Annual watershed 
            erosion was determined by enterintg the annual sediment yields and
            the annual change in stored sediment into a continuity equation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Melton,BL; Hoover,RL; Moore and,RL; Pfankuch,DJ

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Aquatic and riparian wildlife

SOURCE:     Chapter 6. In: Managing Forested Lands for Wildlife. (Eds: Hoover,
            RL; Wills,DL) Colo. Div. of Wildl. in cooperation with U.S.D.A-Forest
            Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Denver, CO, 261-301.

TOPICS:     aquatic ecosystems riparian management; aquatic/riparian habitat; 
            riparian ecosystems

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Milon,JW

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Optimizing nonpoint source controls in water quality regulation

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 23(3), 387-396.

TOPICS:     best management practices; non-point source pollution; water
            quality

COMMENTS:   A stochastic programming framework is developed to evaluate the
            economic implications of reliability criteria and multiple effluent
            controls on nonpoint source pollution. An integrated watershed 
            simulation model is used to generate probability distributions for
            agricultural practices. Results from the planning model indicate
            that reliability and multiple effluent constraints significantly 
            increase the cost of nonpoint controls but the effects vary by 
            control alternative. An evaluation of water quality objectives
            can be an important planning tool for designing nonpoint source 
            controls for water quality regulation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Minshall,GW; Peterson,RC; Cummins,KW; Bott,TL; Sedell,JR; Cushing,
            CE; Vannote,RL

PUB. YEAR:  1983

TITLE:      Interbiome comparison of stream ecosystem dynamics

SOURCE:     Ecological Monographs 53(2), 1-25.

TOPICS:     aquatic ecology; benthic organic matter; carbon cycling; stream 
            ecosystems; transported organic matter

COMMENTS:   Studies were conducted in four distinct geographical areas in northern
            United States to examine changes in key ecosystem parameters: benthic 
            organic matter (BOM), transported organic matter (TOM), community 
            production and respiration, leaf pack decomposition, and functional 
            feeding-group composition along gradients of increasing stream size. 
            The results for each parameter are presented and compared between 
            sites. The postulated gradual change in a stream's ecosystem structure 
            and function is supported by this study. Regional and local deviations 
            are explained by :(1) watershed climate and geology, 2) riparian 
            conditions 3)tributaries and 4) location specific lithology and 
            geomorphology.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Blosser,RO

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      The effects of fine sediment on salmonid spawning gravel and juvenile
            rearing habitat - a literature review

SOURCE:     Technical Bulletin N. 428. (66 p.) (National Council of the Paper 
            Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., 260 Madison Ave., New 
            York, NY, 100016.)

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; fisheries; forestry management; salmonid 
            habitat; sedimentation

COMMENTS:   This is a review of literature on the effects of fine sediment on 
            salmonid spawning gravel and juvenile rearing habitat. This review 
            covers 67 references and includes a broad spectrum of subjects 
            relating to salmon spawning gravels. It deals specifically with the 
            biological implications of fine sediments to salmonid eggs and larvae.
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Braun,R 

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Livestock grazing in riparian zones: ensuring fishery protection in
            federal rangeland management

SOURCE:     Anadromous Fish Law Memo. Issue No. 37. October 1986. (18 p.) (Natural 
            Resource Law Institute, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR.)

TOPICS:     clean water act; range management; riparian ecosystems; riparian 
            management; riparian restoration; water law

COMMENTS:   This memo discusses: (1) the functions of riparian ecosystems and 
            information about the benefits of riparian zone restoration, (2) the 
            conflict between livestock grazing and restoration of riparian zones, 
            (3) the evolution of range management policy from the enactment of 
            the Taylor Grazing Act through recent judicial interpretation of the 
            Public Rangeland Improvement Act of 1978, and (4) the role of the 
            Clean Water Act in limitng BLM discretion to forestall or scale down
            riparian zone restoration, including the availability of citizen suits
            to enforce agency compliance with water quality laws. The memo 
            concludews that the agencies involved must give a high priority to 
            implementing a program for rehabilitation of streamside ecosystems.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Twitchell,M

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Fish and wildlife preservation, environmental protection, and the
            Northwest's electric power system: a panel of views

SOURCE:     Anadromous Fish Law Memo, Issue No 42, August 1987. (27 p.) (Natural
            Resources Law Institute, Lewis and Clark College; Portland, OR.)

TOPICS:     federal energy regulatory commission; indian treaty fishing rights; 
            northwest power act; pacific intertie lines; water law

COMMENTS:   This memo contains edited and footnoted versions of speeches given 
            at the 5th Annual Public Interest Law Conference held in Eugene, 
            Oregon in March 1987. It includes speakers who have been involved 
            with the preservation and restoration of  the Northwests anadromous 
            fish runs. Topics covered are: (1) the Northwest Power Act and Indian
            treaty fishing rights, (2) proposals to expand the Pacific Intertie 
            lines, (3) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) activities 
            and (4) status of the controversial Winchester Dam on Oregon's North 
            Umpqua River. It concludes with a question and answer session.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Neill,CR; Mollard,JD

PUB. YEAR:  1982 

TITLE:      Erosional processes and sediment yield in the upper Oldman River 
            basin, Alberta, Canada

SOURCE:     p.183-191. In: Recent Developments in the Explanation and Prediction 
            of Erosion and Sediment Yield (Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, 
            July 1982).  IAHS Publ. no. 137.

TOPICS:     land use; sediment yield; soil erosion

COMMENTS:   This paper discusses the sediment yield and associated erosional 
            processes in the upper Oldman basin, located in southwest Alberta. 
            Suspended sediment yield averages 70 t/ km/ year, but varies greatly 
            from year to year. Principal erosional features identified include 
            stream channel instability, ravine erosion, grassland gullying, wind
            erosion, and gravity-induced mass movements.  In general, they 
            interpreted that erosional features are generally local in extent and 
            erosion is associated with streams and rivers. The main-source of 
            man-made erosion appeared to arise from public roads and associated 
            interference with the natural drainage. A potential for accelerated
            erosion appears to exist on grazing lands on substantial slopes. 
            Erosion is minor in forested areas compared with agricultural areas.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Odgaard,AJ; Moscone,CE

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Streambank protection by submerged vanes

SOURCE:     Hydraulic Engineer. 113(4), 520-536.

TOPICS:     bank protection; soil erosion; streambank erosion; techniques

COMMENTS:   A summary is given of the design, installation and performance of a
            system of submerged vanes ("Iowa Vanes") for erosion protection in 
            a bend of East Nishnabotna River, Iowa. The vanes are small-aspect 
            ratio foils emplaced along the outer bank, at angles of 10-15 degrees 
            with the mean flow, to direct the near bed current outward toward the 
            bank. The system functions by eliminating, or reducing, the 
            centrifugally induced helical motion of the flow (the root cause of 
            bank undermining). The system was installed during the summer of 1985. 
            Its performance was evaluated with data obtained in surveys in the 
            spring of 1986. The system was found to effectively reduce velocity 
            and scour along the bank without changing the energy slope of the 
            channel. Areas of design improvements were identified. The summary 
            includes a brief description of the theortical and expermetntal 
            background for the design.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Osterkamp,WR; Hedman,ER

PUB. YEAR:  1977

TITLE:      Variation of width and discharge for natural high-gradient stream 
            channels

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 13(2), 256-258.

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics; hydraulic geometry

COMMENTS:   This study defines a width-discharge relationship for natural 
            perennial alluvial stream channels with gradients exceeding 
            .0080 m/m (.0080 ft/ft). A standard exponent of 2.0 is suggested 
            for studies relating mean discharge to active channel width. The 
            results are in close agreement with studies by Leopold and Maddock 
            (1953) and confirm their "b" exponent. Workers currently using 
            active channel width measurements as a means of estimating average
            discharge from ungaged basins should consider 2.0 as a standard 
            exponent of the regression relation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Passey,HB; Hugie,VK; Williams,EW; Ball,DE

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Relationships between soil, plant community, and climate on 
            rangelands of the Intermountain West

SOURCE:     USDA Technical Bulletin. No. 1669, 123p.

TOPICS:     climatic factors; plant associations; plant communities; rangeland 
            eco-systems; sagebrush; soil characteristics; vegetation production

COMMENTS:   Studies were done to determine the range of soil, climate, and 
            vegetation characteristics consistently associated under natural 
            condtions. Eighty-five study sites were selected within 32 relict 
            areas in northern Utah, southern Idaho, northeastern Nevada, and 
            west-central Wyoming. Studies were confined to climax plant 
            communities characterized by associations of sagebrush, bluebunch 
            wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, and Idaho fescue and Entisol, 
            Aridisol, and Mollisol soil orders. Soil subgroups provided the most
            meaningful level of soil classification for correlation with broad 
            plant associations. The presence of different species or subspecies 
            of sagebrush provided the most meaningful grouping of plant 
            communities.  Vegetation production and composition data were 
            recorded and analyzed for 10 consecutive years on 17 key study sites.
            Annual and periodic fluctuations in total production and yield of 
            individual species in response to climatic variations were analyzed. 
            Soil properties modified the effects of climate on plant communities. 
            Effects of soil, plant, and climate relationships on relict areas 
            may be used to approximate productive potential of other areas of 
            the same or similar soils.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Patrick,DM; Smith,LM; Whitten,CB

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Methods for studying accelerated fluvial change

SOURCE:     In: Gravel Bed Rivers. (Eds: Hey,RD; Bathurst,JC; Thorne,CR) John 
            Wiley and Sons Ltd, New York, pp.783-815.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; fluvial systems; geomorphology; remote sensing; 
            sampling techniques; soil erosion; streambank erosion

COMMENTS:   Human activities, both site-specific and regional, may adversely 
            affect streambank stability, navigation, flood frequency, and wildlife 
            habitats. To develop and manage a river basin and fluvial system 
            effectively it is necessary to identify and minimize the adverse 
            effects of existing structures and activities and to predict and 
            take into account the potential adverse effects of proposed schemes. 
            This requires data on the factors that control the mechanics of the 
            fluvial system. The data should cover the basin characteristics, 
            relations between geomorphology and river mechanics, erodibility of 
            the drainage basin and temporal effects. In this paper, some of the
            techniques and methods for studying accelerated fluvial change are 
            described. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of 
            information of basin characteristics and on geomorphological
            processes, to project studies.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Peart,MR; Walling,DE

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Particle size characteristics of fluvial suspended sediment

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium. Recent Developments in the 
            Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield. IAHS Publ.
            No. 137.

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics; sediment characteristics; sediment transport

COMMENTS:   The relationship between the particle size characteristics of source
            and sediment is investigated by considering data from a small number 
            of small drainage basins in the USA and from two small basins in 
            Devon, England. These demonstrate the importance of soil type and
            catchment characteristics in controlling this relationship. Temporal 
            variations in the particle size distribution of suspended sediment 
            are considered by highlighting the varied evidence presented in
            existing studies and by considering in detail, data from the two 
            small drainage basins in Devon which exhibit markedly different 
            responses.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Piest,RF; Bradford,JM; Wyatt,GM

PUB. YEAR:  1975

TITLE:      Soil erosion and sediment transport from gullies

SOURCE:     J. of the Hydraul. Div., Proc. of the Am. Soc. Civil Engineers.  
            101(No. HY1 January 1975), 65-80.

TOPICS:     gully erosion; sediment transport; soil erosion

COMMENTS:   The processes that cause gullying are analyzed by reviewing data 
            from watersheds around Iowa. Tractive forces acting on the gully 
            boundary, mass wasting of gully banks and scarps and gully cleanout 
            of wasted soil debris are some of the processes considered. 
            Processes of mass wasting of gully banks and scarps were mainly 
            responsible for their growth. The loose soil debris represented the 
            prime sediment source in the gullies. Causes of gullying vary 
            according to the boundary restraints (base level, channel slope, 
            and resistant soils) that are typical of given region.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS; Armour,C; Booth,G; Bryant,M; Bufford,JL; Cuplin,P; 
            Jensen,S; Lienkaemper,G; Minshall,GW; Monsen,S; Nelson,RL; Sedell,
            JR; Tuhy,JS

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Methods for evaluating riparian habitats with applications to 
            management

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-221. 177p.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; channel characteristics; organic debris 
            riparian soils; riparian management; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Price,KP; Ridd,MK

PUB. YEAR:  1983

TITLE:      Riparian habitat on the Humbolt River, Deeth to Elko, Nevada

SOURCE:     Center for Remote Sensing and Cartography. CRCS Report 83-3. (Center 
            for Remote Sensing and Cartography; University of Utah Research 
            Institute; Salt Lake City; 48 p)

TOPICS:     aerial photography; aquatic/riparian habitat; bank stabilization; 
            channelization; inventory; remote sensing; river damming; willow 
            eradication

COMMENTS:   This study was conducted to provide Nevada Department of Wildlife 
            with a map inventory of the major habitat types existing along the 
            Humboldt River riparian zone. It was also initiated to describe the 
            ecological relationships that exist between habitat types and their 
            surrounding environment, and to report impacts to the habitat due to 
            management practices along the river. The principal source of data 
            for this study was a variety aerial photographs with trips to the 
            field for verification of vegetation types.  Management practices 
            such as willow eradication, river damming, bridges and bank 
            stabilization, and channelization were mapped and their environmental
            impacts discussed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Resource Systems,Inc

PUB. YEAR:  1983

TITLE:      Boise River fish and wildlife habitat study/ wetland inventory
            and management guidelines

SOURCE:     Final Report prepared for the City of Boise, ID. December 1983.
            158p. (Resource Systems, Inc. Boise, ID)

TOPICS:     incomplete; aquatic/riparian habitat; riparian management;
            wetland conservation; wetland inventory

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rice,J; Ohmart,RD; Anderson,BW

PUB. YEAR:  1983

TITLE:      Habitat selection attributes of an avian community: a discriminant 
            analysis investigation

SOURCE:     Ecological Monographs 53(3), 263-290.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; riparian bird communities

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Roath,LR; Kreuger,WC

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Cattle grazing and behavior on a forested range

SOURCE:     Range Manage. 35(3), 332-338.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock behavior; livestock grazing

COMMENTS:   Environmental and topographic parameters on a mountainous forested 
            range were analyzed to establish causes of cattle behavioral response. 
            Distinct home range groups of cattle were identified through 
            examination of quality and patterns of range use, cattle distribution, 
            herd social activities, and cattle activities. The home range of one 
            group encompassed only upland areas. Water and vegetation type were 
            important parameters in determining area and degree of use. Vertical 
            distance above water was the most important factor in determining 
            vegetation utilization on moederately steep slopes. Time after sunrise 
            and relative humidity factors were key in determining the kind and 
            timing of cattle activity.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rooseboom,A; Mulke,FJ

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Erosion initiation

SOURCE:     p.59-66. In: the Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium. Recent 
            Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and
            Sediment Yield. IAHS Publ. No. 137.

TOPICS:     sediment transport; soil erosion

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rosgen,DL; Silvey,HL; Potyondy,JP

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      The use of channel maintenance flow concepts in the Forest Service

SOURCE:     Hydrl. Sci. and Tech.: Short Papers. Am. Inst. Hydrl. 2(1, March),
            19-26.

TOPICS:     channel maintenance flows; channel morphology; instream flow

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rowley,WD

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      US Forest Service Grazing and Rangelands--A History

SOURCE:     Texas A & M University Press, College Station, TX. 270p. pages.

TOPICS:     grazing history

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schumm,SA

PUB. YEAR:  1960

TITLE:      Effect of sediment characteristics on erosion and deposition in
            ephemeral-stream channels

SOURCE:     p. 31-70. USDI Geological Survey Prof. Paper 352-C.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; erosion control; sediment characteristics

COMMENTS:   This study suggests that preventive conservation may be the most 
            practical solution to some erosion problems, such as gully cutting. 
            Deposition, if it is desired, to fill a trenched channel, should 
            be induced in reaches where conditions are most favorable for 
            natural aggadation. Conservation measures should be modified 
            depending on the character of the valley and its alluvium. Only 
            certain critical reaches of a channel need to be controlled over 
            larger areas.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schumm,SA

PUB. YEAR:  1973

TITLE:      Geomorphic thresholds and complex response of drainage systems

SOURCE:     p.299-310. In: Fluvial Geomorphology. Binghampton Symposium 
            Series #4. Binghamton, New York.

TOPICS:     channel adjustments; geomorphology; gully erosion; stream networks

COMMENTS:   The alluvial and morphological details of drainage systems are 
            too complex to be explained by progressive erosion alone. Within 
            the context of the erosion cycle such complexities as terraces or 
            alluvial deposits must be explained by external variables such as 
            climatic, tectonic, isostatic or land-use changes. Some abrupt 
            modifications of such a system can be inherent in its erosional
            development  and that two additional concepts are required for 
            comprehension of drainage system evolution: 1) geomorphic 
            thresholds and 2) complex response of drainage systems.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schumm,SA; Lichty,RW

PUB. YEAR:  1965

TITLE:      Time, space, and causality in geomorphology

SOURCE:     Am. J. of Science 263, 110-119.

TOPICS:     channel adjustments; geomorphology; stream characteristics

COMMENTS:   During a long period of time a drainage system or its components can 
            be considered as an open system which is progressively losing 
            potential energy and mass (erosion cycle), but over shorter spans of 
            time self-regulation is important, and components of the system may 
            be graded or in dynamic equilibrium. During an even shorter time span 
            a steady state may exist. Therefore, depending on the temporal and 
            special dimensions of the system under consideration, landforms
            can be considered as either a stage in a cycle of erosion or as a 
            system in dynamic equilibrium.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sedell,JR; Froggatt,JL

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Importance of streamside forests to large rivers: the isolation of 
            the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A., from its floodplain by 
            snagging and streamside forest removal

SOURCE:     For. Sci. Lab., USDA-Forest Service, Corvallis, OR. Verhandlungen 
            der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angenwandte 
            Limnologie 22, 1828-1834.

TOPICS:     historic investigation; historical ecology; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Shinn,DA

PUB. YEAR:  1976

TITLE:      Land use habits and changes in vegetation on eastern Oregon 
            rangelands: an historic perspective

SOURCE:     P.1135-1141. In: Proceedings of the First Conference on Scientific
            Research in the National Parks. 9-12 November 1976. USDI National 
            Park Service Trans. and Proc. Series No. 5.

TOPICS:     historical ecology; land use; rangeland eco-systems

COMMENTS:   Ecological and historical data concerning wildlife populations, 
            changing vegetation and livestock grazing were coordinated with 
            ecological, historical, and anthropological data concerning fire 
            and man. This combination is an integrated research program called 
            "historical ecology". The best projected application of this 
            approach is in restorative management.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Siekert,RE; Smith,MA; Rodgers,JD; Dodd,JL; Skinner,QD

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Change in stream channel morphology with grazing of an ephemeral 
            stream in Wyoming

SOURCE:     Abstracts. 40th Annual Meeting, Society of Range Management.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; livestock impacts

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Silverman,AJ; Tomlinson,WD

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Biohydrology of mountain fluvial systems: the Yellowstone, Parts 
            I and II

SOURCE:     Montana Water Resour. Res. Center Completion Report 147, Dec.
            1984.),. 91 pages.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; fisheries; geomorphology; riparian
            vegetation

COMMENTS:   This is a compilation of research performed on the Yellostone 
            River. The report text consists of nine chapters pertaining to 
            1) general riparian zone properties, form, and function; 2)
            geology and geomorphology of the river; 3)history of cultural 
            activity and resources; 4 & 5) riparian vegetation and wildlife; 
            6) the river's fisheries; 7) river-based recreational use and 
            trends; 8) threats to the Yellowstone River and its riparian 
            zone; and, 9) riparian protective or mitigative measures.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Simons,DB; Ruh-Ming,L

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Bank erosion on regulated rivers

SOURCE:     Gravel Bed Rivers. (Eds: Hey,RD; Bathurst,JC; Thorne,CR) John 
            Wiley and Sons, Ltd., New York, 717-747.

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics; channel morphology; streambank erosion

COMMENTS:   Bank erosion and channel instability result from a wide variety 
            of processes and causes. The factors and forces that control the 
            processes of erosion and deposition are discussed in this chapter. 
            A semi-quantitative method for ranking the the processes of bank 
            erosion is presented. The different erosion processes may be 
            grouped into two divisions: those related to pool level
            fluctuations behind hydropower dams and those related to natural 
            fluvial ersosion during major floods. The former tend to operate 
            at the water surface and produce a berm and set back vertical bank. 
            The latter operate over the whole bank but are concentrated at 
            depth. They cause retreat of the whole bank profile and tend to 
            destroy the berm. It is concluded that retreat due to pool level
            fluctuations alone will be limited to a narrow zone only 3-5m wide 
            and that natural fluvial erosion is in fact responsible for 
            serious bank erosion and lateral shifteing of the channel.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Skinner,QD; Adams,JC; Hussey,MR

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Distribution of denitrifying and sulfate reducing bacteria within 
            a riparian zone along a mountain stream

SOURCE:     U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Resour Div. Reston, VA. Report No. 
            USGS/G-879-07. 22p.

TOPICS:     microbial populations; riparian soils; soil characteristics

COMMENTS:   The presence or absence of denitrifying bacteria as well as  bacteria 
            capable of reducing sulfate in soils of a mountain  watershed were 
            studied. Bacteria were enumerated from soil samples collected during 
            summer along transects placed perpendicular to stream flow. Samples
            were taken at 3 depths. Higher counts of total heterotrophic aerobic 
            bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and denitrification potential existed 
            in the upper 5 to 15 cm of soil than at 30 cm. Soils located close to 
            the stream edge tended to have more bacterial activity than those 
            farther from the stream indicating that these soils may be important 
            sites for sulfate and nitrate reduction. Soil organic matter and 
            water content decreased with depth at all communities, and those 
            closer to the steream contained more organic matter and water than 
            those further from the stream.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Skinner,QD; Speck,JE; Smith,M; Adams,JC

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Stream water quality as influenced by beaver within grazing systems 
            in Wyoming

SOURCE:     Range Manage. 37(2), 142-146.

TOPICS:     beaver ecology; grazing impacts; grazing systems; water quality

COMMENTS:   Stream water flowing from watersheds subjected to continuous and 
            deferred rotation grazing by livestock was sampled to enumerate 
            bacteria for detecting differences between grazing treatments and 
            streams. Fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, total counts total 
            counts at 20 degrees C, and bacteria capable of fluorescing under 
            long wave radiation were selected as indicators of pollution. 
            Bacteria counts for different indicator groups varied in their 
            ability to detect change between grazing treatments as well as 
            between streams. Fluorescing bacteria and total counts were of 
            little value in explaining nonpoint source pollution whereas 
            fecal coliform and streptococci were. Variation in counts of 
            fecal coliform and streptococci could not be fully accounted for 
            by differences in grazing management but is partially explained 
            by beaver damming of stream flow. Given that beaver impoundment 
            of selected stream reaches is equal, variation in nonpoint 
            pollution may be caused by grazing treatment differences alone.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Skinner,QD; Smith,MA; Dodd,JL; Rodgers,JD; Siekert,RE

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      The effects of selected grazing treatment on channel morphology 
            and sediment within the riparian zone of Fifteen Mile Creek

SOURCE:     Abstracts. 39th Annual Meeting, Society of Range Management.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; grazing systems; livestock impacts

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stednick,JD; Leininger,WC

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Rangeland and Watershed Management

SOURCE:     Introduction to Forest Science. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New 
            York. (in press)

TOPICS:     rangeland eco-systems; water resource management

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swanson,FJ; Fredrikson,RL; McCorison,FM

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Material transfer in a western Oregon forested watershed

SOURCE:     Analysis of Coniferous Forest Ecosystems in the Western United States.
            (Ed: Edmonds,RL) (US/IBP Synthesis Series 14.) Hutchinson Ross 
            Publishing Co, Stroudsburg, PA, 267-291.

TOPICS:     erosional processes; sediment transport; soil erosion

COMMENTS:   This chapter differentiates the erosional processes that occur in 
            uplands (hill slope processes) from the processes that occur in the 
            channel itself (stream channel processes). Definitions for hill slope 
            processes are given for solution transport, litterfall, surface 
            erosion, soil creep, root throw, debris avalanche and slump and 
            earthflow. Definitions included in the stream channel process include 
            solution transport, suspended sediment, bedload transport and debris
            torrents. Other factors that influence erosion rates include existing 
            vegetation, soil type, slope, type of bedrock, amount, timing and type 
            of precipitation, watershed size, and stream channel characteristics. 
            Erosion is then discussed for a hypothetical watershed as old-growth 
            forest, the same watershed after a wildfire, and the same watershed 
            after a clearcut.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swanson,FJ; Gregory,SV; Sedell,JR; Campbell,AG

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Land - water interactions: the riparian zone

SOURCE:     Analysis of Coniferous Forest Ecosystems in the Western United States. 
            (Ed: Edmonds,RL) (US/IBP Synthesis Series 14.) Hutchinson Ross 
            Publishing Co, Stroudsburg, PA, 267-291.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; organic debris; riparian ecosystems;
            riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Chapter nine discusses the characteristics of riparian zones in 
            coniferous forests of western Oregon. Riparian zones are the 
            interface between aquatic and terrestrial environments. In the
            Pacific Northwest they usually, have a herbaceous layer, a shrub 
            layer, and then a coniferous tree over story. Plant communities in 
            the riparian zone are influenced by number of factors including;
            soils, gradient, light, moisture, amount of large woody debris, 
            stream channel characteristics, as well as the frequency and 
            intensity of flooding and scouring. Possible impacts from wildfire 
            and logging are briefly mentioned.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swanson,FJ; Graham,RL; Grant,GE

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Some effects of slope movement on river channels

SOURCE:     p.273-278. In: International Symposium on Erosion Debris Flow and 
            Disaster Prevention. 3-5 September 1985. Tsukuba, Japan.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; geomorphology; slope movement; soil erosion

COMMENTS:   The geomorphic response of a channel to slope movements depends on 
            the rate of colluvium delivery from hillslopes relative to the rate 
            of removal by fluvial processes. For slope movements ranging from 
            extremely slow to slow (less than 1.5 m/mo), the balance between slope
            and fluvial influences can be considered in terms ot the channel 
            constriction ratio, defined as the ratio of slope movement to channel 
            width, expressed as %/yr. Sites with faster constriction ratios may 
            experience more frequent stream bank instability and sediment 
            production. Rapid slope movements discharging large volumes of 
            colluvium into channel can form dams. Dam volume, river discharge, and 
            size of distribution of dam material determine the potential for dam 
            failure and release of water from impounded lakes.  The implications 
            for hazard prediction and mitigation are discussed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tiedemann,AR; Higgins,DA; Quigley,TM; Sanderson,DB; Marx,HR

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Responses of fecal coliform in streamwater to four grazing strategies

SOURCE:     Range Manage. 40(4), 322-329.

TOPICS:     grazing systems; non-point source pollution; water quality

COMMENTS:   Concentration and loadings (output, number day(-1) km(-2)) of fecal 
            coliform (FC) indicator bacteria were measured from 1979 through 1984 
            in streamflow from 13 forested watersheds under the following range 
            management strategies: (A) no grazing: (B) grazing without management 
            for livestock distribution; (C) grazing with management to obtain 
            livestock distribution, and (D) grazing with management to obtain 
            livestock distribution and cultural practices to increase forage. 
            Both FC concentrations (number/ 100ml) and instantaneous loadings
            differed significantly among strategies, seasons, and water years. 
            Differences among strategies for mean concentrations were A<C=B<D. 
            For instantaneous loadings, significant differences were A<C, B or D; 
            and C<D. FC concentrations were the same for winter and for snowmelt 
            runoff seasons but concentrations of both were significantly lower 
            than during the summer period. Loadings were different for each 
            season with winter<summer<snowmelt runoff. A definite relationship 
            was established between the presence of cattle on the pastures and 
            FC concentrations. Elevated FC counts in strategy D watersheds and 
            loadings in excess of 10(8) organisms day(-1)km(-2) in the winter 
            season provide evidence that organisms ive into and through the
            winter period in animal feces, sediment, and soil. Results provide 
            evidence that livestock removal may not provide an immediate solution 
            to elevated levels of FC in streamwater.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tucker,TL; Leininger,WC

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Livestock grazing affects fish habitat and nongame wildlife 
            populations in a mountainous riparian area

SOURCE:     in press; Abst. of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Range 
            Manage, Boise, ID.

TOPICS:     incomplete; aquatic/riparian habitat; fisheries; livestock
            impacts; livestock management

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     USDI-Bureau of Land Management

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Selected riparian area management strategies for: Arizona, 
            California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Wyoming

SOURCE:     Unpubl. report on file, BLM State Office, Boise, ID; N; 55 pp.

TOPICS:     monitoring; riparian management

COMMENTS:   Riparian management strategies for several western states are 
            discussed.  Plans for all of the states are similar, calling for 
            inventory of riparian areas, modifying land use plans, and 
            establishing long term monitoring.  This was a planning document 
            for riparian pilot projects.  Cost estimates are provided in some 
            instances for pilot projects.  No management strategies are presented 
            or discussed in detail. This is a general informational riparian 
            planning report.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     USDI-Fish and Wildlife Service

PUB. YEAR:  1980

TITLE:      Summaries of riparian and stream alteration studies completed by the 
            Eastern Energy and Land Use Team

SOURCE:     Eastern Energy and Land Use Team and National Water Resources 
            Analysis Group. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. vi., . 38 pages.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; water resources

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Van Haveren,BP

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Management of instream flows through runoff detention and retention

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 22(3), 399-404.

TOPICS:     instream flows; runoff control; streamflow simulation

COMMENTS:   The use of reservoirs and land treatments to manage streamflow for 
            the maintenance or enhancement of instream flow values is a valid 
            concept.  Historically, large reservoirs have been used for flood 
            control and water-supply regulation.  Smaller structures have enjoyed 
            widespread use for soil and water conservation in headwater areas. 
            Where reservoir releases can be  controlled, it is technically 
            feasible to regulate flows for the enhancement of instream values. 
            However, institutional and political obstacles may preclude the 
            operation of some reservoirs for this purpose.  Retention and 
            detention structures and land treatments, implemented for soil and
            water conservation purposes, have often had favorable effects on the 
            the streamflow hydrograph.  Decreases in peak flows and increases in 
            low flows have been documented.  Design concepts for runoff-control 
            structures are discussed in relation to instream flow management 
            objectives.  Hydrologic simulation is offered as a potential tool 
            for project design and feasibility analysis.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Van Haveren,Bruce P; Jackson,William L

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Concepts in stream riparian rehabilitation

SOURCE:     p.280-289. In: Trans. 51st N.A. Wildl. & Nat. Res. Conf. Mar. 21-26, 
            1986. Reno, NV.

TOPICS:     channel adjustments; geomorphology; hydrology; riparian ecosystems; 
            riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   Proper hydrologic function of the floodplain, stream-dependent water 
            table, and stream channel erosion and deposition processes are all 
            necessary for a healthy riparian ecosystem.  These factors and 
            interrelationships are brought to bear in a discussion of 
            rehabilitation principles and approaches for use on degraded riparian
            areas.  Channel conditions such as incised streams and laterally 
            unstable streams which are commonly associated with degraded riparian 
            areas are discussed. Proper identification of the causes of 
            degradation and stage of channel evolution is required before 
            developing a rehabilitation plan.  Stream riparian systems undergoing 
            major geomorphic or hydrologic adjustments should not be treated with 
            habitat improvements until the channel has reached a new dynamic 
            equilibrium.  The stream riparian zone is defined as the entire
            active channel area, including the portion of the floodplain that 
            supports a riparian vegetation community.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Vasiliev,OF 

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      System modelling of the interaction between surface and ground
            waters in problems of hydrology

SOURCE:     J. Hydrol. Sciences 32(3), 297-311.

TOPICS:     hydrology; modeling; surface water-groundwater interaction

COMMENTS:   A largely theoretical paper on modeling the interactions between 
            ground and surface waters. The model has five sub-components which 
            are complex, with formulae for determining several of the 
            sub-component sections.  Sub-models are interception 
            evapotranspiration; vertical one dimensional moisture transport in 
            the root zone and underlying unsaturated zone; horizontal
            two-dimensional groundwater saturated flows; horizonatal 
            two-dimensional overland-channel flow; and a snowmelt sub-model.  
            The model was primarily developed for engineers and hydrologists.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Walling,DE; Kane,P

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Temporal variation of suspended sediment properties

SOURCE:     p.409-419. In: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982. 
            Recent Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion 
            and Sediment Yield; IAHS Publ. No. 137.

TOPICS:     non-point source pollution; sediment characteristics; sediment
            transport

COMMENTS:   Increasing awareness of the role of suspended sediment in the 
            transport of nutrients and contaminants, of the significance of 
            water-sediment interactions as an influence on river water
            quality and of the importance of sediment in nonpoint pollution, 
            requires an improved understanding of spatial and temporal 
            variations in suspended sediment properties.  A study of suspended 
            sediment yields in the basin of the River Exe, Devon, UK, 
            undertaken by the authors, has attempted to provide information on 
            the nature and extent of temporal variations in sediment
            geochemistry.  Results from four measuring stations relating to 
            major element composition, clay minerology, and organic constituents
            are presented.  Detailed patterns of storm-period variation in
            sediment properties are illustrated.  The implication of these 
            findings are reviewed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Walling,DE; Webb,BW

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Sediment availability and the prediction of storm-period sediment 
            yields

SOURCE:     p.327-337. In: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium. July 1982. 
            Recent Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion 
            and Sediment Yield; IAHS Publ. No.137.

TOPICS:     modeling; sediment transport; sediment yield

COMMENTS:   The form of the suspended sediment concentration/discharge 
            relationship or rating curve for a drainage basin reflects the 
            overall pattern of erosion and sediment delivery operating in the
            upstream area.  As such it may prove useful in the development of a 
            realistic model of storm-period sediment yield.  Several workers have
            highlighted the existence of 'exhaustion effects' in the form of the 
            relationship and an attempt has been made to evaluate the evidence 
            for temporal variations in sediment availability.  Detailed records 
            of suspended sediment concentration provided by continuous recording 
            turbidity sensors installed in several basins in Devon, UK, have been 
            used to study this feature of basin response.  The implications for 
            the development of sediment yield models are discussed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Welch,R; Jorday,TR

PUB. YEAR:  1983

TITLE:      Analytic non-metric close-range photogrammetry for monitoring stream 
            channel erosion

SOURCE:     Photogram Enginner. and Rem. Sens. 49(3), 367-374.

TOPICS:     gully erosion; streambank erosion; techniques

COMMENTS:   Vertical stereopairs are recorded before and after storms with a 
            non-metric 35-mm camera from a platform (H = 9.5 m) constructed over 
            a gauged stream channel.  Image measurements are easily undertaken 
            on positive film enlargements with a cartographic digitizer, and 
            provide the input x, y image coordinates required for an analytical 
            solution.  Studies to-date have produced mean errors of approximately 
            +/- 3 mm in the X and Y terrain coordinates and +/- 6.5 mm in Z
            (1/1500 H).  These accuracies approximate those obtained from 
            measurements on the original negatives undertaken with a 
            stereocomparator.  The procedures described provide accurate results 
            at minimum cost, and can be used to monitor stream channel erosion.  
            Computer graphics routines provide and efficient means of constructing 
            DTM's, contour maps, and three-dimensional displays of changes in 
            elevation due to storm runoff.  Non-metric close-range photogrammetry
            appears to provide an inexpensive, efficient, and accurate means for 
            monitoring gully and stream channel erosion.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wesch,TA; Reiser,DW; Hasfurther,VR

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Development and testing of a new technique for measuring fine sediment 
            in streams

SOURCE:     p.49-53. In: The 1986 National Symposium on mining, hdrology, 
            sedimentology, and reclamation; University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY.

TOPICS:     sediment transport; sediment yield; techniques

COMMENTS:   The collection and analysis of bed material samples has been a 
            standard practice for determining the quantity of fine sediments (less 
            than 3.35 mm diameter) in stream gravels.  However, the sampling 
            techniques currently in use can be labor and equipment intensive.  
            Also, inaccuarcy in quantification of the finer fractions can occur 
            dependent upon bed material composition.  This paper reports on a 
            study which has evaluated the utility of sediment a trapping device 
            for measuring fine sediment in the intergravel environment.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wesch,TA; Goertler,CM; Frye,CB

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Contribution of riparian vegetation to trout cover in small streams

SOURCE:     N. Am. J. Fisheries Manage 7, 151-153.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; fisheries; fishhabitat; riparian
            vegetation

COMMENTS:   Cover is an important trout habitat component resulting from the 
            geomorphologic characteristics of a stream channel, the stream-bank 
            interface with the riparian community, and the stream flow.  By 
            means of regression analysis, this study quantitatively describes 
            the relative importance of three cover parameters (overhead bank 
            cover, rubble-boulder-aquatic vegetation areas, and deepwater areas)
            and two cover models as indicators of trout standing stock in eight
            small streams in southeast Wyoming.  Results indicated that overhead
            bank cover, provided primarily by riparian vegetation, is the cover 
            parameter that explains the greatest amount of variation in trout 
            population size.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Whittaker,JG; Davies,TRH

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Erosion and sediment transport processes in step-pool torrents

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982; Recent Developments 
            in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment Yield; IAHS 
            Publ. No. 137; pp. 99-104.

TOPICS:     sediment transport; soil erosion

COMMENTS:   In upland regions, streams often exhibit a step-pool morphology 
            where water cascades between relatively deep pools.  The capacity 
            of such streams to entrain adjacent slope material depends not only 
            on water flow rate and channel slope, but also on the degree of 
            infilling of the pools by sediment.  This situation has been 
            idealized, using a laboratory channel containing regularly spaced 
            baffles.  The results appear consistent with findings of studies of 
            real torrents.  The laboratory investigation has revealed that the 
            erosive capacity of step-pool streams reaches a maximum (for a given 
            flow rate) when the pools are almost full of sediment; that is, when
            sediment transport rates are high.  This behavior is conducive to 
            erosion of adjacent slopes and contrasts with that of alluvial 
            streams.  Despite steady inputs, water and sediment outputs from the 
            laboratory channel were often independently unsteady.  Step-pool 
            streams thus seem to display intrinsic unsteadiness, particularly of 
            sediment movement.  These findings seem to relate also to low-slope 
            alluvial channel processes.  Conventional linear analysis may be 
            inappropriate for these situations.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Williams,JR; Nicks,AD; Arnold,JG

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Simulator for water resources in rural basins

SOURCE:     Hydraulic Engineer. 111(6), 970-986.

TOPICS:     hydrology; modeling; sediment yield

COMMENTS:   A model called SWRRB (Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins) 
            was developed for simulating hydrologic and related processes in 
            rural basins.  The objective in model development was to predict the 
            effect of management decisions on water and sediment yields with
            reasonable accuracy for ungaged rural basins throughout the United 
            States.  The three major components of SWRRB are weather, hydrology, 
            and sedimentation.  Processes considered include surface runoff, 
            percolation, return flow, evapotranspiration, pond and reservoir 
            storage, and sedimentation.  Besides water, SWRRB also simulates 
            sediment yield using the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation 
            (MUSLE) and a sediment routing model.  Tests with data from a
            538 km(2) basin in Oklahoma and a 17.7 km(2) basin in Texas indicate 
            that SWRRB is capable of simulating water and sediment yield 
            realistically.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wolman,MG

PUB. YEAR:  1954

TITLE:      A method of sampling coarse river-bed material

SOURCE:     Trans. Am. Geophys. Union. 35(6, Dec. 1954), 951-956.

TOPICS:     sampling techniques; sediment characteristics

COMMENTS:   This determination of the size of material on the bed of a stream is 
            based upon an analysis of the relative area covered by particles of 
            given sizes.  The method is applicable to those rivers which flow on 
            coarse material and may be waded during periods of low water.  
            Sampling consists of measuring the intermediate axis of 100 pebbles 
            picked from the bed of the channel on the basis of a grid system.  
            From this sample a frequency distribution is drawn from which the 
            desired size parameters are read.  The advantages of the areal 
            sampling procedure over bulk sampling are (1) that it is applicable 
            to very coarse materials, and (2) that it provides a more 
            representative sample of an entire reach of a stream.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wolman,MG

PUB. YEAR:  1959

TITLE:      Factors influencing erosion of a cohesive river bank

SOURCE:     Am. J. of Science 257(March, 1959), 204-216.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; streambank erosion

COMMENTS:   The sinuous channel of Watts Branch in Montgomery County, Maryland, 
            traverses a grassy meadow nearly devoid of trees.  The creek has a 
            drainage area of four square miles and the river bank is composed 
            primarily of cohesive silt.  Resurveys fo cross sections during the 
            five years 1953-1957 have revealed as much as seven feet of lateral 
            erosion.  Approximately 85 percent of the observed erosion occurred 
            during the winter months, December through March.  Erosion was most 
            severe at the water surface. Second in erosion effectiveness were 
            cold periods during which wet banks, frost action, and low rises in 
            stage combined to produce .6 foot of erosion in six weeks during 
            the winter.  Significant erosion also resulted from the combination 
            of moist banks and low rises in stage.  Lastly, crystallization of 
            ice and subsequent thawing, without benefit of changes in stage, 
            also produced some erosion as did flashy summer floods even on hard 
            dry banks.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Young,RA; Onstad,CA

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      The effect of soil characteristics on erosion and nutrient loss

SOURCE:     p.105-113. In: Proceeding of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982. Recent 
            Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and 
            Sediment Yield; IAHS Publ. No. 137.

TOPICS:     non-point source pollution; sediment transport; soil characteristics; 
            soil erosion

COMMENTS:   Soil properties which exert a significant influence in the type of 
            erosion occurring, interrill or rill, were compared.  Those 
            characteristics most influential in determining a soil's 
            susceptibility to interrill erosion are the degree of aggregation 
            of the surface soil, the stability of soil aggregates to breakdown 
            under raindrop impact, and the type and amount of clay in the soil.  
            The characteristics influencing susceptibility to rill erosion are 
            organic matter content, aggregate density, bulk density of the 
            surface soil, and the dispersion ratio.  Some factors affecting the
            transportability of detached particles were also examined along with 
            their possible effects on nutrient enrichment of sediment.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Zimmerman,RC; Goodlet,JC; Comer,GH

PUB. YEAR:  1967

TITLE:      Influence of vegetation on channel form of small streams

SOURCE:     p.255-275. In: International Association of Scientific Hydrology, 
            Publ. 75. Symposium on River Morphology.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Data on channel width of several small streams in the Sleepers River 
            basin of northern Vermont have provided some measure of the influence 
            of vegetation on channel form. In the Sleepers River basin there are 
            apparantly two thresholds along streams.  In a downstream direction, 
            the first threshold occurs at points with drainage areas of .2 to .8 
            square mile. Upstream from these points, width does not increase in a 
            downstream direction, living tree roots cross the channel, and dams 
            of organic debris are common.  The flow is commonly underground.  
            Points with drainage areas of .2 to .8 square miles have annual high 
            flows of 10 to 20 cfs. With drainage areas exceeding .2 to .8 square 
            miles widths increase, but channel form is highly variable, and mean 
            widths may vary by as much as 5 feet depending upon the type of 
            vegetation.  Relatively, uniform widths occur, regardless of 
            vegetation, where the drainage area exceeds 4 to 6 square miles.  
            Points with drainage areas of about 5 square miles are apparently the 
            second threshold.  These points have annual high flows in the range 
            of 100 to 150 cfs.  Beyond these points, the influence of vegetation 
            on channel form is marginal compared with that of geological 
            differences and the sinuosity of the flow itself.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Campbell,AG; Franklin,JF

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Riparian vegetation in Oregon's western Cascade Mountains: 
            composition, biomass, and autumn phenology

SOURCE:     Coniferous Forest Biome. Bull. 14, 90.

TOPICS:     riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cowan,WL

PUB. YEAR:  1956

TITLE:      stimating hydraulic roughness coefficients

SOURCE:     Agric. Engineer. 37, 473-475.

TOPICS:     channel characteristics; hydrology

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gholz,HL; Hawk,GM; Campbell,A; Cromack Jr.,K; Brown,AT

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Early vegetation recovery and element cycles on a clear-cut watershed
            in western Oregon, USA

SOURCE:     Can. J. Fores. Res. 152, 400-409.

TOPICS:     logging impacts; nitrogen cycling; nutrient uptake; riparian
            vegetation

COMMENTS:   Aboveground biomass and leaf area, net primary production and 
            nutrient cycling through vegetation were studied for 3 years after 
            clear-cutting of a small watershed dominated by Douglas Fir in 
            Oregon. No correlation was found between plant uptake and nutrient 
            loss in stream flow. Uptake of all elements exceeded return through 
            leaching and litter fall by 16%, except that of Mg, which exceeded 
            return by 44%. Because of early dominance of species with animals, 
            the proportion of elements redristributed internally by vegetation 
            was generally low. The amount of nutrients of flux through 
            vegetation, atmosphere and stream was small in comparison to the
            amount lost in the removal of tree stems.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hussey,MR; Skinner,QD; Adams,JC; Harvey,AJ

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Dinitrification and bacterial numbers in riparian soils of a Wyoming 
            mountain watershed

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 38(6), 492-496.

TOPICS:     microbial populations; nutrient cycles; riparian soils

COMMENTS:   Presence and activity of denitrifying bacteria and bacteria capable 
            of reducing sulfate were studied on both upland and riparian soils in 
            Wyoming. Bacteria were enumerated from soil samples collected during 
            summer along transects placed perpendicular to stream flow. Higher
            counts of total heterotrophic aerobic bacteria, sulfate-reducing 
            bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and denitrification potential existed 
            in the upper 5 to 15 cm of soil than at 30 cm. Soils located next to
            the stream edge tended to have more bacterial activity than those 
            further from the stream, indicating that these soils may be important 
            areas for nitrate and sulfate reduction. Soil organic matter and water 
            content decreased with depth in all plant communities, and those 
            closer to the stream contained more organic matter and water than 
            those farther from the stream.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson,RR

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Riparian habitats and recreation: inter-relationships and impacts 
            in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain region

SOURCE:     Eisenhower Consortium Bull. No. 12. Eisenhower Consortium for 
            Western Environmental Forestry Research. 31 p.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitats; recreation impacts; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jolly,JP

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      A proposed method for accurately calculating sediment yields from
            reservoir deposition

SOURCE:     p.153-161. In: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium: Recent 
            Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and 
            Sediment Yield. July 1982. IAHS Publ. No. 137.

TOPICS:     erosion; modeling; sediment yield; techniques

COMMENTS:   This paper proposes a means of developing a relation between sediment 
            yield and the hydrological, geological, and climatic characteristics 
            of the upstream drainage basin. The relation can be used to estimate 
            sediment loads at potential reservoir sites. The method is applied 
            using the data from many rivers and is suggested to be both 
            economical and accurate.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Keller,EA; Tally,T

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Effects of large organic debris on channel form and fluvial
            processes in a coastal redwood environment

SOURCE:     p.169-197. In: Adjustments of the Fluvial System. Proceedings of 
            the 10th Annual geomorphic Symposium Series. Binghampton, NY. 
            (Rhodes, Dallas D. and Garnett P. Williams, eds.)

TOPICS:     channel morphology; geomorphology; organis debris

COMMENTS:   The role of large organic debris is especially important in 
            controlling the development of the long profile and in producing a 
            diversity of channel morphologies and sediment storage sites.
            Large organic debris in steep mountain streams may produce a 
            stepped-bench profile where a large portion of the stream's potential 
            energy loss is expended over short falls or cascades produced by the 
            debris. The influence of large organic debris on channel form and 
            process in low gradient streams is less than in steeper channels. 
            However, the debris may still affect development of pools and may 
            help stabilize the channel banks. Root mats may armor banks and 
            provide important fish habitats in the form of undercut banks. The 
            stream channel of some low gradient streams may be stable. Managers 
            should use natural stream processes to regulate channel conditions 
            rather than attempt absolute control by artificial means.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Marston,RA

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      The geomorphic significance of log steps in forest streams

SOURCE:     Ann. Assoc. Am. Geog. 72, 99-108.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; geomorphology; organic debris

COMMENTS:   A functional account of log steps in forest streams is provided by 
            field surveys of 163 km of streams in the Oregon Coast Range. 
            Natural treefall, rather than silvicultural activities, accounts
            for the majority of log steps. During low-flow conditions, 
            dissipation of potential stream energy by log steps amounts to 6 
            percent, approximately equal to that by falls. Depriving some streams 
            of log steps by clean-out or repeated harvest of stream-adjacent 
            trees may initiate an episode of progressive erosion by not 
            dissipating stream energy in excess of that needed to transport
            imposed sediment supplies. Addition of log steps to streams with 
            energy already insufficient to balance sediment inputs and outputs 
            may only serve to accentuate progressive deposition.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Megahan,WF; King,PN

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Identification of critical areas on forest lands for control of
            nonpoint sources of pollution

SOURCE:     Environ. Manage. 9(1), 7-17.

TOPICS:     logging impacts; non-point source pollution; soil erosion

COMMENTS:   Pollution  associated with forest lands is of a nonpoint character 
            and is of two general types. One type involves changes in naturally 
            occurring water constituents caused by the disruption of the ecosystem 
            by various practices. This includes changes in sediment, dissolved 
            chemical transport, and water temperature. The second type of 
            pollutant consists of exotic substances introduced by management 
            practices and includes bacteriological pollutants and chemicals such 
            as pesticides, fertilizers, and fire retardants. Most nonpoint 
            pollution problems on forest lands can be controlled bymcareful 
            planning and management of specific control areas. Critical areas 
            include sites with high mass and surface erosion hazards, overland 
            flow areas, and the riparian zone.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Morris,J

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Evaluating the wetland resource

SOURCE:     J. Environ. Manage 24, 147-156

TOPICS:     drainages; economic values; wetlands

COMMENTS:   This article provides an economic framework for examining the 
            competition between agriculture and the environment. With particular 
            reference to wetlands, it reviews possible methods for identifying 
            and measuring costs, benefits, and impacts, and considers their
            contribution to resource decisions.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Naiman,RJ; Melillo,JM

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Nitrogen budget of a subarctic stream altered by beaver Castor 
            canadensis

SOURCE:     Oecologia 62, 150-155.

TOPICS:     beaver; nitrogen cycling; riparian ecosystems

COMMENTS:   Beaver influence stream ecosystems through their wood cutting and 
            dam building activities.  The authors measured rates of nitrogen 
            dynamics to construct a nitrogen budget for a section of a second 
            order stream and a beaver dam in that stream. The budget demonstrated 
            the importance of sediment accumulations and an expanded wetted area 
            to the annual nitrogen economy and to pathways of nitrogen cycling. 
            After impoundment, changes included a reduction in allochthonous
            and an increase in nitrogen fixation by sediment microbes. Overall, 
            the beaver-modified section accumulated 10 to the 3rd power more N 
            than before modification.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Okagbue,CO; Abam,TKS

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      An analysis of stratigraphic control on river bank failure

SOURCE:     Eng. Geol. 22, 231-245.

TOPICS:     streambank erosion; streambank stability

COMMENTS:   Erosion and recession of the Niger River banks have constituted a 
            threat to many villages in the area. Analyses of the recessional 
            mechanisms indicate that bank failure is initiated by a fluvial
            erosion of the lower cohesionless bank layer at a much faster rate 
            than the upper cohesive bank layer. This leads to development of 
            overhangs of the upper cohesive materials. The failure mechanism of 
            the river bank is complex, ranging from slip failures in high banks 
            to shearing and toppling failures in low banks. The use of the common 
            slip circle model for stability evaluation appears to be adequate 
            only for high banks. This model tended to yield misleading results for
            stability analyses of low banks.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Oliphant,JO

PUB. YEAR:  1947

TITLE:      The cattle herds and ranches of the Oregon country, 1860-1890

SOURCE:     Agricultural History 21, 217-238.

TOPICS:     cattle grazing; historic documents; historic investigation

COMMENTS:   Cattle breeding on open ranges in Oregon in the nineteenth century was 
            highly speculative. Ranges could and did become crowded; herds of 
            sheep could and did come upon the ranges and ruin them for cattle. 
            Farmers could and did appropriate the grasslands for their own 
            purposes; markets could and did fail cattlemen. Many made handsome 
            profits and many suffered severe losses. During the depression of the 
            1870's, few, if any, made money on cattle. Boom years followed this 
            period, however, and many took good advantage of this rising market. 
            The cattle industry was both widespread and important to the regional 
            economy during this period.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Osborn,HB; Simanton,JR

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Gully migration on a south-west rangeland watershed

SOURCE:     Range Manage. 39(6), 558-561.

TOPICS:     gully erosion; sediment yield

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Park,CC

PUB. YEAR:  1977

TITLE:      Man-induced changes in stream channel capacity

SOURCE:     River Channel Changes. (Ed: Gregory,KJ) John Wiley and Sons, New 
            York. NY, 121-144.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; geomorphology; techniques

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Briggs,MK

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Riparian ecosystem recovery in arid lands

SOURCE:     1st ed. University of Arizona Press, Tuscon. 159 pages.

TOPICS:     riparian ecosystems; riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   Ecosystem managers have an increased need to restore riparian 
            ecosystems in the arid West that have been degraded by land and 
            water management practices. The author emphasizes several concepts 
            that should be fundamental to restoration projects but are often 
            ignored. One of these is that the underlying causes of degradation 
            need to be identified before restoration projects are undertaken. 
            He also advocates considering multiple impacts, interactions between 
            impacts, and site history when assessing causes of site degradation. 
            Causes can be complex and difficult to assess and may include 
            depletion of water availability by ground water pumping, alteration 
            of flood water regimes. overgrazing by cattle, and increased soil 
            salinity from upstream agricultural activities, and others. Another 
            related concept is that riparian restoration is often best 
            accomplished by restoring natural processes or conditions, then 
            allowing these factors to restore the ecosystem naturally. Because 
            of resiliency, most riparian ecosystems will undergo natural
            recovery over time.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Raleigh,RF; Duff,DA

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Trout stream habitat improvement: ecology and hydrology

SOURCE:     Paper presented at Wild Trout II Symposium. Mammoth, WY. Sept. 
            24-25, 1979.


TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; fisheries; habitat improvement

COMMENTS:   An objective procedure to evaluate stream structural needs is 
            presented that is based on the habitat requirements of trout species 
            by life stage. Effective stream improvement projects involve two 
            essential steps: a diagnosis of stream structural deficiencies and 
            the installation of stream structures designed to meet the biological 
            and hydraulic features of the stream. Failure to address either step 
            can result in the failure of the improvement project.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Roath,LR; Kreuger,WC

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Cattle grazing influence on a montane riparian zone

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 35(1), 100-103.

TOPICS:     livestock grazing; livestock impacts; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   A combination of management and physical topographic features caused 
            cattle to concentrate on the riparian zone early in the grazing 
            season. A large percentage of the cattle days and vegetation 
            utilization of the riparian zone occurred in the first 4 weeks of the 
            grazing period. Utilization on herbaceous vegetation was 72-76 %. 
            Impact on the most prevalent species, Kentucky bluegrass, was 
            minimal. Shrub use increased with increased maturity of herbaceous
            vegetation. Utilization of major shrubs was not excessive and had no 
            long-term effects on vigor or abundance of shrubs.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rogers,WF; Singh,VP

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Some geomorphic relationships and hydrograph analysis

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 22(5), 777-784.

TOPICS:     geomorphology; hydrograph analysis; runoff

COMMENTS:   Each first order channel acts as a source area for surface runoff. 
            The distribution of first order channel distances from the gage 
            determines the timing of water to the gage. A comparison of the 
            frequency histogram of the first order channel distances for 
            drainage basins and their hydrographs of runoff from general storms 
            showed similarity. This correspondence indicated the shape of the 
            surface runoff hydrograph and was largely controlled by the 
            distribution of first order channel distances.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swanson,S; Miles,R; Leonard,S; Genz,K 

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Classifying rangeland riparian areas:the Nevada approach

SOURCE:     

TOPICS:     monitoring; riparian classification; riparian inventory

COMMENTS:   A classification system of riparian areas to facilitate 
            communication between managers and scientists is described. This 
            system is interdisciplinary, heirarchical, simple yet reliable, 
            useful for management, based on potential, and mappable. 
            Classification  begins at a broad level (physiographic region) 
            and proceeds through intermendiate steps that focus on the types 
            of associated aquatic ecosystems and the environment of riparian 
            vegetation, to the ecological site and its seral communities. A 
            system for naming ecological sites is proposed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS; Armour,C; Booth,GD; Bryant,M; Bufford,JL; Cuplin,P; 
            Jensen,S; Lienkamper,GW; Minshall,GW; Monsen,SB; Nelson,RL; 
            Sedell,JR; Tuhy,JS 

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Methods for evaluating riparian habitats with applications for 
            management 

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-221. 177 p.


TOPICS:     monitoring; riparian habitat; riparian inventory

COMMENTS:   A standard way of measuring and presenting riparian conditions is 
            presented. The methods will be helpful to persons documenting, 
            monitoring, predicting, or evaluating riparian, stream, or range 
            conditions. They also  relate to their biotic resources, especially 
            those conditions needed to relate to impacts from land use.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sollins,P; Glassman,CA; Dahm,CM

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Composition and possible origin of ditrital material in headwater 
            streams

SOURCE:     Ecology 66, 297-299.

TOPICS:     detritus; organic debris; riparian ecosystems

COMMENTS:   Fragmented but otherwise unaltered plant debris did not compose the 
            bulk of the detrital C and N in the stream channel and floodplain 
            materials that were sampled. The heaviest fraction accounted for the
            majority of the C and N in the fine detritus from four streams but 
            for only a small to negligible proportion of C and N in waterlogged 
            riparian foliage and wood. Even F1 material was substantially 
            different in composition from the original plant material, Al and Fe
            having accumulated in large amounts.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Still,DA; Shih,SF

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Using Landsat data to classify land use for assessing the basinwide 
            runoff index

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 21(6), 931-940.

TOPICS:     land use; monitoring; remote sensing

COMMENTS:   Remote sensing data in the form of Landsat computer compatible tapes 
            (CCT) were used to determine land use and land cover as an aid in 
            hydrologic studies that were used to estimate basinwide runoff index. 
            Results showed that Landsat data can be used to monitor the USGS land
            use Level 1. One advantage of using the Landsat data for land use 
            classification is that new data are periodically available for 
            updating the land use infformation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Troendle,CA; King,RM

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Effect of partial and clear-cutting on streamflow at Deadhorse Creek, 
            Colorado

SOURCE:     Journal of Hydrology 90, 145-157.

TOPICS:     hydrology; logging effects; stream flow

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     USDA

PUB. YEAR:  1944

TITLE:      The history of western range research

SOURCE:     Agricultural History 18, 127-143.

TOPICS:     grazing history; range management

COMMENTS:   During World War I, there was a patriotic but ill-advised expansion 
            of cattle and sheep numbers that failed to accomplish the desired 
            increase in essential livestock products. By 1944, there was a 
            better understanding of the basic principles of range manqagement: 
            proper kind and class of livestock, proper season of grazing, proper 
            distribution of livestock, and proper numbers of animals. Also, by 
            this time, there was general acceptance of conservative grazing 
            standards. Emphasis by this time was turning to range betterment 
            and more economic livestock  production, and the application of 
            research to expand that knowledge.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Samson,FB

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Characteristics of natural riparian forest systems

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian, wildlife, and forestry 
            interactions. An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13
            February 1987. Univ. of Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     inventory; riparian characteristics; riparian classification

COMMENTS:   Riverine systems are characterized by two major attributes: 
            differences between high and low flows and storm handling 
            properties, which may be characterized by 25 - 50 - 100 year
            floods. This dynamic, extremely variable, high-energy water 
            system is a unique, integral part of the riverine riparian 
            environmental system. It directly changes stream beds, adjacent 
            vegetation, bordering land, and is the major component of the 
            aquatic system.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bilby,RE 

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Interaction of aquatic and terrestrial systems

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian, wildlife, and forestry interactions. 
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     riparian properties; terrestrial/aquatic interactions

COMMENTS:   Interactions between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems depend upon 
            the size of the aquatic system. Properties of the riparian zone along 
            smaller streams contrtol nearly all the features of those waters. 
            Woody debris input from the riparian zone, may be a major determinant 
            of channel form and regulates transport of particulate material 
            through the system. Shade from streamside vegetation moderates water 
            temperature, and root systems help stabilize the banks. Shading of 
            the water also limits aquatic plant growth. The primary energy source 
            for small streams is provided by the input of terrestrial litter from 
            riparian vegetation. Control of properties of the aquatic system by 
            riparian areas decreases as stream size increases. While 
            aquatic/terrestrial interactions are similar for all-sized streams, 
            the relative influence of one system on the other changes appreciably
            with stream size.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Agee,JK

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Successional dynamics in forest riparian zones

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian, wildlife, and foresty interactions. 
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     riparian disturbance; riparian dynamics; riparian zones

COMMENTS:   Forest riparian zones are characterized by disturbance, and maintain 
            a reservoir of disturbance-oriented species within a matrix of usually 
            less frequently disturbed forest. Disturbance can be high frequency/ 
            low magnitude, maintaining a stable distribution of riparian
            communities over time. Or, it can be low frequency/high magnitude, 
            resulting in periods where early-successional and late-successional 
            species alternate dominance. Disturbance is most often caused by 
            flooding and its associated effects: sediment deposition, bank cutting, 
            debris torrents, landslides, etc. Concurrently, edges of riparian areas 
            are often buffered from direct effects of landscape-level disturbances 
            such as fire, although indirect effects through water-based
            disturbance are likely to occur. A typical forest riparian zone will 
            exhibit decreasing disturbance by landscape-level processes and 
            increasing disurbance by water-based disturbance processes toward its 
            core. The result is a zone with diverse species composition and 
            structure.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kauffman,JB

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      The status of riparian habitats in Pacific Northwest forests

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian, wildlife, and forestry interactions. 
            11-13 February  1987. Univ. of Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     biotic potential; riparian forest; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The typical characterization of undisturbed riparian ecosystems is 
            that of a high spatial heterogeneity of plant communities of varying 
            age classes and seral stages. Each seral stage is utilized by 
            different species of wildlife; however, the greatest use has been 
            described for those late successional arboreal riparian communities 
            dominated by a mix of coniferous and deciduous species. In 
            intensively managed forests with short rotation schedules, these 
            communities may never develop, and the biotic potential for the 
            riparian ecosystem is never attained. If these productive riparian 
            communities are the desired status of a given ecosystem, then 
            alterations in land use, such as establishment of buffer zones and 
            extended rotation schedules, may be necessary.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bury,RB 

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Ecological relationships of riparian systems and associated uplands:
            amphibians and reptiles

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions.
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     herpetofauna; riparian ecology; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   This paper discusses the occurrence and abundance of amphibians and 
            reptiles in aquatic and riparian zones in the Pacific Northwest. 
            Most species of herpetofauna have distinct habitat preferences or 
            associations. Stream size is an important determinant of the fauna 
            as well as development of the riparian zone. Composition of 
            herpetofauna varies across a gradient from headwaters through a 
            transition to rivers. Many species use the riparian zone for cover 
            and breeding habitat, but in the Pacific NW the riparian zone is 
            relatively narrow and often bordered by extensive stands of 
            conifers. This zone is functionally an extension of the aquatic 
            habitat, which the author defines as an interdependent unit: The 
            bank - aquatic- riparian Zone (BAR).

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Almand,JD; Krohn,WB

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      The position of the Bureau of Land Management on the protection 
            and management of riparian ecosystems


SOURCE:     Strategies for Protection and Management of Floodplain Wetlands 
            and Other Riparian Ecosystems. Callaway Gardens, GA. Dec. 11-13,
            1978. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rept. GTR-WO-12,  9 p.

TOPICS:     management; policy; protection

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Anon

PUB. YEAR:  1980

TITLE:      American Fisheries Society, Western Division, 1980

SOURCE:     Management and protection of Western riparian stream ecosystems. 
            Riparian Habitat Committee, position paper. (ed. Duff, D.)

TOPICS:     riparian ecosystems; riparian management; riparian protection

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Apple,LL

PUB. YEAR:  1983

TITLE:      The use of beavers in riparian/aquatic habitat restoration in a cold 
            desert, gully-cut stream system: a case history

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the 18th Annual Meeting, Colorado-Wyoming Chapter. 
            American Fisheries Society. pp. 29-35.

TOPICS:     beavers; habitat restoration

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Apple,LL

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Riparian habitat restoration in cold desert, gully-cut stream 
            systems: an innovative, cost effective, ecological approach

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the 49th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources 
            Conference. 23-28 March 1984. Boston, MA.

TOPICS:     beaver; ecosystems; habitat restoration; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   This poster paper described a case study of riparian habitat 
            restoration in SW Wyoming. After reintroduction of beaver and rest 
            from livestock grazing, wildlife response to improved habitat was 
            monitored. Bird transects, fish surveys, and wildlife observations 
            indicated that wildlife response was substantial.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Knopf,FL

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Ecological patterning of riparian avifaunas

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. 
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     avian species; riparian ecology; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Riparian vegetation provides habitats for more species of birds 
            than other vegetative communities in western states. Whereas less 
            than 1% of the western landscape contains riparian habitat, these 
            ecosystems provide habitat for up to 82% of the bird species of a 
            region. The significance of a specific tract of riparian vegetation 
            as avian habitats, however, varies with the scale from which a tract 
            is evaluated. Avian communities within riparian ecosystems can be
            viewed as ecologically patterned along four distinct dimensions. 
            These dimensions correspond to the heirarchical levels of 
            calculating species diversity.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cross,SP

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Small mammals and bats in riparian studies

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. 
            11-13 February 1987. Univ. of Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     riparian habitat; small mammals

COMMENTS:   Small mammals, primarily insectivores and rodents, are well suited 
            for studies that provide information regarding wildlife utilization 
            of relatively small or irregularly shaped habitat areas such as 
            streamside riparian zones. Natural history observations and 
            quantitative comparative habitat studies indicate that the forest 
            streamside riparian zone supports a greater abundance and
            diversity of small mammals than the neighboring upland zone. Habitat 
            utilization patterns differ from species to species, showing various 
            degrees of affinity for the riparian zone. Some species are almost 
            restricted to that zone. Others may enter upland areas but occupy 
            riparian zones as their proimary habitat. Still others are primarily 
            upland forest species but use the riparian zone as secondary habitat. 
            In mature forests, the riparian habitat supports virtually all small 
            mammal species that are also present in neighboring habitats.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Campbell,CJ

PUB. YEAR:  1970

TITLE:      Ecological implications of riparian vegetation management

SOURCE:     Jour. of Soil and Water Conserv. 25(2), 49-52.

TOPICS:     ecosystems; riparian management

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Haugen,GN

PUB. YEAR:  1983

TITLE:      Riparian best management practices

SOURCE:     Fisheries 8(1), 2,9.

TOPICS:     riparian management

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Idaho Cattle Association

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Epidemic strikes--ripariopsychorrhea

SOURCE:     The Line Rider. 2(8), 1,8.

TOPICS:     riparian issues

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Manning,RE 

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Impacts of recreation on riparian soils and vegetation

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 15(1), 30-43.

TOPICS:     recreational impacts; soils; streamside vegetation

COMMENTS:   
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Relationships among stream order, fish populations, and aquatic
            geomorphology in an Idaho river drainage

SOURCE:     Fisheries 4(2), 5-9.

TOPICS:     classification; fisheries

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      Sheep and streams

SOURCE:     Rangelands 3(4), 158-160.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock grazing

COMMENTS:   Whenever sheep were forced to concentrate in the past on a 
            riparian-stream area, they adversely affected the stream environment. 
            Since sheep, however, are classified as animals that prefer slopes 
            and upland sites for grazing, they would not be expected to have 
            major on-site effects on riparian-stream environments. Under grazing 
            strategies such as deferred use plus active herding, there should be 
            no detrimental effects on the fishery.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rickard,WH; Cushing,CE

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Recovery of streamside woody vegetation after exclusion of livestock 
            grazing

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 35(3), 360-361.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; riparian exclosures; stream restoration

COMMENTS:   Removal of livesock grazing along a small, perennial desert stream in 
            southern WA allowed the reestablishment of woody vegetation (Salix 
            amygdaloides) in the riparian zone within 10 years.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Spear,MJ

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Position paper: activities and views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
            Service on riparian ecosystems

SOURCE:     P.27-29. In: Riparian Ecosystems and their Management: Reconciling
            Conflicting Uses. 16-18 April 1985. Tuscon, AZ. USDA Forest Service. 
            General Technical Report RM-120.

TOPICS:     riparian ecosystems; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Riparian habitat is vital to the Nation's fish and wildlife resources. 
            Presently, many activities are adversely impacting this important 
            ecosystem. Programs of the US Fish and Wildlife Service that provide 
            protection for riparian zones are discussed. Examples of projects to 
            conserve riparian areas are emphasized.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Winegar,HH

PUB. YEAR:  1977

TITLE:      Camp Creek channel fencing -- plant, wildlife, soil, and water
            response

SOURCE:     Rangeman's Jour. 4(1), 10-12.

TOPICS:     riparian exclosures; stream restoration; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   This paper argues that, along with flow recovery projections, that 
            natural recovery of western riparian systems will improve water 
            quality, enhance all components of productive fisheries habitat and 
            riparian dependent wildlife habitat and will provide a significant 
            yet undetermined recovery of riparian systems and maintenance of 
            late season flow. Natural recovery should be a prerequisate to other 
            treatments.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Taber,RD 

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Ecology of large mammals in riparian systems of the Pacific Northwest

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. 
            11-13 February 1987. Univ. of Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     large mammals; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Based on the review of the species habitat accounts available in the 
            literature, the author has ranked the overall importance of the 
            riparian system in the welfare of each species population in forest 
            environments and grouped them into species dependentupon or finding 
            optimum habitat in riparian areas. species that are more abundant in 
            riparian aeas, and species that use riparian areas but are abundant 
            in other habitats as well. The habitat features of riparian systems 
            that are considered to be of ecological importance to these large 
            mammal species are: abundance of prey and carrion, productivity of 
            shrub/herb layer, earli spring phenological development of food 
            plants, reduced snow accu ulations in winter, aquatic habitat, and 
            lineal contiguity.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Andrus,C; Froehlich,H; Summers,R; Heimann,D; Long,B

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Development of streamside vegetation following logging or fire in 
            the Oregon Coast Range

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. 
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     riparian forest; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Regrowth of riparian vegetation following clearcutting and burning 
            is rapid alonf coastal streams. Shading to the stream, as expressed 
            by angular canopy density, reached 50 percent in less than five years 
            and approached levels typical of old-growth forest by ten. 
            Salmonberry and alder dominated the early stages of succession. 
            Conifer seedlings were scarce, and dense brush prevented recruitment 
            of conifer seedlings beyond the first years following logging and 
            burning.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Triska,FJ

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Role of wood debris in modifying channel geomorphology and riparian
            areas of a large lowland river under pristine conditions: a 
            historical case study

SOURCE:     Verhandlung Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie 22(3), 1876-1892.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; geomorphology; historic investigation;
            riparian ecosystems

COMMENTS:   The author reviewed historical records to estimate the impact of 
            woody debris on a 400-500 km reach of the Red River, LA. In a primal 
            condition, the banks consisted of unstable alluvial deposits which 
            were easily eroded. Sediment and riparian trees formed trees from 
            eroded banks formed organic debris dams which blocked the channel 
            and promoted channel aggradation. At one time, exposed wood covered 
            80-120 km of channel. Adjacent riparian areas were impacted by
            flooded forests and a series of large lakes were formed. After 
            removal of organic debris, the most recently formed lakes drained 
            over a period of 30 years. Wood debris reduced the the river's width 
            from 185 m to approximately 40 m and aggraded the river bed to a 
            maximum of 7 m. Tributary channels were dammed or filled with 
            organic debris and the river was permanently opened to navigation in 
            1873. By the early 1900's, dam and snag removal, levees, dredging and
            removal of bankside trees resulted in a cleared, meandering channel, 
            which might today be mistaken as typical of a pristine lowland river.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Anthony,RG; Forsman,ED; Green,GA; Witmer,G; Nelson,SK

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Small-mammal populations in riparian zones of coniferous forests in 
            western Oregon

SOURCE:     Streamside management:riparian management and forestry interactions. 
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     riparian habitat; small mammals

COMMENTS:   Small-mammal populations inhabiting low-order riparian zones in 
            three age classes of forests were compared. Contrast species 
            composition and capture rates for streamside vs riparian fringe 
            transects were also compared. Deer mice were  the most abundant 
            species and comprised 76 and 83%, respectively. Total small-mammal 
            abundance was greater in old-growth forests than in young and 
            immature forests. More species but fewer individuals were captured 
            on the streamside transects in comparison to the riparian fringe 
            transects.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Darling,LA; Coltharp,GB

PUB. YEAR:  1973

TITLE:      Effects of livestock grazing on the water quality of mountain streams

SOURCE:     p.1-8. Proceedings, Water-Animal Relations. Kimberly, ID. ed. H.F.
            Mayland.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; water quality

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Everest,FH 

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Anadromous fish habitat and forest management--economic
            considerations

SOURCE:     p.153-171. In: Proceedings of the Western Association of Fish and 
            Wildlife Agencies/Western Division of American Fisheries Society.

TOPICS:     economics; fisheries; logging impacts

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS; Behake,RJ; Buckhouse,JC; Casey,OE; Claire,EW; Cooper,J; 
            Duff,DA; Evans,WA; Haugen,G; Marcuson,PE; Meehan,WR; Phillipes,RW; 
            Raleigh,RF; Skovlin,JM

PUB. YEAR:  1977

TITLE:      Livestock interactions with fish and their environments

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Workshop on Livestock and Wildlife-Fisheries 
            relationships in the Great Basin. Sparks, NV; Univ. of California;
            Berkeley, CA; 36-41; Specl. Publ. 330

TOPICS:     incomplete; fisheries; grazing impacts

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Range Inventory Standardization Committee RISC. Society of Range 
            Management

PUB. YEAR:  1983

TITLE:      Guidelines and terminology for range inventories and monitoring

SOURCE:     Presented to Board of Directors of SRM, Albuquerque, NM. Feb. 
            1983. (13p.)

TOPICS:     incomplete; definitions; inventories; monitoring

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rhodes,J; Skau,CM; Greenlee,D; Brown,DL

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Quantification of nitrate uptake by riparian forests and wetlands 
            in an undisturbed headwaters watershed

SOURCE:     p.175-179. In: Riparian Ecosystems and their Management: Reconciling 
            Conflicting Uses. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report 
            RM-120. 16-18 April 1985. Tuscon, AZ.

TOPICS:     modeling; nutrient cycles; water quality; watersheds

COMMENTS:   During three years of research on a headwaters watershed, the area 
            was shown to be capable of removing over 99% of the incoming nitrate 
            nitrogen. Riparian vegetation nitrate uptake and output, and 
            microbial denitrification will be incorporated into hydrologically-
            based nutrient transport models.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Corn,PS; Bury,RB

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      The effects of timber harvest on aquatic amphibians

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. 
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     amphibians; logging effects; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Species diversity of amphibians was much lower in logged streams than 
            in controls. Eleven control streams contained all four inventoried 
            species. Only two controls had as few as two species present. Of the 
            logged streams, 11 had one or no species present, and only one 
            contained all four. Densities of all species were significantly 
            greater (by 2-10X)in control vs logged streams.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Austin,TA

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Utilization of models in water resources

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 22(1), 49-56.

TOPICS:     modeling; water resource management

COMMENTS:   Water resources personnel were surveyed to determine the current and 
            future uses of mathematical models in planning, design, and operations 
            of watedr resources systems. Eighty-six percent of those responding 
            indicated they had used mathematical models in the past year. Lack
            of appropriate data, inadequate time and funding to do the modeling 
            and lack of models that represented the "real world" situation were 
            the most frequently mentioned constraints to model use.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Pratt,J; Garcia,J; Orloff,S

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Riparian habitat assessment techniques

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. 
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     inventory; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   A new method for comprehensive inventory and evaluation of stream 
            corridors was developed for the purpose of identifying riparian and 
            riverine areas of high value to fish and wildlife. The method, the 
            Stream Corridor Inventory and Evaluation System (SCIES), is capable
            of integrating Instream Flow Incremental Method evaluations amd 
            Habitat Evaluation Procedures evaluations or may be used 
            independently.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Oakley,A

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Riparian management practices of the Bureau of Land Management

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. 
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     riparian forest; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Current management practices for forestlands managed by Bureau of 
            Land Management (BLM) in Oregon and Washington were developed 
            through the land-use planning process, including full public 
            involvement under the National Environmental Policy Act. 
            Environmental impact statements were prepared in which effects of 
            planned forest management activites were analyzed and final 
            decisions for managing riparian areas were subsequently made for 
            each plan. The policies for preparing plans and managing BLM lands 
            and resources are based on applicable federal laws, Executive 
            Orders, regulations, manuals policy statements and other guidance.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Calhoun,J

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Riparian management practices of the Washington Department of
            Natural Resources

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. 
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     riparian forest; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The Washington State Department of Natural Resources has been 
            practicing riparian protection practices on its 2.1 million acres
            of forest land for 20 years. Operational experience and technical 
            knowledge of riparian systems have increased through time as public 
            policy has developed. The Department's Forest Management Plan was 
            adopted in 1984.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clark,M

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Institutional arrangements for resolving forestry/wildlife conflicts: 
            a comparison of regulations, taxes and subsidies, and markets in 
            habitat rights

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. 
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     riparian forest; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   This poster paper compares three policy alternatives/institutional 
            systems for managing timber harvesting/habitat problems discusses 
            the reward systems inherent in each application, and evaluates the 
            relative efficiency of outcomes under the different institutiuonal 
            structures using a case study watershed and a mathematical model.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Durst,JD

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Predicting riparian vegetation changes downstream of a large
            hydroelectric development

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions.
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     modeling; riparian communities; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Hydrologic modeling was used to predict flow and ice regimes during 
            construction and operation of a 3-phase, 2-dam system. Stereoscopic 
            examination of aerial photos in conjunction with surveyed river cross
            sections yielded empirical values for river discharges associated with 
            the lower limits of vegetation and mature riparian communities . These 
            discharges were then related to predictable hydrologic events which 
            had been modeled previously.
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     A.Hooke,JM 

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      An analysis of the processes of river bank erosion

SOURCE:     J. of Hydrology 42, 39-62.

TOPICS:     geomorphology; hydrograph analysis; streambank erosion

COMMENTS:   Field observations were shown to aid considerably in understanding 
            the processes of removal during river bank erosion. Two main methods 
            of river bank removal were identified, corrasion and slumping, and 
            these appear to be associated with the influence of river flow levels
            and antecedent precipitation conditions, respectively. Antecedent 
            precipitation index emerged as the variable that provided the highest 
            explanation of the erosion characteristics, but the diversity of 
            results from different sites illustrates the complex combinations of 
            conditions related to erosion events.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Howard,RJ; Larson,JE

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      A stream habitat classifica-tion for beaver

SOURCE:     J. Wildl. Manage. 49(1), 19-25.

TOPICS:     beaver; beaver habitat; classification; modeling

COMMENTS:   Beaver habitat use over a 28-year period permitted development and 
            testing of two models for predicting density of active beaber colonies 
            on streams. Principal components regression, a technique that reduced 
            the confounding effects of closely correlated ecological variables 
            found in earlier studies of this type, and discriminant analysis were 
            used for model development. In mixed coniferous-deciduous forest 
            habitat, the percentage of hardwood vegetation, watershed size, and
            stream width had significant positive effects on active colony 
            density. Increasing stream gradient and progressively well-drained 
            soils had negative effects.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hughes,RM

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Use of watershed characteristics to select control streams for
            estimating effects of metal mining wastes on extensively disturbed 
            streams

SOURCE:     Environ. Manage. 9(3), 253-262.

TOPICS:     aquatic macroinvertibrates; mining impacts; riparian vegetation; 
            sedimentation; stream ecosystems

COMMENTS:   Impacts of sediments and heavy metals on the biota of streams in 
            copper-mined areas of SW Montana were examined by comparing 
            aquatic communities of impacted streams with those of control 
            streams. Control streams were chosen through the use of a technique 
            that identifies similar streams based on commonalities in their 
            watershed characteristics. Significant differences between impacted 
            and control sites existed for surface substrate, riparian vegetation, 
            and the number of macroinvertebrate taxa. Results led to the 
            conclusions that: 1) chemical and physical habitats at the impacted 
            sites were disrupted, 2) the presence of trout was an inadequate 
            measure of ecological integrity, and 3) watershed classification 
            based on a combination of mapped terrestrial characteristics 
            provided a reasonable method to select control sites

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jackson,TJ

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Soil water modeling and remote sensing

SOURCE:     IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Ge-24(1), 37-46.

TOPICS:     remote sensing; soil characteristics

COMMENTS:  

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Murphy,HW; Albertson,J

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Fish Lake Wildlife Habitat: study for silviculture treatment

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. 
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     riparian forest; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   This poster paper compared managed and unmanaged riparian forest 
            communities and emphasized the interrelationships of various wildlife 
            species.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Patrick,DM; Smith,LM; Whitten,CB

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Methods for studying accelerated fluvial change

SOURCE:     Gravel Bed Rivers. (Eds: Hey,RD; Bathurst,JC; Thorne,CR) John Wiley 
            and Sons, New York, 783-815.

TOPICS:     channel characteristics; geomorphology; streambank erosion; techniques

COMMENTS:   Human activity in many forms can produce accelerated fluvial change. 
            In order to develop and manage a river basin and fluvial system 
            effectively it is necessary to identify and minimize the adverse 
            effects of existing structures and activities and to predict and take 
            into account the potential adverse effects of proposed schemes. This 
            requires data on the factors that control the mechanics of the fluvial 
            system. These data should cover the basin characteristics, relations
            between geomorphology and river mechanics, erodibility of the drainage 
            basin, and temporal effects. Techniques and methods for studying 
            accelerated fluvial change are described. Particular emphasis is 
            placed on the importance of information on basin characteristics and 
            on geomorphological processes, to project studies. Case studies are 
            used as examples.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Peterjohn,WT; Correll,DL

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Nutrient dynamics in and agricultural watershed: observations on the 
            role of a riparian forest

SOURCE:     Ecology 65, 1466-1475.

TOPICS:     diffuse-source pollution; nutrient cycling; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Nutrient concentration changes were measured in surface runoff and 
            shallow groundwater as they moved through a small agricultural 
            watershed. Cropland appeared to retain fewer nutrients than riparian 
            forest and was thought to incur the majority of its nutrient losses in
            harvested crop. The dominant pathway of total-N loss from the riparian 
            forest seemed to be subsurface flux. P loss from the riparian forest 
            appeared almost evenly divided between surface and subsurface losses. 
            Nutrient removals in the riparian forest are thought to be of 
            ecological significance to receiving waters and indicate that coupling 
            natural systems and managed habitats within a watershed may reduce 
            diffuse-source pollution.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schumm,SA; Harvey,MD; Watson,CC

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Incised Channels: Morphology, Dynamics and Control

SOURCE:     Water Resources Publications, Littleton, CO.

TOPICS:     channel adjustments; channel morphology; gully control; gully erosion; 
            stream networks

COMMENTS:   
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Speaker,R; Moore,K; Gregory,S

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Analysis of the process of retention of organic matter in stream 
            ecosystems

SOURCE:     Verhandlung Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie 22(3), 1835-1841.

TOPICS:     material transfer; organic debris; riparian vegetation; sediment
            transport; stream ecosystems

COMMENTS:   Lotic ecosystems are substantially different from most other 
            ecosystems as the continuous unidirectional flow through the system 
            tends to transport matter to downstream reaches. The process of 
            retention removes matter from transport and makes it available 
            for utilization by stream biota, thus providing a link between input 
            and storage. A method is described for the quantitative assessment 
            of retention of particulate matter in streams and several major 
            stream retention features are identified that can be influenced by 
            the structure and composition of riparian zones. Short-term leaf 
            retention curves performed well to a negative exponential model. 
            Though leaves were retained at fairly uniform rates at many sites, 
            the presence of wood debris dams had a major influence on reach 
            retention patterns. Retention structures differed greatly in their              
            relative efficiency of trapping leaves.

============================================================================

AUTHOR:     University of Washington

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Streamside Management - Riparian,Wildlife Interactions

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Symposium. College of Forest Resources, Univ. 
            of Washington. 11-13 February 1987. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitats; riparian ecosystems; riparian forest;
            riparian management

COMMENTS:   This collection of 28 papers were presented in their original form 
            at a program initiated by the University of Washington's College of 
            Forest Resources and other departments to address the production and 
            protection of forest, fish, and water resources in Pacific Northwest 
            watersheds.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wilzbach,MA; Cummins,KW; Hall,JD

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Influence of habitat manipulations on interactions between cutthroat 
            trout and invertebrate drift

SOURCE:     Ecology 67(4), 898-911.

TOPICS:     aquatic macroinvertebrates; aquatic/riparian habitat; fisheries;
            fishhabitat

COMMENTS:   This study examined the interactions of the riparian setting (logged 
            vs. forested) and prey availability on the prey capture efficiency and 
            growth of the cutthroat trout, and to determine if the riparian 
            setting influences the impact of trout predation on drift composition. 
            Short-term relative growth rates of cutthroat trout, experimentally 
            confined in stream pools, were greater in a logged than in a forested 
            section of stream. Differences in growth rates were attributed to
            differences among pools in invertebrate drift density, and to 
            differences in trout foraging efficiency that were related to 
            differences between the sections in the amount of overhead shading 
            and substrate crevices. Mean percentages of introduced prey captured 
            by trout were greater in logged control pools and pools of both 
            sections whose bottoms were covered with fiberglass screening to 
            eliminate substrate crevices than in forested control pools and logged 
            pools that were artificially shaded. A logarithmic relationship was 
            found between trout foraging efficiency and surface light of pools. 
            Drift density significantly increased relative to controls in pools 
            from which trout were removed in the logged reach, but not in the 
            forested section.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bohn,C

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Biological importance of streambank stability

SOURCE:     Rangelands 8(2), 55-56.

TOPICS:     sedimentation; stream stability; streambanks

COMMENTS:   New interest in streambank stability originates from the influence 
            streambanks have on a stream system and fish habitat. Streambank 
            stability has traditionally been defined from an engineering 
            perspective, but stability in terms of the biological function means 
            the maintenance of the channel shape suited to the native streambank 
            vegetation and soils and the stream gradient. Streams naturally work 
            slowly across a floodplain while the channel shape maintains regular
            patterns within a reach and sediment enters the water primarily when 
            flows are big enough to carry it.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Strahan,J; McBride,JR

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      The effects of streamflow regulation on riparian vegetation in 
            central California

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. An
            interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of Washington. 
            Seattle. WA.

TOPICS:     riparian habitat; riparian vegetation; stream flow

COMMENTS:   The effects of streamflow regulation on riparian vegetation were 
            studied on 30 streams in central California. Differences in seedling 
            establishment-survival and size structure-composition of riparian 
            forests were compared on regulated and nonregulated streams segments. 
            Seedlings were found on 90% of the nonregulated stream segments but on 
            only 33% of the regulated study sites. Densities were generally 
            moderate to high on nonregulated streams and low on many regulated
            segments.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Haugen,GN

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Strategies for riparian area management

SOURCE:     Fisheries 10(4), 20-21.

TOPICS:     management; planning

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thomson,BL

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Land use conflicts in riparian habitats, the British Columbia Interior

SOURCE:     Streamside management:riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. An 
            interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of Washington. 
            Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     resource conflicts; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   In the BC southern interior, naturally scarce riparian vegetation has 
            been permanently lost to settlement and road and rail construction. 
            Riparian vegetation is also continually disturbed by agricultural and 
            forestry activites. Lack of planned management actions in past 
            developments in riparian areas has led to the degradation of those 
            sites and has severely impacted wildlife populations.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Keller,CR; Burnham,KP

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Riparian fencing, grazing, and trout habitat preference on Summit 
            Creek, Idaho

SOURCE:     North American Journal of Fisheries Management 2(1), 53-59.

TOPICS:     fisheries; grazing impacts; riparian exclosures

COMMENTS:   During 1975, 3.2 km of Summit Creek, ID, were fenced by BLM to exclude 
            livestock from the riparian area. Six stream sections were 
            electrofished in 1979 to determine differences in trout abundance, 
            size, and growth between grazed and ungrazed sections. Electrofishing 
            stations were paired by habitat type. There were more trout in 
            ungrazed sections than in grazed sections in all three habitat types 
            sampled. There was also evidence that the average size of fish was 
            less in grazed sections. The study concluded that trout prefer stream 
            areas in ungrazed habitat over grazed habitat.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1983

TITLE:      Those vital streambanks

SOURCE:     Western Wildlands 3(9), 7-10.

TOPICS:     streambanks; streamside vegetation

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wilson,L

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Riparian boundary determination guidelines

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. 
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     inventory; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   In order to make management decisions regarding riparian resources, 
            boundaries frequently must be delineated and choices must be made. 
            Making these decisions may require information on plant ecology, 
            wildlife ecology, aquatic ecology, topography, and hydrology. A 
            series of questions in each of these areas was compiled to aid 
            decision-makers in assembling the information necessary to make 
            riparian boundary determinations which protect the critical 
            functions of the riparian zone.
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Protasel,G

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      How institutional laws, rules, policies, and objectives influence
            on-the-ground riparian forest management

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. 
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     riparian forest; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Riparian forest management is most directly influenced by statutes 
            which articulate substantive policy and by objectives which are 
            defined by mandatory rules. The burden is presently on the forester 
            to get the technical assistance needed from wildlife biologists in 
            order to wisely manage the riparian habitat.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS; Raleigh,RF

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Impacts of grazing on wetlands and riparian habitat

SOURCE:     Developing Strategies for Rangeland Management. National Research 
            Council/National Academy of Sciences, Boulder, CO. (: ) Westview 
            Press,, 1105-1117.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; grazing systems; riparian habitat; wetlands

COMMENTS:   This article discusses a paper presented by Jon Skovlin at the 
            workshop on "The Impacts of Grazing Intensity and Specialized 
            Grazing Systems" held in El Paso, TX, in March, 1981. Further, it 
            expands on the function and value of riparian systems, on grazing 
            systems, and on management alternatives available.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS; Nelson,RL

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Will the riparian pasture build good streams?

SOURCE:     Rangelands 7(1), 7-10.

TOPICS:     enhancement; grazing impacts; riparian pastures

COMMENTS:   Studies show that, on conventionally managed allotmentsusing 
            rotation, rest-rotation, deferred, and season-long continuous 
            cattle grazing strategies, cattle graze riparian range types more 
            heavily than the uplands. Fencing streamside corridors to exclude 
            grazing is expensive and a large amount of forage is lost. Special 
            management pastures will also be expensive, but the forage can be 
            efficiently utilized. Eliminating grazing from certain allotments 
            is not sociologically, economically, or politically acceptable. 
            The special riparian pasture is a promising alternative.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stream Renovation Guidelines Committee. The Wildlife Society and 
            American Fisheries Society

PUB. YEAR:  1983

TITLE:      Stream obstruction removal guidelines

SOURCE:     American Fisheries Society; N; 9

TOPICS:     incomplete; stream improvements; techniques

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     USDI Bureau of Land Management

PUB. YEAR:  1975

TITLE:      Birch Creek aquatic habitat management plan

SOURCE:     Idaho Falls District Office; Idaho Falls, ID.; N; 86

TOPICS:     incomplete; grazing impacts; planning; riparian exclosures;
            stream improvements

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     USDI Bureau of Land Management

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Riparian zones -- life support systems of the desert

SOURCE:     Arizona Public Lands Update, Special Issue. Phoenix, AZ. (Arizona 
            State Office BLM.; N; 4)

TOPICS:     incomplete; enhancement; streamside vegetation; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Evans,B; Babcock,H 

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Why riparian management regulations are not disincentives

SOURCE:     Streamside management:riparian wildlife and forestry interactions.
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     riparian habitat; riparian management

COMMENTS:   There are strong incentives to press for timber harvesting 
            elimination or restriction of harvest activites in riparian zones, 
            ranging from increased water quality and better fisheries to more 
            assured supplies of water and better recreation opportunities. From 
            the standpoint of the timber owner or operator, riparian management 
            regulations may seem to be disincentives to conduct timber 
            operations in general but careful adherence to such regulations 
            results in more favorable environmental and therefore social impact 
            and eases the pressure for potentially unwise restrictive 
            regulations elsewhere.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bettis,EA,III; Thompson,DM

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Gully erosion

SOURCE:     Rangelands 7(2), 70-72.

TOPICS:     gully erosion

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Idaho Department of Health and Welfare

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Riparian areas: what are they and what do they do

SOURCE:     Clean Water, the Newsletter of the Idaho Water Quality Bureau, 
            450 W. State St., Boise, ID., 83720.

TOPICS:     riparian ecosystems; water quality

COMMENTS:   Riparian areas are those adjacent green zones along the banks of 
            rivers and streams. The term is used in a broader sense to refer 
            to similar areas around springs, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. 
            Riparian areas are sometimes classified as "wetlands', a broader 
            term referring to areas subjected to periodic saturation with 
            water and having soil and vegetative characteristics that
            separate it from surrounding land. Unlike riparian areas, 
            wetlands can encompass larger areas of land such as bogs and swamps.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Savabi,MR; Gifford,GF

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Application of selected soil loss equations to trampled soil
            conditions

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 23(4), 709-715.

TOPICS:     soil erosion; techniques; trampling

COMMENTS:   Soil loss prediction equations (Universal Soil Loss Equation, 
            Modified USLE, and Onstad-Foster Method) were modified to reflect 
            the impact of trampling on soil erosion. The erosion control factor, 
            P, was replaced by a trampling ratio, Tr, which is a function of the 
            change in soil erosion due to animal trampling. Trampling impact on 
            soil erosion varied with soil type. The data are a preliminary 
            attempt to account for the impact of trampling on soil erosion.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     USDA Forest Service,Region 4

PUB. YEAR:  19??

TITLE:      Identification of riparian areas in the planning process

SOURCE:     An administrative report, Ogden, UT. (N; 3)

TOPICS:     incomplete; planning; riparian zones

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ashton,B; William,S; Bredthauer,SR

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Riverbank erosion processes on the Yukon River

SOURCE:     p.415-423. In: Cold Regions Hydrology Symposium. Am. Water Resour. 
            Assoc.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; erosion control; streambank erosion

COMMENTS:   Periodic measurements of riverbank recession on the Yukon River in 
            Alaska were conducted. Erosion rates varied from 0.3 m/yr at banks 
            with developed vegetative production (peat or bank debris) to 10.8 
            m/yr at steep banks with active thermoerosional niching. Comparisons 
            of channel profile measurements indicated that the thalweg did not 
            significantly change location or elevation during a 10-year 
            recurrence interval flood.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Babcock,WH

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Tenmile Creek: a study of stream relocation

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 22(3), 405-415.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; fisheries; habitat improvement

COMMENTS:   After intensive planning, three miles of creek were relocated to 
            accomodate highway construction near Denver, CO. The project was 
            designed to provide fish habitat of equal or enhanced value to that 
            present before construction. After channel excavation, rock and log 
            fish habitat structures were constructed. Two years after 
            construction, a flood rendered 75 percent of the habitat structures 
            ineffective. Pool-riffle ratios and quantity and quality of spawninmg 
            areas remained unchanged during this period. Population estimates 
            indicated an increase in the number of fish after construction. Fish 
            biomass estimates, as well as aquatic invertebrates populations, 
            were unchanged.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bailey,RG

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Classification systems for habitat and ecosystems

SOURCE:     Research on Fish and Wildlife Habitat

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; classification; ecosystem management

COMMENTS:   Systems for classifying and evaluating land as ecosystems have 
            evolved in different agencies of the federal government over the 
            past several years. Such systems involve the delineation, 
            description, and analysis of relatively homogenous units of land 
            at the local or regional scale. The concept of the ecosystem has 
            been widely accepted as a basis for organizing our knowledge of 
            fish and wildlife resources and for considering their interaction 
            with other resources. Although some commonality of ideas exists at 
            present, there is no uniform approach to ecological land 
            classification. Cooperative efforts are underway to develop common 
            or compatible systems. As part of these efforts, the problem of 
            integrating wildlife data into the ecological land classification
            process and of integrating land /water ecosystem concepts must be 
            resolved.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Baltz,DM; Vrondacek,B; Brown,LR; Moyle,PB

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Influence of temperature on microhabitat choice by fishes in a 
            California stream

SOURCE:     Trans. Am. Fisheries Soc 116(1), 12-20.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; fish populations; fisheries; instream
            flow

COMMENTS:   Eight microhabitat variables were used to examine the assumption 
            that the variables normally included in instream flow studies are 
            adequate to discriminate among species microhabitats. The eight 
            variables used in a stepwise-discriminant analysis were temperature, 
            total depth, focal point elevation (distance of fish from the 
            bottom), focal point velocity (water velocity at fish's snout), 
            mean water column velocity, surface velocity, substrate, and cover. 
            When all eight variables were available, two variables not normally 
            measured in instream flow models, temperature and focal point 
            elevation, were important in discriminating among species. Total 
            depth was included and significant in 12 of 20 models. Total depth 
            was always more important than temperature. Mean water column 
            velocity and substrate only made minor contributions to species' 
            microhabitat.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bathurst,JC

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Flow resistance estimation in mountain streams

SOURCE:     Journal of Hydrological Engineering 111(4), 625-643.

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics; hydrology; stream flow

COMMENTS:   Examination of the flow resistance of high-gradient gravel and 
            bvoulder-bed rivers, using data collected in British mountain rivers 
            with slopes of 0.4 - 4%, shows that there are differences in 
            resistance variation between mountain and lowland rivers and that 
            between-site variations do not necessarily reflect at-a-site 
            variations. The influences of nonuniform channel profile, sediment
            size distribution, channel slope and sediment transport are reviewed, 
            but the data do not allow any quantification of these effects.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Batson,Fred T; Cuplin,Paul E; Crisco,Wallace A

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      The use of aerial photography to inventory and monitor riparian areas

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-2. Aug. 
            1987. Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO.

TOPICS:     aerial photography; monitoring; remote sensing; riparian
            vegetation; techniques

COMMENTS:   The report describes technical considerations and procedures for 
            acquisition and use of aerial photography for riparian area inventory 
            and monitoring. Preplanning is crucial and considerations such as area 
            selection, film type, and time of day or season of flight, and scale 
            of photography are discussed. Other issues such as  when to begin 
            initial paperwork, specifications, and flight map preparations, 
            leading to the procurement of aerial photography, are also discussed.
            Procurement options  are discussed, as well as various analytical and 
            procedural methods.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Boughton,WC

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Evaluating partial areas of watershed runoff

SOURCE:     J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 113(3), 356-366.

TOPICS:     hydrology; modeling

COMMENTS:   Variations in surface storage capacity over a watershed produce 
            partial areas of saturation overland flow, which vary from storm to 
            storm. A method is described by which the proportions of the watershed 
            that contributes overland flow in different storms and at different 
            times during the same stormcan be determined by analysis of rainfall 
            and runoff records. The method was demonstrated on two catchments in 
            Australia. The calculated amounts and proportions of surface storage 
            capacity were incorporated into water balance models of watershed 
            runoff to show the accuracy of runoff estimation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bovee,KD

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      A guide to stream habitat analysis using the instream flow 
            incremental methodology

SOURCE:     Instream Flow Information Paper No. 12. USDI Fish and Wildlife
            Service/OBS-82/26. 248 p.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; fisheries; instream flow; techniques

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Braun,RH

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Emerging limits on federal land management discretion: livestock,
            riparian ecosystems, and Clean Water Law

SOURCE:     Environmental Law 17(43), 43-79.

TOPICS:     riparian ecosystems; riparian management; water law

COMMENTS:   Historically, unregulated use of the public range by domestic 
            livestock destroyed the health and benefits of vast quantities of 
            riparian ecology. Although recent evidence demonstrates that
            riparian systems have remarkable restorative capacity, there is 
            currently no national program to begin that restoration. The lack 
            of such a program is largely due to the fact that federal land
            management law provides no judicially enforceable duties to restore 
            damaged ecological systems. This article discusses the ecological 
            role of riparian systems, the history of their destruction, and
            the failure of land management law to adequately address their 
            restoration. The article concludes that agency discretion to ignore 
            ecological restoration is substantially constrained by resource
            specific statutes such as the Clean Water Act.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brenner,FJ

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Evaluation and mitigation of wetland habitats on mined lands

SOURCE:     The 1986 National Symposium om Mining, Hydrology, Sedimentology, 
            and Reclamation. 8-12 December 1986. Lexington, KY.

TOPICS:     hydrology; mining impacts; wetland eco-systems; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Wetland evaluation and mitigation criteria based on ecological 
            principles is proposed as a guide to both regulatory agencies and 
            the mining industry. These criteria may include Habitat Evaluation 
            Procedures (HEP) developed by US Fish and Wildlife Service and/or 
            other operational variables concerned with the severity of impact 
            and the costs and technical aspects of mitigation. Regional 
            numerical indices should be developed for established wetlands 
            that impacted wetlands can be compared with on a regional basis. 
            Mitigated wetlands should be concerned not only with the principle 
            species being impacted by mining but also with the ecology of the 
            region.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brock,JH

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Physical characteristics and pedogenesis of soils in riparian 
            habitats along the upper Gila River basin

SOURCE:     p.49-53. In: Riparian Ecosystems and Their Management: Reconciling
            Conflicting Uses. 16-18 April 1985. Tucson, AZ. USDA Forest Service 
            General Technical Report RM-120.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; riparian soils; soil characteristics

COMMENTS:   Knowledge of soils in SW riparian habitats is minimal. Soil profiles 
            in the riparian zone on the Gila and San Franscisco Rivers were 
            studied. The soils that support trees can be classified as 
            Torrifluvents or on the more stable sites as Haplustolls. Coarse 
            textures and low water holding capacity are dominant characteristics.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brown,GW; Beschta,RL

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      The art of managing water

SOURCE:     Journal of Forestry October, 1985, 604-615.

TOPICS:     water quality; water resource management

COMMENTS:   The forestry profession, sensitive to environmental problems, is in 
            a good position to manage the nation's forest water resources but 
            they face scientific, legal, social, and political issues. It is 
            time to reinvest in water research for forestry, especially studies 
            relating directly to intensive forest operations.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brown,MK; Parsons,GR

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Waterfowl production on beaver flowages in a part of northern New 
            York

SOURCE:     New York Fish and Game J. 26(2), 142-153.

TOPICS:     beaver; beaver management

COMMENTS:   Waterfowl were observed on numerous occasions on selected beaver 
            flowages in upstate New York. These flowages were classified as new 
            active, old active, or abandoned. New active flowages were used to 
            a greater degree than the other classifications. The use by waterfowl 
            of these flowages was concluded to be sufficient to warrant a beaver 
            management program that would in turn benefit waterfowl.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brussock,PP; Brown,AV; Dixon,JC

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Channel form and stream ecosystem models

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 21(5), 859-866.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; geomorphology; stream ecosystems

COMMENTS:   The authors propose to classify running water habitats based on their 
            channel form which can be considered in three different 
            sedimentological settings: a cobble and boulder bed channel, a gravel 
            bed channel, or a sand bed channel. The physical factors - relief, 
            lithology, and runoff - were selected as state factors that control 
            all other interacting parameters associated with channel form. 
            Integrating these factors produced seven distinct stream regions each 
            representing a succession of channel forms downstream. These 
            applications refine the River Continuum Concept by recognizing the 
            nonrandomness of the effects of geomorphology on stream ecosystems. 
            This is a regional perspective of streams that enhances the 
            geographical considerations affecting study areas.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bryan,RB; Campbell,IA

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Surface flow and erosional processes in semiarid mesoscale channels 
            and drainage basins

SOURCE:     p.123-133. In: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, Recent 
            Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and 
            Sediment Yield. July 1982. IAHS Publ. No. 137.

TOPICS:     drainage basins; geomorphology; streambank erosion

COMMENTS:   Detailed studies of surface flow and initiation of channels and 
            drainage networks are facilitated in badlands where barren, rapidly 
            eroded surfaces offer ideal sites for micro and mesoscale 
            experiments. In the microscale application, the response of 
            dessicated shales depends on the detailed interaction of raindrop 
            impact, particle detachment, surface sealing and sub-surface flow, 
            while indurated sandstones and pediments yield flow and sediment 
            almost instantly, even under low rainfall. The water and sediment 
            flows from a complex system and different response thresholds pose 
            considerable problems for precise monitoring in mesoscale
            applications.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Burgi,PH; Karaki,S

PUB. YEAR:  1971

TITLE:      Seepage effect on channel bank stability

SOURCE:     J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., Proc. of the Am. Soc. Civil Engineers 
            97(No. IR1), 59-72.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; streambank stability; surface water-groundwater 
            interaction

COMMENTS:   Seepage flow frequently occurs across boundaries of unlined channels 
            but the effect on bank stability is not clearly understood. Due to a 
            general opinion that seepage effects are small, they are generally 
            neglected in channel design. The basic objective of this study was 
            develop an empirical relationship between the seepage forces acting 
            on a side slope of a channel and the stability of the side slope with 
            various flow conditions present in the channel. The relationship shown 
            provides significant insight into the process of channel side slope 
            erosion when ground water seepage is prevalent.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Carson,MA; Griffiths,GA

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Influence of channel width on bedload transport capacity

SOURCE:     Hydraulic Engineer. 113(12), 1489-1509.

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics; sediment transport

COMMENTS:   Influence of channel width on bedload capacity in river reaches of 
            given slope, water discharge, and channel-bed material is examined. 
            The view that transport capacity is a decreasing function of width 
            is shown to be dependent upon an invalid premise. The contrary view 
            that transport capacity increases as channel width increases are 
            also considered but are shown to be inconsistent with transport 
            formulas. The existance of an optimum width that maximizes capacity
            is demonstrated.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Chang,HH

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Water and sediment routing thorugh curved channels

SOURCE:     Hydraulic Engineer. 111(4), 644-658.

TOPICS:     modeling; sediment transport

COMMENTS:   This paper describes a mathematical model for water and sediment 
            routing through curved alluvial channels. The model applies to 
            alluvial streams with nonerodible banks. In the simulation of the 
            evolution in stream bed profile, the effect of transverse flow is 
            tied in with the aggradation and degradation development. River 
            flow through curved channels is characterized by the changing 
            curvature, to which variations  of flow pattern and bed topography 
            are closely related. Simulation of these changing features is based 
            upon the fluid dynamics governing the growth and decay of transverse 
            circulation along the channel.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clifton,CF

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Effects of land use and vegetation on the channel morphology of
            Wickiup Creek, Blue Mountains, Oregon

SOURCE:     MS Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; livestock impacts; organic debris; riparian
            vegetation

COMMENTS:   Over a 50-year period without grazing, there was a 94% reduction in 
            the channel cross section area. Grazed and ungrazed meadow reaches 
            and forested reaches with large woody debris revealed specific 
            differences related to the local environmental setting. Width, depth, 
            and cross-section area did not increase systematically downstream. 
            Greatest widths were found in the forested reach. Greatest depths 
            olwere in the ungrazed meadow reach.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Coleman,NL

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Effects of suspended sediment on the open-channel velocity
            distrubution

SOURCE:     Water Resources Research 22(10), 1377-1384.

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics; sediment transport

COMMENTS:   Experiments were performed in which suspended sediment concentration 
            in open-channel bounded shear flow was varied systematically while 
            flow depth, slope, and discharge were held essentially constant. The 
            effect of variation in suspended sediment concentration on velocity
            profile characteristics was investigated. The experiments used both 
            the Karman coefficient and the Coles wake strenth coefficient to 
            detect changes. The thickness of the logarithmic part of the
            velocity profile decreased as sediment concentration increased. The 
            logarithmic parts of velocity profiles in sediment-suspending flow 
            were shifted downward relative to control profiles in comparable 
            clearflows.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cowell,DW

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      The Canadian Beaver, (Castor canadensis), as a geomorphic agent in
            karst terrain

SOURCE:     Canadian Field-Naturalist 98(2), 227-230.

TOPICS:     beaver; geomorphology

COMMENTS:   The karst-drainage of a beaver-occupied lake and a sinkhole pond 
            resulted in dam and canal building by Canadian beavers. The beavers 
            were unsuccessful in maintaining their habitat. Their activities 
            probably enhanced karsification.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Crouch,GL

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Wildlife habitat on the lower South Platte River in Colorado

SOURCE:     p.1-3. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Wooded Draws. South 
            Dakota School of Mines and Technology. 12-13 June 1984. Rapid 
            City, SD.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; historic journals; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Wooded riparian habitats present today along the South Platte 
            River appear to be of recent origin. Early explorers found few 
            trees and a river that flooded in the spring and was dry in late
            summer each year. The bottomlands could be drastically changed if 
            management practices are not modified to favor the present 
            environment.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cuplin,P; Batson,F

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Stream/riparian area inventory and monitoring using large scale
            color infrared airphotos

SOURCE:     P.356-361. In: Proceedings of the (Pecora) Symposium for Remote
            Sensing in Forest and Range Resource Management. 20-22 August 1985.
            Colorado State University. Ft. Collins, CO.

TOPICS:     aerial photography; inventory; monitoring; remote sensing

COMMENTS:   There is an increasing level of interest in inventory and monitoring 
            of critical stream/riparian environments. The BLM has investigated 
            the use of remote sensing procedures to increase the efficiency of 
            traditional ground-based methodologies. Ground data collection 
            combined with photo interpretation of large scale airphotos provide 
            inventory and monitoring capability for riparian areas. Variables 
            that can be photo interpreted from large scale color infrared 
            airphotos and used to detect change in riparian areas are stream 
            width, flood plain width, stream channel stability, stream shade, 
            ground cover of trees, shrubs, herbaceous vegetation, bare soil, 
            riparian area and width, density and structure of large trees and 
            shrubs.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     DeBano,LF; Heede,BH

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Enhancement of riparian ecosystems with channel structures

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 23(3), 463-470.

TOPICS:     geomorphology; in-stream structures; riparian ecosystems

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Draper,SE; Rao,SG

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Runoff prediction using remote sensing imagery

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 22(6), 463-470.

TOPICS:     hydrology; remote sensing; runoff

COMMENTS:   Percent imperviousness is an important parameter in modeling the 
            urban rainfall-runoff process and is usually determined using 
            manual methods such as random sampling or conventional accounting 
            records. In this study, two computerized methods - the Laser Image 
            Processing Scanner and the Video-Tape Camera system - were used for 
            estimating the imperviousness of urban watersheds. The percent 
            imperviousness computed by utilizing remote sensing imagery was
            used with the conceptual models of rainfall-runoff models. 
            "Imperviousness" determined by using remote sensing imagery was as 
            accurate as that obtained by the manual methods with significantly
            less time or money.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Duncan,SL

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Leaving it to beaver

SOURCE:     Environment 26(3), 41-45.

TOPICS:     beaver; beaver ecology; beaver management

COMMENTS:   Much of the recent attention to beavers has emphasized the negative 
            aspects of beaver activity: dams that need to be blasted to release 
            water, culverts that are continually dammed, and trees that are lost. 
            However, beaver are also seen as a keystone species in the structure 
            and dynamics of aquatic ecosystems. In habitats where they remain, 
            they are important regulators of stream dynamics and morphology, 
            with pervasive effects far beyond their food and space requirements.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dunne,T; Leopold,LB

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Water in Environmental Planning

SOURCE:     W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, CA. 795 pages.

TOPICS:     geomorphology; hydrologic cycle; hydrology; water resource
            management

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Elmore,W; Beschta,R

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Riparian areas: perceptions in management

SOURCE:     Rangelands 9(6), 260-265.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; in-stream structures; riparian management

COMMENTS:   This topical article was intended to: 1) promote awareness and 
            discussion of riparian issues by and among livestock owners, 
            environmentalists, biologists, and the general public; 2) identify
            the characteristics and benefits of productive riparian systems; 
            and 3) encourage managers of public and private lands to reconsider 
            the effects of traditional grazing practices and of recent attempts 
            to control channels structurally.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Estes,CC; Orsborn,JF

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Review and analysis of methods for quantifying instream flow 
            requirements

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 22(3), 389-398.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; fisheries; instream flow

COMMENTS:   Present guidelines for selecting a method to determine instream 
            flow requirements and evaluating the validity of the results from 
            a particular method are insufficient. A review of current methods 
            for instream flow determinations is supplemented by a summary of 
            four independent analyses. Results of these analyses indicate that 
            each method can be used independently or collectively to generate 
            instream flow recommendations, if calibrated to the area or site 
            studied.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ferguson,BK

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Environmental patterns of water management

SOURCE:     J. of Environ. Systems 16(3), 161-178.

TOPICS:     water resource management

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Finch,DM 

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Similarities in riparian bird communities among elevational zones in
            southeastern Wyoming

SOURCE:     p.105-109. In: Proceedings of the Wyoming Water 1986 and Streamside
            Zone Conference. 28-30 April 1986. Casper, WY.

TOPICS:     avian species; riparian bird communities; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   At elevations of 6740 - 9800 ft in SE Wyoming, bird species diversity
            ranged from a low of 3 bird species and 29 pairs in subalpine shrub 
            willow habitat to a maximum of of 21 species and 101 pairs in lowland 
            cottonwood habitat. Higher elevations had less diverse bird 
            communities probably because of increased environmental severity and 
            reduced vegetational complexity. Despite loss of tree overstory, bird 
            species composition on mid-elevation shrub sites was more similar to 
            lowland cottonwood habitats than to subalpine shrub areas. Similarity 
            in bird species composition was greatest within elevational zones. 
            Management recommendations are offered.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Fleming,G; Kadhimi,AA

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Sediment modelling and data sources a compromise in assessment

SOURCE:     p.251-259.  In: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, July 1982. Recent
            Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion and Sediment 
            Yield. IAHS Publ. No. 137.

TOPICS:     modeling; sediment transport; soil erosion

COMMENTS:   The major problem in modelling sediment erosion, transport and 
            deposition for the assessment of sediment yield is the shortage of 
            reliable data with which to develop and test the desired model. This 
            limitation of data source restricts the modelerin selecting the 
            aappropriate theory to describe a model structure that accounts for 
            the correct interaction between processes contributing to the to the 
            sediment yield of drainage basins. It also restricts the application 
            of developed models in their practical desigh application. 
            Compromises must always be made before models can be usefully 
            employed in sediment yield assessment for water resource system 
            design.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Frissell,CA; Liss,WJ; Warren,CE; Hurley,MD

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      A hierarchical framework for stream habitat classification: Viewing 
            streams in a watershed context

SOURCE:     Environ. Manage. 10(2), 199-214.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; classification; geomorphology; watersheds

COMMENTS:   This article presents a framework for a heiarchical classification 
            system. entailing an organized view of spatial and temporal variation 
            among and within stream systems. Stream habitat systems, defined and 
            classified on several spatiotemporal scales, are associated with 
            watershed geomorphic features and events. Variables selected for 
            classification define relative long-term capacities of systems, not 
            simply short-term states. Streams and their watershed environments 
            are classified within the context of a regional biogeoclimatic 
            landscape classification. The framework is a perspective that should 
            allow more systematic interpretation and description of
            watershed-stream relationships.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Galbraith,WA; Anderson,EW

PUB. YEAR:  1971

TITLE:      Grazing history of the northwest

SOURCE:     Range Manage. 24(1), 6-12.

TOPICS:     grazing history; livestock impacts

COMMENTS:   This is a historical account of grazing history in the Pacific NW 
            from grazing by Indian horses beginning around 1700 to the 
            introduction of Spanish cattle in 1789 to modern times. In this 
            region, it continues to be one of the major uses of the resource.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gebhardt,KA

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Determining hydrologic properties of soils

SOURCE:     USDI Bureau of Land Management Tech. Note 371. Idaho State Office, 
            Boise, ID.  34 p.

TOPICS:     soil characteristics; techniques

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gebhardt,KA

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Development of a monitoring program for natural resource management. 
            USDI Bureau of Land Management

SOURCE:     Idaho BLM Manual Supplement (4421-Planning the Monitoring Studies).

TOPICS:     monitoring; water resource management

COMMENTS:   Monitoring concepts are basic and well-established. Monitoring is a 
            necessary tool for making sound management decisions. The process 
            requires time, thought, and discussion to develop a good monitoring 
            program but dollars saved in the long run are worth the effort. Once
            the work has been planned, the plan must be implemented.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gilliland,MW; Baxter-Potter,W

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      A geographic information system to predict non-point source 
            pollution potential

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 23(2), 281-291.

TOPICS:     geographic information systems; non-point source pollution

COMMENTS:   A Geographic Information System (GIS), which utilizes a raster of 
            grid-cell format, was developed to include algorithms associated 
            with non-point pollution. The system accepts digitally mapped 
            information on soil type, topography, and land use. It calculates 
            characteristics such as slope and slope length, and relates these 
            characteristics to soils and land use parameters in order to 
            produce three dimensional maps of runoff potential, and bacterial 
            pollutin potential. It has the advantages of retaining the 
            geographic character of pollution potential information and of
            conveying in graphical terms the effects of topography, soil type, 
            land use, and land management practices.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Girard,MM

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Native woodland ecology amd habitat type classification of
            southwestern North Dakota

SOURCE:     Ph.D. Thesis, North Dakota State University. 331 p.

TOPICS:     classification; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Native woodlands are a component of the vegetation mosaic of the 
            mixed grass prairie of southwestern North Dakota. Due to a semi-arid 
            climate, these woodlands are resticted to areas of increased 
            moisture: drainage ways, streams, springs, floodplains, N-facing 
            slopes, and "scoria" buttes. A habitat type classification system 
            for these woodlands was developed to provide a framework for future 
            management. The Daubenmire habitat type method was used. A key was
            developed to identify each type in the field. The characteristics of 
            each habitat and community type are described.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Goss,DW

PUB. YEAR:  1973

TITLE:      Relation of physical and mineralogical properties to streambank 
            stability

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 9(1), 140-144.

TOPICS:     erosion processes; sediment characteristics; streambank stability

COMMENTS:   Alluvial streambank properties from nine unstable and six stable 
            reaches showed little variation in physical and mineralogical 
            properties. The bulk density of the samples was so similar that 
            they could be considered from the same population. Particle size 
            distributions showed that the many fractions were slightly, but 
            significantly, higher for the stable reaches. The sand-sized grains 
            of the stable areas were less rounded than tose of unstable areas. 
            This somewhat angular shape of the grains may have produced an 
            interlocking between grains that added stability to the bank 
            material. Clay coatings on the sand-sized grains may also have 
            strengthened the material by causing cementation.
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Graf,WL

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Mining and channel response

SOURCE:     Annals of the Association of the American Geographer 69(2), 262-275.

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics; erosion; mining impacts; photographic studies

COMMENTS:   Gold/siver mining in central CO has caused severe disruption of the 
            landscape. Arroyos and gullies developed on many valley floors as 
            responses to increases in channel tractive force from 1 dyne before 
            settlement to 8 dynes during the mining period. The spatial 
            distribution of energy and force has been substantially altered by 
            human activites. Threshold values of erosive force were surpassed 
            in response to changes in general basin vegetation cover, channel 
            slope, width, and roughness. Landscape stability, which depends on 
            the relationship of the distribution of energy to the material 
            landscape, has been reestablished in some locations but others may 
            require several decades for recovery.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Graf,WL

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      The development of montane arroyos and gullies

SOURCE:     Earth Surf. Proc. 4, 1-14.

TOPICS:     channel stabilization; gully erosion; riparian vegetaion

COMMENTS:   Field investigations in CO confirm that the spatial distribution 
            of vegetation in watersheds exerts strong control on the entrenchment 
            of streams in the montane zone. When tractive forces in channels 
            exceeds threshold values of resistance on the valley floors, cutting 
            of arroyos begins, producing forms that change allometrically. 
            Thresholds exist in the montane erosion system for gradient, mean 
            biomass in the basin, biomass on the valley floor, channel roughness, 
            and channel width. Each threshold value, however, depends on the 
            interrelationships among other variables in the system. Manipulation 
            of the vegetative cover is the primary human impact on the montane
            channels, and management of the distribution of vegetation offers the 
            most efficient method of maintaining the stability of channels.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Grasse,JE; Putnam,EF

PUB. YEAR:  1950

TITLE:      Beaver management and ecology in Wyoming

SOURCE:     Federal Aid in Wildlife Reastoration Project Bullitin No. 6, Wyoming 
            Game and Fish Commission, Cheyenne, WY. 75p.

TOPICS:     beaver ecology; beaver management

COMMENTS:   This comprehensive study was an early effort to confront the conflict 
            between the damage by beavers to man-made installations and the value 
            of indirect benefits by beavers to public lands. The document 
            consolidates all that was known about beaver ecology at the time of 
            publication. Management practices are described including techniques 
            for live-trapping and transplanting.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Griffiths,D

PUB. YEAR:  1902

TITLE:      Forage conditions on the northern border of the Great Basin, being a
            report on investigations made during July and August, 1901, in the 
            region between Winnemucca, Nevada and Ontario, Oregon

SOURCE:     USDA Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin No. 15.

TOPICS:     historic investigation; range conditions

COMMENTS:   One of the earliest reports on range conditions in the West to report 
            the degradation of open ranges in the Great Basin, and, by 
            implication, all of the West. In part, it states that " as the better 
            land has been taken up by settlers - the cattle and sheep ranges have 
            become more restricted, and stock are now forced back from the fertile 
            river bottoms and other lands so situated as to make irrigation 
            poosible, and the inevitable result has been overstocking of those
            poorer and restricted ranges, with all the attendant evils".

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gutzwiller,KJ

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Riparian habitat use by breeding cavity-nesting birds in southeastern
            Wyoming

SOURCE:     Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie. 125 p.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; avian species; riparian bird communities

COMMENTS:   The differences and similarities among species' nest sites and random 
            sites and among species nest substrates and random substrates can be 
            used by wildlife managers to specify habitat conditions acceptable to 
            the various birds at their nests. The models relating bird parameters 
            to habitat-island characteristics can be used to help manage habitats 
            on a broader scale.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hanson,PL; Chadde,SW; Pfister,RD

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Riparian dominance types of Montana

SOURCE:     Reviwe Draft. Montana Riparian Assoc., School of Forestry, University 
            of Montana. Missoula, MT. 358 pp.

TOPICS:     riparian plants; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   This handbook was developed to provide dominance type classifications, 
            habitat type classifications, and management information. This 
            information was based on data collected from riparian communities 
            throughout the state of Montana by the authors, cooperators, and other 
            sources. All plant species included in the handbook either dominate or 
            are coodominant in one or more riparian communities. The text offers 
            both: illustrations with prominent plant characteristics and 
            ecological descriptions and management implications for each dominance 
            type.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hardin,TS

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Use of hydraulic simulation to evaluate habitat improvement structures

SOURCE:     p.111-119. In: Proceedings of the Western Association of Fish and 
            Wildlife Agencies and the Western Division of the American Fisheries 
            Society. Portland, OR.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; habitat improvement; modeling

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harris,RR

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Relationships between vegetation and fluvial geomorphology at
            Cottonwood Creek, California

SOURCE:     Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley. 337 p.

TOPICS:     geomorphology; riparian management; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Floodplain topography and surface soil texture were coorelated with 
            each other and with simulated flood frequency and magnitude when 
            elevation abover the stream was used as a measure of flooding. 
            Elevation alone, however, did not adequately explain environmental
            conditions. Flooding affects land surface formation and environmental
            conditions in the active floodplain and plants are responsive to that 
            interactive process. Changes in flooding behavior caused by water 
            resource development will cause changes in vegetation. Locations 
            where vegetation development is arrested by flooding effects may 
            experience increased plant growth. Areas wwhich are benefitted by 
            occasional flooding may experience long-term losses in vegetation
            or changes in species composition.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harrison,B; Kellogg,G

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Mapping riparian/wetland habitats on the Nez Perce National Forest - a 
            cooperative approach

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service and USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 9 p.

TOPICS:     aerial photography; aquatic/riparian habitats; inventory; monitoring

COMMENTS:   This report describes the efforts of the Nez Perce National Forest to 
            implement an inventory of all riparian areas on the Forest in order 
            to facilitatate management of forest activites potentially impacting 
            riparian and wetland resources. The classification system used was 
            hierarchical and based primarily on hydrologic conditions, soils, and 
            vegetation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harvey,MD; Watson,CC

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Fluvial processes and morphological thresholds in incised channel 
            restoration

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 22(3), 359-368.

TOPICS:     channel adjustments; channel restoration; geomorphology

COMMENTS:   Incised channels are those in which an imbalance between sediment 
            transport capacity and sediment supply has led to degradation of 
            their beds. This is a frequent response to stream channelization, 
            changes in land use, or lowering of base level. If the degradation 
            causes a critical bank height threshold to be exceeded, which is 
            dependent on the geotechnical properties of the bank materials, then 
            bank failure and channel widening follow. Interdependent adjustments 
            of channel slope and croos-sectional area occur until a new state of 
            dynamic equilibrium with the imposed discharge and sediment loss is 
            attained. These geomorphic adjustments can be described and quantified 
            by using location-for-time substitution and a model of channel 
            evolution can be formulated. Three approaches to rehabilitation of the 
            degraded channels are possible; geomorphic, engineering, and rational. 
            The rational approach is based on the channel evolution model and
           generally involves control of discharge or control of grade, or both.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede,BH

PUB. YEAR:  1976

TITLE:      Equilibrium condition and,sediment transport in an ephemeral mountain
            stream

SOURCE:     p.97-102. In: Volume 6 of Hydrology and water resources in Arizona 
            and the Southwest. Proceedings of the 1976 Meeting of the Arizona 
            Section of the American Water Resources Association and Hydrology 
            Section. Ariz. Acad. Sci. Tucson, AZ.

TOPICS:     channel adjustments; hydraulic geometry; riparian ecosystems

COMMENTS:   Flow frequency curves supported the hypothesis that channel-forming 
            flows are exceptional events in ephemeral mountain streams. This was 
            substatiated by the lack of a relationship between sediment 
            production and sediment yield. Numerous bed nickpoints indicated 
            channel instability, despite gravel bars and log steps that are a 
            part of the slope adjustment processes. Due to differences in 
            structural density between bars and steps, size distribution of the 
            sediment deposits above them differs. Although only qualitative 
            guidelines are presented the watershed or wildlife manager should be 
            in a position to utilize the formation of gravel bars and log steps 
            for his management goals.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede,BH

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Designing gully control systems for eroding watersheds

SOURCE:     Environ. Manage. 2(6), 509-522.

TOPICS:     check dams; geomorphology; gully control; vegetation management

COMMENTS:   Effective design of gully control systems must consider the gully 
            network as a whole and be based on geomorphological indicators such 
            as type of network, stream order, and stage of development. 
            Consideration of geomorphological characteristics allows a ranking 
            of gully treatment priorities that, in turn, promises the highest 
            return for expenditures. Relationships between sediment catch, 
            channel gradient, treatment cost, and height of check dams in a 
            treatment system are presented. Return is considered within a 
            physical rather than economic framework. Future soil savings are the 
            main focus.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede,BH

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      Dynamics of selected mountain streams in the western USA

SOURCE:     Zeit. fur Geomorph. N.F. 25(1), 17-32.

TOPICS:     channel adjustments; channel morphology; geomorphology

COMMENTS:   In high mountain regions, channel slope adjustments are required to 
            offset steep potential gradients that otherwise would cause excessive 
            erosion, resulting in deeply incised channels and oversteepened valley 
            slope sides. The process study demonstrates adjustmentwithin six
            streams, located in AZ and CO, not only progressed by the formation of 
            gravel bars transverse to the flow, but also by the incorporation of 
            downed timber into the streambed. Thus, streamside forests became an 
            important part of the hydraulic geometry.
            The concept of dynamic equilibrium was applied to evaluate stream 
            stability conditions. There was a significant negative correlation 
            between gravel bars, log steps, and channel gradient in the 
            equilibrium streams, but not in the non-equilibrium streams. The 
            evaluation was based on morphologic and hydraulic indicators. This 
            indicated that knowledge of the longitudinal profile and the yearly
            runoff characteristics only are required to determine the dynamic 
            equilibrium condition. Dynamic equilibrium existed if the profile was 
            concave and streamflow perennial, and it did not exist if the profile 
            was convex and streamflow ephemeral.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede,BH

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Balance and adjustment processes in stream and riparian systems

SOURCE:     P.3-7. In Proceedings of the Wyoming Water 1986and Streamside Zone 
            Conference. 28-30 April 1986.Caspar, WY.

TOPICS:     channel adjustments; ecosystem dis-turbance; riparian ecosystems

COMMENTS:   All natural systems are dynamic and are changing regardless of man's 
            or other influences. Natural processes within and between systems 
            will eventually restore dynamic equilibrium after disturbances, but 
            control measures may be desirable to speed the processes after serious
            disruptions. Control measures must work with rather than against, 
            ongoing natural adjustment processes.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede,BH

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Designing for dynamic equilibrium in streams

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 22(3), 351-357.

TOPICS:     channel adjustments; check dams; ecosystem dis-turbance

COMMENTS:   Streams are dynamic systems, so steady state does not exist for any 
            appreciable period of time. Streams in dynamic equilibrium respond 
            quickly to change, regaining a new equilibrium. From the response 
            system it follows that there is a causative reason why a stream 
            meanders, degrades, or aggrades. The actions represent adjustment 
            processes. Local base level change represents one of the most 
            influential channel changes, especially the lowering of this level. 
            Loss of base level may cause degradation throughout a stream 
            network, because the main stem is the base level for all its 
            tributaries. Often, degradation causes bank instability and 
            lowering of streamside water tables that, in turn, endanger the 
            riparian ecosystem. Preventing local base level changes of a
            stream network, therefore, is a cost-effective measure.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede,BH

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Gully control: Determining treatment priorities for gullies in a 
            network

SOURCE:     Environ. Manage. 6(5), 441-451.

TOPICS:     check dams; erosion control; gully erosion; soil erosion

COMMENTS:   This report addresses a newly developed procedure for setting 
            priorities in gully control. It explains basic gully systems and 
            developments as influenced by geomorphologic processes on which the 
            proposed procedure is based. These processes consist of two types: 
            one, representing interactions between the individual gullies of a 
            network; the other, mechanisms initiated within a given gully by 
            localized instability conditions. Classifying gullies into continuous 
            and discontinuous types not only allows determination of network 
            types but also points to citical locations that must be considered by 
            the designer.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hickin,EJ

PUB. YEAR:  1983

TITLE:      River channel changes: retrospect and prospect

SOURCE:     Int. Assoc, Sediment 6(Specl. Publ), 61-83.

TOPICS:     channel adjustments; channel morphology; geomorphology; hydraulic 
            geometry

COMMENTS:   This paper reviews some of the major developments in the study of 
            channel changes during this century and offers comments on the 
            direction of future research. Topics addressed include the relation 
            of channel equilibrium to time-scale, the process relations of the 
            formal theory of equilibrium channel-morphology, regime theory and 
            hydraulic geometry, complex channel response, human-induced channel 
            adjustments, and channel changes of the Holocene and Pleitocene.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hickin,EJ

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Vegetation and river channel dynamics

SOURCE:     Canad. Geog. 28(2), 111-126.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; geomorphology; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   The physical science of fluvial geomorphology is flawed because it 
            ignores processes that are not easily quantifiable and statistically 
            or physically manipulable. Vegetation may exert significant control 
            over fluvial processes and morphology through five mechanisms: flow
            resistance, bank strength, bar sedimentation, formation of log-jams, 
            and concave-bank bench deposition. Examples of these are presented 
            and the research implications of each are discussed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hockberger Jr,JJ

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Indiscrete regulation of indiscrete sources: The Idaho water quality 
            standards and control of sediment impacts on salmon and steelhead 
            spawning and rearing habitat

SOURCE:     Idaho Law Review 22, 469-.

TOPICS:     clean water act; fisheries; non-point source pollution; water law; 
            water quality

COMMENTS:   Crucial streams in Idaho capable of supporting anadromous salmonid 
            populations flow through the Idaho batholith, a geologic area 
            characterized by steep slopes and fragile granitic soils. Logging, 
            grazing, mining, and other extractive resource uses, have historically 
            been responsible for tremendous erosion in the batholith. Denuded land 
            areas increase erosion leading to increased turbidity and sediment in 
            streams, which are detrimental to salmonid populations. Anadromous 
            populations are especially vulnerable to habitat degradation since if 
            4 or 5 successive annual classes of spawners returning from the sea 
            are unable to reproduce, the run will become extinct. Much of the Idaho 
            batholith and other salmonid habitat is overlain by land administered 
            by the USDA Forest Service. Such lands have come under increasing 
            scutiny from those interested in protecting sensitive habitat. This 
            article gives an in-depth history of the Idaho water quality standards 
            for nonpoint source pollution and an analysis of these standards along 
            with some comparable regulations from other Pacific NW states.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Holl,RG

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Grazing nonpoint source control strategy

SOURCE:     Prepared under an interagency agreement between the the US 
            Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8, Denver CO, and the
            USDI Bureau of Land Management. 24 p.

TOPICS:     clean water act; livestock impacts; non-point source pollution;
            water quality

COMMENTS:   The Clean Water Act (PL95-217, 1977), Section 208(b)(2)(F), requires 
            that various nonpoint sources of pollution, including runoff from 
            lands managed for livestock production, be identified, and to the 
            extent possible, controlled. The strategy contained in this document 
            provides guidance for the prevention and control of nonpoint source 
            water quality degradation resulting from livestock use of public 
            land. It describes procedures for identifying problem areas and 
            those remedial measures to maintain water quality or reduce water 
            pollution.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Horton,JE

PUB. YEAR:  1973

TITLE:      Evapotranspiration and water research as related to riparian and
            phreatophyte management - An abstract bibliography

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. Misc. Publ. No. 1234. 192 p.

TOPICS:     bibliography; hydrology; riparian management; vegetation management; 
\           water resources

COMMENTS:   This bibliography, containing 713 entries, emphasizes moist-site 
            vegetation, both phreatophyte and riparian, but watershed and plot 
            studies were included where they were helpful in determining the 
            effect of vegetation management on water yield. Methods of estimating 
            or measuring water losses were given full coverage.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ives,RL

PUB. YEAR:  1942

TITLE:      The beaver-meadow complex

SOURCE:     J. Geomorph. 5, 191-203.

TOPICS:     beaver ecology; geomorphology; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Beaver work, in conjunction with sedimentation and plant growth, is an 
            important factor in the creation and continued existence of large, wet 
            meadows in the mountainous parts of Colorado. Interrelations of beaver 
            work, sedimentation, and plant growth are described, and the apparent 
            relations of this beaver-meadow complex to other valley features are 
            briefly discussed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jackson,WL; Beschta,RL

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Influences of increased sand delivery on the morphology of sand and 
            gravel channels

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 20(4), 527-533.

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics; channel morphology; sediment transport

COMMENTS:   Increased sand concentrations in transport can enable lower stream 
            discharges to transport riffle gravel materials. The net response of 
            a channel to incresed sand delivery will be to fill pools, increase 
            width, and decrease depth. If increases in sand delivery are great 
            enough, gravel features will be increasingly smothered by deposited 
            sands even though sediment transport rates will have increased. The 
            increased hydraulic efficiency of the channel could encourage 
            channel straightening and, therefore, steepening of slope. This 
            could also affect additional adjustments in channel cross-sections.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson,CW; Engleman,RL; Smith,JP; Hanson,CL

PUB. YEAR:  1977

TITLE:      Helley-Smith bed load samplers

SOURCE:     J. Hydrl. Div. Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Engin. 103(10), 1217-1221.

TOPICS:     sediment transport; stream flow; techniques

COMMENTS:   Users of Helley-Smith bed load samplers, under conditions of high 
            organic and sediment transport, should recognize the possible 
            sampling error caused by clogging of sampler bags and instead use 
            either larger bags or bags with a mesh larger than 0.2 mm. 
            Helley-Smith samplers are inexpensive and easily used at some 
            bridge sites but additional calibration is needed to improve the 
            accuracy of sediment transport computations from bed load sample 
            data.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson,CW; Smith,JP

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Sediment characteristics and transport from northwest rangeland 
            watersheds

SOURCE:     p.1157-1163. In: Trans. of the ASAE, Soil and Water Div., Paper #
            77-2509.

TOPICS:     sediment characteristics; sediment transport; sediment yield

COMMENTS:   Rangeland hydrology and sedimentation studies on a mian stem and 
            three source watersheds within the Reynolds Creek Experimental 
            Watershed show a wide range in precipitation, runoff, sediment 
            transport and particle-size characteristicsfrom year to year and
            from station to station. Results are useful in rangeland erosion 
            and sediment models.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson,CW; Gordon,ND

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Streamflow measurement and analysis for northwest rangelands

SOURCE:     P.469-473. In: Proc. of the Water for Resource Development 
            Conference, Soil & Water Div., ASCE. 14-17 August 1984 1984. 
            Couer d'Alene, ID.

TOPICS:     hydrology; techniques; watersheds

COMMENTS:   This paper reports precipitation, runoff, and streamflow data from 
            three source watersheds administered by the Northwest Watershed 
            Research Center near Boise, ID. Grazing intensity and duration were 
            shown to have a profound influence on the quality and quantity of 
            streamflow measured from those watersheds on sagebrush rangelands. 
            Accounts of field-testing of the drop-box weir and other devices 
            for streamflow measurement are described.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Julien,PY; Frenette,M

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Macroscale analysis of upland reosion

SOURCE:     J. Hydrlogic Sciences 32(3), 347-357.

TOPICS:     drainage basins; soil erosion; watersheds

COMMENTS:   Scale effects in computing sheet and rill erosion losses from large 
            basins have been studied for grid sizes ranging from 0.03 to 4 km2 
            over drainage areas up to 3000 km2. After analysis of a basin in 
            Quebec, Canada, the mean characteristics of the basin could be used 
            to estimate the mean annual upland erosion losses after a correction 
            factor for the influence of grid size was introduced into the 
            calculation. The use of fine-meshed grids can be justified when 
            information on the areal distribution of soil erosion is desired.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kaniuka,R

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Underground channels mapped by radar

SOURCE:     Agric. Res. 35(1), 14-15.

TOPICS:     monitoring; surface water-groundwater interaction; techniques

COMMENTS:   Radar is being used by USDA scientists to: 1) identify the 
            locations/depths of perched and main aquifers, 2) determine lateral 
            flows of water, 3) select the best locations for observation wells 
            and sampling sites, and 4) measure the volume of lakes and ponds.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kantrud,HA

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Effect of vegetative manipulation on breeding waterfowl in prairie
            wetlands - A literature review

SOURCE:     USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C. Report No.3.

TOPICS:     incomplete; bibliography; vegetation management; waterfowl
            management; wetlands

COMMENTS:   A compilation of technical and scientific articles and publications 
            dealing with artificial manipulation of vegetation for the purpose 
            of improveing, restoring, or enhancing prarie wetland habitat for 
            breeding waterfowl.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Karr,JR; Yant,PR; Fausch,KD

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Spatial and temporal variability of the index of biotic integrity 
            in three midwestern streams

SOURCE:     Trans. Am. Fisheries Soc 116(1), 1-11.

TOPICS:     fish populations; fisheries; riparian habitat; water quality

COMMENTS:   The index of biotic integrity (IBI)has been used to assess the 
            biological quality of flowing water systems in all areas of the 
            US. Biotic integrity, however, has rarely been related to 
            independent measures of water or habitat quality. In two watersheds 
            where conditions were relatively stable, IBI ranked sites similarly. 
            Rankings among sites conformed to prior assessments of site quality 
            based on habitat and water quality. Sampling should be conducted 
            during summer to reduce variation due to seasonal fish migration and 
            fall recruitment of young-of-the-year fish. Generally, the IBI 
            reflects known habitat and water quality of both natural and 
            anthropogenic origin. Little or no improvement in biotic quality was 
            detected following implementation of numerous soil and water 
            conservation practices.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kelsay,LE

PUB. YEAR:  1964

TITLE:      List of cartographic records of the General Land Office

SOURCE:     U.S. National Archive and Record Service, Gen. Serv. Admin., 
            Washington, D.C.

TOPICS:     historic documents; maps

COMMENTS:   Maps and survey documents prededing 1964 available in the Map Rooms 
            of BLM and other government agencies and in the National Archives.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ketcheson,GL

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Sediment rating equations: An evaluation for streams in the Idaho
            batholith

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. General Tecnical Report INT-213. 12p.

TOPICS:     bedload; sediment yield; stream flow

COMMENTS:   Sediment data from streams in the Idaho batholith were used to 
            develop suspended, bedload, and total sediment rating equations. 
            These equations were discussed in terms of statistical significance 
            and their usefulness for documenting management impacts. Sediment 
            yields were estimated using the rating equations and streamflow data. 
            These yields were compared with those estimated from a time-
            integration method. For streams in the Silver Creek research area,
            sediment yields from rating equations and time-integration techniques 
            were compared with estimates from sediment dams. Rating equation and 
            time-integration estimates were statistically different. Time-
            integration estimates more closely matched those from the sediment 
            dams.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     LaBaugh,JW

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Wetland ecosystem studies from a hydrologic perspective

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 22(1), 1-9.

TOPICS:     chemical budgets; hydrology; water balance; wetland eco-systems

COMMENTS:   Selected studies from the literature were reviewed to determine the 
            extent of knowledge about the relationship between hydrology and 
            wetland ecosystem studies. Very few studies have attempted to measure 
            all the components of a wetlands water balance. Generally, unmeasure
            components were calculated as the difference between measured inputs 
            and outputs. Ground water was frequently overlooked. Few studies 
            included direct measurement of biogeochemical processes within 
            wetlands. The importance of uncertainties in chemical budgets to 
            hydrologic budgets has been addressed in very few wetland 
            investigations. Many studies have emphasized the importance of 
            hydrology to wetland ecosystem research but few have documented this.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lane,EW

PUB. YEAR:  1953

TITLE:      Design of stable channels

SOURCE:     Trans. Am. Soc. of Civil Engineers, 1234-1260. (Paper No. 2776)

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics; hydrology; streambank stability

COMMENTS:   A method of designing stable channels is presented based on securing 
            a distribution of the tractive force along the sides and bottoms of 
            channels such that the magnitude of this force at all points will be 
            sufficiently large to prevent sediment deposits in questionable 
            quantities, and at the same time will be small enough to prevent 
            objectionable scour. Limiting values for the tractive force are 
            offered for the various conditions under which a canal may be 
            constructed. The effects of bends, side slope, and transported 
            material on the design are reviewed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lisle,TE

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Effects of aggradation and degradation on riffle-pool morphology in
            natural gravel channels, northwestern California

SOURCE:     Water Resources Research 18(6), 1643-1651.

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics; channel morphology; sediment transport

COMMENTS:   After a large flood in 1964, gaging stations in northern California 
            widened as much as 100% and aggraded as much as 4 m; then degraded 
            to stable levels during a period of five years or more. As channels 
            aggraded, bed material became finer, and low to moderate flow became 
            shallower, faster, and steeper. Comparisons of longitudinal profiles 
            also showed the diminishment of pools as well as a decrease in bar 
            relief accompanying the excessive sediment load.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lisle,TE

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Stabilization of a gravel channel by large stream obstructions and
            bedrock bends, Jacoby Creek, northwestern California

SOURCE:     Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 97, 999-1011.

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics; channel morphology; streambank stabilization

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lohrey,MH

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      Planning gully control and restoration

SOURCE:     Unpublished Report. Prepared for: USDA Forest Service; Fremont 
            National Forest. 21p.

TOPICS:     check dams; gully control; gully erosion; watershed restoration

COMMENTS:   This manuscript describes a step-by-step procedure leading to gully 
            restoration that has been used successfully on the Fremont National 
            Forest. The process represents a consolidation of concepts and 
            techniques applied elsewhere but collectively implemented at the 
            above location.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lowrance,R; Sharpe,JK; Sheridan,JM

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Long term sediment deposition in the riparian zone of an agricultural 
            watershed

SOURCE:     Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta. Environ-Resources Center. ERC-03-84, 
            in cooperation with Georgia Univ., Athens. Inst. of Ecology, and
            Agricultural Research Service. (Southeast Watershed Research Center. 
            Tifton, GA. 92p.)

TOPICS:     chemical sinks; riparian ecosystems; sediment transport; water
            quality

COMMENTS:   Sediment deposition over the last 100 years was measured on a coastal 
            plain agricultural watershed. Three approaches were used to estimate 
            long term sediment deposition. (1) determine the changes in depth to 
            argillic horizon along transects from fields to streams, (2) estimate 
            10 year upland erosion with the Universal Soil Loss Equation and use 
            a sediment delivery ratio to calculate mass of deposition, and (3) 
            use radiometric dating techniques to estimate the age of deposited 
            materials. Data suggest that riparian ecosystems are important sinks 
            for agricultural chemicals (nutrients and pesticides).

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Malde,HE

PUB. YEAR:  1973

TITLE:      Geological bench marks by terrestrial photography

SOURCE:     J. Res. U.S. Geol. Surv. 1(2), 193-206.

TOPICS:     monitoring; photographic studies; techniques

COMMENTS:   A photograph made with a level camera, if taken at a known height 
            above a permanent mark on the ground, can later be repeated with 
            exactness for measurement of changes in terrain. Such a photograph 
            is one of several means for establishing a geologic bench mark and 
            is useful for monitoring the changes of landscape that are otherwise 
            difficult to map or describe.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Martin,DJ

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Production of cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) in relation to riparian
            vegetation in Bear Creek, Washington

SOURCE:     Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 166p. p.

TOPICS:     fish populations; fishhabitat; logging impacts; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Removal of vegetation can alter salmonid production in streams. More 
            than 70% of the food biomass consumed by all age groups of cutthroat 
            trout was composed of aquatic insects, despite the greater abundance 
            of insect fallout. Only during the summer low flow period when aquatic 
            production was low, did insect fallout become more important than 
            aquatic insects in the trout diet. Changes in prey utilization were 
            associated with temporal differences in prey availability. Following 
            canopy removal, mean weights of each age group of trout increased only 
            in the lower treatment zone, but not always. Densities of age I and II 
            trout increased only in the upper treatment zone. Differences were 
            attributed to differences in temperature and food supply between the 
            upper and lower treatment zones.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Maxwell,JR; Soloman,RM

PUB. YEAR:  1983

TITLE:      Threshold limits of hydrologic function in arid and semiarid 
            landscapes

SOURCE:     Unpubl. report. USDA Forest Service. Albuquerque, NM. 25p.

TOPICS:     gully erosion; hydrology; techniques

COMMENTS:   A method is presented for determining threshold limits between 
            satisfactory and unsatisfactory hydrologic function. The treshold 
            limits reflect unacceptable risks of accelerated gully erosion 
            caused by decreased ground cover. They define the minimum percent 
            ground cover needed to maintain the hydrologic stability of 
            watersheds and their land units. The method is especially useful 
            for arid and semiarid landscapes where ground cover is strongly 
            influenced by land management and fluvial processes are dominated 
            by intense rainstorms, surface runoff, and gully erosion.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Merritt,RW; Lawson,DL

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Leaf litter processing in floodplain stream communities

SOURCE:     (P.93-105. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on National Riparian 
            Ecosystems: Strategies for the Protection and Management of 
            Floodplain Wetlands and other Riparian Ecosystems. 11-13
            December 1978. Callaway Gardens, GA.)

TOPICS:     aquatic ecology; aquatic macroinvertibrates; floodplains; riparian 
            ecosystems

COMMENTS:   This research was based on the hypothesis that the floodplain 
            serves as a preprocessing area for stream allocthonous flow. The 
            major season for leaf litter processing in the floodplain was in
            the spring which was related to abiotic and biotic factors. Tethered 
            leaves and coarse mesh bags containing confined litter degradedat a 
            significantly faster rate than leaf litter in medium or fine mesh 
            bags. The major time for stream litter processing occurred in the 
            fall. Overall ecological processes occurring in the floodplain were 
            similar to those occurring in the stream, although the timing of 
            leaf litter processing activity differed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Meyer,PA

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Valuing riparian habitat

SOURCE:     A presentation to the USDA Forest Service. (Philip A. Meyer, 
            Consultant; N; 10) (P.O. Box 1152, Davis, CA, 95617)

TOPICS:     economic values; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Economic importance of riparian habitat for Indian peoples can be 
            established by again identifying impacting linkages, with ceremonial 
            use, subsistence and commerce, and then placing those impacts in the 
            dual contexts of cultural significance and tribal resource capability.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Montgomery,James M

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Bear Valley Creek, Idaho fish habitat enhancement project feasability 
            study

SOURCE:     Prepared for the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes, Funded by BPA Contract No.
            83-359. (Prepared by Hames M. Montogomery, Consulting Engineers, Inc. 
            1301 Vista Ave., Boise, ID 83705)

TOPICS:     incomplete; habitat enhancement; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Munther,GL

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Beaver management in grazed riparian ecosystems

SOURCE:     p.234-241. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Wildife-Livestock 
            Relationships. 20-22 April 1981. Couer d'Alene, ID.

TOPICS:     beaver ecology; beaver management; riparian habitat; riparian
            restoration

COMMENTS:   Beaver activity has substantially influenced the structure of many 
            low gradient streams and valley bottoms in western Montana. These 
            areas, with their flat valley bottoms and low gradient streams, have 
            high wildlife, fisheries, and livestock values. Because riparian 
            zones are in delicate equilibrium with their surroundings, the 
            removal of beaver through the elimination of habitat or overharvest 
            often leads to dramatic changes in the valley bottom and its stream 
            channel. Reductions in wildlife and fisheries habitat can reult. 
            Continued livestock grazing in the absence of beaver in some valley 
            types eliminates shrubs, causes stream channel changes, and lowers 
            water tables. Once the channel has eroded and the water table has 
            lowered, livestock forage production is usually reduced, and 
            vegetative type changes result in a less diverse wildlife community. 
            The lower vegetative productivity in combination with a more active 
            stream channel inhibit riparian recovery and necessitates substantial 
            livestock management changes for recovery. Riparian management 
            practices that increase the quality of this zone include: grazing  
            that favor shrub production, regulation of beaver harvest, 
            transplants, and reduction of systemslivestock grazing.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Murphy,PJ; Agiurre,EJ

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Bed load or suspended loas

SOURCE:     Hydraulic Engineer. 111(1), 93-552.

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics; sediment transport

COMMENTS:   The difference between the sediment transport and suspended load is 
            explained and quantified. The mean and fluctuating components of the 
            particle motion are studied by examining both components of the 
            particle's dynamics in open channel flows. For sand particles, the 
            time required for particles leaving the bed to attain the free fall 
            velocity is shown to be the critical parameter for ther saltation-
            suspension distinction. Examples are given.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Myers,Lewis H

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Riparian inventory and monitoring

SOURCE:     Montana BLM Riparian Technical Bulletin No.1. 38p.

TOPICS:     monitoring; riparian inventory

COMMENTS:   This bulletin describes the techniques used for inventorying and 
            monitoring riparian sites in the Dillon Resource Area in Southwestern 
            Montana. The condition and vigor or deciduous, woody, wetland species 
            were found to be valid indicators of general riparian site conditions 
            and trend and provided adequate data for most management situations.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Myers,LH; Thomas,A; Hines,B; Stalder,R; Wagner,R; Eshelman,K; 
            Cooperrider,A; Boyd,R

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Riparian area management - inventory and monitoring

SOURCE:     Review Draft. BLM Technical Reference TR-1737-2. 92p.

TOPICS:     inventory; monitoring; riparian management; techniques

COMMENTS:   This document describes the techniques used for inventory and 
            monitoring riparian sites in SW Montana. The condition and vigor of 
            deciduous, woody, wetland species were found to be valid indicators 
            of general riparian site conditions and provided adequate data for 
            most management situations. The techniques described here were 
            specifically designed for application in SW Montana.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Nanson,GC; Beach,HF

PUB. YEAR:  1977

TITLE:      Forest succession and sedimentation on a meandering-river floodplain, 
            northeast British Columbia, Canada

SOURCE:     J. of Biogeography 4, 229-251.

TOPICS:     forest succession; geomorphology; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Examination of primary forest succession within two migrating bends 
            of a river in northeast British Columbia provides information on the 
            interrelationships between the geomorphic and biotic components of a 
            meandering floodplain. Rapid sedimentation on the youngest ridges 
            favors the establishment of a dense, non-reproducing balsam poplar 
            stand of uniform age, and prevents the establishment of white spruce 
            seedlings. Following an abrupt decline in overbank sedimentation on 
            surfaces approximately 50 years old, white spruce rapidly colonize 
            the bare mineral soil beneath the poplar canopy and form a dense, 
            relatively even-aged stand. With the death of mature poplars on 
            surfaces 100-150 years old, the spruce seedlings are released and
            develop into a mature, non-reproducing stand. This stand persists 
            until its senescence on ridges 350-400 years old. Here, a second 
            similar but less even-aged spruce stand establishes, maturing in a 
            like manner to the first, to eventually decline on ridges 500-550 
            years of age. Tree densities and overbank sedimentation achieve 
            minimum values on floodplain surfaces greater than approximately 200 
            years in age. Negligible sediment deposition on these older surfaces 
            is explained by the more open trunk density which permits relatively 
            rapid overland flow which prevents the deposition of suspended 
            sediment load. Sedimentation and vegetation appear to be strongly 
            interrelated components within the total floodplain system.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Nilsson,C

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Distribution of stream-edge vegetation along a gradient of current
            velocity

SOURCE:     Ecology 75(2), 513-522.

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics; riparian vegetation; stream velocity

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Orsborn,JF; Anderson,JW

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Stream improvements and fish response: a bio-engineering assessment

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 22(3), 381-388.

TOPICS:     channel restoration; fisheries; riparian habitat; stream restoration

COMMENTS:   Human modifications of natural streams in the name of habitat 
            improvement take various forms, and the impacts of those improvements, 
            both positive and negative, vary by orders of magnitude from stream to 
            stream. The positive impacts are achieved by careful and timely
            planning, design, installatioon, and monitoring of projects. Negative 
            impacts are the result of rush jobs dictated by available money, a 
            lack of consideration for limiting factors, untrained and 
            inexperienced personnel, force-fitting structures instead of bending 
            the flow, lack of a watershed plan, poor communication and cooperation 
            among disciplines, not using the team approach, and single habitat 
            solutions which neglect diversity and artificial constraints. A 
            general systems approach is presented which uses a common language for 
            interdisciplinary communication. Various conceptual models are 
            discussed to describe system complexities and factors.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Pall,R; Dickinson,WT; Green,D; McGirr,R

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Impacts of soil characteristics on soil erodability

SOURCE:     In: Recent Developments in the Explanation and Prediction of Erosion 
            and Sediment Yield. Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium. July 1982. 
            (: ) IAHS Publ. No. 137,, 39-47.

TOPICS:     soil characteristics; soil erosion; soil-water conditions

COMMENTS:   Field observations from two small drainage basins in the temperate 
            climate of southern Ontario have been laboratory tested to identify 
            key soil characteristics affecting soil erodibility. High soil erosion 
            and transport rates during and immediately following spring thaw 
            temperature and soil water conditions appeared to be linked to the 
            presence of low soil density, high soil water content, and resulting 
            low shear strength values in the surface soils. Lab tests on 
            agricultural soil samples from the area verified the vulnerability 
            of the soils to such density and water content conditions. The 
            existing  data base is acknowledged to be sparse. However, it is 
            hypothesized that further examinations of surface soil shear 
            characteristics may be useful in clarifying ersosion processes.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Parker,Michael

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Beaver, water quality, and riparian systems

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Streamside Zones Conference. Wyoming Water 
            Research Center. 28-30 April 1986. Laramie, WY.

TOPICS:     beaver; riparian ecosystems; water quality

COMMENTS:   A complex of beaver dams can improve the quality of water flowing 
            through them. Compared to stream sections above or below the dams, 
            export from the complexes was estimated to be less than by 50-75% 
            for suspended solids, less than 20-65% for total P and total 
            Kjeldahl N, and less by 20-25% for nitrate-nitrogen. Work is also 
            summarized that suggests that the presence of beaver dams can 
            protect riparian areas from erosive perturbations, if they are not 
            too great.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Parsons,SC; Hudson,S

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Channel cross section surveys data analysis

SOURCE:     USDI Bureau of Land Management. Denver Service Center. Technical 
            Reference TR-4341. 48p.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; stream channels; techniques

COMMENTS:   This report describes two computer programs which reduce and analyze 
            stream channel cross-section survey data collected by either a rod 
            and level survey or a sag tape survey. Data may be entered from the 
            keyboard or a file. Cross sections are plotted on x-y coordinates and
            discharge rating curves are developed using Manning's equation given 
            a user-supplied value for Manning's "n". Output tables include values 
            for average flow velocity (for each discharge increment), cross-
            section area, wetted perimeter, and hydraulic radius.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Patton,PC; Schumm,SA

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      Ephemeral-stream processes: implications for studies of
            Quaternary Valley fills

SOURCE:     Quat. Resear. 15, 24-43.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; gully erosion; sediment yield

COMMENTS:   Three unstable ephemeral stream channels were resurveyed to provide 
            data on the mechanics of erosion and sedimentation processes during 
            14-22 year periods. Channel morphology changed significantly. 
            Erosion occurred through nickpoint recession and bank collapse, but 
            erosional reaches are separated by aggrading or stable channel 
            reaches. In general, sediment that is eroded, as the nickpoint 
            recedes upstream, is trapped in the widened channel downstream. In 
            this manner sediment is transported episodically out of these 
            basins during a series of cut-and-fill cycles. The manner by which 
            the channels aggrade and the morphology of the aggraded stable 
            channels are controlled by the sediment type.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Payne,NF; Copes,F

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Wildlife and fisheries habitat improvement handbook

SOURCE:     (USDA Forest Service, Wildlife and Fisheries Administrative Report. 
            December 1986.), . 403p.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; fishhabitat; habitat improvement;
            techniques

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Managing fish and livestock on Idaho rangelands

SOURCE:     Rangelands 8(5), 213-221.

TOPICS:     fisheries; livestock grazing

COMMENTS:   Improper livestock grazing can degrade all four components that make 
            up the fisheries habitat: streamside vegetation, stream channel 
            condition, shape and quality of the water column, and the structure 
            of the soil portion of the streambank. Improving the riparian portion 
            of the rangeland allows these stream components a to begin to 
            rehabilitate. Where streamside vegetation is abundant and vigorous, 
            flood impacts are minimized. Rehabilitating riparian environments 
            through grazing offers a productive and efficient way to increase 
            wild trout populations in Idaho.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,William S

PUB. YEAR:  In Press (1986)

TITLE:      Livestock grazing strategies and fisheries compatibility

SOURCE:     N. Am. J. Fisheries Manage, 34p.

TOPICS:     fisheries; grazing strategies

COMMENTS:   Livestock grazing strategies have been developed for upland ranges 
            to increase plant and litter cover, encourage growth of favorable 
            plant species, improve plant species composition, increase plant 
            vigor, and protect soil from erosion. These same objectives must be 
            met in the stream riparian zone. Grazing strategies are discussed 
            and preliminarily evaluated with respect to how they satisfy the 
            requirements of the stream riparian zone and related fisheries. 
            Better understanding of rangeland management strategies may help 
            fishery specialists work closer and more effectively with range 
            conservationists in rangeland management.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  In Press (1986)

TITLE:      Using a hydrogeologic, historic and futuristic approach to stream 
            riparian management

SOURCE:     Fisheries, 27p.

TOPICS:     fisheries; geomorphology; riparian management

COMMENTS:   National assessments and planning to provide for the future 
            management of stream riparian habitats are required by law. 
            Analytical prognostic models are now being developed to guide
            future decisions. There is a need for these models to come from the 
            hydrologic-historic past in order to better predict the future.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,William S; Nelson,Roger L

PUB. YEAR:  in review

TITLE:      Stream canopy and its relationship to salmonid biomass in the 
            intermountain west

SOURCE:     North American Journal Fisheries Management, 30.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitat; fisheries

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Poel,P,van der; Spooner,RG; Piest,RF

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Slope indicator measurements of subsurface movement in gully walls

SOURCE:     Trans. of the ASAE. 29, 982-987.

TOPICS:     channel banks; gully erosion; streambank stability

COMMENTS:   Slope indicator access tubes were instsalled in gully banks along an 
            actively eroding channel and upstream of an actively advancing gully 
            headcut in western Iowa. Deflection of these aluminum due to soil 
            movement was measured with a slope indicator probe capable of sensing
            small horizontal displacement. Surface soil movement adjacent to the 
            channel was toward the channel; deflections of the tubes at greater 
            depths were generally toward the channel and indicated and indicated 
            slab or topping failure. Bank failure was related to high peak flows 
            and passing channel scarps that decreased bank stability, especially 
            during spring runoff. All recorded bank failures showed greatest 
            displacement at the surface with most of the movement occurring above 
            a depth of 3 to 4 m.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ponce,VC

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Generalized stability analysis of channel banks

SOURCE:     J.Irr. and Drain. Div. Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers 104(4), 343-350.

TOPICS:     channel banks; erosion; streambank stability

COMMENTS:   Stability of alluvial banks is important in relation to the study of 
            bank erosion and channel morphology. The problem of an initially 
            stable channel bank subject to undermining at the toe is considered 
            in this paper. Undermining at the toe is usually caused by the flow 
            impingement originating in the curvature of the flow pattern. A 
            generalized slope stability analysis is presented, the objective 
            being to relate the lowering of the base level to the change in the 
            factor of safety against failure of the bank, as a function of the 
            slope geometry and soil characteristics. The effect of the water 
            table on the soil characteristics is not explicitly taken into 
            account in the analysis. Rather, slope stability calculations are 
            carried out for homogeneous earth banks for which average soil 
            properties can be assumed, underscoring the qualitative nature of 
            this study.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Potyondy,JP

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Some techniques for using frequency analysis and realtime data to
            interpret flood potential data

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 23(1), 139-145.

TOPICS:     flood analysis; stream flow; water supply

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Prouty,M

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      A new program for riparian research

SOURCE:     P.7-10. In: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region. Forest 
            Research West.

TOPICS:     riparian management; riparian research

COMMENTS:   A topical article descibing the charter of the new "Riparian-Stream 
            Ecology and Management" research work team based in Boise, ID. The 
            team was formed to improve the understanding of riparian and stream 
            habitats and improve methods of maging them for the conservation of 
            resources and production of livestock, fish, and wildlife.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Pruitt,TA; Nadeau,RL

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Recommended stream resource maintenance flows on seven southern 
            Idaho streams

SOURCE:     USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Instream Flow Information Paper No. 8.
            OBS-78/68. 60 p.

TOPICS:     fisheries; instream flow; water resource management

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rango,A

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Assessment of remote sensing input to hydro-logic models

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 21(3), 423-432.

TOPICS:     hydrology; modeling; remote sensing; water resource management

COMMENTS:   Remotely sensed variables such as land cover type and snow-cover 
            extent can currently be used directly and effectively in a few 
            specific hydrologic models. Regression models can also be developed 
            using physiographic and snow-cover data to permit estimation of 
            discharge characteristics over extended periods such as a season or 
            year. Most models, however, are not of an appropriate design to 
            readily accept as input the various types of remote sensing 
            parameters that can be obtained now or in the future. Efforts should 
            be devoted now to either modifying existing models or developing new 
            models that can use this data.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Reichenbacher,Frank W

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Ecology and evolution of south-western riparian plant communities

SOURCE:     Desert Plants 6(1), 15-22.

TOPICS:     historical ecology; livestock effects; riparian ecology; riparian
            vegetation

COMMENTS:   This article addresses the relationship between the distributions of 
            plants in the floodplain and a set of physical site factors. The 
            plant-floodplain relationship does have an important evolutionary 
            basis and its understanding contributes to useful perspectives on the 
            nature of riparian plant communities. Data from Trout Creek, AZ, on 
            grazed vs. ungrazed riparian communities lead to the general 
            conclusion that "grazing impact is everywhere negative, and locally 
            disastrous". The critical features of the floodplain environment to 
            which riparian plants are adapted, are a relatively high plant-
            available soil moisture in an unstable substratum. The gradients
            created by the movement of the stream across its floodplain result 
            in a dynamic successional sequence in a riparian habitat continuum.
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rinne,John N; Tharlson,T

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Effect of domestic livestock grazing on montane streams: aquatic
            macroinvertibrates

SOURCE:     p.91-98. In: Proceedings of the Western Fish and Wildlife Agencies. 
            Western Division American Fisheries Society. 20-23 July 1986. 
            Portland, OR.

TOPICS:     aquatic macroinvertebrates; grazing impacts; livestock grazing; 
            stream habitat

COMMENTS:   Aquatic macroinvertebrate populations in reaches of a montane stream 
            within areas removed from domestic grazing were lower than in reaches 
            of the stream where cattle grazing was present. Differences were not 
            consistently significant (P=0.05) and could be easily attributed to 
            lack of pretreatment data and linear changes in stream habitat as to 
            the presence or absence of cattle grazing.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rovey,CEK

PUB. YEAR:  1975

TITLE:      Numerical model of flow in a stream-aquifer system

SOURCE:     Hydrology Paper No. 74, August 1975. (Colorado State University; 
            Fort Collins, CO.)

TOPICS:     hydrology; modeling; surface water-groundwater interaction

COMMENTS:   A three-dimensional, finite difference model was developed for 
            simulating steady and unsteady, saturated and unsaturated flow in 
            a stream-aquifer system. The basis of this model is the finite 
            difference form of Richard's equation for unsaturated and saturated 
            subsurface flow. Effects of streamflow on groundwater movement are 
            treated by applying the appropriate boundary conditions to Richard's 
            equation. Contributions of groundwater to river flow are quantified 
            by including seepage rates in the computation of river discharge. 
            The three-dimensional model was developed for use in this study to 
            interact with two-dimensional model segments, which were interfaced 
            with the three-dimensional model on its upstream and downstream ends. 
            Computed estimates of river discharge at each end of the study area 
            and water table elevations throughout the region agreed reasonably 
            well with observed data.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Russell,IC

PUB. YEAR:  1903

TITLE:      Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho and
            southeastern Oregon

SOURCE:     U.S. Geological Survey Water and Irrigation Paper No.78.

TOPICS:     historic investigation; water resources

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Russell,IC

PUB. YEAR:  1905

TITLE:      Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of central
            Oregon

SOURCE:     U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin No. 252/.

TOPICS:     geology; water resources

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sadeghipour,J; Dracup,JA

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Regional frequency analysis of hydrologic multiyear droughts

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 21(3), 481-487.

TOPICS:     drought effects; hydrology

COMMENTS:   The authors propose a method to standardize drought severities to 
            enable comparison among drought events. A multivariate simulation 
            model is used to estimate exceedence probabilities associated with 
            regional drought maxima. This method, named the regional extreme
            drought method, is capable of generating a series of drought events 
            which, although they have not occurred historically, are more severe 
            than historic events.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sanville,WD; Eilers,HP; Boss,TR; Pfleeger,TG

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Environmental gradients in northwest freshwater wetlands

SOURCE:     Environ. Manage. 10(1), 125-134.

TOPICS:     environmental gradients; wetland eco-systems; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Representative physical, hydrological, and edaphic properties were 
            periodically measured in microplots along upland/wetland transects. 
            A multivariate approach was utilized in the data analysis applying 
            correlation, cluster analysis, and principal components analysis. 
            Results indicated that the environmental characteristics change in 
            a quantifiable manner both spatially and temporally. The controlling 
            mechanism is moisture spatially in terms of the upland/wetland
            transect and temporally with respect to seasonal response. These 
            changes do not correlate with vegetation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Seyedbagheri,KA; McHenry,ML; Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      An annotated bibliography of the hydrology and fisheries studies 
            of the South Fork Salmon River

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-235. Ogden, UT. 
            27p.

TOPICS:     bibiliography; fisheries; riparian habitat; soil erosion

COMMENTS:   A brief summary of the land manaement history of the South Fork 
            Salmon River (ID) watershed that includes citations and annotations 
            of published and unpublished reports of fishery and hydrology 
            studies conducted in the drainage from 1960 to 1986.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sharp,B

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Management guidelines for the willow flycatcher

SOURCE:     USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Portland, OR. 21p.

TOPICS:     avian species; riparian bird communities; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The guidelines present existing information on the willow flycatcher 
            (Empidonax trailii) and its regional status. They identify problems 
            affecting the population, propose management considerations, and 
            summarize management-oriented information for affected and interested
            parties. Also presented are strategies to overcome or compensate for 
            some of the identified problems.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith,DG

PUB. YEAR:  1976

TITLE:      Effect of vegetation on lateral migration of anastomosed channels of 
            a glacier meltwater river

SOURCE:     Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 87, 857-860.

TOPICS:     geomorphology; riparian vegetation; soil erosion; streambank
            stability

COMMENTS:   This paper describes a series of experiments performed on bank 
            materials of anastomosed channels in flood-plain silt deposits to 
            determine the effect of vegetation roots on bank erodibility and 
            lateral migration of channels. In cool environments with aggrading 
            river conditions, where overbank deposition of silt, clay, and fine 
            sand dominate the valley fill, vegetation roots are able to rapidly 
            accumulate and decay very slowly, thereby affording protection to 
            banks from erosion in deeper parts of the channels.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith,DG

PUB. YEAR:  1980

TITLE:      River ice processes: thresholds and geo-morphological effects in
            northern and mountain rivers

SOURCE:     Thresholds in Geomorphology. Geomorphology Symposium Series, 
            Binghamton, NY. (Eds: Coates,DR; Vitek,JD) George Allen & Unwi, 
            Boston, 323-343.

TOPICS:     channel adjustments; channel morphology; geomorphology; river ice

COMMENTS:   Rivers located in northern and mountain environments are severely 
            affected by winter and associated accumulations of river ice. 
            Several types of ice accumulations can occur, depending on channel 
            characteristics, weather conditions, and volume of river discharge. 
            This chapter shows how the concept of a geomorphic threshold can be 
            applied to river ice processes and describes the various river ice 
            processes common to northern rivers.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swanson, Sherman

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      The value of healthy riparian areas

SOURCE:     University of Nevada-Reno. College of Agriculture. Cooperative 
            Extension Service Fact Sheet. 3p.

TOPICS:     riparian vegetation; water resources

COMMENTS:   Riparian areas sustain and attract many species of wildlife. Their 
            vegetation shades/cools the streams, builds stream banks by catching 
            sediment, and holds overhanging streambanks with root systems. 
            Riparian floodplains buffer floods and store water for slow release 
            during dry seasons. They also buffer temperature extremes and filter 
            undesirable material from the water.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swift,BL

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Status of riparian ecosystems in the United States

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 20(2), 223-228.

TOPICS:     riparian ecosytems; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   The author attempted to review all of the available data regarding 
            the extent and status of riparian ecosystems in the United States. 
            This review also addressed the amount of land that was originally 
            covered by woody riparian vegetation and how much remains. He 
            concludes that riparian woodlands are one of this country's most 
            heavily modified natural vegetation types and that they have been 
            reduced in many regions by more than 80 percent.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Szaro,RC; Jakle,MD

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Avian use of a desert riparian island and adjacent shrub habitat

SOURCE:     The Condor 87, 511-519.

TOPICS:     avian species; riparian habitat; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   A central AZ bird community contributed from 23 to 33% of the birds 
            along the adjacent desert washes, and from 7 to 15% of the birds in 
            the adjacent desert upland. Conversely, the desert bird community 
            contributed only from 1 to 1.5% of the birds in the riparian island. 
            Bird density ranged from 336 to 446 birds/40 ha in the riparian core 
            and edge in 1981-82. Bird density in the adjacent desert decreased 
            with distance from the edge of the riparian island to a low of 101
            birds/40 ha in 1981, to 137 birds/40 ha in 1982, in the segment 
            600 - 1000 m from the riparian edge.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tabor,JE

PUB. YEAR:  1976

TITLE:      Inventory of riparian habitats and associated wildlife along the 
            Columbia River

SOURCE:     p.352-771. In: Final Report. US Army Corps of Engineers. North 
            Pacific Division.

TOPICS:     inventory; riparian habitat; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Teaford,JW 

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Beaver pond management

SOURCE:     Section 5.5.2. Section 5.5.2 in: US Army Corps of Engineers Wildlife 
            Resources Manual. Environmental Impact Research Program. Technical 
            Report EL-86-10. 10p.

TOPICS:     avian species; beaver; waterfowl management

COMMENTS:   Ponds created by beavers satisfy many needs for waterfowl, such as 
            habitat for nesting, roosting, resting, and foraging. Therefore, 
            these ponds provide many opportunities for waterfowl management. 
            This report describes a technique for draining ponds and planting 
            Japanese millet, which has been widely used in the south. Also 
            provided are recommendations for evaluating potential management 
            sites, constructing and installing drainage structures, planting, 
            and reflooding.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Teskey,RO; Hinkley,TM

PUB. YEAR:  1977

TITLE:      Plant and soil responses to flooding

SOURCE:     Volume 1 in: Impact on water level changes on woody riparian and 
            wetland communities. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service OBS-77/58. 30p.

TOPICS:     flooding effects; riparian vegetation; soil characteristics

COMMENTS:   This is a scientific literature review detailing the impact of 
            water level changes on growth and development of important 
            riparian and wetland trees and shrubs and describing physiological
            mechanisms. It applies to all geographic areas in the contiguous 48 
            states.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thomas,AE

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Riparian protection/ enhancement in Idaho

SOURCE:     Rangelands 8(5), 224-227.

TOPICS:     blm-idaho riparian projects; livestock impacts; riparian enhancement

COMMENTS:   This paper describes a "pilot" riparian management program on public 
            lands in Idaho. The fundamental strategy involves the elimination of 
            problem-causing factors from riparian systems. The latter could 
            include ribbbon fencing, temporary exclusion of livestock, 
            revegetation, and bank stabilization.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thomas,AE

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Idaho riparian management, aquatic protection and enhancement program

SOURCE:     USDI Bureau of Land Management Tech. Bull. 87-3 (A&B). Idaho State 
            Office. Boise, ID.

TOPICS:     blm-idaho riparian projects; riparian enhancement; riparian
            restoration

COMMENTS:   A compilation of statewide information regarding riparian areas and 
            riparian projects being administered by all field offices in Idaho. 
            This report also describes riparian restoration and enhancement 
            efforts that are planned or in progress.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bledsoe,S

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Alternatives to riparian management regulations that would be
            incentives

SOURCE:     Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. 
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     riparian forest; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   This paper describes a process known as the Timber, Fish, and 
            Wildlife Project (TFW). This agreement is designed to lead to 
            increased protection for fish and wildlife habitat, water quality
            and tribal cultural and archeological sites while ensuring a 
            healthy timber industry in Washington state.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thorne,CR 

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      Field measurements of rates of bank erosion and bank material strength

SOURCE:     p.503-512. In: Proceedings of the Florence Symposium: Erosion and 
            Sediment Transport Measurement. IAHS Publ. No. 133.

TOPICS:     sediment characteristics; streambank erosion; techniques

COMMENTS:   Traditional and new methods of monitoring rates and locations of bank 
            erosion are reviewed. These range from detailed measurements using 
            erosion pins to large scale studies using aerial photos and maps. It 
            is shown that ideally bank erosion should be studied using on-site
            measurements for detailed erosion data and remote sensing information 
            for large scale and long-term data. Techniques for the evaluation of 
            soil erodibility and shear strenth are reported. Particular attention 
            as paid to new approaches being developed in the U.S. and to new 
            instruments such as borehole shear tester and unconfined tension 
            tester.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thorne,Colin R

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Processes and mechanisms of river bank erosion

SOURCE:     Gravel Bed Rivers. (Eds: Hey,RD; Bathurst,JC; Thorne,CR) John Wiley 
            and Sons Ltd., New York, NY, 227-271.

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics; sedimentation; streambank erosion

COMMENTS:   The importance of bank erosion to channel hydraulics and sedimentary 
            processes makes it appropriate that a review and investigation of the 
            way in which a river erodes its banks should be undertaken. It is 
            necessary to consider the processes responsible for the erosion of 
            material from a bank and the mechanisms of failure resulting from the 
            instability created by those processes. Erosional processe fall into 
            two groups: fluvial entrainment, and subaerial/subacqueous weakening 
            and weathering. Usually it is paticular combinations of processes 
            which are the mosteffective in causing erosion. Mechanisms of failure 
            depend on the size, geometry, and structure of the bank and the 
            engineering properties of bank material. Mechanical bank failures 
            provide supply material to the toe. Its removal from there depends on 
            fluvial entrainment. The balance between rates of supply and removal
            may be described by the state of basal endpoint control.
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thorne,CR; Tovey,KN 

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      Stability of composite river banks

SOURCE:     Earth Surface Processes  and Landforms 6, 469-484.

TOPICS:     sediment characteristics; sediment transport; soil erosion; 
            streambank stability

COMMENTS:   The stability of a river bank depends on the balance of forces, 
            motive and resistive, associated with the most critical mechanism 
            of failure. Many mechanisms are possible and the likelihood of 
            failure occurring by any particular one depends on the size, 
            geometry and structure of the bank, the engineering properties of 
            the bank material, the hydraulics of flow in the adjacent channel 
            and climatic conditons. Rivers flowing through alluvial deposits 
            often have have a composite structure of cohesionless sand and 
            gravel overlain by cohesive silt/clay. Bank erosion occurs by 
            fluvial entrainment of material from the lower, cohesionless bank 
            at a much higher rate than material from the upper, cohesive bank. 
            This leads to undermining that produces cantilevers of cohesive 
            material. Upper bank retreat takes place predominantly by the 
            failure of these cantilevers. Three mechanisms of failure have been 
            identified: shear, beam, and tensile failure.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thorne,CR; Zevenbergen,LW

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Estimating mean velocity in mountain rivers

SOURCE:     Hydraulic Engineer. 111(4), 612-624.

TOPICS:     channel hydraulics; hydrology; modeling

COMMENTS:   It is often necessary to estimate the mean velocitym in ungaged 
            mountain rivers, but the flow resistance equations available for 
            this purpose require further testing and development. Such rivers 
            are characterized by coarse bed materials, steep slopes, and low 
            depths. Three equations were recently developed that are 
            specifically intended for large-scale roughness and applied to this
            problem. The errors were systematic and the equations all tended to 
            overestimate mean velocity compared to observed values. Further 
            research is required.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Vale,TR

PUB. YEAR:  1975

TITLE:      Presettlement vegetation in the sagebrush-grass area of the 
            Intermountain West

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 28(1), 32-36.

TOPICS:     historic journals; livestock grazing; rangeland eco-systems

COMMENTS:   A total of 29 journals and dairies were reviewed for their 
            vegetative descriptions of the sagebrush-grass area in an 
            attempt to assess the vegetation conditions in the northern
            Intermountain West. Early writings suggest that a pristine 
            vegetation was visually dominated by shrubs. Stands of grass 
            apparently were confined to wet valley bottoms, moist canyons, 
            and mountain slopes. Most of the area was covered by thick 
            stands of brush.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Van Haveren,B; Janes,EB; Jackson,W

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Nonpoint pollution control on public lands

SOURCE:     J. Soil and Water Conserv. 40(1), 92-94.

TOPICS:     non-point source pollution; sediment yield; water quality

COMMENTS:   BLM meets its water quality responsibilities in various ways: water 
            quality improvement objectives are integrated into landuse plans; 
            funding for soil and water programs is used mainly for project 
            activities; and many watershed rehabilitation projects are 
            implemented. Other resource management strategies, including improved
            grazing systems, intensive riparian management  practices, and good 
            forest management, all contribute directly to improved water quality.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Vance,M 

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Wetland conservation: a bibliography

SOURCE:     (Vance Bibliographies; P.O. Box 229, Monticello, IL 61856;  Public 
            Administration Series: Bibiliography #P 2058, ISSN: 0193-970X, ISBN: 
            1-55590-118-2. 20p.)

TOPICS:     bibliography; wetland conservation; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Lists 196 technical and scientific articles on the subject of 
            conservation of wetlands and riparian areas. Bibliography is not 
            annotated.
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Walker,JW; Heitschmidt,RK

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Effect of various grazing systems on type and density of cattle 
            trails

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 39(5), 428-430.

TOPICS:     grazing systems; livestock grazing; livestock impacts; soil erosion

COMMENTS:   Number and kinds of cattle trails may have a dramatic impact on 
            relative amount of bare soil and subsequently on amount and rate 
            of soil erosion. The objective of this study was to quantify the 
            effect of a cell-designed, rotational grazing treatment (RG) on 
            density and kind of cattle trails in relation to other grazing 
            treatments. It was concluded that implementation of a cell-designed, 
            RG system will cause a significant increase in density and number of 
            trails, particularly near the cell center.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Walters,MA; Teskey,R; Hinkley,TM

PUB. YEAR:  1980

TITLE:      Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain Regions

SOURCE:     Vol. VII. In: Impact of water level changes on woody riparian and 
            wetland communities. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. OBS 78/94. 47p.

TOPICS:     classification; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Riparian vegetation in the Pacific NW and Rocky Mountain regions 
            of the western U.S. is exposed to large fluctuations in water levels. 
            Spring runoff and summer droughts result in large changes in the 
            water status of the vegetation that occupies the riparian zone. 
            Coupled with natural fluctuations in water levels are man originated 
            fluctuations. The purpose of this review was to discuss both the 
            impact of flooding and drought on riparian vegetation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Weltz,M; Wood,MK

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Short duration grazing in New Mexico: effects on sediment production

SOURCE:     J. Soil and Water Conserv. 41(4), 262-266.

TOPICS:     livestock grazing; livestock impacts; sediment production; soil 
            erosion

COMMENTS:   A study was conducted to determine the influences of short-duration 
            grazing, continuous grazing, and grazing exclusion from cattle on 
            soil erosion as expressed by sediment concentration and total 
            suspended sediment in two range sites in New Mexico. Total sediment 
            concentration was greater on all grazed treatments than on the 
            exclosure; there were no differences among grazed treatments. 
            Doubling the stocking rate and applying a short-duration system 
            resulted in significantly greater sediment concentration. Total 
            sediment production in the grazed, short duration pasture was triple 
            that in the moderate, continuous pasture. These increases were
            attributed to reduced biomass and increased bare ground.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wilson,BN; Barfield,BJ

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      A detachment model for non-cohesive sediment

SOURCE:     Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 
            29(2), 445-449.

TOPICS:     modeling; sediment transport

COMMENTS:   A detachment algorithm was developed using Einstein's bed load 
            transport concepts. It was based on the probability  of turbulent 
            detachment forces exceeding the submerged weight of particles. 
            During the process, a theoretical inconsistency in Einstein's bed 
            load formulation was corrected. The use of the algorithm was 
            demonstrated in predicting the bed scour rate in detention
            ponds. Results showed that the model predicted values with proper 
            trends.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wilsson,L

PUB. YEAR:  1962

TITLE:      Observations on the dambuilding behavior of the beaver (Castor 
            fiber L.) in a stream tank

SOURCE:     Technical Report EOOAR Contract No>AF 61(052)-195. 29p.

TOPICS:     beaver; beaver ecology

COMMENTS:   This report summarizes the dambuilding activities of young beavers 
            in a 10 by 2 m stream tank in response to various stimuli. These 
            included stream velocity, water level, rushing water, and building 
            material.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Windell,JT; Willard,BE; Cooper,DJ; Foster,SQ; Knud-Hansen,CF; 
            Rink,LP; Kiladis,GN

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      An ecological characterization of Rocky Mountain Montane and 
            subalpine wetlands

SOURCE:     USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 86(11). National 
            Ecology Center. Washington, D.C. 295p.

TOPICS:     wetland ecology; wetlands

COMMENTS:   This report is intended to provide information for the assessment, 
            planning, and permitting activities of federal and state agencies. 
            It is also an educational source document for those interested in 
            the ecological functioning and value of high-elevation wetlands. It 
            draws on all types and sources of scientific information and provides 
            both an analysis and a synthesis. Attempts were also made to 
            recognize and identify gaps in the scientific literature.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wolman,MG; Gerson,R

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Relative scales of time and effectiveness of climate in watershed 
            geomorphology

SOURCE:     Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 3, 189-208.

TOPICS:     climate; drainage basins; geomorphology

COMMENTS:   River channels in temperate regions widened by floods of recurrence 
            intervals from 50 to more than 200 years may regain their original 
            width in matters of months or years. In semi-arid regions, recovery 
            of channel form depends not only on flows but upon climatic 
            determinants of the growth of bottomland vegetation resulting in 
            variable rates of recovery, on the order of decades, depending on 
            the coincidence of average flows and strengthened vegetation. In 
            truly arid regions, the absence of vegetation and flow precludes the 
            recovery and the width of channels increases in areas up to 100 km2, 
            but remains relatively constant at larger drainage areas. Measured 
            recovery times described in the literature vary from less than a 
            decade for some tropical areas to decades or more in temperate 
            regions. Recurrence incidence of high magnitude storms which trigger 
            mass wasting range from 1 to 2 years in some tropical regions, to 3 
            or 4 per hundred years in some areas of seasonal rainfall and to 100 
            or more years in some temperate regions.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Yoo,KH; Molnau,M

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Upland soil erosion simulation for agricultural watersheds

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 23(5), 819-827.

TOPICS:     modeling; soil erosion

COMMENTS:   A soil erosion simulation model that considered the physical 
            conditions of agricultural watersheds and interfaced with an existing 
            watershed hydrology model was developed. The model compares the 
            transport capacity of the overland flow to determine the fate account 
            for the free soil particles that have already been detached and are 
            readily available to be transported by overland flow. The model was 
            tested on two agricultural watersheds in the Pacific Northwest and
            calibrated by trial-and-error to determine coefficients.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Zurowski,W 

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Preliminary results of European beaver reintroduction in the tributary
            streams of the Vistula River

SOURCE:     Acta Theriologica 24(7), 85-91.

TOPICS:     beaver; beaver management

COMMENTS:   In 1977, there were about 254  beaver families in Poland. Most of them 
            inhabited tributary streams in NE Poland. In 1976-77, experimental 
            reintroduction was started into the central portion of the country. 
            Introduced beavers were either removed from the free-living population 
            or taken from a beaver farm at Popielno. In a selected site, artificial 
            lodges or burrows were prepared. Good results were obtained in areas 
            frequented by people.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     USDI Bureau of Land Management

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Riparian aquatic information data summary RAIDS

SOURCE:     Division of Resource Systems, Denver Service Center; Denver, CO.; 
            N; 35

TOPICS:     incomplete; inventory; monitoring; techniques

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     USDI Fish and Wildlife Service

PUB. YEAR:  1980

TITLE:      Streamside areas --management dividends

SOURCE:     Biological Services Program, FWS/OBS-80/55. 10p.

TOPICS:     incomplete; multiple use; streamside vegetation

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bayha,K 

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Instream flow methodologies for regional and national assessments

SOURCE:     Instream Flow Information Paper No. 7. USDI Fish and Wildlife 
            Service/OBS-78/61.  98 p.

TOPICS:     fisheries; instream flow; water resource management

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Binns,NA

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Stabilizing eroding stream banks in Wyoming, a guide to controlling
            bank erosion in streams

SOURCE:     Wyoming Game and Fish Department Bulletin. Cheyenne, WY. 42p.

TOPICS:     streambank erosion; streambank stabilization

COMMENTS:   This guidebook summarizes some key principles of river mechanics 
            and details bank stabilization methods used on Wyoming streams. The 
            structures and techniques described in this publication have been 
            used successfully to stabilize eroding banks and provide effective 
            bank protection.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Elmore,W 

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Riparian management: back to basics

SOURCE:     Paper presented at the Natural Resources Law Center, University of 
            Colorado School of Law

TOPICS:     riparian ecosystems; riparian management

COMMENTS:   The primary management focus for riparian ecosystems should be 
            restoring streamside vegetation. In contrast to structures, riparian 
            vegetation can maintain itself in perpetuity as new plants 
            continually replace those that die. Riparian vegetation allows 
            streams to function in ways that artificial structures cannot 
            replicate. The resiliency of these plants provide riparian systems 
            to withstand a variety of environmental conditions. To accomplish 
            what is needed, a dialogue between managers, ranchers, and other 
            public sectors is imperative.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede,BH

PUB. YEAR:  1966

TITLE:      Design, construction and cost of rock check dams

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-20. 20 p.

TOPICS:     check dams; erosion control

COMMENTS:   During construction of the check dams in 1965, detailed records were 
            kept on time and materials expended for each work phase and structure.
            Costs were based on 1965 values and should be converted into present 
            day values/prices. Indices of these values give an insight into the
            intricate relationships between costs of different types of check dams 
            and between costs of dams and channel characteristics. These indices 
            will hold true for other watersheds.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede,BH

PUB. YEAR:  1971

TITLE:      Characteristics and processes of soil piping in gullies

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-68. 15p.

TOPICS:     gully erosion; soil characteristics; soil erosion

COMMENTS:   Soil piping was observed on a study area for more than 4 consecutive 
            years. During this time a complete topographic survey of a soil pipe, 
            pictures of its interior, and analyses of of soil and sediment samples 
            from the interior and from flows through the pipe were made. 
            Observations indicated that piping may not only lead to a karstlike 
            topography along gullies, but may indeed help induce reclamation of 
            the soils. A second study was initiated to investigate the latter
            premise.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede,B

PUB. YEAR:  1976

TITLE:      Gully development and control: the status of our knowledge

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-169. 42p.

TOPICS:     check dams; gully erosion; watershed restoration

COMMENTS:   Gully formation is discussed in terms of mechanics, processes, 
            morphology, and growth models. Design of gully controls should draw 
            on our understanding of these aspects. Establishment of an effective 
            vegetation cover is the long-term objective. Structures are often
            required. The least expensive, simply built structuresare loose rock 
            check dams, usually constructed with single- or double-wire fences. 
            Prefabricated concrete dams are also effective. Functional 
            relationships between dams, sediment catch, and costs, as well as a 
            critical review of construction procedures, are also discussed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede,B

PUB. YEAR:  1977

TITLE:      Case study of a watershed rehabilitation project: Alkali Creek, 
            Colorado

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-189. 18p.

TOPICS:     check dams; erosion control; vegetation management; watershed 
            restoration

COMMENTS:   The Alkali Creek project described herein may have been unique 
            because of the availability of intensive background data. All 
            gullies had been thoroughly surveyed and eight precipitation
            gages had been installed. Objectives were to: 1) rehabilitate the 
            depleted watershed by vegetative and engineering measures, 2) test 
            their combined effectiveness on restoration, and 3) develop new
            trteatment approaches where required.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Laycock,WA

PUB. YEAR:  1969

TITLE:      Exclosures and natural areas on rangelands in Utah

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-62. 44p.

TOPICS:     exclosures; natural areas

COMMENTS:   This paper presents a listing of 529 areas in Utah that have 
            received little or no use by domestic livestock. Areas are indexed 
            by county, elevation, date established, vegetation type, and type 
            of animal excluded. Locations are further described by section, 
            township, range, and vegetational information.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Neff,DJ 

PUB. YEAR:  1957

TITLE:      Ecological effects of beaver habitat abandonment in the Colorado 
            Rockies

SOURCE:     Journal of Wildlife Management 21(1), 80-84.

TOPICS:     beaver; beaver ecology; fishhabitat

COMMENTS:   The results of this study indicate that even on the most stable and 
            physically suitable locations the abandonment of a colony by beavers 
            means the loss of aquatic habitat that is necessary for the survival 
            of the trout fishery and the successful breeding of waterfowl. On
            streams where beaver ponds make possible a valuable trout fishing 
            area, all due consideration should be given to maintaining the beaver 
            population. Since food depletion is a primary cause of abandonment, 
            effective methods of perpetuating the aspen type adjacent to such 
            streams should be developed. Beaver populations should be kept well 
            within the limits of available food supply and competition with big 
            game and livestock should be minimized.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Petersen,RC; Cummins,KW

PUB. YEAR:  1974

TITLE:      Leaf processing in a woodland stream

SOURCE:     Freshwater Biol. 4, 343-368.

TOPICS:     aquatic ecology; aquatic macroinvertibrates

COMMENTS:   Detritus processing by a small woodland stream is analysed by 
            following the loss of weight of a measured unit  of single species 
            accumulation of riparian leaves. The response of the invertebrate 
            community to differences in leaf species is also investigated using 
            controlled, artificial streams where significant differences in the 
            effect of the invertebrates are related to the ability of the leaf to 
            be processed. Evidence suggests that differential invertebrate 
            colonization of leaf packs is a function of microbial colonization and 
            conditioning. The data are used to develop a general scheme of leaf 
            pack processing.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Livestock interactions with fish and their environments

SOURCE:     P.92-96. In: Proceedings of the Cal-Neva Wildlife Transactions, 
            1978.

TOPICS:     aquatic/riparian habitats; fisheries; grazing impacts

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ambasht,RS; Singh,MP; Sharma,Eklabya

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Soil, water and nutrient conservation by certain riparian herbs

SOURCE:     Environ. Manage. 18, 99-104.

TOPICS:     riparian vegetation; soil erosion

COMMENTS:   In order to assess experimentally the quantitative roles in binding 
            the soil nutrient, nutrient conservation, and retarding runoff and 
            soil erosion, six herbaceous species dominant on the bank of the 
            River Gomti at Jaunpur, India, were selected. Young seedlings of 
            these species were sown on sloping experimental plots in the Botanic 
            Garden, Banaras Hindu University. Known quantities of water were 
            sprayed on vegetated and bare plots, and runoff water and soil were 
            collected in separate contained reservoirs. The physico-chemical 
            properties of the soil of the bare plot, vegetated plots and eroded 
            soils were compared to determine the role of these herbaceous species
            in maintaining soil quality and fertility.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede,Burchard H 

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Opportunities and limits of erosion control in stream and gully
            systems

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the 18th International Erosion Control Association 
            Conference: You're Gambling Without It. 1987. Reno, NV.

TOPICS:     channel adjustments; erosion control; gully erosion; soil erosion

COMMENTS:   The selection of erosion control projects should be based on 
            expected returns from the project. Returns are influenced by the 
            ongoing physical processes and the advance of the system toward a 
            new dynamic equilibrium. If the ongoing adjustment processes can 
            attain equilibrium within an acceptable time period, human 
            interference will not be required. Interactions between gullying 
            and soil piping processes in sodic soil are an example. Other 
            examples demonstrate the intricate processes in streams and gullies, 
            and stress the interactions between different natural systems. Thus, 
            gully erosion may be caused by a degrading river system a great 
            distance from the gully. Or a river may aggrade its bed because a 
            riparian community upstream was destroyed. Cause and effect must be 
            determined for effective control, which often is difficult due to
            separation in time and space.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lowrance,R; Leonard,R; Sheridan,J

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Managing riparian ecosystems to control nonpoint pollution

SOURCE:     Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 40(1), 87-91.

TOPICS:     non-point source pollution; riparian ecosystems; riparian
            management; water quality

COMMENTS:   Many areas of riparian habitat, especially in the West, have been 
            lost to impoundments or overwhelmed by the invasion of exotic 
            species. Future management policies for riparian ecosystems should 
            recognize inherent and man-made regional differences. In the West, 
            restoration of riparian ecosystems may be a cost-effective means of 
            controlling nonpoint pollution. Projects that link riparian 
            ecosystem management with upland conservation practices should be 
            considered in watershed management programs.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Natural Resources Defense Council

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Citizen's handbook on water quality standards

SOURCE:     NRDC, Washington, D.C. 35 pages.
            1350 New York Ave. NW #300, Washington, D.C. 20005.

TOPICS:     clean water act; water law; water quality

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Nelson,Rodger L; Platts,William S; Casey,Osborne

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Evidence for variability in spawning behavior of interior cut-throat 
            trout in response to environmental uncertainty

SOURCE:     Great Basin Naturalist 47(3), 480-487.

TOPICS:     fisheries; fishhabitat; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The fluctuating characteristics (numbers, biomass, condition, and 
            young-adult ratios) of the Lahontan cutthroat trout population in 
            Chimney Creek, NV, are discussed in relationship to to the 
            unpredictable and unstable habitat in which the population occurs. 
            One possible means of adapting to environmental capriciousness, 
            staggered spawning, occurred during 1982, and clues to the cause of 
            this unusual event are sought by examining the runoff hydrographs of 
            a nearby watershed for 1981 through 1984. The management values of 
            the environmental tolerance of these trout with respect to setoring 
            viable trout fisheries in degraded Great Basin streams are also
            considered.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Nelson,Wayne; Horak,Gerry; Soloman,Joe

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Instream flow strategies for Idaho

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I.-Fish and Wildlife Service/OBS-78/38,. 95 pages.

TOPICS:     fisheries; instream flow; water law; water resource management

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Pfankuch,DJ

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Stream reach inventory and channel stability evaluation

SOURCE:     U.S.D.A.-Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT. 26 pages.

TOPICS:     inventory; streambank stability; techniques

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Richards,Keith

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Rivers - Form and Process in Alluvial Channels

SOURCE:     Metheun, New York, NY. 358 pages.

TOPICS:     channel characteristics; geomorphology; hydraulic geometry

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swanson,Sherman; Miles,Ray; Leonard,Steve; Genz,Kenneth

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Classifying rangeland riparian areas: the Nevada approach

SOURCE:     Inter-agency task force report. (Nevada Riparian Management and 
            Research and Management Task Force; Reno, NV. 13p.)

TOPICS:     classification; riparian management

COMMENTS:   An interagency task force developed a classification of riparian 
            areas to facilitate communication between managers and scientists. 
            This paper presents their classification. The goal was to develop a 
            system that was interdisciplinary, heirarchical, simple yet reliable, 
            useful for management, based on potential, and mappable. The 
            classification begins at a broad level and proceeds through the 
            intermediate steps that focus on the types of associated aquatic 
            ecosystems and the environment of riparian vegetation and its seral 
            communities. Ecological site and riparian community types are not 
            named because they have not been identified.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.A.-Soil Conservation Service and U.S.D.I.- Bureau of Land 
            Management

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Little Lost River Flood Control Measure Plan and Environmental Impact 
            Statement

SOURCE:     Howe, Butte County, Idaho. (67p.)

TOPICS:     flood control; flooding effects; habitat improvement

COMMENTS:   The USDA Soil Conservation Service and other entities proposed to 
            reduce winter flooding in and around the community of Howe, ID. Low 
            winter flows in the winter freeze, blocking the channel. Subsequent 
            flows are forced out of the channel onto surrounding cropland, causing
            flooding on >1500 acres. Five alternatives for addressing the flooding 
            problem were evaluated. The proposed measure would divert low winter 
            flows from the channel into an infiltration trench. The stream channel 
            would remain free of ice, allowing normal passage of spring runoff.
            Approximately 10.5 miles of stream will be dewatered from about 
            December to March.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Van Dyne,George M; Burch,William; Fairfax,Sally; Huey,William

PUB. YEAR:  198?

TITLE:      Forage allocation on arid and semi arid public grazing lands: summary 
            and recommendations

SOURCE:     Developing Strategies for Rangeland Management: A Report Prepared by 
            the Committee on Developing Strategies for Rangeland Management. (: ) 
            National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences. Westview 
            Press, Boulder and London, 1-25.

TOPICS:     forage allocation; grazing impacts; livestock management

COMMENTS:   This summary focuses on the physical and biological aspects of 
            forage allocation, including the large domestic and wild herbivores 
            and the plants on which they graze. Recent legislation has broadened 
            the the concept of forage allocation considerably. To meet legislated 
            mandates of multiple use and sustained yield, livestock and other 
            grazing animals must be considered as only one of many eses of the 
            public resource in the West.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jackson,William L ed

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Engineering considerations in small stream management

SOURCE:     American Water Resour Assoc. Monograph Series #5, reprinted from the 
            Water Resour, Bull. 22(3):351-415.

TOPICS:     riparian restoration; stream management; stream restoration

COMMENTS:   The seven papers in this collection were invited for a special 
            session of the American Water Resources Association. The purpose was 
            to  present important concepts, issues and constraints pertaining to 
            the design of engineered solutions to small stream and riparian 
            problems from a multidisciplinary perspective.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Van te Chow

PUB. YEAR:  1964

TITLE:      

SOURCE:     Handbook of Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill Inc.

TOPICS:     geomorphology; hydrologic cycle; hydrology; water resource management

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service,Camas Soil Conservation District
            US Forest Service

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Idaho Cooperative River Basin Study: Camas Creek erosion and sediment 
            study., 116.

SOURCE:     

TOPICS:     streambank stabilization; watershed restoration

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Walters,Alice M; Teskey,Robert; Hinkley,Thomas M

PUB. YEAR:  1980

TITLE:      Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain Regions. Vol.VII.

SOURCE:     U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service/OBS-78/93; N; 90; Impact of
            water level changes on woody riparian and wetland communities

TOPICS:     riparian plants; riparian vegetation; water stress

COMMENTS:   A literature review that synthesizes existing information on the 
            effect of water level changes on woody plants found in riparian and 
            wetland communities. Riparian vegetation in this region is exposed 
            to large fluctuations in water levels. Spring run-off and summer 
            droughts result in large changes in the water status of the 
            vegetation in riparian zones. This review discusses both the
            impact of flooding and drought on riparian vegetation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Minshall,GW; Jensen,SE; Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      The ecology of stream and riparian habitats of the Great Basin 
            region: a community profile

SOURCE:     U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report; 85; 7.24; 142.

TOPICS:     geomorphology; hydrology; riparian classification; riparian
            ecosystems; riparian soils

COMMENTS:   Proposes a heirarchical framework for classification of 
            riparianecosystems of the Great Basin hydrographic region: 
            hydrologic unit (e.g.region, subregion, basin, subbasin, and 
            tributary basin); geomorphic valley form (e.g. glacial valleys, 
            fluvial valleys, alluvial valleys, and lacustrine basins); water 
            regime (e.g. permanently flooded, semi-permanently flooded, 
            saturated, seasonally flooded, and sub-irrigated); physiognomy of
            the community (e.g. forest, shrub, herb, and moss/lichen, and non-
            vegetated physionomic classes such as cobble, gravel, and silt bars);
            Community type, based on floristic similarities in both the 
            understory and overstory; and descriptors, based on the functional 
            attributes of the riparian econsystems.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Reed,PB,JR

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      National list of plant species that occur in wetlands: Intermountain
            (Region 8)

SOURCE:     U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 88(26.8), 76.

TOPICS:     plant list; wetland plant species

COMMENTS:   This plant list for the Intermountain Region (Region ) is a subset 
            of the National List. Plant species that occur in wetlands, as used 
            in the National List, are species that have demonstrated an ability 
            to achieve maturity and reproduce in an environment where all or 
            portions of the soil within the root zone become, periodically or 
            continuously, saturated or inundated during the growing season.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Amaranthus,M; Jubas,H; Arthur,D

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Stream shading, summer streamflow and maximum water temperature 
            following intense wildfire in headwater streams

SOURCE:     U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest 
            Forest and Range Station. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-109. ed. (: ), 
            Berkeley, CA, 75-78. (164 p.)

TOPICS:     fire effects; riparian forest; streamwater temperature

COMMENTS:   Adjacent headwater streams were monitored for postfire shade, summer 
            streamflow, and maximum water temperature following the Silver 
            Complex Fire in southern Oregon. Variation in maximum water 
            temperature increase was strongly correlated to streamflow and 
            percent total streamside shade.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cuplin,P

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      A selected annotated bibliography of riparian area management

SOURCE:     USDI Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-1. 68 pp.

TOPICS:     bibliography; riparian area task force; riparian management

COMMENTS:   This bibliography contains 135 refernces, with abstracts and 
            keywords, which the Riparian Area Task Force considered the most 
            significant contributions to the state-of-the-art. Those references 
            were chosen from more than 1200 reviewed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cowley,ER

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Protocols for classifying, monitoring, and evaluating stream/riparian
            vegetation on Idaho rangeland streams

SOURCE:     Idaho Dept. of Health and Welfare. Division of Environmental Quality. 
            37pp.

TOPICS:     classification; monitoring; protocols; rangeland streams; riparian;
            streambank stabilty

COMMENTS:   The document defines appropriate parameters and outlines specific 
            monitoring protocols and procedures for evaluating vegetation and 
            streambank stability for Idaho's small (usually less than 30 feet) 
            rangeland streams. It also provides protocols for monitoring stream 
            canopy cover, streambank stability, solar input, and establishing 
            permanent photo points associated with livestock grazing and other 
            activities that affect streamside (riparian) vegetation and 
            beneficial uses of water. These protocols are directed at three of 
            the important pollutant sources affecting the biological integrity 
            of streams and lakes that may result from livestock grazing: 
            streambank erosion, water temperature, and vegetation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Technical Riparian Work Group.

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Integrated riparian evaluation guide

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. Intermountain Region. 60 pp.

TOPICS:     classification; evaluations; riparian areas

COMMENTS:   The guide presents an integrated approach for: (a) stratifying and 
            classifying riparian areas according to their natural inherent 
            characteristics and conditions, (b) data collection, (c) evaluation 
            of riparian areas, (d) future development and linkage of a riparian 
            data base, (e) preparation of a written narrative to interpret the 
            data and suggest management applications, (f) providing a process to 
            prioritize or rank riparian areas based on management objectives, and 
            (g) strengthening the riparian management implications of the Forest 
            Land Management Plan.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Myers,LH

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Riparian area management: inventory and monitoring riparian areas

SOURCE:     USDI Bureau of Land Management., Technical Reference 1737-3., 79pp.

TOPICS:     inventory; monitoring; riparian management

COMMENTS:   The reference contains suggested techniques and procedures for 
            riparian inventory and monitoring. It is intended to assist managers 
            in determining needs. Extensive inventories utilize remote sensing, 
            maps, existing data, and limited field analyses. Based on that 
            information, the manager can decide to pursue intensive inventories 
            based on resource values and site characters. Intensive inventories 
            require detailed field examinations and data collection.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kinch,G

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Riparian area management: grazing management in riparian areas

SOURCE:     USDI Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-4. 44pp.

TOPICS:     grazing management; management practices; riparian

COMMENTS:   In general, riparian areas are among the most resilient ecosystems 
            on public lands and usually respond more quickly to changes in 
            management. This paper assembles information from various authors, 
            land managers, and researchers that can be used to guide grazing 
            management in riparian areas using their unique responsiveness to 
            accomplish management objectives. The paper addresses the 
            implications of grazing in riparian areas, establishing management, 
            and grazing principles and concepts. Grazing management practices 
            that have worked elsewhere are described.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson,KL; Mosley,C; Mosley,JC; O'Laughlin,J

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      BLM riparian policy in Idaho: analysis of public comment on a 
            proposed policy statement

SOURCE:     Idaho forest, wildlife, and range policy analysis group. Report No. 
            2. 28pp.

TOPICS:     policy analysis; public comment; riparian policy evaluation

COMMENTS:   The Policy Analysis Group gathered and analyzed two separate sets 
            of information: (1) public concerns about riparian use and management 
            were identified during eight workshops using a standard nominal group 
            process technique, and (2) comments on the proposed BLM riparian
            policy statement were obtained by mailing a request for comments to 
            225 organizations believed to be interested in riparian policy.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harrelson,CC; Rawlins,CL; Potyondy,JP

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Stream channel reference sites: an illustrated guide to field 
            techniques

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-245. 61pp.

TOPICS:     measurement techniques; reference sites; stream channel monitoring

COMMENTS:   This document is a guide to establishing permanent reference sites 
            for gathering data about the physical characteristics of streams and 
            rivers. The minimum procedure consists of the following:(1) select a 
            site, (2) map the site and location, (3) measure the channel cross-
            section, (4) survey a longitudinal profile of the channel, (5) measure 
            stream flow,(6) measure bed material, and (7) permanently file the 
            information with the Vigil network. The document includes basic
            surveying techniques, provides guidelines for identifying bankfull 
            indicators and measuring other important stream characteristics. The 
            object is to establish the baseline of existing physical conditions 
            for the stream channel. With this information, changes in the 
            character of streams can be quantified for monitoring purposes or to 
            support other management decisions.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Overton,CK; Chandler,GL; Pisano,JA 

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Northern/Intermountain Region's fish habitat inventory: grazed, 
            rested, and ungrazed reference stream reaches, Silver King Creek, 
            California

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-311. 27 pp.

TOPICS:     desired condition; fishhabitat; grazing effects; monitoring;
            sample sizes; stream  inventory

COMMENTS:   Stream reaches that have been rested from livestock grazing appear 
            to have stable banks and more bank undercuts than grazed stream 
            sections. Ungrazed reference streams that are similar in parent 
            geology, precipitation, channel type, habitat types, drainage area, 
            and stream width had greater bank stability values and lower 
            width-to-depth ratios than those of grazed and rested management 
            sections of Silver King Creek. Power curve analysis was used to 
            suggest the sample sizes required to monitor progress toward the 
            desired condition.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kovalchik,BL

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Riparian zone associations: Descutes, Ochoco, Fremont, and
            Winema Forests

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. Pacific NW Region. R6 ECOL Technical 
            Paper-279-87. 171 pp.

TOPICS:     classification; inventory; riparian ecosystems; riparian zones

COMMENTS:   This technical paper addresses the classification, inventory,and 
            delineation of riparian ecosystems for purposes of land management 
            planning. The area covered by this classification extends along the 
            Cascade Crest from Mount Jefferson in the north to the California 
            border in the south and eastward through the Deschutes, Winema, 
            Ochoco, and Fremont National Forests. The paper describes the 
            structural, compositional, and functional components of specific 
            riparian zones.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thurow,RF

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Underwater methods for study of salmonids in the Intermountain West

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-307. 28 pp.

TOPICS:     anadromus fishes; habitat structure; population estimates;
            salmonidae; snorkeling; underwater equipment

COMMENTS:   This guide describes underwater methods using snorkeling gear to study 
            fish populations in flowing waters of the Intermountain West. It 
            outlines procedures for estimating salmonid abundance and habitat use 
            and provides criteria for identifying and estimating the size of fish
            underwater.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Overton,CK; McIntyre,JD; Armstrong,R; Whitwell,SL; Duncan,KA

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      User's guide to fish habitat: descriptions that represent natural 
            conditions in the Salmon River Basin, Idaho

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-322. 142 pp.

TOPICS:     channel features; desired future conditions; habitat variables;
            multiscale analysis

COMMENTS:   This user's guide and reference document describes the physical 
            features of the Salmon River Basin, Idaho, stream channels that 
            represent "natural conditions" for fish habitat - that is, streams 
            that have not been influenced by major human disturbances. The data 
            base was created to assist biologists and resource managers. It 
            describes resource conditions that can be achieved through 
            management objectives.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Manning,ME; Padgett,WG

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Riparian community type classification for Humboldt and Toiyabe 
            National Forests, Nevada and eastern California

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-322. 142 pp.

TOPICS:     classification; community types; riparian communities

COMMENTS:   A community type classification is presented for riparian plant 
            communities on USDA Forest Service lands of Nevada and eastern 
            California. The taxonomic classification is heirarchical and based 
            on the reconnaissance of over 800 sample stands on the Humboldlt and 
            Toiyabe National Forests. A total of 7 overstory dominance groups and 
            93 community types are defined and described in detail. A diagnostic 
            key to cover community types is provided for field identification.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Regional Interagency Executive Committee

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Ecosystem analysis at the watershed scale

SOURCE:     Federal guide for watershed analysis. Regional Ecosystem Office. 
            Portland, OR 97208-3623. 26 pp.

TOPICS:     classification; ecosystem analysis; watershed analysis

COMMENTS:   Watershed analysis is essentially ecosystem analysis at the watershed 
            scale. Watershed analysis is a procedure to characterize the human, 
            acquatic, riparian and terrestrial conditions, processes, and 
            interactions collectively referred to as "ecosystem" elements, within 
            a watershed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hurd,EG; Goodrich,S; Shaw,NL

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Field guide to Intermountain rushes

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-306. 56 pp.

TOPICS:     classification; graminoids; juncus; revegetation; riparian;
            taxonomy; wetlands

COMMENTS:   This guide provides technical descriptions of 23 Intermountain rushes 
            (Juncus spp.), including the common and several less abundant species. 
            Line drawings and color or black and white photos illustrate 
            diagnostic characteristics of each species. An illustrated morphology 
            and a glossary acquaint the layperson with terminology used to 
            classify rushes. The guide is intended as atool to aid in 
            classification; it is not inclusive.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Barrow,JR

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Use of floodwaters to disperse grass and shrub seeds on native arid
            lands

SOURCE:     p.167-169 In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     floodwaters; revegetation; seed dispersal

COMMENTS:   On the Jornada Experimental Range, seeded and native species from 
            root-plowed and seeded strips were observed to establish in 
            substantial numbers down-channel from the source. The author suggests 
            that flood-water has good potential as a low-input method of seed 
            dispersal for revegetation of natural waterways.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     USDI Bureau of Land Management

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Riparian-wetlands initiative for the 1990's

SOURCE:     BLM/WO/GI-91/001+4340. 50 pp.

TOPICS:     riparian management; riparian restoration; riparian-wetland
            initiative

COMMENTS:   The riparian-wetland initiative for the 1990's provides a blueprint 
            for management and restoration of riparian-wetland areas encompassing 
            23.7 million acresof BLM lands. Four national goals have been 
            established: (1) restore and maintain riparian-wetland areas so that 
            75 percent or more are in proper functioning condition by 1997, (2) 
            protect riparian-wetland areas and associated uplands through proper 
            land management and avoid or mitigate negative impacts, (3) ensure an 
            aggressive riparian-wetland information/outreach program, and (4) 
            improve partnerships and cooperative restoration and management 
            processes in implementing the riparian-wetland initiative.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hoag,JC

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Planting techniques from the Aberdeen, ID, plant materials center for
            vegetating shorelines and riparian areas

SOURCE:     p.163-166. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     plant materials; revegetation; woody species

COMMENTS:   The following woody riparian species were effective in shoreline 
            protection and revegetation of eroded stream channels: coyote willow, 
            dwarf blue artic willow, laurel willow, prairie willow, "Siouxland" 
            eastern cottonwood, "Imperial" Carolina poplar, and robust poplar.
            Hormones, fungicides, and fertilizer did not consistently enhance 
            survival or establishment.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Flessner,TR; Davis,DC; Lambert,SM

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Seed source evaluation of four native riparian shrubs for streambank 
            rehabilitation in the Pacific Northwest

SOURCE:     p.155-162. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     plant materials; streambank rehabilitation; woody species

COMMENTS:   Forty-six to 72 populations of the four deciduous shrubs: Sitka 
            alder, Pacific serviceberry, oceanspray, and vine maple are being 
            evaluated at the Corvallis (OR) plant materials center. Morphological 
            traits of each population, such as growth rate, fruit/flower 
            abundance, vigor, foliage appearance, phenology, and form are being 
            tested. Successful clones or seed sources will be released as
            cultivars.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clary,WP; Shaw,NL

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Grazing - riparian issues: a Sawtooth National Recreation Area 
            field trip

SOURCE:     p.228-232. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Techical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     livestock grazing; riparian issues; woody species

COMMENTS:   Symposium attendees were offered a full-day field trip to the 
            Sawtooth National Recreation Area. The particular focus of the tour 
            was the relationship between livestock grazing and riparian stream 
            conditions. Instructional demonstrations on the field identification 
            of local willow species were also provided.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rosentreter,R

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Camas Prairie and possible evolutionary links with Old World
            {IArtemisia} species: a presymposium tour

SOURCE:     p.223-227. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     artemisia; evolution; riparian communities

COMMENTS:   The author conducted a field tour for symposium attendees from the 
            Snake River Plains to the Camas Prairie, Idaho, and facilitated 
            discussion on the geology, soils, and native vegetation en route. 
            The field trip concluded with a discussion of the possible evolution 
            of woody sagebrush species in North America.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Creamer,WH,IV; Wamboldt,CL; Rossi,RJ 

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Comparison of three groups of variables for predicting big sagebrush 
            forage production

SOURCE:     p.217-221. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     forage production; modeling; sagebrush

COMMENTS:   This paper reports modeling procedures used to develop regression 
            equations to predict forage production available in the winter from 
            three subspecies of big sagebrush of high-and low-use form classes.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Fraas,WW; Wambolt,CL; Frisina,MR

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Prescibed fire effects on a bitterbrush - mountain big sagebrush - 
            bluebunch wheatgrass community

SOURCE:     p.212-216. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     plant communities; prescribed fire

COMMENTS:   Eight years after burning, effects on bitterbrush, mountain big 
            sagebrush, and bluebunch wheatgrass were measured. Bitterbrush 
            density did not differ between burned and unburned sites, while 
            bitterbrush canopy cover, flower production, and seed production 
            were less on the burned sites. Big sagebrush canopy cover and 
            density were less on the burned sites. Total herbaceous
            cover did not differ between sites.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Booth,DT

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Bitterbrush dormancy - a discussion

SOURCE:     p. 208-211. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management 
            of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     bitterbrush; seed dormancy

COMMENTS:   Seed dormancy in bitterbrush may be due to: (1) direct interference 
            with the cell metabolism (inhibitor theory), or (2) an oxygen 
            deficient, non-dormant embryo (the hypoxic theory). Results to date 
            indicate that bitterbrush seed-coat chemicals will inhibit glycolysis.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Weber,DJ; Fernandes,GW

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Insect galls and chemical composition of white rubber rabbitbrush on 
            riparian and dry sites

SOURCE:     P. 203-207. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communties. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     insect galls; plant tissue

COMMENTS:   The total hydrocarbon fraction was higher in leaves from dry,hillside 
            sites, but the number of individual components was greater in the 
            hydrocarbon fraction from leaves from riparian sites. That increased 
            number was attributed to the more diverse metabolic activity of 
            riparian sites. A pregnane type of conpound was present in higher 
            concentrations in the leaf tissue of plants on the dry sites.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Blank,RR; Trent,JD; Young,JA

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Sagebrush communities on clayey soils of northeastern California

SOURCE:     p.198-202. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     medushead; plant communities; sagebrush

COMMENTS:   The presence of shrubs on clayey soils has, over time, increased the 
            site potential by capturing eolian dust. This veneer of coarse-
            textured materials is a better seedbed than the clayey substratum, 
            supports an extensive cryptogamic community, and limits the natural 
            churning of the high shrink-swell clays. Past overgrazing has, in 
            some instances, caused the veneer of eolian dust to erode, exposing 
            the clay substratum. Those sites now support a near monoculture of
            medusahead ({ITaeniatherum caput-medusae}). Where medusahead invades 
            on high-condition sites, wildfires may occur, and consequently, wind 
            erosion increases, the eolian veneer is thinned, and a permanent loss
            in site potential may occur.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Blank,RR; Palmquist,DE; Young,JA

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Plant-soil relationships of greasewood, Torrey saltbush, and 
            allenrolfea, that occur on coarse-textured mounds on playas

SOURCE:     P.194-198. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     plant-soil relationships; playa; saline soils

COMMENTS:   Plant-soil relationships at playa-sand veneer interfaces in the Lake 
            Lahontan Basin of NW Nevada were studied. The data demonstrated that 
            the mounds were extremely saline, more saline than unvegetated mound 
            interspaces. Moreover, there were significant (P<0.05) differences in 
            the soil-solution chemistry among the shrubs, which suggests that the 
            shrubs have modified the soil solution through elemental cycling. 
            Vegetative recruitment occurs during environmentally optimal periods.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith,BN; Lytle,CM; Hansen,LD; Lipp,J; Ziegler,H

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Respiration and growth in seedlings of cold-desert shrubs

SOURCE:     p.190-193. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     cold-desert shrubs; seedlings

COMMENTS:   Plants from geographic races (subspecies) of four species of 
            cold-desert shrubs ({IArtemisia tridentata, Atriplex canescans, 
            Chrysothamnus nauseosus, and Kochia prostata}) were grown from seed 
            in the greenhouse. After four montths, the seedlings were compared 
            for shoot and root growth. No correlation between growth and carbon 
            and hydogen isotopic values was found. However, a strong correlation 
            was found between growth and plant respiration.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Eddleman,LE; Miller,PM

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Potential impacts of western juniper on the hydrologic cycle

SOURCE:     p.176-180. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management 
            of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General 
            Technical Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     hydrologic cycle; soil moisture; western juniper

COMMENTS:   Precipitation, throughfall, stem flow, and interception of western 
            juniper were examined in central Oregon. Ranges were correlated with 
            tree size, and type of vegetation. Stem flow ranged from 1.0 - 3.2 
            percent, throughfall from 33.0 - 52.3 percent, and interception from 
            44.4 - 65.9 percent. Transpiration occurred year-long and reached 
            3.03 l/kg in summer months. Dense western juniper woodlands may 
            reduce winter soil moisture recharge by over 50 percent.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wight,JR; Pierson,FB; Flerchinger,GN

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Infuence of sagebrush on the soil microclimate

SOURCE:     p.181-185. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     sagebrush; soil microclimate; soil-water conditions

COMMENTS:   Since effective management of sagebrush-grass ranges requires 
            establishment of desirable perennials, this study examined the 
            influence of sagebrush on the near-surface soil microclimate.
            Maximum soil temperatures at a 1-cm depth differed by as much as 30 
            degrees C between interspace and shrub-covered areas. Shrub cover 
            prolonged the periods of soil-water conditons favorable for seedling 
            establishment. Solar radiation was reduced 50 percent or more by
            sagebrush canopy. Reduced radiation and litter accumulation under 
            sagebrush canopies significantly moderated the extremes in the soil 
            microclimate.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Palmquist,DE; Blank,RR; Young,JA

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      To krige or not to krige: a spatial variability study of a Great 
            Basin saline playa

SOURCE:     p.186-189. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     playa; salt-tolerance; spatial variability

COMMENTS:   Coarse-textured soil mounds dotting the edges of playas are 
            characteristic features of the Great Basin. These mounds sustain a 
            sparse, salt-tolerant plant community that consists of allenrolfea, 
            greasewood, and Torrey saltbush. Spatial variability techniques from 
            two different disciplines were adapted to explore patterns of 
            distributions and relationships between these soil mounds and the 
            vegetation occurring on them.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith,SD; Herr,CA; Hokett,SL; Cochran,GF

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Effects of a simulated pluvial maximum climate on soil-plant water 
            relations and potential recharge near Yucca Mountain, Nevada

SOURCE:     p.171-175. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     dormancy; soil-plant relations; water relations

COMMENTS:   A simulated pluvial maximum climate was applied to experimental plots 
            near Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Summer dormancy was alleviated in all 
            shrub species tested. Deep soil moisture recharge (>1.2 m) occurred in 
            the first summer on bare plots but not until winter dormancy on 
            vegetated plots. If pluvial climatic conditions return during the life 
            of the proposed nuclear waste facility, deep soil moisture recharge 
            could occur.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Svejcar,TJ; Riegel,GM; Conroy,SD; Trent,JD

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Establishment and growth of riparian shrubs in the northern Sierra 
            Nevada

SOURCE:     p.151-154. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     riparian shrubs; willow; willow planting

COMMENTS:   Results from a planting study suggest that successful establishment 
            of Geyer's willow cuttings can be achieved if the base of the cutting 
            is within 30 cm  of the midsummer water table depth. In Lemmon's 
            willow, drought years caused shorter periods of active 
            photosynthesis, plus lower maximum rates. Willow leaves also had very 
            low photosynthetic rates during the first 4 - 6 weeks of growth. 
            Willows can be established successfully, but the delay in active 
            photosynthesis of willow leaves and rapidly changing soil conditions 
            during midsummer may place constraints on willow planting success.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Adams,PC; Viereck,LA

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Multivariance analysis of woody plant succession on the Tanana River 
            in interior Alaska

SOURCE:     p.4-10. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     floodplains; multivariance analysis; plant succession

COMMENTS:   Woody plant succession on Alaskan floodplains was analyzed using 
            multivariate techniques. Numerical classification results were 
            consistent with the well-described vegetation chronosequence. 
            Variation in community composition was high in intermediate stages, 
            but decreased in later successional stages. Analyses support the 
            contention that physical, fluvial controls of early succession are 
            dampened by biotic factors in later successional stages.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Allan,DR; Marlow,CB

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Effects of cattle grazing on shoot population dynamics of beaked 
            sedge

SOURCE:     p.89-91. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     cattle grazing; population dynamics; shoot growth

COMMENTS:   Grazing effects on number of new shoots produced by beaked sedge 
            were examined on grazed and protected plots for two years. In the 
            second year, grazed plots produced 27.4 percent more shoots than 
            ungrazed plots. The greatest difference between grazed and ungrazed 
            plots was in July.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Boggs,K; Weaver,T

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Response of riparian shrubs to declining water availability

SOURCE:     p.48-51. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     cottonwood; grazing effects; riparian shrubs; willow

COMMENTS:   Community dominance, productivity, and grazing effects were recorded 
            in a cottonwood sere along the Yellowstone River. The sere progressed 
            from seedlings of Great Plains cottonwood and sandbar willow to 
            cottonwood forests with a dense shrub understory, and finally, to
            grasslands.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Busch,DE; Smith,SD

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Fire in a riparian shrub community: postburn water relations
            in the Tamarix-Salix association along the lower Colorado River

SOURCE:     p.52-55. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     fire recovery; riparian shrubs; salt-cedar; water stress; willow

COMMENTS:   Hydraulic efficiencies in willow and salt-cedar may contribute to 
            differences in fire recovery. Higher water potentials in burned 
            salt-cedar relative to unburned plants and the opposite response
            in willow provide evidence that postfire water stress is reduced in 
            the former but not the latter. Diurnal patterns of stomatal 
            conductance are also consistent with the existance of more vigor in
            burned salt-cedar than burned willow.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Carlson,JR; Conaway,GL; Gibbs,JL; Hoag,JC

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Design criteria for revegetation in riparian zones of the 
            Intermountain area

SOURCE:     P.145-150. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     revegetation; riparian zones

COMMENTS:   Design criteria for the Soil Conservation Service channel vegetation 
            practice for the Intermountain area consider watershed condition, 
            geomorphology, stream types, community types, stream size, velocity, 
            sinuosity, and bank slope, uniformity, and stratigraphy. Performance
            standards address benefits to soil stability, fish and wildlife 
            habitat, water quality and esthetic and recreational value.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clary,WP; Medin,DE

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Vegetation, breeding bird, and small mammal biomass in two
            high- elevation sagebrush habitats

SOURCE:     p.100-110. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     livestock grazing; riparian habitat; sagebrush

COMMENTS:   Two riparian areas, one in Nevada and one in Idaho were compared. 
            Except for geomorphology, the two study areas had many similar 
            enviromental characteristics. The biological communities, however, 
            differed widely in many attributes. Total plant biomass differed by 
            25-fold between the two areas. Differences were seen to be primarily 
            due to geomorphic conditions, which far exceeded the variation 
            introduced by the impact of livestock grazing.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Flanagan,LB; Ehleringer,JR; Dawson,TE

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Water sources of plants growing in woodland, desert, and riparian 
            communities: evidence from stable isotope analysis

SOURCE:     p.43-47. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and amnagement of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     isotope analysis; riparian communities; water sources

COMMENTS:   Analysis of the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in stem xylem water 
            can be used to determine the water sources used by individual plants. 
            Because the potential water sources for plants often have different 
            isotopic compositions, the composition of stem water reflects the 
            composition of water taken up by the roots. In riparian communities, 
            small trees used either stream water or summer precipitation, 
            depending on location. Large trees used subsurface groundwater 
            exclusively, regardless of location relative to stream.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bevenger,GS; King,RM

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      A pebble count procedure for assessing watershed cumulative effects

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. Research paper RM-RP-319. 17p.

TOPICS:     field techniques; monitoring; pebble counts; sampling; watershed

COMMENTS:   Land management activities can result in the delivery of fine sediment 
            to streams. Over time, such delivery can lead to cumulative impacts to 
            the acquatic ecosystem. Because numerous laws require Federal land 
            managers to analyze watershed cumulative effects, field personnel need
            simple monitoring procedures that can be used directly and 
            consistently. One approach to such monitoring is described. The 
            approach involves sampling a longitudinal reach of stream channel
            several hundred feet long using a zig-zag pebble count procedure that 
            crosses all habitat features within a stream channel. The approach 
            accommodates reference (unimpacted) and study (impacted) reaches so 
            that impact comparisons can be made. Case studies are described.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Goodrich,S

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Summary flora of riparian shrub communities of the Intermountain
            Region with emphasis on willows

SOURCE:     p.62-67. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Techical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     flora; riparian communities; willow

COMMENTS:   Management of riparian communities depends on an understanding of 
            the dominant species in different riparian communities. Common 
            plants of riparian communities are discussed briefly. Habitat, 
            distribution, and other descriptors are presented for 24 species 
            of willow.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harper,KT; Sanderson,SC; McArthur,ED 

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Riparian ecology in Zion National Park

SOURCE:     p.32-42. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     flora; riparian communities; vegetation types

COMMENTS:   Approximately 40 km (24.9 mi) of perennial streams occur in Zion 
            National Park. This report resulted from a large-scale survey of all 
            vegetational types within the Park. Dominant trees and shrubs are 
            identified. Woody species of early-seral and late-seral riparian 
            successions are listed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hudak,HG; Ketcheson,GL

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Willow community types as influenced by valley bottom and stream 
            types

SOURCE:     p.16-17. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     community types; willow

COMMENTS:   An interdisciplinary team conducted inventories of willow community 
            types in the Sawtoot National Forest of south-central Idaho. Stands 
            dominated by one or several willow species were related to elevation, 
            parent material, substrate, stream gradient, and configuration of the 
            valley floor.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hansen,PL

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Classification and management of riparian-wetland shrub sites in
            Montana

SOURCE:     p.68-78. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. General Technical Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     classification; community types; habitat types

COMMENTS:   The author has developed a classification system for riparian-wetland 
            sites in Montana that is consistent with terms and concepts proposed 
            by Daubenmire and in wide usage in numerous vegetation studies. 
            Thirty-two riparian-wetland shrub communities are described, of which 
            16 each represent habitat types or community types, respectively. 
            Management information and implications are also discussed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Java,BJ; Everett,RL

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Rooting hardwood cuttings of Sitka and thinleaf alder

SOURCE:     p.138-141. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management 
            of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.
            
TOPICS:     alder; cuttings; revegetation

COMMENTS:   Rooting abilities of woody cuttings were evaluated after cold 
            storage and growth regulator treatments. No cuttings of Sitka alder 
            rooted in response to either treatment. When thinleaf alder cuttings 
            were treated with a solution of 2000 ppmindolebutryic acid (NAA) and 
            placed in cold storage at 1-3 degrees C for one month, 76 percent 
            rooted, compared to 11 percent rooting success for untreated 
            thinleaf cuttings.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kay,CE; Chadde,S 

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Reduction of willow seed production by ungulate browsing in
            Yellowstone National Park

SOURCE:     p.92-99. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management
            of riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General 
            Technical Report INT-289. 

TOPICS:     browsing effects; seed production; willow

COMMENTS:   Long-term grazing exclosures were used to compare seed production 
            in unbrowsed vs. browsed communities. Inside exclosures, the number 
            of seeds per sq m of female canopy coverage ranged from 109,000 to 
            583,000. Outside exclosures, no male or female aments (catkins) or 
            willow seeds were produced. Willow stems above the browse height 
            (2.5 m) produced an abundance of male or female aments.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kovalchik,BL

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Growth and yield of willows in central Oregon compared to reports
            in world literature

SOURCE:     P.83-88. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     biomass; growth rates; willow

COMMENTS:   Species of willows come in various shapes and sizes. Rates of growth 
            and biomass accumulation are responsive to factors such as senescence, 
            temperature, frost, flooding, soil nutrients, mineral toxicity, and 
            fertilization. Height growth of willows at this location averages
            less than 1.5 feet per year and decreases with age. Accumulated 
            biomass may range from 4,000 to 60,000 pounds per acre dry weight on 
            bogs and well-drained sites.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     LaFayette,RA; Rinne,JN

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Riparian structures and watershed treatments in the Southwest: 
            history, status, and management implications - a preliminary report

SOURCE:     p.133-138. In: Proceedings 36th annual New Mexico water conference. 
            New Mexico water resources research institute.

TOPICS:     revegetation; riparian structures; watershed treatments

COMMENTS:   A summary of conclusions and recommendations based on site visits 
            and data gathering efforts at riparian projects in SW Region, US 
            Forest Service. Information contained in the final report will be 
            used to begin implementing changes aimed at increasing the success of 
            riparian improvement projects.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Manning,ME; Padgett,WG

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Distribution of willows on forest lands of Nevada and eastern 
            California

SOURCE:     p.11-15. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     distribution; habitat types; willow

COMMENTS:   Distributions and habitat characteristics of 14 common willows are
            described for the Toiyabe and Humboldt National Forests of Nevada 
            and eastern California. Some species have restricted geographic 
            distribution while others occur throughout the study area. Locally, 
            species segregate by elevation and site characteristics.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Martens,E; Young,JA

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Seed germination data for yellow willow at a Nevada riparian site

SOURCE:     p.142-144. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     seed germination; willow

COMMENTS:   Seeds of yellow willow (Salix lutea [Bebb] Jeps.) were collected from 
            the riparian areas along the east side of the Sierra Nevada. Freshly 
            collected seeds were germinable at a range of incubation temperatures 
            from 5 through 30 degrees C. Seeds remained viable at room temperatures 
            for 7 weeks.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McArthur,ED; Sanderson,SC

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      A comparison between xeroriparian and upland vegetation of Beaver Dam 
            Slope, Utah, as desert tortoise habitat

SOURCE:     p.25-31. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     desert tortoiise habitat; desert tortoise; upland vegetation;
            xeroriparian

COMMENTS:   The Beaver Dam Slope of extreme southwestern Utah is historic desert 
            tortoise habitat, grazed by livestock for over 100 years. It is 
            composed of a large bajada dissected by intervening arroyos. Of 30 
            common species - 14 were preferentially associated with xeroriparian 
            habitats, 3 with upland habitats, and 13 were non-preferential. 
            Arroyos with more shrubs and rougher topography serve well as den 
            sites and provide succulent forage during dry periods. The much
            larger uplands, under favorable moisture conditions, provide an 
            abundance of accessible forage.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Peterson,MM; Somerville,DJ; Sennet,RF

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Preliminary riparian classification system for private and 
            state-owned lands in Utah

SOURCE:     p.79-82. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. US Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     classification system; riparian classification; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   A classification system for riparian areas in Utah was developed by 
            the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service in cooperation with 
            the Utah State Department of Agriculture and the Utah Riparian 
            Management Coalition. This is a heirarchical system beginning at 
            broad levels of physiographic classifications and proceeding to more 
            specific levels.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Roberts,TC,Jr

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Political and social aspects of riparian area management

SOURCE:     P.120-122. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Techical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     political issues; riparian area improvement; social aspects

COMMENTS:   Impediments to riparian area improvements are institutional and 
            natural resistance to change, mixed land ownership, and lack of 
            incentives. Management changes that are suggested include improved 
            career tracks, adoption of holistic philosophies, use of volunteers, 
            consensual problem-solving techniques, and better incentives for 
            improving management programs.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rosentreter,R

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      High-water indicator plants along Idaho waterways

SOURCE:     p.18-24. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     flooding effects; indicator plants; monitoring; water levels;
            waterways

COMMENTS:   Plants restricted to and common under seasonally flooded conditions 
            along Idaho waterways can be useful for managing and monitoring 
            riparian areas. As indicator plants, they can relate topography and 
            channel capacity to annually fluctuating water levels. They may also 
            be useful in evaluating past and present stream hydrology conditions 
            and to determine mean flood levels relative to current water level.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stevens,R; McArthur,ED; Davis,JN

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Reevaluation of vegetative cover changes, erosion, and sedimentation 
            on two watersheds - 1912-1983

SOURCE:     p.123-128. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of 
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     erosion; exclosures; grazing effects; vegetative cover; watersheds

COMMENTS:   Two adjoining depleted subalpine watersheds near Ephraim, UT, have 
            been protected from grazing since 1912 and 1920, respectively. 
            Studies have demonstrated that management practices can stabilize 
            depleted subalpine range through long periods of non-use or, more 
            rapidly, with restoration techniques.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Zasada,J; Tappeiner,J; O'Dea,M

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Clone structure of salmonberry and vine maple in the Oregon Coast 
            Range

SOURCE:     p.56-60. In: Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of
            riparian shrub communities. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     clone structure; rhizomes; salmonberry; vegetative reproduction; 
            vine maple

COMMENTS:   Salmonberry and vine maple, both important riparian shrubs in 
            western Oregon, form large clones of varying densities. Salmonberry 
            clones develop in an active process that requires growth of a 
            rhizome into an area followed by ramet production from the rhizome 
            seed bank. Vine maple clones, however, develop by layering when 
            stems are pinned to the ground by falling trees or branches

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clary,WP; McArthur,ED; Bedunah,D; Wambolt,CL (Eds.)

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian 
            shrub communities

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. 
            232 p pages.

TOPICS:     community types; cuttings; fire effects; habitat types; plant
            yields; seed technology; species selection; stress; succession;
            xeroriparian

COMMENTS:   Includes 41 papers and accounts of field trips from a symposium 
            focused on riparian shrub communities and their habitats. Papers 
            discuss values, classification methods, conditions, and 
            rehabilitation techniques for riparian areas,with one section 
            devoted to similar topics for upland shrubs.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Elmore,W; Kauffman,B

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Riparian amd watershed systems: degradation and restoration

SOURCE:     Ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the West. First 
            Edition ed. (Eds: Vavra,M; Laycock,WA; Pieper,RD) Society for range 
            management, Denver, CO, 297p.

TOPICS:     grazing effects; grazing strategies; grazing systems; restoration; 
            revegetation

COMMENTS:   The authors maintain that livestock grazing can be present in some 
            riparian areas during periods of recovery. Grazing strategies that 
            link the uplands, the riparian areas and the stream channels must be 
            used to accomplish effective and self-sustaining restoration. Various 
            grazing strategies are described and evaluated. Major short-comings 
            of grazing strategies that fail to result in the restoration of 
            degraded riparian zones are as follows: (1) they are applied with a 
            cookbook approach with little analysis of riparian effects or 
            recognition of the complex and heterogenous nature of riparian zones, 
            (2) the grazing strategies utilized were developed for uplands and/or 
            for herbaceous recovery with little consideration of woody vegetation, 
            streambank integrity, or riparian function, and (3) they  were 
            developed for increased livestock production with similar short-
            comings in considerations of riparian values. Successful management 
            strategies must consider the following:(a) the linkages and processes 
            that are associated with full floodplain function, (b) The extreme 
            complexity of riparian zones, (c) headwater streams have not received
            necessary levels of management attention to achieve landscape-level 
            goals, (d) restoration within the stream channel and riparian zone 
            should reestablish natural ecological processes and communities, and 
            (e) manage to maintain connectivity across landscapes and minimize 
            ecosystem fragmentation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Halwasser,H; Cantu,R

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Eventually all things merge into one and a river runs through it

SOURCE:     p.3-7. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. 
            USFS Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     land ethic; social values; stewardship

COMMENTS:   A topical article that examines rivers as allegories of life, the 
            land ethic, and the shared uses and politics of rivers. In summary, 
            they state that "rivers run through our lands and our lives. They 
            reflect our values, our sense of self, and our concern for fellow 
            beings. They tell us and others what we stand for and what we think 
            about our grandchildren."

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rosgen,DL 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Overview of the rivers in the west

SOURCE:     p.8-15. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. 
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     proper function; restoration; sedimentation; stream flow

COMMENTS:   Floodplains and riparian areas need to be restored to their proper 
            function. Federal agencies are increasingly aware of the need for 
            "environmental engineering" and are actively pursuing technical 
            expertise to incorporate into river design works. Recent restoration 
            work by the author in California, Colorado, and Nevada has 
            demonstrated the effectiveness of restoring the dimension, patterns 
            and profiles of the natural, stable river form. Once restored, 
            on-going management to maintain their function is critical. Grazing 
            practices, for example, have been demonstrated to actually improve 
            stream and riparian condition. The collective efforts by persons of 
            diverse background and experience are needed to maintain functional 
            river systems and provide associated resource values.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swanson,S; Myers,T

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Managing for integrated use

SOURCE:     p.19-21. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. 
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     integrated use; stream classification; terrain analysis

COMMENTS:   Riparian areas are the linkage connecting deserts and mountains as 
            well as forming the transition from upland to aquatic. The influence 
            of riparian vegetation becomes greater as the stream orders become 
            lower. A river at any point is the sum of it's upstream parts. The 
            key to integrated use of rivers is open communication between all 
            governmental agencies and non-governmental enttities along with 
            overlapping authority.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Fonseca,J 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      A county government perspective

SOURCE:     p.22-24. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. 
            USDA Foreest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     effluents; floodplains regulations; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The federal government would have difficulty imposing riparian 
            habitat protection measures on an unwilling local community. Moreover, 
            many federal laws are at cross-purposes.In Pima County, AZ, a 
            "wonderful" riparian habitat has been created by the discharge of 
            municipal effluent into the Santa Cruz River. Besides sustaining bird 
            habitat and vegetation, the effluent has also helped to clog the 
            channel,causing protests from downstream floodplain farmers. Local 
            communities can accomplish riparian objecttives even without 
            consensus or federal program support.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clark,J 

PUB. YEAR:  1993
 
TITLE:      The state role in riparian management

SOURCE:     p.25 -26. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.,
            419 pp.

TOPICS:     partnerships; riparian management; systems

COMMENTS:   Many states are beginning to look at riparian management as a part 
            of larger scale planning strategies. Most states are also attentive 
            to new management and protection criteria. The author suggests that 
            the most promising approach is to employ a systems approach to 
            comprehensive management and the accomodation of multiple partners.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bravo,M

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      A view from the Hualapai tribe

SOURCE:     Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     colorado river; grand canyon; riparian management

COMMENTS:   The Hualapai tribe owns lands which include 108 miles of frontage 
            on the Colorado River within the Grand Canyon. At present, the tribe 
            is involved in several cooperative projects regarding environmental 
            issues with contractors and consultants. They are now seeking equity
            with federal and state agencies in dealing with concerns and problems 
            related to riparian management.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Butterick,M

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      A view from the federal government

SOURCE:     Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. USDA 
            Forest Service. General Technical Report RM - 226. 419 pp.

TOPICS:     habitat degradation; pollution; watershed

COMMENTS:   The Watershed Protection Approach (WPA) continues to be an effective 
            program for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by refocusing 
            the existing programs of EPA and other state and federal agencies on 
            pollution and habitat degradation problems. The basic components of 
            this strategy are 1) risk-based geographic targeting, 2) stakeholder 
            involvement, and 3) integrated solutions. Lessons learned from this 
            program will be applied to future watershed planning efforts.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sammis,G

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      A rancher's view of the river

SOURCE:     Riparian Management: Common threads and shared interests. USDA 
            Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226. 419 pp.

TOPICS:     riparian management; rivers; stewardship

COMMENTS:   There could be no agriculture witthout rivers. On the Chase Ranch 
            operated by the author, livestock co-exist with numerous species of 
            wildlife, although there are occasions when conflicts occur. The 
            river can also be destructive to physical improvements and 
            infrastructure. Ranchers who are caretakers for rivers "must do our 
            best to protect its watersheds and riparian areas and make it a 
            better river as it goes on its way".

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sokol,C 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Rivers from a timber industry perspective

SOURCE:     p.37-38. In: Riparian Management:common threads and shared interests. 
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     coordinated resources management plans; riparian management

COMMENTS:   The timber industry's view of riparian management has changed in the 
            past few years. The new role involves participation with various 
            agencies and entities in developing Coordinated Resources Management 
            Plans (CRMP). Pilot projects such as the Spenser Creek CRMP have
            been very successful.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lindquist,D 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Rivers from a utility's perspective

SOURCE:     p. 39-42. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     coordinated resources management program; hydroelectric projects

COMMENTS:   The public demand for hydroelectric power in response to urban growth 
            and other factors. Concurrently, public concerns regarding 
            environmental issues is also accelerating. Water is a valuable 
            commodity that requires cooperative management to minimize pressures 
            of competition. Fragmented approaches commonly fail. All stakeholders 
            must be involved in the planning and implementation process to be
            successful.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bradshaw,S

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      The river through the recreationist lens

SOURCE:     p. 43-45. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     recreational impacts; riparian management

COMMENTS:   The River Restoration Funds in Montana is a rewarding initiative that 
            involves partnerships between sportsmen and landowners. Emphasis 
            should be on similar programs on a larger scale. Approaches that are 
            permanent and effective will only arise out of a sense of shared
            responsibilty.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rinne,JN

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      A wildlife viewpoint - southwestern riparian areas: habitats for 
            fishes

SOURCE:     p.46-53. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; riparian management

COMMENTS:   Riparian-stream areas, that are critical aquatic habitats for fishes, 
            have become markedly altered by offsite land management and onsite 
            instream alteration of flows. In order to sustain fish populations, 
            future management must be on a watershed or ecosystem basis.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Norcross,E; Calvo,G 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Private lands river protection: balancing private and public concerns

SOURCE:     p.53-69. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     national riparian policy; river protection laws

COMMENTS:   Rivers on private lands have traditionally been protected by an 
            assortment of state and federal legislation/programs. The authors 
            present a summary and description of river protection and related 
            environmental laws. They have also included a review of alternative 
            river protection strategies and programs.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Fort,DD

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      The protection of riparian areas: new approaches for new times?

SOURCE:     p.70-75. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     public policy; riparian management; water resources

COMMENTS:   This paper contains an appraisal of the opportunities for and 
            barriers to riparian protection and restoration, especially relating 
            to current and future public policy. State, federal, and tribal
            entities require assistance for the improvement of management of 
            riparian areas. New partnerships and management models have enormous 
            potential for intensified riparian protection.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     De Young,T; Ridgeley,GC

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Instream flow protection: legal constraints and opportunities

SOURCE:     p.76-84. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     water law; water rights

COMMENTS:   The legal context for instream flow protection is constituted by 
            an array of federal, state, and local laws and regulations, along 
            with a large body of case law. This doctrine was designed to
            remove water from stream and river channels; therefore, it has
            inhibited efforts to protect stream flows and their riparian 
            habitat. The authors advocate solutions acheived by cooperation 
            instead of litigation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jacobs,DF

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      The public trust doctrine and river conservation

SOURCE:     p.85-91. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     public trust doctrine; river conservation

COMMENTS:   Under the public trust doctrine, which governs the management and 
            use of tidal and navigable waterways, the people have inalienable 
            rights to use and enjoy public waterways. The doctrine can be an 
            important legal mechanism for river conservation. If the states, 
            as trustees, fail to meet their obligations, the public can enforce 
            doctrine principles. Cooperative planning between entities can 
            eliminate much conflict.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Martinez,D 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      River restoration: financing opportunies and constraints

SOURCE:     p.92-97. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared values. 
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     partnerships; river restoration

COMMENTS:   It is imperative to integrate landowners, agri-business, developers, 
            and other non-traditional partners in conservation projects. 
            Communications between sectors that have long-standing adversarial 
            relationships will not only resolve specific problems but will 
            discourage the creation of new ones.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Moore,R

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      River protection and rural communities

SOURCE:     p.98-101. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     riparian management; riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   This paper discusses creative financing. Before beginning a search 
            for funds, project sponsors should at the total duration and scope 
            of the project in order to determine who will benefit. Those 
            individuals or groups can be pulled together for both the processes 
            of decision-making and fund-raising.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dean,R

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Water quality tools for national and western nonpoint source control

SOURCE:     p.102-106. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     crmp; epa; nonpoint source control; water quality

COMMENTS:   This paper reviews the various programs in which Environmental 
            Protection Agency (EPA) is involved independantly, or as an active 
            partner with other agencies or entities. It also reviews EPA funding 
            for various research and monitoring programs. The author also 
            encourages agencies and organizations to become involved in the 
            Coordinated Resource Management process (CRMP).

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Randall,KE

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Protection and management of riparian areas through water quality
            programs in Arizona

SOURCE:     p.107-111. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     non-point source pollution; point source pollution; riparian
            management; water quality

COMMENTS:   This paper discusses four programs that have been implemented by 
            Arizona Department of Environmental Quality: the Nonpoint Source, 
            Point Source, Monitoring, and Water Quality Standards Programs. The 
            relationship between these programs and the kinds of protection they 
            provide to riparian areas is described. Future programs will require 
            the evaluation of the effects of groundwater pumping, surface water 
            diversions, and land-use activities on riparian areas.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kusler,JA 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Floodplain management and the protection of riparian habitat: status 
            of efforts and possible future decisions

SOURCE:     p.112-115. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     floodplain management; restoration; riparian habitat;
            watershed management

COMMENTS:   Floodplain management regulations and other wetland and riparian 
            habitat regulations and nonregulatory initiatives provide only 
            limited protection for riparian areas in the West. These areas 
            continue to be threatened by vegetative defoliation, grazing, water 
            projects, urban development, and other activities. These
            circumstances, however, offer new opportunities for riparian 
            protection because of the strong public support for such protection, 
            growing interest in federal, state, and local agencies, and a 
            rapidly growing science base with regard to stream management, 
            riparian habitat restoration, and watershed management.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lew,L

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Floodplain Management - opportunities and constraints in reconciling 
            an environmental mission with flood control

SOURCE:     p.116-123. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     flood control; floodplain management; riparian areas

COMMENTS:   In the five years preceeding this paper, the U.S. Army Corps of 
            Engineers had been developing an environmental mission. This 
            resulted in the Corps considering restoration of the environment as 
            a mission equal to flood control and navigation. The major 
            constraints impeding this initiative are:environmental costs, 
            mitigation efforts, and the need for good public relations; all of 
            which contribute to economic feasibility. The Corps is committed to 
            a balanced approach to integrating the three missions - flood 
            control, navigation, and environment - to preserve and enhance 
            riparian sites.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Backiel,A

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Political factors in riparian management issues

SOURCE:     p.124-127. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interest. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     political factors; riparian management
  
COMMENTS:   The author believes that America today is experiencing a renewed 
            interest in democracy and an increased political awareness. This 
            process will most likely come to include natural resource issues. 
            Each individual is part of that process, with the opportunity to 
            participate in environmental and natural resource decisions.


============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brown,J 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Play hard, play fair, nobody hurt

SOURCE:     p.128-129. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     political factors; river protection laws

COMMENTS:   Strategies for river protection should include: (1) maintaining a 
            regular presence at the statehouse and being available to 
            legislators and agency personnel, (2) avoid using deceptive
            tactics, gross exaggerations or misleading half-truths, and (3) 
            those playing the political game must be sensitive and respectful 
            to the needs and limitations of others.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Keys,J

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      The Bureau of Reclamation's policies

SOURCE:     p.130-133. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     endangered species act; salmon recovery

COMMENTS:   This paper focuses on Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) efforts for 
            salmon recovery. Current activities include cooperation in over 20 
            salmon measures such as: coordination of Columbia River water and 
            power operations, water supply forecasting, water quality issues, 
            flood control strategies, water acquisition, and lower Snake River 
            dam operations.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rood,SB; Mahoney,JM

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      River damming and riparian cottonwoods: management opportunities 
            and problems

SOURCE:     p.134-143. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     cottonwood forests; riparian trees; river damming

COMMENTS:   Cottonwoods (Populus spp.) are the principal trees in the riparian 
            areas of the semi-arid regions of western North America. Loss of 
            cottonwoods is not compensated by enrichment from other tree species. 
            The entire gallery forest ecosystem collapses when cottonwoods are 
            killed. In the SW United States, only small remnants of cottonwood 
            forests survive. Among majors factors contributing to cottonwood 
            forests decline are livestock grazing, clearing for crop production,
            and river damming and water diversions. Studies have demonstrated 
            that asexual recruitment (vs. sexual recruitment) is an extensive
            and even dominant form of reproduction. Moreover, it is the riparian 
            water table depth rather than river stage that determines moisture 
            available for cottonwoods.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hatfield,D; Hatfield,C

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Solutions for the land and the people

SOURCE:     p.147-153. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     consensus; trout creek mountain working group

COMMENTS:   This paper descibes the personal efforts of the authors to build 
            bridges between urban environmentalists and long-term ranchers who 
            live and depend on the land - i.e. people who view the same area from 
            a vastly different perspective. The Trout Creek Mountain Working 
            Group was composed of a wide variety of representatives from 
            different land-use advocacy groups. The process of developing trust, 
            respect, and understanding took time and commitment by all parties 
            but resulted in a positive coalition. People-to-people alliances 
            where land owners, environmentalists, and federal agency personnel 
            can have dramatically constructive results.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Winter,PL

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Positives and negatives of recreation in riparian areas

SOURCE:     p.155-157. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     conflict resolution; riparian recreation

COMMENTS:   Conflicts between recreational users becomes more likely as an 
            area's popularity increases. Conflicts occur between users whose 
            recreational choices are incompatible. Depreciative behaviors are 
            most likely to occur in areas with high use. Meetings between 
            resource managers and various user groups can be helpful in reducing 
            conflicts.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Funk,R

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Rio Grande Valley State Park

SOURCE:     p.159-161. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared values. 
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     bosque; recreational impacts; state parks

COMMENTS:   The Rio Grande Valley State Park was created in 1983 to preserve and 
            improve the natural character of the river and bosque, while allowing 
            low impact recreation. The Open Space program of the City of 
            Albuquerque was designated as the operating party. As a first step, 
            clean up and motor vehicle closure resulted in an immediate reduction 
            in dumping and other illegal activities. At the same time, 
            recreational activities increased. Fire and exotic species invasion 
            continue to be problems in combination with lack of cottonwood 
            reproduction. Many opportunities exist for improving the Park, as it 
            continues to be a refuge for people and wildlife.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wheeler,D 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      The Boulder open space program

SOURCE:     p.162-163. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     open space; recreation impacts

COMMENTS:   In recent years, desire for outdoor recreation has focused  human 
            intrusion further into riparian corridors. Intensified human use, 
            however, has consumed all the remaining wildlife values of stream 
            corridors. The Boulder Creek Trail now accommodates more than 4000 
            human trips per day. The success of this program has created a public 
            demand for even more trails. Further development will only diminish 
            the available space for wildlife. Long-term cumulative impacts of
            various uses and preservation options need to be carefully considered 
            before the community can make informed decisions.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Patten,D

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Integrating science and decision making

SOURCE:     p.167-172. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     adaptive management; decision making; science

COMMENTS:   The author points to a conclusion that it is not the quantity of 
            scientific information that leads to integration of science into 
            decision making, but how useful decision makers perceive that 
            information to be. Credible scientists need to develop documents or 
            presentations to make technical information available. Scientific 
            input requires time, a willing audience, and an adaptive management 
            style that allows science to refine it's information. The alternative 
            is to allow emotionalism, lobbying, and non-factual public 
            perceptions to be the data base used by managers who make decisions 
            regarding our natural resources.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Anderson,JW; Beschta,RL; Boehne,PL; Bryson,D; Gill,R; Howes,S; 
            McIntosh,BA; Purser,MD; Rhodes,JJ; Zakel,J

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      A comprehensive approach to restoring habitat conditions needed to 
            protect threatened salmon species in a severely degraded river - The 
            upper Grande Ronde River anadromous fish habitat protection, 
            restoration, and monitoring plan

SOURCE:     p.175-179. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     habitat restoration; monitoring; watershed management

COMMENTS:   The Grande Ronde River, a tributary to the Snake River, is the center 
            of a 3,950 square mile watershed in NE Oregon. It is critical habitat 
            for spring chinook salmon and steelhead. The primary goals of the plan
            were to reduce sediment loads and summer water temperatures, and to
            re-establish natural loading of large, woody debris to the streams. It 
            also proposed watershed management measures aimed at reducing high 
            sediment loads caused by past activities. The plan is broadly 
            adaptable to other NW watersheds that have undergone similar 
            degradation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gourley,C; Lillquist,N 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      A demonstration of biogeomorphic techniques to restore a segment of 
            the East Fork of the Sevier River, Garland County,Utah

SOURCE:     p.180-185. In:Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     biogeomorphic techniques; stream channel monitoring; stream
            restoration

COMMENTS:   The purpose of this project was to demonstrate the use of 
            biogeomorphic techniques to restore a privately owned 2 km stream 
            segment. Management of livestock adjacent to the stream channel has 
            had a positive effect on the demonstration area. Willow and aquatic 
            grasses are encroaching into the channel causing it to become 
            narrower  and deeper. Vertical stream banks are now sloped and 
            naturally revegetated. Biogeomorphic techniques were successfully 
            employed to restore a single meandering channel.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Davis,EM; Rucker,A

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Lessons learned from large-scale riparian restoration projects

SOURCE:     p.186-188.

TOPICS:     restoration projects; riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   Large-scale restoration projects should have the following components: 
            (1) clearly define restoration goals, (2) identify physical 
            requirements of target riparian habitat, (3) address multipurpose 
            needs, (4) evaluate potential obstacles and use effective 
            establishment techniques, and (5) plan ahead for appropriate timing of 
            implementation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Meyer,K

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      The Mt. Shasta Meadows Restoration Project

SOURCE:     p.189-190. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     ecological integrity; restoration; sub-alpine meadows

COMMENTS:   The project was initiated to halt human induced degradation and 
            reclaim the ecological and cultural integrity of fragile sub-alpine 
            meadow systems on Mt. Shasta. This paper describes the creative 
            solutions and managerial implications of restoring sub-alpine meadows 
            while understanding and educating a varied and diverse user public.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Myers,M

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Nichols Meadow Restoration Project, Mariposa Ranger District,Sierra
            National Forest

SOURCE:     P.191. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. 
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     meadow restoration; stream channel rehabilitation

COMMENTS:   Using contributed labor from the California Native Plant Society and 
            European volunteers, the project stabilized head and sidewalls of a 
            large gully, re-established ground cover, and replanted riparian 
            vegetation along the stream channel. Structural work utilized a 
            cellular soil confinement material called Geoweb to form retaining 
            walls.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jalbert,LM; Heim,M

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Rehabilitation of sites along the Colorado River through
            Grand Canyon National Park

SOURCE:     p. 192. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     monitoring; revegetation; site rehabilitation

COMMENTS:   An integrated monitoring program assesses impacts resulting from 
            recreational use. When the Limits of Acceptable Change prescribed in 
            the management plan are exceeded, remediation projects are planned. 
            Such work includes multiple trail eradication, trail 
            delineation/relocation and maintenance, recreation site stabilization 
            and revegetation. The latter function emphasizes the use of native 
            seed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Seery,D 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Riparian restoration projects in Arizona, Soil Conservation Service

SOURCE:     p. 193-4. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   Five successful riparian restoration projects completed by the Soil 
            Conservation Service in Arizona were photographically displayed and 
            discussed. All projects returned the functions and values that were 
            lost back to the original ecosystems.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Glascow,C 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Six Rivers National Forest watershed management and road restoration

SOURCE:     p.195-197. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared values. 
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     road restoration; watershed management

COMMENTS:   Forest roads can dramatically alter natural drainage networks and 
            related physical processes. The primary goal of road restoration 
            is to  minimize future erosion and mass wasting through removing 
            culverts and outsloping unstable portions of the road. Excavating 
            fill from stream crossings and removing culverts is one of the 
            cost-effective treatments available for reducing sediment input 
            into streams.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Korte,N; Kearl,P; Koehler,D

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Strategies to define and implement large-scale watershed 
            restoration project policy on the Navajo Nation

SOURCE:     p.198-202. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     livestock management; riparian management; watershed restoration

COMMENTS:   The condition of riparian areas on the Navajo Reservation has 
            seriously deteriorated over the last century as a consequence of 
            overgrazing, a circumstance that continues unabated. Large-scale 
            riparian restoration of degraded areas has significant implications 
            for the reservation because of the consequence of such actions on 
            water balance, water quality, livestock production, and reservoir 
            operation. Such actions, however, require a political and 
            socioeconomic commitment that do not presently exist.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Deuser,CE

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Tamarisk control methods and water table relations at Sacatone 
            Spring

SOURCE:     p.203. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. 
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     riparian management; tamarisk; water table relations

COMMENTS:   Springs and stream beds within the Lake Mead National Recreation 
            Area have been heavily invaded by the alien tree, tamarisk. Removal 
            using a combination of methods including mechanical, herbicides, 
            and prescribed fire is underway.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stephenson,BA; Woods,L

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Transplanting mature riparian trees using a tree spade or crane

SOURCE:     p.204-6. Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. 
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     mechanical equipment; transplants

COMMENTS:   When tree spades are used to transplant mature trees, the major 
            portion of the rootball remains intact with minimal disturbance to 
            roots within the grab. Soil floral, faunal, and mycorrhizal 
            components move with the tree to the mitigation site, increasing 
            the speed at which they colonize the site. Transplanting with a 
            crane may not maintain the soil integrity around the rootball as a 
            tree spade does.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Duncan,KW; Schemnitz,SD; Suzuki,M; Homesley,Z; Cardenas,M

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Evaluation of saltcedar control - Pecos River, New Mexico

SOURCE:     p.207-210. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     herbicides; riparian habitat; salt-cedar; vegetatiive manipulation

COMMENTS:   Every stream or river system in New Mexico is infested or has the 
            potential to be infested with saltcedar. Protection of native 
            riparian habitat has become a management priority. In the past, 
            saltcedar manipulation has been cost-prohibitive. The development 
            of imazapyr and imazapyr + glyphosate tank mixes, however, may cost 
            as little as $60/ac and result in a 90-99 percent control.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lopez,CF; Gradek,P; Saslaw,L

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Improvement of a Sierra Nevada riparian zone during the recent 
            drought period

SOURCE:     p.211. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     check dams; grazing systems; riparian management

COMMENTS:   CA demonstration project on sections of Long Valley Creek showed 
            increases in the percent canopy cover and improvement of the 
            riparian plant community. Change from a "hot" summer to fall/winter 
            grazing system and the installation of check dams resulted in a 
            positive channel response during the recent prolonged California 
            drought.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Finch,DF; Marshall,RM

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Bird use of riparian habitats in north-central Arizona during fall 
            migration - results and recommendations

SOURCE:     p.212-218. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     avian ecology; neotropical birds; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The two most important factors governing capture rate of birds were 
            seasonal timing and net placement within the study site. Migration 
            periods for neotropical birds varies annually as a result of the 
            length and timing of the breeding season and weather patterns during 
            the fall. The authors recommend that fall migration studies be started 
            in early August and run through the end of September.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lowry,MM

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Groundwater elevations and temperature adjacent to a beaver pond in
            central Oregon

SOURCE:     P.219. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests. 
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     beaver ponds; groundwater; water temperatures

COMMENTS:   Studies were conducted within the Painted Hills National Monument to 
            observe spatial and temporal dynamics of groundwater levels and 
            temperatures adjacent to a beaver pond. Results indicate that stream 
            temperatures can influence groundwater temperature, and that 
            groundwater recharge is highest near the pond.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hurd,EG; Shaw,NL 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Influence of dry storage on seed viability and germination of
            eight intermountain rushes

SOURCE:     p.220. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     juncus spp.; rush species; seed viability

COMMENTS:   Results to date indicate that seeds of these rush species can be 
            maintained in dry storage for at least two years. Successful 
            propagation of rushes from seed will require further study of
            germination requirements for individualspecies and populations.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clary,WP; Abt,S; Thornton,C 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Vegetation effects on retention of stream channel sediments

SOURCE:     p.221. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. 
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     livestock grazing; sedimentation; vegetation effects

COMMENTS:   Vegetation height and biomass within a stream channel system is 
            known to enhance sediment deposition and to improve the retention of 
            deposits. These features are dependant upon the management of grazing 
            livestock. In this study, the ability of a typical riparian graminoid
            (Kentucky bluegrass) to entrap sediments was measured. The rate of 
            deposition retention was also studied.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Magney,DL

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Faults with growing season determinations using the federal wetlands
            delineation manual

SOURCE:     p.222-227. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     climatic factors; growing seasons; wetlands

COMMENTS:   The federal wetlands delineation manual should be modified to allow 
            for more flexibility in determining the growing season as determined 
            by climate, not the frost-free period designed for agricultural crops. 
            Modifying the manual would allow more accurate wetland delineations 
            to be performed in the arid southwest.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Mahoney,JM; Rood,SB

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      A model for assessing the effects of altered stream flows
            on the recruitment of riparian cottonwoods

SOURCE:     p.228-232. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     cottonwood; flow regimes; recruitment; seed release; stream
            flow

COMMENTS:   The paper presents a model that provides a framework for assessing 
            the effects of existing or proposed flow regimes on seeding 
            recruitment of riparian cottonwoods. Recorded or projected flow 
            patterns for a particular river reach can be evaluated for the 
            critical period of seed release to determine whether river stages 
            and rate of decline fall within the range necessary for seedling
            establishment.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jemison,RL 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Associations between riparian ecosystem parameters in Happy Valley,
            Arizona

SOURCE:     p.233-239. In: Riparian Management: Common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     hydrology; riparian ecosystem; watertable effects

COMMENTS:   The study reported in this paper addressed the relationships and 
            associations between hydrologic inputs, vegetation, and soils in a 
            low mountain (1,000 to 2,000 m) riparian ecosystem. Specific 
            observed parameters included precipitation, streamflow, water table 
            level, vegetation, soils, location relative to stream channel, and 
            date of observation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Chainey,S; Yates,G; O'Leary,B

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Groundwater and surface flow models used to simulate impacts and 
            benefits to riparian vegetation caused by flood control and water 
            supply management projects

SOURCE:     p.240. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests.
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     flood control; groundwater; riparian vegetation; water supply

COMMENTS:   San Simeon Creek, a central California coastal stream, supports a 
            channel riparian forest that could potentially be affected by 
            groundwater extraction for the nearby community of Cambria. A 
            one-dimensional finite difference groundwater flow model was 
            "embedded" in a conjunctive use operations and storage model to 
            show the interrelation of surface flow in the creek, surface 
            diversions, seasonal depth to water table, and evapotranspiration 
            water use by riparian vegetation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kramer,NE; Steinman,AD

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Responses of riparian vegetation and groundwater to activities 
            along the Tijuana Corridor

SOURCE:     p.241. In: Riparian mangement: common threads and shared
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     groundwater; riparian vegetation; water potential

COMMENTS:   The potential effects of groundwater extraction and river diversion 
            on riparian vegetation in southern San Diego County, California were 
            monitored. Water potential data were collected on five riparian shrub 
            species for 2 irrigated sites, 2 non-irrigated sites, and 1 reference 
            site. Declines in water potential occurred in all monitored species 
            at the non-irrigated sites during the sampling period.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Valencia,R

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Arizona riparian inventory and mapping project

SOURCE:     p.242. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. 
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     riparian ecosystems; riparian inventory

COMMENTS:   The Arizona Game and Fish Department has initiated a statewide 
            inventory of riparian areas in response to recent legislation and 
            in order to better understand the functions and values of riparian 
            ecosystems in the arid Southwest.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clark,R 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Riparian-wetland initiative for the 1990's

SOURCE:     p.243. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. 
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     riparian management; riparian-wetland initiative

COMMENTS:   An updated plan for managing riparian areas and wetlands on 
            federally managed public lands was released by the Department of 
            the Interior's Bureau of Land Management in September 1991.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stahr,L

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Oregon's watershed enhancement program

SOURCE:     p.244. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared interests. 
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     water quality; watershed; watershed management

COMMENTS:   The governor's Watershed Enhancement Board provides grants, funds, 
            and technical assistance to Oregonians proposing projects which 
            demonstrate the benefits of improvement or enhancement of riparian 
            or watershed areas.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Corner,RA; Bassman,JH

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Contribution of legal buffer zones to nonpoint source pollution 
            abatement following timber harvesting in northeast Washington

SOURCE:     p.245. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     buffer zones; non-point pollution; timber harvest

COMMENTS:   Sedimentation of streams resulting from forest management practices 
            is among the greatest non-point source pollution concerns. This study 
            concluded that although riparian buffer zones can be instrumental in 
            protecting against nonpoint-source pollution, their effectiveness is 
            directly related to physical properties and the nature of management 
            on the upland area. Therefore, a legal buffer zone width should be 
            calculated as a function of physical parameters (e.g. slope, soil
            permeability, soil erodibility) and intensity of management practices 
            rather than as a designated fixed distance.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bradley,C 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      A conservation and management strategy for riparian forests in 
            southern Alberta

SOURCE:     p.246. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     conservation strategy; riparian forest

COMMENTS:   The strategy document contains a statement of vision and mission, 
            guiding principles, and recommended goals, objectives, and actions.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Mink,LL; Belt,GH

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Idaho riparian cooperative - is Idaho ready? History of starting
            a riparian cooperative

SOURCE:     P.247. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared interests.
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     riparian cooperative; riparian management

COMMENTS:   The Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho, 
            coordinated meetings with state and federal agencies and user groups, 
            which led to the establishment of the Idaho Riparian Cooperative. 
            The mission of the IRC is to provide information to improve the
            management of riparian-wetland systems in Idaho.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Mink,LL

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Water banking in Idaho

SOURCE:     p.248-252. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     water banks; water rights

COMMENTS:   The water banking process has undergone many changes in the last 
            60-plus years in Idaho. More modifications are necessary to make 
            these water banks more responsive to the needs of each basin.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     DeBuys,W

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Moving from diverse viewpoints to results

SOURCE:     p.255-260. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     bosque; riparian ecosystems; riparian management

COMMENTS:   The author describes the efforts of the Rio Grande Bosque 
            Conservation Committee to develop comprehensive management 
            strategies for the middle Rio Grande and bosque. Historically, the 
            public has demanded three components of river management: flood 
            control, drainage, and irrigation. The committee learned that the 
            middle Rio Grande had received more than 70 years of biological 
            management but that nearly all that management had been inadvertent
            and virtually all of it had had a negative effect on native 
            ecosystems. The river is managed by several agencies with 
            overlapping, conflicting, and frequently ambiguous jurisdictions. The
            management structure of the middle Rio Grande requires a greater 
            responsiveness to public concerns and inputs. The value of the 
            resource is clearly greater than the sum of its individual uses
            and benefits.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Starlund,S

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Public participation in the planning and management of rivers:
            Washington State Scenic River System

SOURCE:     p.261-272. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     planning; river management; social values

COMMENTS:   Often, public participation in river planning has had the appearance 
            of government planners seeking acceptance and approval of their 
            product. Acknowledging the value of involving the the river 
            community is critical. The integration of social and cultural 
            values/issues is not only important for planning but is also a 
            crucial means of securing long-term commitment for river conservation 
            action.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Silvey,HL

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Accomodating issues of scale. p.275. In: Riparian management:
            common threads and shared interests

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     hydrology; riparian management; stream channel restoration

COMMENTS:   The condition or integrity of the land area located adjacent to, or 
            upstream of a particular riparian area of concern becomes as equally 
            important to riparian health and welfare as does the condition of 
            the riparian area itself. Impact magnitude may have widely different 
            rankings in terms of scale but be of equal importance to individual 
            resource users.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Varela-Romero,A 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      The role of the Centro Ecologico de Sonora in the protection and 
            conservation of wetlands in Sonora

SOURCE:     p.276-282. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests.

TOPICS:     international relations; wetlands

COMMENTS:   The paper describes a collaboration between the CES and the Nature 
            Conservancy to protect and preserve natural resources in a region 
            across international boundaries. The program includes the study of 
            areas with significant biodiversity, economic, social, and scenic 
            interest and the development of substantive management strategies.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tremble,M 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      The Little Colorado River

SOURCE:     p.283-289. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     endangered species act; planning; riparian management; wetlands 
            conservation

COMMENTS:   Issues of scale have received increased attention from the scientific 
            community. In effective riparian management planning, organizational 
            and cultural perspectives must also be considered. The author 
            addresses differences between the Navajo world view and mainstream 
            Anglo world view and cites problems arising from those differences. 
            Managers need to address problems or goals by examining processes 
            that operate over many spatial and temporal scales.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Delmas,R; Swanson,S 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      The Modoc-Washoe Experimental Stewardship Process

SOURCE:     p.290-293. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     consensus; interested publics; planning; stewardship

COMMENTS:   The foundation for the success of this program has been its 
            willingness to incorporate all interested publics into the resource 
            management process. Consensus is a necessary component of this 
            process. "It is critical that land use goals and resource issues be 
            translated into realistic, measurable objectives from which 
            management action, monitoring, and evaluation parameters can be 
            derived".

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Konynenbelt,RD

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      A stream restoration project along the north Raven River

SOURCE:     p.294-304. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     beaver management; fishhabitat; stream restoration; trout fishery

COMMENTS:   The long range management goal for this river is to maintain a high 
            quality, naturally reproducing trout fishery for public benefit. 
            Fence maintenance, beaver management, and active liason with 
            participating landowners are important features of the program.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Krueger,WC

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Managing areas in mixed ownership

SOURCE:     p.307-310. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     coordinated resource management (crm); management units; planning; 
            private lands

COMMENTS:   Coordinated Resource Management (CRM), which originated in Oregon 
            in 1949, has proven to be an effective process to incorporate 
            various interests into operational plans. As time has passed, CRM 
            has been used to widen the scope of involved interests and include 
            a greater variety of interests. This process encourages discussion, 
            debate, and suggestions for solutions. Though most frequently used 
            to solve resource problems, it has also been effective in preventing
            problems from developing.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McDermid,R 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      A view of the lower Deschutes River planning process

SOURCE:     p.311-315. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     planning; river management

COMMENTS:   These certain factors encountered in the process were critical to 
            success:(1) embark on a well-defined mission, (2) all participants 
            must bring honesty and credibility into the process and maintain it 
            throughout, (3) continuity of personnel must be maintained, (4) in 
            a public process, the public matters, (5) do not rush important 
            decisions, and (6) a plan serves no purpose unless it is 
            successfully implemented.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wills,L

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      A grass roots perspective - Feather River coordinated resource
            management

SOURCE:     p.316-322. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     coordinated resource management (crm); ecosystem management; 
            planning

COMMENTS:   Current public focus has been on the cumulative overuse of resource 
            supplies perpetuated in and by the resource dependent communities. 
            Until the consumer takes some responsibility for one hundred years of 
            cumulative resource problems, the political "quick fix" solution will 
            continue to be reduced multiple use in areas valued by consumers as 
            playgrounds and intensified uses of less visible watersheds to 
            provide products for runaway consumer demand.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Chischilly,S

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      The San Juan River

SOURCE:     p.323-327. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     contaminants; cottonwood; dam constructionexotic species;
            flood control

COMMENTS:   The San Juan River, which previously flooded periodically, has been 
            dammed and flow controlled since 1962. Environmental consequences 
            after dam construction include: decrease of mean river temperature 
            below the dam, mean decrease in volume (CFS), cessation of great flood
            stages, and riverbed geomorphology alteration. Physical alterations 
            have caused dramatic changes in the biological components. Non-native 
            fish species have increased because of their adaptation to warmer 
            water temperatures and native species have declined. Without flood 
            stages, cottonwood recruitment does not occur and that species has 
            been replaced by tamarisk and Russian olive. Concentration of 
            contaminants in irrigation settling ponds and oil and gas exploration 
            sites is affecting the health of resident fish species. Further 
            alteration of the river could have accelerated detrimental impacts on 
            the associated ecosystem.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hansen,P

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Developing a successful riparian-wetland grazing management plan 
            for the upper Ruby River cattle and horse allotment in southwestern 
            Montana

SOURCE:     p.328-335. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     grazing management; livestock grazing; riparian-wetlands functions

COMMENTS:   Livestock grazing is a compatible use in riparian-wetland areas when 
            the functions of the riparian system (sediment filtering, streambank 
            building, water storage, aquifer recharge, energy dissipation during 
            storm events, etc.) are stable and not degrading. The potential of 
            the site and the needs of the riparian vegetation should guide the 
            development of the grazing management strategy.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rait,K

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      The Virgin River: an institutional nightmare of opportunity

SOURCE:     p.336-340. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Foresst Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     ecosystem management; natural resource conflicts; watershed
            management

COMMENTS:   Consumptive use interests and environmental advocates are polarized 
            regarding future applications of resources in the Virgin River 
            watershed in Utah, Arizona, and Nevada. Relegation of water 
            adjudication authority has been given to the states, however, US 
            Department of Interior has wide management authority in the Basin. 
            Presently, the decision-making authority is fragmented by the 
            disparate jurisdictions of Interior agencies. Integrated and 
            coordinated watershed management by Interior agencies could make the 
            Virgin Basin a pilot project for the Ecosystem Management initiative.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wallis,C

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Keeping the Oldman River rolling along - the courts as a tool for 
            riparian habitat protection

SOURCE:     p.341-346. In: Riparian management:common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     dam construction; legal actions; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   In 1987, the federal and provincial governments of A;berta, Canada 
            issued licences to construct the Oldman River Dam. Friends of the 
            Oldman River (FOR) was formed to initiate legal action alleging that 
            Alberta did not follow proper procedures in issuing the construction 
            licence. At the time this paper was given, construction had been 
            completed but the reservoir had not been filled. 90 percent of the 
            predicted environmental impacts from dam operations had not occurred.
            It is still possible that legal actions by FOR might block flooding 
            of the reservoir area.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wallin,P

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Management of rivers with special designations

SOURCE:     p.349-351. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     river management; special designations; watershed restoration

COMMENTS:   The author predicts that we will see a new kind of designation for 
            rivers that will address the health of the whole watershed, 
            including the economic health of its human community. The concept 
            will endorse river conservation of all rivers, no matter how 
            ordinary, not just the "crown jewel" rivers. The new designation 
            will bring all the players into the game, federal, state, and
            private. It will give local government and business and agriculture 
            some real incentives for buying into watershed protection. It will 
            also give a central role to citizen organizations in working on
            watershed restoration.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Graham,WG

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      The Idaho protected rivers program

SOURCE:     P.352-355. In: Riparian mangement: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     planning; protected rivers; river basins; wild and scenic rivers

COMMENTS:   At the time of this paper, 960 miles of Idaho rivers were protected 
            under the state program, in addition to the 550 miles protected under 
            the federal Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. Comprehensive state water 
            plans had been completed for four river basins and one river reach.
            Three other plans were in preparatory stages of the planning process. 
            The first coordinated planning effort was underway in the South Fork 
            of the Snake River, involving the Bureau of Land Management. US Forest 
            Service, and Idaho Water Resource Board. Recommended actions could
            include a mix of state and federal protection mechanisms.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Studenmund,RG 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      The Nature Conservancy's Sweetwater River project

SOURCE:     p.356-358. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     biological diversity; partnerships; river conservation	

COMMENTS:   The Nature Conservancy has realized that the protection of biological 
            diversity will be achieved most effectively through the conservation 
            of whole ecosystems. Given the geographic scale of most ecosystems, 
            TNC will not be able to protect diversity through land acquisitions
            alone. Partnerships with both public and private sectors provides a 
            more comprehensive and affordable approach. The Sweetwater River 
            Project can become the kind of model that epitomizes that 
            collaborative concept.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Allred,MD 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Little Bear River hydologic unit area

SOURCE:     p.359-363. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Techical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     hydologic unit area; planning; riparian management; water quality

COMMENTS:   The Little Bear River Watershed consists of nearly 200,000 acres in 
            northern Utah, of which 88 percent is privately owned. Since 1990, 
            the USDA Soil Conservation Service has undertaken planning and 
            implementation for the Hydrologic Unit Area. The establishment of
            strong linkages between agencies has been critical to the 
            implementation of water quality and
            riparian management applications.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cameron,FW

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

SOURCE:     p.364-368. In: Riparian Management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     grazing management; livestock grazing; riparian restoration;
            wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   The land use pattern of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge has been 
            dominated by livestock grazing for 140 years. Currently, grazing 
            is still allowed but only in circumstances that benefit wildlife 
            objectives. Consequently, there has been a transition in which 
            100,000 AUM's were reduced on the Refuge and only 15 percent of 
            the available habitat is presently utilized by livestock. Other 
            changes include the current encouragement of willow regrowth when 
            previously they were considered counterproductive. Such changes 
            in management direction require the involvement and participation 
            of all affected interests.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Yuncevich,GM

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      The San Pedro National Conservation Area

SOURCE:     p.369-372. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     national conservation area; riparian management; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   The San Pedro Riparian NCA was created by passage of the Arizona-
            Idaho Conservation Act in 1988. The NCA was established to conserve, 
            protect, and enhance the riparian area and the aquatic, wildlife, 
            archaeological, paleontological, scientific, cultural, educational, 
            and recreational resources of the public lands surrounding the San 
            Pedro River.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wissmar,R; Halbert,C; Chu,J; Doyle,J

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Skagit wild and scenic river: management status and issues

SOURCE:     p.373-388. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     fragmented land patterns; river management; wild and scenic rivers

COMMENTS:   US Forest Service has the authority to administer federal lands 
            within the Skagit WSR but no management authority or enforcement 
            capability over state and private lands within the corridor. Funding 
            for management has been sparse and has originated primarily from the
            recreation program. Other funding has been delayed. These factors 
            have combined to seriously compromise the USFS desired management 
            objectives for protecting and enhancing the values that caused the 
            Skagit River to be added to the National Wild & Scenic River system. 
            Problems are exacerbated by the complications of 26 separate agencies 
            or entities having management responsibilities within the corridor.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Caffrey,J; Rivers,J 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      The Bluewater Creek story - rebuilding a land ethic

SOURCE:     p.391-394. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     land stewardship; reforestation; watershed restoration

COMMENTS:   The Bluewater Creek watershed in the Zuni Mountains of NW New Mexico 
            has a long history of man-caused exploitation and land abuse. A 
            rehabilitation program, beginning in 1986, utilized funding for 
            reforestation, watershed structures, and recreation improvements to 
            promote multi-resource management of the area. Large numbers of 
            volunteers, partners, and cooperators contributed to the variety and 
            success of the completed project. This project was remarkable for
            two primary reasons: short-term resource recovery and public 
            involvement.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Prange,R 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Duck Creek riparian habitat restoration project, Henry's Lake, Idaho

SOURCE:     p.395-396. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared values. 
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     riparian habitat; riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   This project demonstrated that the traditional barriers between 
            ranchers and fishery interests could be overcome for common gain. A 
            modest project was initially undertaken with one rancher/cooperator. 
            The success of that first project proved contagious and caused other 
            ranchers to become voluntarily involved.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thornburg,T

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Verde River corridor project

SOURCE:     p.397-401. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     riparian management; river management

COMMENTS:   The Verde Watershed Association was established on January 19, 1993 
            at a conference in Prescott, AZ. Arizona State Parks staff were 
            involved as facilitators only. The association is the result of local 
            individuals and groups, not state or federal agencies, and is a 
            consensus-based organization. It will oversee the development of a 
            coordinated river corridor management strategy.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bartuska,A 

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      A river ran through it

SOURCE:     p.405-407. In: Riparian management: common threads and shared 
            interests. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-226.

TOPICS:     riparian management

COMMENTS:   This presentation offered highlights and concluding remarks for 
            the symposium. Selected comments, statements, and remarks are 
            reiterated in a summation of preceding events.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Shaw,DW; Finch,DM (Eds.)

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian ecosystems: 
            bringing interests and concerns together

SOURCE:     Vol. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. USDA Forest Service, 
            Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, 
            CO. 359 p. pages.

TOPICS:     desired future conditions; habitat restoration; riparian ecosystems

COMMENTS:   C

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Whitney,JC 

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      The Middle Rio Grande: Its ecology and management

SOURCE:     p.4-21. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringinginterests and concerns together.

TOPICS:     anthropogenic factors; bosque; gallery forest; geology; hydrology; 
            riparian habitat; river morphology

COMMENTS:   The Middle Rio Grande (MRG) riparian forest, or "bosque", represents 
            the the largest cottonwood gallery riparian forest in the Southwestern 
            United States. This reach of the Rio Grande extends from Cochiti Dam 
            downstream 260 km to San Marcial, NM. It constitutes 8 percent of the 
            river's total length and 34 percen of it's length in New Mexico. The 
            valley traverses three major biotic communities and it's reach can be 
            subdivided into 4 reaches which coincide roughly with the four 
            geologic basins along this portion of the Rio Grande Rift. This system 
            has been affected by man's activities throughout prehistoric and 
            modern eras. The Rio Grande is regulated for water supply and flood 
            control. The effects of this interaction have contributed to the 
            character of the riparian ecosystem in its current expression. This 
            paper discusses the climate, geology, hydrology, river morphology, and 
            anthropogenic factors that have contributed to past and current 
            expressions of the MRG riparian habitat.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tainter,JA; Tainter,BB

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Riverine settlement in the evolution of prehistoric land-use
            systems in the Middle Rio Grande Valley, NM

SOURCE:     p.22-32. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: bringing interests and concerns together.

TOPICS:     human influences; land-use patterns; prehistoric disturbance;
            riverine settlement

COMMENTS:   Ecosystem management should be based on the fullest possible 
            knowledge of ecological structures and processes. In prehistoric 
            North America, the involvement of Indian populations in ecosystem 
            processes ranged from inadvertant alteration of the distribution and 
            abundance of species to large-scale management of landscapes. The 
            knowledge needed to manage ecosystems today is incomplete without 
            understanding past human involvement in ecological processes and the 
            adjustments of ecosystems to human components. Land-use processes 
            suggest that there were periods of significant prehistoric 
            disturbance to both upland and valley ecosystems.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wozniak,FE

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Human impacts on riparian ecosystems of the Middle Rio Grande
            Valley during historic times

SOURCE:     p.33-43. In:Desired future condition for Southwestern riparian
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     agriculture; human influences; riparian ecosystems

COMMENTS:   The development of irrigation agriculture in historic times has 
            profoundly impacted riparian ecosystems in the Middle Rio Grande 
            Valley of NM. A vital relationship has existed between water 
            resources and settlement in the semi-arid Southwest since 
            prehistoric times. Levels of technology have influenced human 
            generated changes in the riparian ecosystems of the MRG Valley.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Durkin,P; Muldavin,E; Bradley,M; Carr,S 

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      A preliminary riparian/wetland vegetation community classification 
            of the Upper and Middle Rio Grande watersheds in New Mexico

SOURCE:     p.44-57. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     community classification; resource inventory; resource mapping; 
            vegetation communities

COMMENTS:   The riparian/wetland vegetation communities of the upper and middle 
            Rio Grande watersheds in New Mexico were surveyed in 1992 through 
            1994. The communities are heirarchically classified in terms of 
            species composition and vegetation structure. The resulting community 
            types are related to soil conditions, hydrological regime, and 
            temporal dynamics. The classification is part of a comprehensive 
            effort to develop a systematic understanding across the state of 
            riparian/wetland communities and how they are influenced by specific 
            hydrologic, edaphic and climatic environments. An overview of the 
            classification is presented with an emphasis on the middle Rio Grande 
            watershed. The floristic composition, structure, environmental 
            relationships, and successional trends of example communities are 
            briefly described.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Mount,J; Krausman,W; Finch,DM

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Riparian habitat change along the Isleta-Belen reach of the Rio Grande

SOURCE:     p.58-61. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     riparian habitat; riparian inventory; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   The paper provides a summary of vegetation changes over an 11-year 
            period (1984-1995) in the middle reach of the Rio Grande. Hink and 
            Ohmart (1984) surveyed and mapped riparian vegetation along the middle 
            Rio Grande as part of an extensive biological inventory conducted for
            the Army Corps of Engineers. The Isleta-Belen reach was field-assessed 
            and remapped in 1995 to determine whether vegetation classes had 
            changed substantially since the original survey. Over the past 11 
            years, the Rio Grande bosque vegetation has changed, and an assessment 
            of structural types documents this aging process. In addition, the 
            exotic woody species salt cedar and Russian olive have increased in 
            cover, appearing as understories in Rio Grande cottonwood galleries 
            and as independent vegetational communities. In some cases, these 
            introduced species have replaced other vegetation such as the coyote 
            willow. There was evidence of 31 fire events that altered vegetation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Leal,DA; Meyer,RA; Thompson,BC

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Avian community composition and habitat importance in the Rio Grande 
            corridor of New Mexico

SOURCE:     p.62-68. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     avian species; rio grande corridor; riparian habitat; species
            richness; vegetation communities

COMMENTS:   Avian species abundance and richness were investigated within 
            vegetation communities of the Rio Grande Corridor during 1992-1993. 
            A subset of 64 transects, for which all bird and vegetation variables 
            were available, representing 16 composite community types, were 
            subjected to canonical correlation analysis to investigate relative 
            habitat importance. Generally, the higher ranking community types had 
            cottonwood and other native woody species as dominants and the lower 
            ranking communities were those types that are highly manipulated 
            and/or monotypic, such as mowed river edge, pecan orchards, and 
            relatively pure stands of salt cedar. Bird occurance and distribution 
            in the Rio Grande Corridor is not so neatly related to composition of 
            native vegetation as is sometimes characterized. Exotic plant species 
            such as salt cedar and Russian olive are utilized to varying degrees 
            by the existing avian community. Ranking of avian use by habitat 
            types may help direct restoration efforts towards situations where 
            more significant gains in avian use can be made.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Finch,DM

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Research and management of soil, plant, animal, and human resources
            in the Middle Rio Grande Basin

SOURCE:     p.69-76. In: Desired future condition for Southwestern riparian
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     riparian management; riparian research; sustainability

COMMENTS:   The Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station initiated a 
            research program in 1994 that is funded by an Ecosystem Management 
            grant from Forest Service Research. Its mission focuses on the 
            development and application of new knowledge to sustain ecological
            systems and human populations in the Middle Rio Grande Basin. 
            Research studies emphasize upland ecology and management, linkages 
            between watersheds and riparian zones, sensitive fish and wildlife 
            populations and species of concern, and past and present cultural 
            resources.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Yong,W; Finch,DM 

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Landbird species composition and relative abundance during migration 
            along the middle Rio Grande

SOURCE:     p.77-92. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     avian populations; avian studies; middle rio grande; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The authors report species composition and relative abundance of 
            stopover migrants during spring and fall migration along the middle 
            Rio Grande in 1994. They recorded 157 landbird species using 
            mist-netting and survey methods at sites on the Rio Grande, the 
            Bosque del Apache, and the Rio Grande Nature Center. A total of 6,509 
            birds was captured. Of 157 species, 47% were neotropical long-distance 
            migrants, 50% were short-distance migrants, and the remaining 3% were 
            residents or border migrants. Comparisons of relative abundance from 
            the 1994 field research to similar findings from studies conducted in 
            1981-83 and 1987-90 demonstrated that populations of many species have 
            remained relatively stable over approximately 6 or 12 year periods, 
            while some species have become common or rare.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Crawford,CS; Ellis,LM; Molles,MC; Valett,HM

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      The potential for implementing partial restoration of the Middle Rio 
            Grande ecosystem

SOURCE:     p.93-99. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     cottonwood; ecosystem restoration; middle rio grande; nutrient 
            cycling; riparian restoration; wetlands; willow

COMMENTS:   The Rio Grande currently inundates only a small portion of its 
            riparian forests during late spring runoff. Such flood events were 
            once responsible for the germination of cottonwoods and willows along 
            the river, for a mosaic of wetlands mixed with different aged stands 
            of forest, and for enhancement of decomposition and nutrient cycling. 
            River regualation in this century has decoupled the linkage between 
            the floodplain and the river and has led to senescence without
            replacement of the once dominant native cottonwoods in the Middle Rio 
            Grande (MRG) valley. The authors propose that partial restoration can 
            be accomplished by re-establishing a regime of seasonal wetting of 
            riparian soils at select sites, most likely in the MRG's southern 
            reach. Research at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge 
            suggests that this practice would 1) accelerate decomposition and 
            nutrient cycling within existing stands and 2) promote cottonwood-
            willow germination on banks and other cleared areas. It could also 
            expedite the creation of wetlands.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Potter,DU; Gorman,SM

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Spatial relationships among lightning, precipitation, and
            vegetative cover in watersheds of the Rio Puerco Basin: An 
            introduction

SOURCE:     p.113-127. In: Desired future condition for Southwestern riparian
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     annual precipitation; gis; spatial relationships; vegetation
            patterns; vegetative cover; watersheds

COMMENTS:   This paper explores the question "is there a relationship between 
            seasonal precipitation amounts and vegetative cover at a specific 
            site near Grants, NM?" Several hypotheses are investigated. One is
            that the organizing factor for vegetative response to precipitation 
            is the amount of summer precipitation from convective thunderstorms.
            The variable winter precipitation (high in El Nino years and low in
            La Nina years) does not provide a dependable amount of moisture,and 
            plant cover or basal areas are not well correlated with it. 
            Alternatively, winter or annual precipitation may be the organizing 
            factor for vegetation response. Otherwise, factors such as land use 
            activities, soil type, geological features, temperatures, etc., could 
            be the primary organizers of vegetation pattern within the study site.
            A geographic Information System (GIS/ARC/Info) vector data structure 
            will be used to organize, analyze and display the data. Final products
            will include GIS thematic maps of the study area that display 
            precipitation andvegetation data. The results of statistical and 
            spatial operations such as linear regressions,interpolations, and 
            kriging will be presented and discussed in subsequent publications.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     DeBano,LF; Ffolliott,PF; Brooks,KN

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Flow of water and sediments through Southwestern riparian systems

SOURCE:     p.128-134. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian
            ecosystems. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     erosion; hydrologic processes; riparian ecosystems; riparian
            vegetation; sedimentation; stream flow; watertable effects

COMMENTS:   The paper describes streamflow, sediment movement, and vegetative 
            interactions within riparian systems of the Southwestern United 
            States. Riparian systems are found in a wide range of vegetation 
            types, ranging from lower elevation desert environments to high 
            elevation conifer forests. The climatic, vegetative, and hydrologic
            processes operating in the southwestern environments provide a unique
            setting for discussing riparian ecosystem interactions with both 
            water and sediment. Most streamflow at lower elevations is inter-
            mittent, and riparian vegetation frequently occupies channels that 
            are dry at least part of the year. As a result,water table fluctuations
            in relation to streamflow and their subsequent effects on the establish-
            ment and maintenance of of healthy riparian vegetation are key pro-
            cesses. At higher elevations, streamflow from snowmelt and rainfall is
            sufficient to sustain perennial streamflow and thereby provides a 
            more consistent source of water for riparian vegetation. At all 
            elevations, precipitation fluctuates widely, with many high-intensity,
            localized, convection storms occurring during the summer. As a result 
            of this highly variable precipitation-runoff regime, erosion in the 
            southwestern United States is an unsteady or discontinuous process that
            transports sediments from source areas through a channel system with 
            intermittent periods of storage. This episodic transport process is
            characteristic of drylands in the southwestern United States where big 
            storms are the prime movers of sediment. Intermittent streamflow coupled
            with the discontinuous storage and subsequent movement of sediment 
            through channel systems in response to fire and other disturbances is 
            extremely complex, and can be difficult to interpret when assessing 
            responses of southwestern riparian systems to management.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sewards,MA; Valett,HM

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Effects of livestock grazing on nutrient retention in a headwater
            stream of the Rio Puerco Basin

SOURCE:     p.135-142. In: Desired future conditions of Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     benthic biomass; climatic cycles; hydrologic processes; livestock 
            grazing; nutrient loss; sedimentation

COMMENTS:   Sediment and nutrient loss from headwater streams of sedimentary 
            basins in the semi-arid Southwest have been attributed to both over-
            grazing by livestock and to climatic cycles that influence arroyo
            formation. Considerable effort has been directed toward the influence
            of livestock grazing on riparian species abundance and diversity, 
            Less work has concentrated on the influence of livestock on in-stream
            processes and communities. In contrast, considerable research has 
            described the importance of floods as ecological organizers of riparian
            and benthic communities in lotic ecosystems. The focus on this project
            was the interaction of flooding and livestock grazing on hydrologic and
            nutrient retention in a headwater stream of the Rio Puerco Basin, NM. 
            Authors propose that grazing decreases retention of water, nutrients, 
            and sediments by changing physical and biological features of the 
            stream that cause the system to be less resistant to natural floods and
            by decreasing recovery rates when floods do occur. This project repre-
            sents initial studies of differing nutrient and hydrologic environments
            created by cattle exclosures. Preliminary results indicate that benthic
            biomass and transient hydraulic storage are greater in reaches protected
            from cattle influences.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Neary,DG; Medina,AL

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Geomorphic response of a montane riparian habitat to interactions
            of ungulates, vegetation, and hydrology

SOURCE:     p.143-147. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     cattle grazing; elk grazing; geomorphic processes; grazing impacts; 
            riparian habitat; trampling

COMMENTS:   Wildcat Creek, a tributary of the Black River on the Apache-Sitgreaves
            National Forest is being studied to determine the impacts of cattle 
            and elk grazing on riparian wet measdows. An intensive survey of a 
            selected stream reach revealed a unique channel development involving 
            an aggradation/degradation process in a pool-riffle sequence of an E-6
            stream channel. Grazing and trampling impacts of elk and cattle were 
            found to affect the process in two ways: 1) overgrazing of stream banks
            resulted in exposure of the soil fabric and loss during high flows, 
            sloughing of banks, channel widening, and a reduction in the ability of
            plants to trap sediments; and 2) trampling at animal crossings initiated 
            a degradation of riffles by breaking down the armoring gravels which 
            are held in place by native aquatic plants of the genera Carex, Cyperus,
            Juncus, Glyceria, Scirpus, etc. The importance of the aggradation/de-
            gradation process is in the long-term maintainance of montane cienegas
            in a quasi-stable condition with fully functional processes.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Shaw,NL; Clary,WP

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Willow establishment in relation to cattle grazing on an eastern 
            Oregon stream

SOURCE:     p.148-153. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     cattle grazing; deer browsing; grazing effects; willow

COMMENTS:   Natural establishment and growth of coyote willow and whiplash willow
            were monitored from 1987 to 1993 on a low-elevation eastern Oregon 
            stream degraded by more than a century of heavy livestock grazing. 
            Treatments were no grazing, moderate spring grazing, moderate fall
            grazing, and continued, heavy, season-long grazing by cattle. Fresh 
            sediments deposited by a May 1987 flood provided moist, open seedbed
            conditions for willow recruitment from off-site seed sources. Initial
            establishment of coyote willow was limited, but density increased 
            through 1990 with some fluctuation thereafter. Over the 7-year period, 
            density was greatest in pastures grazed moderately in spring and least 
            in pastures grazed moderately in fall or heavily season-long. By 
            contrast, large numbers of whiplash willows established in 1987, but 
            densities declined through 1990 and remained stable thereafter. Den-
            sities were greater in ungrazed or moderately grazed pastures compared
            to those grazed season long. Height of both willow species generally 
            increased over time in all pastures and was greater in ungrazed or 
            moderately grazed pastures compared to those grazed season long. 
            Browsing by deer each summer substantially reduced willow growth in 
            all pastures, possibly masking treatment differences. Few willows have
            grown beyond browsing height to increase site stability and begin 
            providing on-site seed sources.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rodgers,TJ

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Insects of the riparian

SOURCE:     p.154-156. In: Desired future conditions of Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272. 
            
TOPICS:     insects; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   This paper describes life histories, defoliation problems, and other
            activities of insects associated with forest tree species growing 
            along high elevation streams and river banks. In addition, examples 
            of insects and diseases associated with lower elevation riparian areas
            are given.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Calamusso,B; Rinne,JN

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Distribution of the Rio Grande cutthroat trout and its co-occurrence
            with the Rio Grande sucker and Rio Grande chub on the Carson and 
            Santa Fe National Forests

SOURCE:     p.157-167. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     FISH MANAGEMENT; RIPARIAN HABITAT; TROUT DISTRIBUTION

COMMENTS:   Studies were initiated in June, 1994, by the USDA Forest Service to
            update knowledge on the distribution of the Rio Grande cutthroat 
            trout and it's co-occurrence with two native cypriniforms, Rio Grande
            sucker and the Rio Grande chub. Rio Grande cutthroat trout has been 
            reduced to 5-7% of its former range. The decline is continuing. 
            Remaining populations of pure RG cutthroat need to be protected and 
            management efforts to reintroduce the species into its former range 
            need to continue.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Chung-MacCoubrey,A

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Bat species using water sources in pinyon-juniper woodlands

SOURCE:     p.166-168. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     bat species; middle rio grande basin; water sources

COMMENTS:   There is much to be learned about the importance of bats in South-
            western ecosystems, their ecological requirements, and how habitats 
            should be managed to sustain these important species. The primary 
            objective of this study was to identify the bat species which use 
            pinyon-juniper habitats of the middle Rio Grande Basin. Ten PJ sites 
            with permanent water on the Cibola National Forest were mist netted 
            four times from May to September 1995. Sixteen bat species were 
            captured from the 10 sites. The number of sites a species was captured 
            at and frequency of capture varied according to species.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Livingston,MF; Schemnitz,SD

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Summer bird/vegetation associations in Tamarisk and native habitat 
            along the Pecos River, southeastern New Mexico

SOURCE:     p.171-180. In: Desired future conditions for southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     avian populations; bird abundance; pecos river; riparian habitat;
            tamarisk
            
COMMENTS:   The Pecos River lies in the short-grass prairie ecotype and lacked 
            a substantial woodland community prior to tamarisk invasion. Flood-
            plain grassland areas on the middle Pecos River were low in bird 
            abundance and species richness when compared to tamarisk habitat. 
            Those areas, however, were important to grassland birds including 
            Cassin's and Lark Sparrows, and Eastern and Western Meadowlarks. 
            Removing tamarisk from the Pecos River will provide those species
            with additional habitat. In contrast, they believe that the vegeta-
            tional structure provided by tamarisk benefits certain species. 
            Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Yellow-breasted Chat, and Rufous-sided Towhee 
            will lose essential habitat when tamarisk is removed. In order to 
            prevent populations declines for these species on the middle Pecos 
            River, the structure provided by tamarisk must be replaced. 
            Establishment of native cottonwood/willow groves should be 
            encouraged where conditions are favorable. Preferably, tamarisk 
            removal will proceed at a rate that will leave sufficient structure
            for populations to persist.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Periman,RD

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      The influence of prehistoric Anasazi cobble-mulch agricultural 
            features on northern Rio Grande landscapes

SOURCE:     p.181-188. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest
            Service. General Technical Report RM- GTR- 272.

TOPICS:     cobble-mulch agriculture; drainage basins; pueblo indians; runoff 
            patterns; water trapping

COMMENTS:   Research concerning ancient Pueblo Indian farming, specifically the 
            innovation of cobble-mulch gardens, suggests a manipulation of the 
            local environment on a landscape level that helped create existing 
            ecosystems. This agricultural technology, which consisted of a pro-
            tective layer of gravel covering the productive soil, trapped 
            seasonal runoff moisture in field areas, retained it, and guarded 
            against evaporation. These water trapping features are usually found 
            on terraces and slopes above riparian areas. The effect of this 
            lithic-mulch technology on available water, drainage patterns, and 
            general system dynamics is explored.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Raish,C

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Historic land use and grazing patterns in northern New Mexico

SOURCE:     p. 189-197. In: Desired future condition of Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     domesticated animals; ecosystem restoration; grazing; livestock 
            management; mixed farming; public lands

COMMENTS:   The entrance of the spanish into what is now New Mexico in the 1500s
            permanently altered aboriginal land use and subsistence patterns by 
            the introduction of domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, 
            sheep, goats, and pigs. During the Spanish Colonial and Mexican periods, 
            both the Puebloan groups and Hispanic settlers. practiced mixed farming 
            featuring small numbers oflivestock pastured in communal grazing areas. 
            After New Mexico became a United States Territory, large-scale ranching 
            ventures also developed in the area. The rapid rise in stock numbers 
            associated with the commercial ranching ventures, combined with 250 years 
            of grazing around the existing small communities, led to degradation of 
            land and water resources both in the uplands and in riparian areas. 
            Large-scale efforts to reduce livestock and restore degraded lands have 
            been undertaken by the federal government since the early 1900s. Yet 
            grazing on public lands remains a topic of controversy and debate, as 
            well as an important aspect of the lifeway of the small Hispanic com-
            munities of the region. If the traditional lifeways of these communities 
            are to survive, means must be found to balance the goals of ecosystem 
            restoration with the stock raising needs of the small villages.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Miller,RK; Enote,JE; Martinez,CL

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Tribal experiences and lessons learned in riparian ecosystem restoration

SOURCE:     p.198-202. In: Desired future condition of Southwestern riparian
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     cultural values; riparian ecosystems; riparian management;tribal lands

COMMENTS:   Riparian ecosystems have been part of the culture of land use of 
            native peoples in the Southwest United States for thousands of years. 
            The experiences of tribal riparian initiatives to incorporate modern 
            elements of environment and development with cultural needs are rela-
            tively few. This paper describes tribal case histories and examples 
            in riparian management which may advance discussions of cultural 
            values in resource management for rural and developing communities 
            such as those on tribal lands in the United States.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Potter,DA; Finch,DM

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Rio Grande Basin Consortium: Mission, goals, and activities

SOURCE:     p.203-207. In: Desired future condition of Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing shared interests and concerns together. USDA 
            Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     rio grande basin; riparian ecosystems

COMMENTS:   The Rio Grande Basin Consortium (RGBC) serves as a networking group 
            and clearinghouse for scientific information pertaining to the Rio 
            Grande Basin. Its membership consists of natural and social scientists 
            from New Mexico's three research universities, administrators, and 
            resource managers from federal, state, and local government agencies,
            members of community and advocacy groups, and private citizens. Members
            share an interest in better understanding the physical, ecological, 
            economic, social, and cultural dynamics of this drainage area. This 
            report briefly describes the history, mission, goals and objectives, 
            past and current projects and partnerships, and funding of the Consortium.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Barron,T

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Rio Grande Valley State Park maintenance, improvements, and developments 

SOURCE:     p.208-209. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     rio grande basin; riparian ecosystems; riparian habitat; riparian
            management

COMMENTS:   Managing the Rio Grande Valley State Park as a valued riparian-wetland 
            area is very important because it encourages conditions for vegetation 
            growth. This growth supports a riparian community consisting of various 
            insects, animals, birds, and fishes, as well as other wildlife. Human 
            activity in riparian areas has led to historic use patterns causing 
            erosion, relocation of animals and birds, and a loss of some valued 
            riparian ecosystems. Riparian areas on the urban edge present a unique 
            management challenge and opportunity. All area residents benefit from 
            a properly functioning riparian-wetland environment. Riparian area 
            managers must consider all concerns when balancing uses of riparian 
            habitat from preservation of archaeological and cultural resources to 
            riparian recovery, improvement, and development.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Becker,R

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      The citizen volunteer

SOURCE:     p.210-211. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     riparian habitat; riparian management; volunteers

COMMENTS:   Citizen organizations and their volunteers provide substantial re-
            sources to the land management agencies which include volunteer time, 
            effort, and funding. Through their assistance, habitat projects are 
            completed. Volunteers, likewise, benefit from the experience. A sense 
            of "stewardship" evolves from this process. The mutual benefits to 
            both agencies and voluteers are discussed in an effort to further 
            promote the recuitment and retention of volunteers.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Fleming,CM; Kunkle,SH; Flora,MD

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Riparian wetlands and visitor use management in Big Bend National 
            Park, Texas

SOURCE:     p.212-215. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     park management; recreational impacts; riparian habitat; riparian 
            management

COMMENTS:   Wetlands and riparian habitats constitute a small but nonetheless 
            vital component in the Chihuahuan Desert. Big Bend National Park 
            encompasses 801,000 acres, of which 27,000 acres is wetland. The 
            Park has riparian or wetland habitat distributed around 315 water 
            sources, some perennial streams, and along 118 miles of the Rio 
            Grande Corridor. These areas contain unique vegetation components, 
            which provide habitats for wildlife, including resident and migratory
            birds. The same habitats have become increasingly popular as over-
            night campsites for rafters and boaters on the Rio Grande, or serve 
            as water stops and destination points for backcountry hikers/campers. 
            The paper summarizes these impacts and appropriate park management 
            responses/actions.
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Randall,KE

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      The Arizona Riparian Area Advisory Coomittee: An experience in 
            defining desired conditions

SOURCE:     p.216-226. In: Desired future conditions in Southwestern riparian
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     desired future conditions; ecological integrity; riparian area
            protection; riparian management

COMMENTS:   Created in 1992 by the state legislature, the Riparian Area Advisory 
            Committee (RAAC) developed recommendations for protecting, main-
            taining, and restoring riparian areas in Arizona. These recommendations 
            were submitted to the Legislature and to the Governor after concluding a
            two-year period of discussion and study. The RAAC, consisting of 34 
            members broadly representative of federal and state agencies, tribal 
            government, counties, municipalities, major economic resource user 
            groups as well as environmental and recreational organizations, agreed 
            on a Conservation Goal and on the broad outline of a riparian protection 
            strategy that took a watershed approach. The adopted Goal was to sustain 
            and enhance Arizona's riparian areas by managing land, water, and re-
            source uses to protect ecological integrity and functionality.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Deardorff,D; Wadsorth,K

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Cooperative management of riparian forest habitats to maintain 
            biological quality and ecosystem integrity

SOURCE:     p.227-229. In: Desired future conditions of Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     ecological integrity; grazing impacts; neotropical birds; riparian 
            restoration

COMMENTS:   The New Mexico State Land Office has initiated a rare pllant survey 
            of state trust land, an inventory and assessment of riparian areas 
            on the trust land, and the development of a biological resources data 
            base and information management system. Some riparian sites that still 
            belong to the trust have been negatively impacted by livestock such 
            that biological quality and ecological integrity have been reduced. 
            Some sites on state trust land may have high potential for the develop-
            ment or restoration of riparian forests which could serve as essential 
            habitats for neotropical migratory birds. The NM State Land Office is 
            currently studying ways to manage trust land and restore riparian sites.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bonomo,T

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Public involvement and consensus building in the Verde River Watershed 
            in central Arizona

SOURCE:     p.230-236. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     consensus; river management; water issues; watershed

COMMENTS:   The Verde Watershed Association is the central point for consensus 
            building and public involvement in water issues in the Verde River 
            Watershed. The association is an outgrowth of efforts toward the 
            resolution of watershed issues without passing new laws, initiating 
            regulations, or entering the win-lose arena of litigation. The asso-
            ciation is premised on the idea that truly effective river management 
            and protection strategies cannot succeed without local consensus and
            support. The establishment of the Verde Watershed Association and 
            subsequent activities surrounding the association resulted in the 
            national organization American Rivers removing the Verde River from 
            its list of the 20 most endangered rivers in the United States.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Glass,S; Thullen,J; Sartoris,J; Roline,R

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Albuquerque constructed wetlands pilot project:Summary and status 
            of City of Albuquerque project, September 1995

SOURCE:     p.243-252. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     biochemical processes; effluents; rio grande corridor; wastewater; 
            water quality

COMMENTS:   After imposition of stricter water quality standards, it became 
            necessary to pursue methods to enhance the purity of treated 
            municipal wastewater effluent produced at the Southside Water 
            Reclamation Plant (SWRP). Design has begun for additional facilities 
            to support biochemical processes that effectively reduce nitrogen 
            during wastewater treatment. The present permit contains potential 
            limitations for substances including arsenic, silver, aluminum, and 
            cyanide. The permit also requires that water quality evaluations be 
            completed within three years to provide a foundation for future 
            decisions about the river.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Vincent,D

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Riparian restoration of Senorito Canyon, a tributary of the Rio Puerco

SOURCE:     p.253-257. In: Desired future conditions of Southwestern riparian eco-
            systems: Bringing together interests and concerns. USDA Forest Service. 
            General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     cottonwood; grazing impacts; livestock effects; riparian restoration; 
            willow

COMMENTS:   Senorito Canyon, a non-functional, degraded tributary stream of the 
            Rio Puerco in New Mexico, has begun to respond to management strat-
            egies by the Bureau of Land Management. Restoration of the riparian 
            ecosystem has been accomplished prinscipally through livestock grazing 
            management and planting and reestablishment of the native cottonwood/
            willow communities.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Zeedyk,B; Romero,B; Albert,SK

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Using simple structures for flow dispersion in wet meadow restoration

SOURCE:     p.258-259. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.
            
TOPICS:     erosion control; meadow restoration

COMMENTS:   Historically, wet meadow restoration projects have relied on heavy 
            earth moving equipment to harden nick points and install gully plugs 
            or terraces to trap and detain sediments The authors experimented 
            with a variety of simple hand-built structures fashioned of logs, 
            rocks, geotextile fabrics and/or sandbags designed to disperse runoff, 
            rewet surface and subsurface soils and stimulate the growth of wetland 
            dependent vegetation adapted to erosion control and sediment detention. 
            Workers were utilized from a variey of labor pools.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Barron,T

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Restoration guidelines for riparian areas using dormant stock "pole"
            cuttings

SOURCE:     p.260-261. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.
            
TOPICS:     rio grande corridor; riparian restoration; shrubs

COMMENTS:   The Open Space Division manages seven thousand acres of riparian 
            areas comprising the Rio Grande Valley State Park. In 1988, Open 
            Space began experimenting with dormant stock cuttings. This paper 
            suggests methods and procedures for establishing dormant stock 
            cuttings, referred to as "poles".

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hughes,D

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Restoring native riparian vegetation

SOURCE:     p.262-264. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     pecos river; riparian restoration; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   In the lower Pecos Basin, an unusual coalition of conservationists, 
            agriculture producers, business owners, and state agencies have 
            joined together to save what is left of the once naturally diverse 
            Pecos River ecosystem. This organization is going to show a state-
            of-the-art, economical,effective, efficient, and environmentally 
            safe method to control salt cedar and reestablish native riparian 
            vegetation. The objectives of the project were to realize native 
            wetlands and wildlife habitat improvement through salt cedar 
            management and to monitor possible hydrologic effects.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Barron,T

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Mitigatiion in riparian areas: Questions, concerns, and recommendations

SOURCE:     p.265-266. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     rio grande corridor; riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   The management of seven thousand acres in the Rio Grande Valley State 
            Park presents a unique management challenge and opportunity. The 
            influence of permanent water or water flows produces visible vegeta-
            tion and vegetative characteristics on the affected land. Management
            practices are designed to avoid adverse and negative impacts. 
            Mitigation measures such as creating wetlands and land donations are 
            encouraged.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schweitzer,SH; Finch,DM; Leslie,Jr,DM

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Reducing impacts of brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds on 
            riparian-nesting migratory songbirds

SOURCE:     p.267-276. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     avian species; brood parasitism; neotropical birds; riparian
            habitat; riparian restoration; songbird populations
            
COMMENTS:   Riparian habitats throughout the Southwest have been altered directly 
            and indirectly by human activities. Many migrant songbird species 
            specific to riparian communities during the breeding season are 
            experiencing population declines. Conversely, the Brown-headed Cowbird
            benefits from fragmentation of habitat and livestock grazing in and 
            near riparian habitat. Brood parasitism by cowbirds may accelerate the 
            process of local extirpation of small, remnant populations of migratory 
            songbirds. Cowbird trapping programs have successfully reduced brood 
            parasitism of the Least Bell's Vireo and Southwestern Willow Flycatcher 
            in riparian habitats of California. This removal technique has not been 
            used commonly in riparian habitats of other states but may be beneficial 
            if a significant problem is identified. Preliminary surveys should be
            conducted to determine abundance and distribution of cowbirds, and nests 
            of potential hosts should be monitored to assess rates of parasitism. It 
            is not likely that remnant populations of migratory songbirds can sus-
            tain parasitism rates of more than 30 percent. Trapping, habitat 
            restoration, and research suggestions are presented.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Chambers,SM

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      The riparian species recovery plan: A status report

SOURCE:     p.277-280. In: Desaired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.
            
TOPICS:     collaboration; riparian restoration; species recovery

COMMENTS:   Several state and federal agencies in Arizona and New Mexico are 
            collaborating on the development of a strategy for the restoration 
            of riparian systems. The strategy that is taking shape is a 
            package of formats, methods, and information that can guide local 
            groups indeveloping/implementing riparian restoration plans. The 
            major elements of the preliminary strategy are described.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Krueper,DJ

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Effects of livestock management on Southwestern riparian ecosystems

SOURCE:     p.281-301. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     avian species; grazing impacts; land management practices;livestock 
            effects; riparian habitat; wildlife populations

COMMENTS:   Riparian habitats historically constituted 1% of the land mass in 
            western North America. Within the past 100 years, an estimated 95% 
            of this habitat has been altered, degraded or destroyed due to a 
            wide variety of land use practices such as river channelization, 
            clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, water impoundments, 
            and urbanization. Many authors now concur that the single most 
            important land management practice impacting western riparian eco-
            systems has been unmanaged domestic livestock grazing. Over 70% of 
            the western United States is currently being grazed by livestock in 
            habitats ranging from sea level to alpine meadows. Unwise grazing 
            practices have been shown to negatively affect Southwestern riparian 
            vegetation composition, ecosystem function, and ecosystem structure. 
            This has resulted in negative impacts on native wildlife populations 
            including insects, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals. 
            Negative impacts due largely from over a century of heavy domestic 
            livestock utilization in riparian has resulted in the decline of many 
            wildlife populations. Studies have shown that up to 70% of avian 
            species in the desert Southwest depend upon riparian habitat for 
            survival at some stage of their life. Over forty percent of Arizona's 
            state-listed bird species are considered to be riparian obligate 
            species. Ninety percent of Arizona's native fish species are now 
            extinct, extirpated, or Federally or state listed. Many other verte-
            brate species have declined in recent years due to alteration of 
            riparian habitats, and may soon be considered for Federal listing. 
            To prevent future listings and to reverse population declines of 
            sensitive wildlife species, land management  agencies need to imple-
            ment appropriate practices within riparian ecosystems.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Medina,AL; Baker,Jr,MB; Neary,DG

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Desirable functional processes: A conceptual approach for evaluating 
            ecological condition

SOURCE:     p.302-311. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     desired future conditions; ecological condition; planning; systems

COMMENTS:   Determining what "desired future condition" actually means has been 
            viewed as a moving target approach for developing ecosystem manage-
            ment plans. The difficulty arises from trying to define what the 
            desired conditions are for any given site. In addition, definitions 
            may be plagued with inconsistancies, contention and argument, in-
            determinate time frames, and less than the best knowledge available. 
            Herein, we propose a conceptual approach called "Desirable Functional
            Processes", or DFP, for evaluating the ecological condition of an 
            ecosystem or parts therof. It is founded on the premise that eco-
            systems and their components display varied degrees of functionality. 
            It is based on the degree to which one can observe the interaction of 
            ongoing processes involving the vegetaion, soils, and hydrological 
            components that determine the functionality of a system. Hence, an 
            ecosystem or its components are considered functional if the processes 
            observed are those that move the system to a higher state of dynamic 
            equilibrium, as opposed to a state that is dysfunctional and demon-
            strates a trend toward system degadation. The identificaion of pro-
            cesses and their functional status requires a multidisciplinary 
            approach, wherein most elements of the environment are examined to 
            determine functioning condition. Examples using a watershed approach 
            are used to illustrate the concept the concept and its framework. As 
            a concept, it recognizes the public's needs in the decision-making 
            process, and as such provides a mechanism by which the resource 
            managers can communicate environmental concerns in a non-argumentative 
            manner.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ohmart,RD

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Ecological condition of the East Fork of the Gila River and selected
            tributaries: Gila National Forest, New Mexico

SOURCE:     p.312-317. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     ecological condition; fluvial systems; grazing impacts; proper
            functioning condition; riparian habitat; wilderness; wildlife values
            
COMMENTS:   Ecological condition of riparian habitats along the East Fork of the 
            Gila River, Main Diamond Creek, lower South Diamond Creek, and Black 
            Canyon Creek are all in very heavily degraded condition. Channel cross 
            sections show extensive entrenchment, high width-to-depth ratios, and 
            numerous reaches where banks are sloughing into the stream, especially 
            on the East Fork of the Gila River. Species of floodplain vegetation 
            typifies degraded channel conditions. Absence of woody species dis-
            allows bank stabilization except where entrenched to large cobble. 
            Data from channel cross-sections and vegetation sampling validate these 
            conditions. Numerous anthropogenic factors have been involved in the 
            degradation of these riparian streams to their current condition, but 
            the major degrading force has been unmanaged domestic livestock grazing 
            either season-long or year long. Potential to recover these fluvial 
            systems to proper functioning condition is high with management inter-
            vention. Stream gradients are moderate to low and sediment loads 
            sufficient for bank formation. All stream reaches are in wilderness 
            areas. Wildlife values of these habitats are presently very low because 
            of the heavily degraded stream channel, poor herbaceous ground cover, 
            and the virtual absence of understory and canopy foliage layers. His-
            torically, these were habitats for the endangered Gila trout and south-
            western willow flycatcher.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sims,B; Piatt,J; Johnson,L; Purchase,C; Phillips,J

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Channel bed particle size distribution procedure used to evaluate 
            watershed cumulative effects for range permit re-issuance on the 
            Santa Fe National Forest

SOURCE:     p.318-326. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing intersts and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; particle size; watershed

COMMENTS:   Personnel on the Santa Fe National Forest used methodologies adapted 
            from Bevenger and Kin (1995) to collect baseline particle size data 
            on streams within grazing allotments currently scheduled for permit 
            re-issuance. This information was used to determine the relative 
            current health of the watersheds as well as being used in the de-
            velopment of potential alternatives to current grazing practices, 
            where deemed necessary.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Christman,C; Shaw,DW; Spann,CL; Luehring,P

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      GIS applications in riparian management

SOURCE:     p.327-328. In: Desire future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     gis; riparian habitat; watersheds

COMMENTS:   GIS was used to prioritize watersheds for treatment needs across the 
            USDA Forest Service Southwestern Region. Factors in this analysis 
            included soil condition, riparian habitat, population centers and 
            mining sites.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Medina,AL

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Native acquatic plants and ecological conditions of southwestern
            wetlands and riparian areas

SOURCE:     p.329-335. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian
            ecosystems: Bringing interests aned concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.
            
TOPICS:     acquatic plants; ecological condition; key species; riparian 
            habitat; wetlands
            
COMMENTS:   The determination of the ecological condition of wetland and riparian 
            habitats has been the focus of research by many scientists, because 
            of the importance to understand the processes and related functions 
            of these systems. Research on montane woodland and riparian systems has
            shown the relative importance of native acquatic plants in maintaining 
            these systems in a functional condition. The presence or absence of key 
            species is used as an indicator of the ecological condition, and de-
            sired ecological condition of wetlands and riparian habitat can be 
            expressed in terms of the species composition and abundance of native 
            acquatic plants.  This type of information is needed by resource 
            managers in defining the endpoint of their management actions. Infor-
            mation is presented on the functional role of these species in sus-
            taining the biological and physical integrity of these habitats.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rinne,JN

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Desired future condition: Fish habitat in southwestern riparian-stream
            habitats
            
SOURCE:     p.336-345. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.
            
TOPICS:     desired future conditions; fishhabitat; native fishes; riparian
            habitat

COMMENTS:   Riparian ecosystems in the Southwestern United States provide valuable 
            habitats for many living organisms including native fishes. An 
            analysis of habitat components important to native fishes was made 
            based on the literature, case histories, and unpublished and observa-
            tional data. Results suggest a natural, surface water hydrograph and 
            lack of introduced species of fishes being the two most critical 
            habitat components delimiting sustainability of native fishes in the
            Southwest. Vegetation, channel characteristics and instream hydrological 
            features (i.e. depth, velocity, and substrate) are important in dis-
            tribution and sustainability of native fishes but secondary to the first 
            two and are more important or relevant as management activities affect
            them. Desired future condition for native southwestern fishes ultimately 
            depends on proper or desirable functioning of riparian ecosystems.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Breeding,NA

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Management plan for the Rio Cebolla watershed, Sandoval County and 
            Rio Arriba County, New Mexico

SOURCE:     p.346-350. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; riparian habitat; water quality; watershed

COMMENTS:   The upper 16.8 miles of the Rio Cebolla watershed were studied to 
            identify water-related management concerns. Land ownership is 
            divided between private, state, and federal. Recreation is the pre-
            dominant activity, particularly fishing and camping. Other major 
            land users are residents of the Seven Springs Community, cattle 
            grazers, and fish hatchery employees. In 1994-95, a program to 
            reintroduce now vanished Rio Grande cutthroat trout into the less 
            accessible reaches of the river was undertaken. Water quality problems 
            include eutrophication of Fenton Lake reservoir, riparian damage, and 
            heavy sediment in the river. As a result, fish productivity is low,
            fishing is poor, and scenic enjoyment is spoiled. A watershed man-
            agement plan is proposed to remedy these problems. Implementation of 
            the plan is cost-effective, as the benefit/cost ratio equals 2.5. 
            Benefits are derived from the value of an angler day.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Pettit,PL

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Discussion of future cooperative actions and closing remarks

SOURCE:     p.351-353. In: Desired future conditions for Southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-GTR-272.
            
TOPICS:     cooperative actions; symposium summary

COMMENTS:   A discussion of brainstorming sessions and written feedback forms 
            received at the conclusion of the symposium. Sponsers of the 
            symposium will work as a coalition to implement the the most 
            promising and effective ideas and comments.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Steiner,F; Pieart,S; Cook,E; Rich,J; Coltman,V

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      State wetlands and riparian area protection programs

SOURCE:     Environmental Management 18(2), 183-201.

TOPICS:     clean water act; riparian habitat; water quality; wetlands

COMMENTS:   The protection of wetlands and riparian areas has emerged as an 
            important environmental planning issue. In the United States, 
            several federal and state laws have been enacted to protect 
            wetlands and riparian areas. Specifically, the federal Clean Water 
            Act includes protection requirementsin Sections 301 and 303 for 
            state water quality standards, Section 401 for state certification 
            of federal actions (projects, permits, and licences), and Section 
            404 for dredge and fill permits. The Section 401 water quality 
            state certification element has been called the "sleeping giant" 
            of wetlands protection because it empowers state officials to veto 
            or condition federally permitted or licenced activities that do not 
            comply with state water quality standards. State officials have used 
            this power infrequently. Several states have put inplace model 
            programs. Consequently, there are many examples to follow for other 
            states.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Crandall,KB; Colby,BG; Rait,KA

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Valuing riparian areas: A southwestern case study

SOURCE:     Rivers 3(2), 88-98.

TOPICS:     economic benefits; economic impacts; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Instream flows typically have been neglected in the competitive 
            distribution of water in the West, because many of the benefits 
            they provide have public goods characteristics and tend not to be 
            legally recognized as beneficial uses of water. Economists have 
            developed several techniques to value amenity resources, including 
            the Travel Cost  Method, the Contingent Valuation Method, and 
            local economic impact analyses. This paper provides a brief review 
            of these techniques and their application to sites with instream 
            flows and riparian ecosystems. It provides economic data to 
            facilitate more informed decisions regarding protection of stream-
            flows, land use alternatives, and riparian habitat preservation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Nelson,SM; Anderson,DC

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      An assessment of riparian environmental quality by using butterflies 
            and disturbance susceptibility scores

SOURCE:     The Southwestern Naturalist 39(2),137-142.

TOPICS:     butterflies; revegetation; riparian quality; riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   The butterfly community at a revegetated riparian site on the lower 
            Colorado River near Parker, AZ, was cimpared to that found in a 
            reference riparian site. Data indicated that the herbaceous plant 
            community, which was lacking at the revegetated site, was important 
            to several butterfly taxa. An index using butterfly sensitivity to 
            habitat change (species classified into risk groups) and number of 
            taxa was developed to monitor revegetation projects and to determine
            restoration effectiveness.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Taylor,GB; Barnes,JA; Van Lear,DH

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Impacts of beavers (Castor canadensis carolinensis) on riparian 
            ecosystems, water quality, and trout habitat in the Chauga River
            drainage

SOURCE:     P.534-535. In: Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters 
            National Convention; Indianapolis, IN; November 7-10, 1993.

TOPICS:     beaver; riparian habitat; trout habitat; water quality

COMMENTS:   The Chauga River is located in the extreme northwestern corner of 
            South Carolina, and represents the lower end of Southern Appalachian 
            trout habitat. Beaver have impacted, to varying degrees, 60% of 62 
            inventoried streams in the Chauga River drainage. A study was 
            conducted to determine the effects of beaver on riparian ecosystems, 
            water quality, and trout habitat. Beaver, through their herbivory 
            and dam building, have significantly altered riparian forests and 
            acquatic ecosystems to the detriment of trout habitat within the 
            Chauga drainage.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Berg,DR

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Riparian silvicultural system design and assessment in the Pacific
            Northwest Cascade Mountains, U.S.A

SOURCE:     Ecological Applications 5(1), 87-96.

TOPICS:     economic benefits; riparian habitat; silviculture

COMMENTS:   Active management of riparian zones can be economically an well as 
            ecologically beneficial. Restoration of riparian forests is simulated 
            with forest growth models. Logs were generated using the model to be 
            of sufficient size to resist annual floods in salmon habitat streams 
            on the west side of the Pacific Northwest Cascade Mountains. The 
            economic feasibility is reported at real interest rates. Economic 
            viability depends on initial volume removed, costs of regeneration and
            monitoring, volume of thinnings, and interest rate. Harvest operations 
            allow for the restoration of forest structure and composition that is 
            beneficial for salmonid habitat in areas where the primary forest has 
            been replaced with early seral hardwood species and fiercely competitive 
            shrubs. This silvicultural system restores natural functions of riparian 
            forests of watersheds in the Pacific Northwest.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sheley,RL; Mullin,BH; Fay,PK

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Managing riparian weeds

SOURCE:     Rangelands 17(5), 154-157.

TOPICS:     riparian habitat; riparian weeds; weed control

COMMENTS:   Riparian areas should be protected from invasion by noxious weeds 
            because of the extreme natural values of these sites. Invasive weed 
            species, such as purple loosestrife, can be hyper-competitive in a 
            riparian setting, crowding out native species. Studies have shown 
            that weeds often do not stabilze soils as well as native vegetation, 
            which can lead to soil erosion and degradation of the stream channel. 
            Managing weeds in riparian zones is difficult and requires an 
            integrated, well-planned, and coordinated strategy based on the way 
            an area is used. Riparian weed management includes the integration 
            of control methods to prevent weed intrductions, detection and 
            eradication of existing infestations, the proper management of 
            livestock, and revegetation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dellapenna,JW

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      The regulated riparian version of the ASCE model ware code: The 
            third way to allocate water

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin (American Water Resources Association)
            30(2), 197-204.

TOPICS:     riparian rights; water permits; water rights

COMMENTS:   Lawyers, engineers, and hydrologists are accustomed to thinking of 
            water law as falling into one of two incompatible models: riparian 
            rights (under which water is allocated by courts according to the 
            relative reasonableness  of the competing uses) and appropriative 
            rights (under which water is allocated according to the temporal 
            priority of the competing uses, largely by the action of the water 
            users themselves but perfected by the issuance of an administrative 
            permit). Usually unnoticed is the existance of a third approach, 
            called "regulated riparianism". Under this concept, water is 
            allocated by water permits issued after an administrative determination  
            of the reasonableness of the proposed use before the use is commenced. 
            This practice is widely used in the eastern United States.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brown,JE

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Oregon's Forest Practices Act and riparian rules

SOURCE:     p.51-59. In: Proceedings of the symposium on Riparian Zone Management. 
            Canadian Forest Service (Maritimes Region). Natural Resources Canada. 
            Fredericton, N.B.

TOPICS:     forest practices; riparian habitat; riparian rules

COMMENTS:   Recent legislation amending Oregon's Forest Practices Act called for 
            the Board of Forestry to review its classification of waters of the 
            state and make appropriate changes to its riparian administrative 
            rules. The Legislative Assembly did not provide any direction about 
            the expected levels of protection for fish, wildlife, biodiversity, 
            etc. To further complicate matters, the parties involved in negotiating 
            the development of the Bill would not agree to a negotiated process to 
            establish the levels of protection and develop the rules. Rather, they 
            demanded that the Department of Forestry follow wherever "good science" 
            might lead. Additionally, the Legislature constrained the project by 
            establishing a deadline. The Department staff is currently working to
            redraft the administrative rules.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     BLM-DOI,Oregon State Office

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Oregon/Washington Riparian Enhancement Plan

SOURCE:     13 p.

TOPICS:     riparian enhancement; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Enhancement of riparian areas, which are key habitat for 80 percent 
            of the wildlife species of eastern Oregon and Washington, will 
            provide increased opportunities for bird watching, photography, and 
            hunting upland game, waterfowl and big game. The improved vegetative
            diversity and productivity resulting from implementation of this plan 
            will be instrumental in reaching prescribed condition and trend 
            objectives.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Merigliano,MF

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Ecology and management of the South Fork Snake River cottonwood 
            forest

SOURCE:     Technical Bulletin 96-9. Idaho BLM Technical Bulletin. Bureau of Land
            Management. Boise, ID. 79p.

TOPICS:     cottonwood; flooding effects; gallery forest; riparian habitat;
            water flows

COMMENTS:   This report summarizes an investigation of the cottonwood ecosystem 
            along the South Fork Snake River from Palisades Dam to Heise, ID. 
            Vegetation dynamics, with emphasis on the cottonwood component, were 
            the primary foci of this project, in which the relationship between
            riparian vegetation and the physical processes of the river were 
            examined. Water flow at this location is dominated by snowmelt and 
            sediment load is strongly influenced by glacial deposits. Usually 
            stable, the primary channel can migrate considerable distances during 
            very high discharges. Floods were the dominant disturbance factor 
            before the Dam closure and most of the cottonwood forest established 
            on sediment deposited during large floods. Smaller floods since dam 
            closure have been less conducive to cottonwood/willow regeneration so 
            that the forest area is shrinking and becoming relatively older.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kinney,JW; Clary,WP

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      A photographic utilization guide for key riparian graminoids

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-308. 13 p.

TOPICS:     grasses; grazing; grazing effects; grazing intensity; rushes;
            sedges

COMMENTS:   Photographic guides are presented to help estimate grazing utilization 
            of important riparian grasses and grasslike plants. Graphs showing the 
            percent of a plant's weight that has been consumed based on the percent 
            of it's height left after grazing allow utilization estimates to be 
            refined further.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clemmer,P

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      RIPARIAN AREA MANAGEMENT TR 1737-10. The use of aerial photography 
            to manage riparian-wetland areas

SOURCE:     USDI Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-10. 64 p.

TOPICS:     aerial photography; monitoring; remote sensing; riparian management; 
            wetlands
            
COMMENTS:   This report provides basic information, concepts, and procedures 
            associated with using aerial photography to establish baseline data 
            for effective management of riparian-wetland areas. Suggestions for 
            the use of various scales of photography, guidance for acquiring 
            aerial photography, and general procedures for conducting a 
            vegetation inventory are included.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Prichard,D; Bridges,C; Knapf,R; Leonard,S; Hagenbuck,W

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      RIPARIAN AREA MANAGEMENT Process for assessing proper functioning 
            condition for lentic riparian-wetland areas

SOURCE:     USDI Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-11. 46 p.

TOPICS:     hydrology; proper functioning condition; riparian areas; soils;
            vegetation changes; wetlands

COMMENTS:   his report outlines the BLM's process for assesing the functioning 
            condition of lentic riparian-wetland areas on public lands. Emphasis 
            is placed on the interaction of vegetation, landform/soils, and 
            hydrology in defining capability and potential of an area. The 
            importance of using an interdisciplinary team is also stressed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Leonard,S; Staidl,G; Fogg,J; Gebhardt,K; Hagenbuck,W; Prichard,D

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      RIPARIAN AREA MANAGEMENT Procedures for ecological site inventory - 
            with special reference to riparian-wetland sites

SOURCE:     USDI Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-7. 135 p.

TOPICS:     climate; ecology; hydrology; inventory management; riparian areas; 
            soils; vegetation changes; wetlands

COMMENTS:   This report details field procedures for describing and documenting 
            ecological site information as it applies to the interaction between 
            soils, climate, hydrology, and vegetation for riparian-wetland re-
            sources as well as for uplands. Possible uses of this information in 
            BLM's planning process, resource evaluations, and other applications 
            are discussed.  Maintenance  and permanence of baseline data are also 
            incorporated. This document is intended for use with related manuals, 
            and handbooks documented in the work.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cagney,J

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      RIPARIAN AREA MANAGEMENT Greenline riparian-wetland monitoring

SOURCE:     USDI Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-8. 45 p.

TOPICS:     greenline method; monitoring; plant communities; riparian areas; 
            vegetation changes; wetlands

COMMENTS:   The greenline monitoring method is a  viable alternative for 
            developing the vegetation portion of an Activity Plan. Greenline 
            vegetative data are an ideal complement to data collected by 
            wildlife and fishery biologists, soil scientists, and hydrologists, 
            in order to evaluate the complex relationships found in riparian 
            areas. The method is described and illustrated with photos and
            diagrams.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Prichard,D; Barrett,H; Cagney,J; Clark,R; Fogg,J; Gebhardt,K; Hansen,PL;
            Mitchell,B; Tippy,D

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      RIPARIAN AREA MANAGEMENT Process for assessing proper functioning 
            condition

SOURCE:     USDI Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-9. 60 p.

TOPICS:     hydrology; proper functioning condition; riparian areas; soils;
            vegetation changes; wetlands

COMMENTS:   This technical reference outlines the BLM's process for assessing the 
            functioning condition of riparian areas on public lands. Emphasis is 
            placed on the interaction of vegetation, landform/soils, and hydrology 
            in defining capability and potential of an area. The importance of 
            using an interdisciplinary team is also stressed. The document describes 
            four categories of functioning condition - proper functioning condition, 
            functional - at risk, nonfunctional, and unknown, and discusses manage-
            ment strategies for each.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith,B; Prichard,D

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      RIPARIAN AREA MANAGEMENT Management techniques in riparian areas

SOURCE:     USDI Bureau of Land Management. Technical Reference 1737-6. 44 p.

TOPICS:     beaver; riparian areas; riparian management; vegetation manipulation;
            wetlands

COMMENTS:   Large numbers of techniques have been developed to assist in managing 
            riparian areas. These management treatments and techniques can be as 
            varied as the multiple uses that occur within riparian zones. The 
            application in this document focuses on riparian areas but some can be 
            applied to other forms of wetlands. The following management techniques 
            and their associated concepts are described: fencing, prescribed burns, 
            forestry practices, vegetation plantings, opportunities from mineral 
            activities, structures, beaver, bank stabilization, recreation planning,
            and road construction and maintenance.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hansen,PL; Pfister,RD; Boggs,K; Cook,BJ; Joy,JW; Hinckley,DK

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Classification and management of Montana's riparian and wetland sites

SOURCE:     Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, School of Forestry, 
            the University of Montana. Missoula, Montana. Miscellaneous Publication 
            No. 54.

TOPICS:     inventory; monitoring; riparian areas; riparian management; site 
            classification; wetlands

COMMENTS:   In the West, riparian and wetland areas are important in the overall 
            landscape mosaic, even though they represent a very small fraction of 
            the total area. Having greater than normal soil moisture, they are 
            more productive than the surrounding upland areas, add to the overall 
            diversity of the landscape, and attract livestock and wildlife for the 
            forage, thermal and other cover, nesting habitat, water, and browse 
            species they afford. Because of this, riparian and wetland areas are 
            focal points for livestock, timber, and wildlife management. Management 
            strategies that recognize all resource values must be designed to main-
            tain or restore the integrity of riparian and wetland communities. 
            Proper stewardship of  riparian and wetlands areas presents multiple 
            opportunities for the land manager. Proper management of riparian and 
            wetland areas means decreased streambank erosion and floodplain losses, 
            increased forage production for livestock, increases in wildlife and 
            fisheries resources, and an increase in water quality and quantity, and 
            recreational opportunities.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bauer,SB; Burton,TA

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Monitoring protocols to evaluate water quality effects of grazing 
            management on western rangeland streams

SOURCE:     Submitted to: US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 
            by Idaho Water Resources Research Institute. University of Idaho.
            Moscow, Idaho 83843. 179 p.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; interdisciplinary teams; monitoring; riparian 
            areas; water quality; wetlands

COMMENTS:   This document describes a monitoring system to assess grazing 
            impacts on water quality in streams of the western United States. 
            The protocols were developed to assess water quality improvement 
            from stream restoration projects funded under the Clean Water Act 
            Amendments of 1987 and the Coastal Zone Management Act as amended 
            in 1990. The monitoring methods were selected for application by 
            natural resource professionals. The project goal is to describe 
            methods that are easy to use and cost-effective. This is achieved 
            by using methods that reduce sample frequency, minimize the need 
            for specialized equipment, and reduce costly laboratory analysis. 
            The document focuses primarily on the attributes of the stream 
            channel, stream bank, and streamside vegetation of wadable streams 
            that are impacted by grazing and are important to support acquatic 
            life. These characteristics are sampled during the low flow conditions 
            in the summer when streams can be waded. The methods require relatively 
            inexpensive equipment compared to standard water chemistry analysis 
            techniques. Implementation requires fielding a trained 
            interdisciplinary team.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dovel,RL

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Cutting height effects on wetland meadow forage yield and quality

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 49(2), 151-156.

TOPICS:     clipping height; forage yield; grazing impacts; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Research was conducted to determine the effect of clipping height 
            on forage yield and quality of 3 wetland meadow plant associations. 
            Bluegrass-clover, grass-sedge, and sedge associations were cut to 
            stubble heights of 5,10, or 15 cm in 1988, 1989, and 1990. Forage 
            yield, herbage residue, crude protein (CP), and acid detergent fiber 
            (ADF) were determined for forage harvested in June, July, and August. 
            Highest forage yield, regrowth following clipping, and overall forage 
            quality were obtained at the 5 cm clipping height in all associations. 
            The 5 cm grazing height did not appear to reduce stand vigor or 
            persistance as indicated by high forage yields in the third year of 
            the study. Animal performance in a short duration grazing system would 
            also be expected to be highest at the 5 cm clipping height since forage 
            production was greatest at this defoliation intensity without de-
            creasing forage quality or availability. Acid detergent fiber of the 
            sedge association was lower than the 2 grass dominated associations, 
            and sedge crude protein content was slightly lower than the other 2 
            associations.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     King,W; Thompson,F

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Fish Creek Restoration Project

SOURCE:     p.81-82. In: Summit showcase displays and ecosystem case studies. 
            USDI Bureau of Land Management Summit. Incline Village, NV. April, 
            1994.

TOPICS:     reseeding; revegetation; watershed restoration

COMMENTS:   The fire that burned 70 acres in Fish Creek Basin south of Battle 
            Mountain, NV in 1991 provided a collaborative opportunity for the 
            local BLM office and communitity organizations. Participants in 
            the restoration project included a local Boy Scout troop, the Lander 
            County Rod and Gun Club, a grazing permittee, community volunteers, 
            the Nevada Division of Forestry, and various BLM employees. This 
            effort provided a restored watershed, improved wildlife habitat, 
            and a reestablished forage base.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Fatooh,J; Halford,A; Pollini,J

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Fish slough: from ancient wetland to community stewardship

SOURCE:     p. 83-88. In: Summit showcase displays and ecosystem case studies. 
            USDI Bureau of Land Management Summit. Incline Village, NV. April, 
            1994.

TOPICS:     collaboration; stewardship; wetlands

COMMENTS:   At Fish Slough Area of Critical Environmental Concern, north of 
            Bishop, CA, interagency collaboration, along with public involvement, 
            has produced a managed landscape that exemplifies broad-based 
            stewardship of public lands.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bauer,S; Burton,T; Thomas,A

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Livestock grazing: fishery concerns and recommended actions

SOURCE:     p.105. In: Summit showcase displays and ecosystem case studies. USDI
            Bureau of Land Management Summit. Incline Village, NV. April, 1994.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock grazing; riparian habitat; utilization

COMMENTS:   This poster paper illustrated that livestock grazing and healthy 
            riparian habitat are not mutually exclusive. Improved grazing 
            strategies were shown that have had high levels of compatibility 
            with stream/riparian habitats. Critical habitat factors for resident 
            salmonids were presented along with proposed standards for grazing 
            utilization.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Biddlecomb,ME

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Railroad Valley wetlands enhancement

SOURCE:     p.105. In: Summit showcase displays and ecosystem case studies. USDI 
            Bureau of Land Management Summit. Incline Village, NV. April, 1994.

TOPICS:     collaboration; wetlands; wildlife management

COMMENTS:   A cooperative venture between BLM, Ducks Unlimited (DU), and Round 
            Mountain Gold Company (RMGC) to maintain and enhance a wetlands 
            Wildlife Management Area (WMA) near Tonopah, NV, is described. 
            Cooperative efforts like this one have the advantage of shared costs 
            and expertise on projects that may otherwise not be affordable or 
            logistically possible. Moreover, the opportunities for good public 
            relations advance the relationship between the agency and the public 
            it serves.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thompson,J; Voth,K; Knapp,C

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Trapper Creek acquatic and riparian restoration project

SOURCE:     p.169-171. In: Summit showcase displays and ecosystem case studies. 
            USDI Bureau of Land Management Summit. Incline Village, NV. April, 
            1994.

TOPICS:     collaboration; partnerships; riparian areas; stream restoration

COMMENTS:   Loss of riparian vegetation along Trapper Creek in western Colorado 
            has resulted in high summer water temperatures, increased width:depth 
            ratios and a lower water table. Colorado cutthroat trout are now 
            found only in lower reaches whwere steep canyon walls provide shade 
            and deeper channels. This report describes a partnership between BLM 
            and Trout Unlimited (TU) to rehabilitate the stream channel. Volunteers 
            to date have contributed over 1000 hours of labor to this project.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Beall,JT; Elliott,W

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      West Eugene wetlands project

SOURCE:     p.175-177. In: Summit showcase displays and ecosystem case studies. 
            USDI Bureau of Land Management Summit. Incline Village, NV. April, 
            1994.

TOPICS:     collaboration; partnerships; wetlands

COMMENTS:   The West Eugene Wetlands partnership, composed of BLM, The Nature 
            Conservancy, Lane Council of Governments, Lane County, and the city 
            of Eugene, was formed to acquire and manage wetlands and other 
            connected open spaces. The effort has dramatically improved the 
            relationship of the Bureau with other public entities.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Briggs,M

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Evaluating degraded riparian ecosystems to determine the potential 
            effectiveness of revegetation

SOURCE:     p.63-67. In: Proceedings: wildland shrubs and arid land restoration
            symposium. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-315.

TOPICS:     revegetation; riparian areas; watershed

COMMENTS:   Revegetation is often limited in its ability to improve the condition 
            of degraded riparian ecosystems. In some cases, revegetation has been 
            implemented in riparian areas that were fully capable of coming back 
            naturally. In other instances, plantings were made in riparian sites 
            where they could not survive. To accomplish riparian revegetation most 
            effectively, the causes of site decline and the current ecological 
            condition of the site need to be understood. This can best be accom-
            plished by evaluating the condition of the riparian ecosystem from a 
            watershed perspective that takes into consideration how perturbations 
            in surrounding ecosystems may be affecting site conditions.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith,SD; Murray,KJ; Landau,FH; Sala,AM

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Structure of woody riparian vegetation in Great Basin National Park

SOURCE:     p.246-251. In: Proceedings: wildland shrub and arid land restoration 
            symposium. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-GTR-315.

TOPICS:     plant communities; riparian areas; vegetation structure; woody species

COMMENTS:   The community composition and population structure of the woody riparian 
            vegetation in Great Basin National Park are described. Community analyses 
            were accomplished by sampling 229 plots along an elevational gradient of 
            8 major stream systems in the Park. TWINSPAN analysis identified 4 
            primary species groups that were characterized by aspen, white fir, Woods 
            rose, and narrowleaf cottonwood as dominants, respectively. Detrended 
            Correspondense Analysis (DECORANA) showed that the most important 
            environmental factors associated with the distribution of species were 
            slope and elevation, with flood-related physiographic factors having a 
            secondary effect. Analysis of size-class distributions indicated that 
            each of the four dominants showed good recruitment on most watersheds. 
            Overgrazing by domestic livestock and stream diversion were the two 
            primary disturbance factors affecting riparian vegetation in the Park.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Vander Haegen,WM; Degraaf,RM

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Predation on artificial nests in forested riparian buffer strips

SOURCE:     J. Wildl. Manage. 60(3), 542-550.

TOPICS:     avian species; forest practices; predators; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Artificial nests were used to examine predation in riparian buffer 
            strips created by commercial clear-cutting and in unharvested control 
            areas on industrial forestlands in eastern Maine. Nests in riparian 
            buffer strips were depredated more often than those in intact riparian
            areas. The pattern was similar for both ground and shrub nests and for 
            both trials. Predation rate for nests in control stands was 15%. 
            compared to 31% in 20-40m wide buffer strips along tributory streams 
            and 23% in 60-80m wide buffer strips along mainstem streams(P=0.045). 
            Predation rates were similar (P=0.41) in mainstem and tributary buffer 
            strips. Greater predation rates documented for nests in riparian buffer 
            strips likely resulted from an elevated number and diversity of predators 
            associated with the narrow, linear forest stands. Red squirrels and blue 
            jays were responsible for >50% of the identified depredations. Managers 
            should leave wide buffer strips (>150m) buffer strips along riparian zones 
            to reduce edge related nest predation, especially in landscapes where 
            buffer strips are an important component of the existing mature forest.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Leonard,SG; Staidl,GJ; Gebhardt,KA; Prichard,DE

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Viewpoint:Range site/ecological site information requirements for 
            classification of riverine riparian ecosystems

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 45(5), 431-435.

TOPICS:     riparian classification; site progression; water features

COMMENTS:   Few ecological sites have been described sufficiently to interpret 
            the specific functions and processes unique to riverine riparian 
            areas. The utility of using ecological site concepts for riparian 
            classification has also been debated due to the dynamic nature of 
            the systems and the paucity of unaltered vegetation. Riparian sites 
            associated with streams or rivers in 9 western states were evaluated 
            to determine the feasibility of using ecological site concepts in 
            describing and assessing riverine riparian ecosystems. Associated 
            water features must be described in riparian site characterizations 
            to establish relationships and understand "process pathways." A con-
            cept of "site progression" is proposed to differentiate between 
            secondary succession associated with vegetation changes within a given 
            physical environment and physical "state" changes that lead to a "new" 
            or different potential plant community (i.e., a change in ecological 
            site and secondary succession sequences). The authors conclude that 
            ecological site classification and inventory utilized on uplands can 
            be used on riparian areas with some enhancements to maintain consistency 
            in evaluations at a "management unit" level.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dodd,JL

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Viewpoint: an appeal for riparian zone standards to be based on real
            world models

SOURCE:     Rangelands 14(6), 332.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock effects; riparian areas

COMMENTS:   Riparian systems tolerate spatially and temporally scatered dis-
            turbances by domestic and indigenous ungulates. Managers need to 
            recognize that local disturbances are a natural part of large 
            ungulate herbivory that these systems evolved with. Local per-
            turbations may well contribute to the long term good of the system. 
            These are naturally occurring disturbances, whether caused by wild 
            or domestic ungulates.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tucker-Schulz,T; Leininger,WC

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Differences in riparian vegetation structure between grazed areas and 
            exclosures

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 43(4), 295-299.

TOPICS:     exclosures; grazing impacts; livestock effects; riparian areas; willow

COMMENTS:   Differences in vegetation structure were examined in a montane 
            riparian zone in north-central Colorado after 30 years of cattle 
            exclusion and continued, but reduced, grazing pressure. In order 
            to assess the changes in the riparian community, canopy coverage, 
            density, and standing crop of riparian species were measured in 
            1985 and 1986. Total vascular canopy cover was greater (P<0.05) 
            in the exclosures as compared to grazed areas, while forb canopy 
            cover was similar (P>0.05) between treatments. Exclosures had 
            nearly 2 times the litter cover, while grazed areas had 4 times as 
            much bare ground. Willow canopy cover was 8.5 times greater in 
            protected areas than in grazed areas. Kentucky bluegrass cover was 
            4 times greater in grazed areas than exclosures, while the cover of 
            fowl bluegrass was 6 times greater in protected sites. Mean peak 
            standing crop over two years of the study was 2,410 kg/ha in the 
            exclosures and 1,217 kg/ha in caged plots within grazed areas. Cattle 
            utilized approximately 65% of the current year's growth of vegetation 
            during the 1985 and 1986 grazing seasons.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kauffman,JB; Krueger,WC; Vavra,M

PUB. YEAR:  1983

TITLE:      Effects of late season cattle grazing on riparian plant communities

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 36(6), 685-691.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock effects; riparian communities

COMMENTS:   Livestock impacts on riparian plant community composition, structure, 
            and productivity were evaluated. After 3 years of comparison between 
            fall-grazed and exclosed areas, 4 plant communities out of 10 sampled 
            displayed some significant species composition and productivity 
            differences. Two meadow types and the Douglas hawthorne community 
            type had significant differences in standing biomass. These also were 
            utilized more heavily than any other communities sampled. Shrub use 
            was generally light except on willow-dominated gravel bars. On gravel 
            bars, succession appeared to be retarded by livestock grazing. Few 
            differences were recorded in other plant communities sampled, 
            particularly those communities with a forest canopy.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Grette,T

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Successful range management in the McCoy Gulch Riparian Demonstration 
            Area

SOURCE:     Rangelands 12(6), 305-307.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock effects; willow

COMMENTS:   Woody riparian vegetation can improve with livestock grazing, even 
            heavy use on grass species (62 to 80%), as long as the use on willows 
            is regulated. The objective in this demonstration was to have willow 
            leaders browsed just once to remove four to five inches of foliage.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schmidt,RH

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Defining and refining value for riparian systems

SOURCE:     Rangelands 13(2), 80-82.

TOPICS:     economic values; riparian areas

COMMENTS:   This article explores the costs and benefits of: 1). increasing 
            the benefits of riparian systems or their products, and 2). 
            decreasing the costs associated with preserving riparian systems. 
            Economic models for distributing the economic values to landowners 
            have not been fully developed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Campsey,L

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Riparian management improves western rangeland

SOURCE:     Rangelands 13(1), 26-27.

TOPICS:     grazing systems; riparian areas

COMMENTS:   The efforts of rancher Bill Gibbs of Wells, NV are recognized for 
            improving riparian conditions on his public lands allotment. Water 
            developments, grazing systems, salting practices, and erosion control 
            structures have contributed to streambank and riparian recovery.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith,MA; Rodgers,JD; Dodd,JL; Skinner,QD

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Habitat selection by cattle along an ephemeral channel

SOURCE:     Rangelands 15(3), 120-122.

TOPICS:     livestock effects; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   When adequate livestock water is present, grazing cattle will be 
            more likely to select areas of higher forage quality and quantity. 
            Increased selection did not result in increased utilization in 
            preferred areas. Limited water distribution in large allotments 
            probably increases utilization closer to water. Vegetation in or 
            near channels can best be protected by developing water points in 
            adjacent uplands while monitoring utilization of water channels.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Shwien,J

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      A pitch for Badger Creek

SOURCE:     Rangelands 13(4), 181-182.

TOPICS:     grazing effects; riparian areas; water quality

COMMENTS:   Best management practices are being implemented on the Stirrup 
            Ranch  near Canon City, CO. State of Colorado, US Forest Service, 
            Bureau of Land Management, and the Sangre de Cristo RC & D are 
            cost-sharing theimprovements. The project will cut erosion and 
            sediment in Upper Badger Creek by half within three years.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Anderson,EW

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Riparian area definition - a viewpoint

SOURCE:     Rangelands 9(2), 70.

TOPICS:     riparian areas

COMMENTS:   The author offers the following definition for "riparian area": 
            ---a distinct ecological site, or combination of sites, in which 
            soil moisture is sufficiently in excess of that otherwise available 
            locally, due to run-on and/or subsurface seepage, so as to result in 
            an existing or potential soil-vegetation complexthat depicts the 
            influence of that extra soil moisture. Riparian areas may be 
            associated with lakes; reservoirs; estuaries; potholes;springs;bogs; 
            wet meadows; muskegs; and intermittant or perennial springs. The soil-
            vegetation complex is the differentiating criteria.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kindschy,RR

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Riparian reminiscences

SOURCE:     Rangelands 9(2), 71-74.

TOPICS:     riparian areas; succession

COMMENTS:   The demonstrated resiliency of wetland habitats/riparian areas is 
            such that recovery can be rapid. Successional progression likely 
            follows a predictable sequence, dependent upon site potential and 
            the control of dominant factors limiting such progression. Rangeland 
            managers may be able to design management systems to optimize 
            multiple use returns from this important natural resource.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gottfried,GJ; Ffolliott,PF

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Effects of moderate timber harvesting in an old-growth Arizona mixed 
            conifer watershed

SOURCE:     p.184-194. In: Old growth forests in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain 
            Regions. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-213.

TOPICS:     old-growth forest; water quality; watershed

COMMENTS:   There is growing interest in the development of silvicultural 
            prescriptions that will maintain old-growth characteristics while 
            allowing some degree of commercial utilization. A silvicultural 
            prescription based on small patch-clearcut and group-selection 
            openings and single-tree selection in most remaining areas was 
            evaluated in a watershed supporting an old-growth mixed conifer 
            stand. The treatment resulted in increased residual tree growth and 
            relatively constant stand growth. The stand retained its uneven-aged 
            structure and relative species composition. The watershed has 
            retained many of the desired old-growth attributes although many of 
            the largest trees were harvested. The increased growth rates indicate 
            that the basal area in larger trees should recover relatively rapidly. 
            Tree regeneration also has been satisfactory. In addition, the treat-
            ment resulted in significant increases in water yields and in 
            herbaceous plants for livestock and wildlife use. Nongame birds were 
            generally unaffected by the treatment.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Chaney,E; Elmore,W; Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      MANAGING CHANGE: Livestock grazing on western riparian areas

SOURCE:     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Denver, CO 80202.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock effects; riparian areas; water quality

COMMENTS:   This document is a topical sequel and companion piece to its 
            predecessor "Livestock grazing on western riparian areas" (1990). 
            Together the two publications are intended to provide an overview 
            of the functions and values of western riparian areas, the causes 
            and effects of degraded riparian areas and water quality, and case 
            studies representative of problems and opportunities involving 
            improved grazing practices on riparian areas. They are designed to 
            foster broader understanding of how grazing management can enhance 
            water quality and and overall productivity of rangeland watersheds.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Szaro,RC; Belfit,SC; Aitken,JK; Babbs,RD

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      The use of timed fixed-area plots and a mark-recapture technique 
            in assessing riparian garter snake populations

SOURCE:     p.239-246. In: Managent of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals 
            in North America. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report 
            RM-166.

TOPICS:     garter snakes; riparian areas

COMMENTS:   Wandering garter snake populations along a thin-leaf alder riparian 
            community in northern New Mexico were sampled using timed fixed-area 
            plots and a mark-recapture method. Both methods served to determine 
            yearly differences and relative magnitude of snake density between 
            years. Population estimates determined by fixed-area plots, however, 
            were inconsistent between study plots in the same year.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dickson,JG; Williamson,JH

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Small mammals in streamside management zones in pine plantations

SOURCE:     p.375-378. In: Proceedings of the symposium: Management of amphibians,
            reptiles, and small mammals in North America. USDA Forest Service. 
            General Technical Report RM-166.

TOPICS:     forest practices; riparian habitat; small mammals

COMMENTS:   Small mammals were captured in live traps in 6 mature-forested zones 
            of 3 widths: narrow (<25m), medium (30-40m), and wide (50-90m), which 
            traversed young, bushy pine plantations. More small mammals were 
            captured in the narrow zones than in the other two, respectively or
            together.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Samson,FB; Knopf,FB; Hass,LB

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Small mammal response to the introduction of cattle into a cottonwood 
            floodplain

SOURCE:     p.432-438. In: Proceedings of the symposium: Management of amphibians, 
            reptiles, and small mammals in North America. USDA Forest Service, 
            General Technical Report RM-166.

TOPICS:     cottonwood; floodplains; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Few differences between pastures in small mammal communities were 
            evident prior to grazing, 1 month following grazing, and no 
            differences in numbers or distribution of small mammals were 
            observed 5 months following grazing. Each small mammal species 
            exhibited different habitat use compared to availability and few 
            habitat variables differed on grazed versus ungrazed pastures. 
            Grazing at SCS recommended levels in winter did not appear to have 
            an initial effect on small mammal populations or their habitats 
            in a Colorado floodplain.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kondolf,GM

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Five elements for effective evaluation of stream restoration

SOURCE:     Restoration Ecology 3(2), 133-142.

TOPICS:     evaluations; monitoring; stream restoration

COMMENTS:   River and stream restoration projects are increasingly numerous but 
            rarely subjected to systematic post-project evaluation. The few such 
            evaluation studies conducted have indicated ahigh percentage of 
            failures. Thus, post-project evaluation (and dissemination of results) 
            is essential if the field of river restoration is to advance. Effective 
            evaluation of project success should include: (1) clear objectives, to 
            provide a framework for evaluation; (2) baseline data, for an objective 
            basis for evaluating change; (3) good study design, to demonstrate 
            restoration effects; (4) commitment to long-term monitoring; and (5) 
            willingness to acknowledge failure, so that failures can contribute to 
            the learning process.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clements,C

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Beavers and riparian ecosystems

SOURCE:     Rangelands 13(6), 277-279.

TOPICS:     beaver; riparian habitat; riparian management

COMMENTS:   Habitat changes resulting from beaver activities can have dramatic 
            influences on the quality of a riparian system in both positive and 
            negative ways. In western Nevada, beavers can eliminate black 
            cottonwood from the riparian zone, but leave mountain alder. This, 
            in turn, leads to changes in tree density, height, forest structure, 
            cavity availability, and other physical aspects. Unlimited beaver 
            populations can be harmful to beaver habitats and ultimately to the 
            beavers themselves. Complete removal will eliminate a natural feature 
            of the environment that is important to many other organisms. Beaver 
            management is an important aspect of natural resource stewardship.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Masters,LS; Burkhardt,JW; Tausch,R

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      The geomorphic process: Effects of base level lowering on riparian 
            management

SOURCE:     Rangelands 13(6), 280-284.

TOPICS:     channelization; erosion; geomorphic processes; riparian management

COMMENTS:   Drying of Pleistocene Lakes has resulted in widespread downcutting 
            and headward erosion that is continuing in Great Basin watersheds. 
            Channel erosion and deposition in response to base level changes 
            is a natural geomorphic process. Land managers should consider this 
            when confronted by stream entrenchment and head cuts. Land use is 
            not always the driving force behind stream dynamics.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schwien,J

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      A pitch for Badger Creek

SOURCE:     Rangelands 13(4), 181-182.

TOPICS:     grazing management; livestock impacts

COMMENTS:   In Colorado, 18 federal, state, and local agencies are cooperating 
            to restore Badger Creek to its original status as the premier 
            spawning stream for German Brown Trout on the Arkansas River. 
            Periodic flooding and sediment damage to gravel beds had reduced 
            the stream's fishery value. Treatments include the implementation 
            of best management practices and short duration grazing.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hatfield,D; Hatfield,C

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      The Trout Creek Working Group

SOURCE:     Rangelands 13(3), 112-115.

TOPICS:     grazing management; livestock impacts; riparian zones

COMMENTS:   This article tells a story of building trust and undersatanding 
            among people who view the same area from a vastly different 
            perspective. A widely publicized example of what can occur when 
            that trust and understanding is cultivated is described.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Green,DM; Kauffman,JB

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Succession and livestock grazing in a northwestern Oregon riparian 
            ecosystem

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage. 48(4), 307-313.

TOPICS:     grazing effects; livestock impacts; riparian management; species
            diversity; succession

COMMENTS:   Comparisons of vegetation dynamics of riparian communities under 
            livestock use and exclusions over a 10 year period were quantified 
            in a Northwestern Oregon riparian zone. Species frequency, rich-
            ness, diversity, evenness, and livestock utilization were measured. 
            Livestock grazed the study area from late August until mid-September 
            at a rate of 1.3 to 1.8 ha/AUM. Utilization varied from >70% in dry 
            meadows to <3% in cheatgrass dominated stands. Ungrazed dry and moist 
            meadow communities had significantly lower (P<0.1) species richness 
            and diversity when compared to grazed counterparts. In the most 
            heavily grazed communities, ruderal and ruderal competitive species 
            were favored by grazing disturbance. In exclosures of the same 
            communities, competitive or competitive stress tolerant species were 
            favored. Both height and density of woody riparian species were 
            significantly greater in ungrazed gravel bar communities. Results 
            indicated that influences of herbivory on species diversity and 
            richness varies from one community to another. Management recommend-
            ations based on only one component ignores the complexity of riparian 
            ecosystems.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Baker,BW; Cade,BS

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Predicting biomass of beaver food from willow stem diameters

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage. 48(4), 322-326.

TOPICS:     beavers; carrying capacity; logistic model; riparian management; 
            willow

COMMENTS:   Beaver and willow are important components of riparian restoration 
            on degraded western rangelands. Land managers need quantitative 
            information to evaluate carrying capacity and potential habitat 
            quality for beavers in riparian-willow systems. This study was 
            conducted in the shrub-steppe ecosystem of northwestern Colorado. 
            The authors wanted to determine the best model to predict biomass 
            components of coyote willow from basal stem diameters and compare 
            model predictions to diameter class averages. Percentage of sstem 
            weight that was beaver food varied from 93.6% for the smallest stems 
            to 12.2% for the largest. They concluded that the logistic model 
            provided reliable estimates of beaver food biomass and could be used 
            with food consumption rates and stem density data to evaluate carrying 
            capacity for beaver.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clary,WP

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Vegetation and soil responses to grazing simulation on riparian meadows

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage. 48(1), 18-25.

TOPICS:     defoliation; grazing impacts; livestock effects; soil compaction

COMMENTS:   Riparian areas have not responded consistently to grazing systems, 
            suggesting that more knowledge is needed to explain how different 
            areas respond to specific stresses. Studies were conducted to 
            determine herbaceous plant response to simulated grazing on riparian 
            areas, including: one low-elevation redtop site and two high-elevation 
            sedge sites in Idaho. The most consistent plant response among areas 
            was reduction in height growth and biomass production following 
            compaction treatments. When both defoliation and compaction were 
            considered, it appeared that spring, fall, or spring and fall grazing 
            o a 5-cm stubble height on the redtop site did not decrease riparian 
            herbage production. In contrast, when defoliation, compaction, and 
            nutrient return effects were considered in the mountain meadow sedge-
            dominated communities, grazing once annually during the growing season 
            to a 5-cm stubble height in the spring, or to a 10-cm stubble height in 
            late summer, or at a utilization rate exceeding 30% of the total annual 
            biomass production reduced herbage production significantly.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith,MA; Dodd,JL; Skinner,QD; Rodgers,JD

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Dynamics of vegetation along and adjacent to an ephemeral channel

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage. 46(1), 56-64.

TOPICS:     channel morphology; grazing impacts; shrubs; weather effects

COMMENTS:   Ephemeral channels may be greater contributors to nonpoint sediment 
            loads than perennial channels because of their abundance and lower 
            vegetative cover. This study examined above- and below-ground standing 
            crop responses of selected vegetation classes and density of shrubs to 
            grazing use and yearly weather variation along an ephemeral stream in 
            northcentral Wyoming. Perennial grass standing crop in channels did not 
            respond to grazing but decreased up to 73% with decreases in frequency 
            and amount of precipitation. On floodplains and uplands, perennial 
            grass standing crop was not responsive to grazing. Shrub density did 
            not increase as much in grazed as in ungrazed pastures. Location on 
            channels influenced root biomass but grazing did not. Lack of general 
            negative grazing influences on vegetation suggest short periods (10 
            days) of grazing (as used in this study)  represent a sustainable 
            management alternative for grazing in a cold desert.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clary,WP; Thornton,CI; Abt,SR

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Riparian stubble height and recovery of degraded streambanks

SOURCE:     Rangelands 18(4), 137-140.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; riparian vegetation; sediment storage; stream
            restoration

COMMENTS:   In small-stream systems, herbaceous vegetation enhances sediment 
            deposition and the channel restoration process. Shorter length 
            vegetation (0.5 to 6 inches) is most effective in improving 
            sediment entrapment during the deposition phase. The longer length 
            vegetation (8 to 12 inches) retains a larger portion of the de-
            posited sediment during the flushing phase. Both deposition and 
            retention of sediments are building blocks in the stream restoration 
            process. The authors insist that it is imperative that an optimal 
            vegetation length is determined for specific stream conditions to 
            accomodate grazing while allowing stream restoration to occur. The
            frequency of sediment loading and flushing cycles as well as 
            vegetation type play important roles in the determination of optimum 
            stubble height.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Larson,LL; Larson,SL

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Riparian shade and stream temperature: a perspective

SOURCE:     Rangelands 18(4), 149-152.

TOPICS:     riparian vegetation; shading; stream temperature; watershed

COMMENTS:   Woody vegetation is only one component in a riparian ecosystem. 
            Its relative importance depends upon site conditions. Watershed 
            attributes such as air mass characteristics, elevation gradient, 
            adiabatic rate, channel width and depth, water velocity, surrounding 
            landscape, and interflow inputs all influence water temperature and 
            can be of greater importance to stream temperature than shade. Many 
            stream management strategies were intended to meet a recognized 
            land management need. A current emphasis involves controlling stream 
            temperature with vegetation shade. Management strategies that do not 
            account for the dynamics of riparian systems can lead to failure as 
            well as success. Management decisions need to be site specific. Shade 
            alone does not control stream temperature.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Popolizio,CA; Goetz,H; Chapman,PL

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Short-term response of riparian vegetation to 4 grazing treatments

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage. 47(1), 48-53.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; grazing treatments; livestock effects; riparian
            vegetation
            
COMMENTS:   Foliar cover responses of montane riparian vegetation were estimated 
            on the Sheep Creek watershed of northcentral Colorado. Differences 
            were assessed among 4 grazing treatments: long-term grazing, protection 
            from livestock grazing since 1956, recent protection following long-
            term grazing, and recent livestock grazing following protection. Each 
            treatment was replicated 3 times. Average percent grass cover increased 
            under short-term protection after a history of long-term grazing. 
            Short-term grazing stimulated foliar cover of forbs, grasses, and sedges 
            after more than 30 years of cattle exclusion.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sedgewick,JA; Knopf,FL

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Prescribed grazing as a secondary impact in a western riparian 
            floodplain

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage. 44(4), 369-373.

TOPICS:     cottonwood; floodplains; forage production; grazing impacts;
            livestock impacts; prescribed grazing; willow

COMMENTS:   The effect of late-autumn cattle grazing on plant biomass was 
            examined in a western Great Plains cottonwood riparian zone 
            prone to catastrophic flooding every 5-8 years. Five 16-ha 
            pastures were grazed and compared to 5 control pastures within 
            the South Platte River Floodplain in northeastern Colorado. At 
            a prescribed grazing level of 0.46 ha/AUM, riparian vegetation
            proved to be resilient to the impacts of grazing. Willows 
            responded negatively to grazing whereas biomass of of prairie 
            cordgrass was greater on grazed plots. Periodic, catastrophic 
            flooding is a major perturbation to that ecosystem and dormant-
            season grazing within prescribed guidelines is a comparatively 
            minor impact within the floodplain. Grazing impacts were probably 
            further mitigated by a major forage supplement of cottonwood leaves 
            available at the time of cattle introductions. This forage supplement 
            created a lighter grazing treatment than that originally prescribed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schulz,TT; Leininger,WC

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Differences in riparian vegetation structure between grazed areas 
            and exclosures

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage. 43(4), 295-299.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock effects; riparian vegetation;
            utilization; willow

COMMENTS:   Differences in vegetation structure were examined in a montane 
            riparian zone in northcentral Colorado after 30 years of cattle 
            exclusion and continued, but reduced, grazing pressure. In order 
            to assess the changes in the riparian community, canopy coverage, 
            density, and standing crop of important riparian species were 
            measured. Total vascular vegetation, shrub, and graminoid canopy 
            cover was greater in the exclosures as compared to grazed areas, 
            while forb canopy cover was similar between treatments. Exclosures 
            had nearly 2 times the litter cover, while grazed areas had 4 times 
            more bare ground. Willow canopy coverage was 8 1/2 times greater in 
            protected areas than in grazed areas. Kentucky bluegrass cover was 
            4 times greater in grazed areas than exclosures, while the cover of 
            fowl bluegrass was 6 times greater in the protected sites. Canopy 
            cover of other important riparian species, such as tufted hairgrass, 
            Nebraska sedge, and beaked sedge was similar between treatments. 
            Mean peak standing crop during the study was 2,410 kg/ha in the 
            exclosures and 1,217 kg/ha in caged plots within grazed areas. 
            Utilization levels on grazed areas was approximately 65% of current 
            year's growth.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Conroy,SD; Svejcar,TJ

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Willow planting success as influenced by site factors and cattle 
            grazing in northeastern California

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage. 44(1), 59-63.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock effects; soil moisture; watertable effects; 
            willow planting

COMMENTS:   This study evaluated the influence of grazing and selected site 
            factors on survival and leader growth of planted Geyer willow 
            cuttings. Three grazing treatments (early summer, late summer, and 
            non-use) were evaluated on each of 3 streams in broad, low-gradient 
            meadows with silt loam soils in the northern Sierra Nevada. There 
            was no significant effect on grazing treatment on either willow 
            survival or growth despite 3.5 to 5 times more defoliation use of 
            the willow cuttings in the grazed pastures. Streamchannel location 
            (proximity) did significantly affect willow survival but not in-
            dividual plant leader length. There was a clear relationship between 
            water table depth, soil moisture, and willow planting survival but 
            not between moisture measurements and leader length. Once the water 
            table has declined to the point that Artemisia sp. can survive on a 
            site, the chances of successfully replanting willows are minimal. 
            However, even during drought years, a survival rate of 60% or greater 
            was achieved by planting into Carex nebrascensis communities or 
            bareground in the channel.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Singer,FJ; Mark,LC; Cates,RC

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Ungulate herbivory of willows on Yellowstone's northern winter range

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage. 47(6), 435-443.

TOPICS:     native ungulates; water stress; willow; yellowstone national park

COMMENTS:   Effects of unmanaged populations of large unmanaged populations of 
            large, mammalian herbivores on vegetation, especially elk, is a 
            concern in Yellowstone National Park. The issue is amplified by the 
            extirpation of wolves from the region, the alterations of ungulate 
            migrations by human activities, and other disruptions of the natural 
            process. Stands of low, hedged (height-suppressed) willows are 
            observed throughout the greater Yellowstone National Park where high 
            densities of wintering elk or moose exist. The height of 47% of the 
            willow stands surveyed on Yellowstone's northern winter range has 
            been suppressed. Tall and intermediate-height willows contained 
            higher concentrations of nitrogen and they exhibited more water 
            stress than height-suppressed willows. The authors suggest that a 
            more xeric climate aned locally-reduced water tables likely 
            contributed to the willow delines on the northern winter range, but 
            that the proximate factor in the declines was herbivory by native 
            ungulates.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Reece,PE; Nichols,JT; Brummer,JE; Engel,RK; Eskridge,KM

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Harvest date and fertilizer effects on native and interseeded 
            wetland meadows

SOURCE:     J. Range Manage. 47(3), 178-183.

TOPICS:     fertilization; sedges; wetlands; wildlife habitat Forage quality, 

COMMENTS:   Forage quality, dry matter yield, and response to spring-applied N 
            were similar for native wetland meadow vegetation and interseeded 
            areas over a range of harvest dates. Native vegetation was dominated 
            by sedges. Interseeded sites were dominated by Garrison creeping 
            foxtail. Within levels of N, first cutting yield was about 60% of 
            peak standing crop on June 15 and 90% on July 15 compared with August 
            15. Regrowth dry matter yield was not affected by spring-applied N. 
            Sedge-dominated, prairie meadows are productive and provide pre-
            dictable forage and wildlife habitat management alternatives.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wagner,FH; Keigley,RB; Wambolt,CL

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Ungulate herbivory of willows on Yelllowstone's northern winter range

SOURCE:     Response to Singer et al. (1994). J. Range Manage. 48(5), 475-477.

TOPICS:     browsing effects; elk grazing; willow; woody species; yellowstone 
            national park

COMMENTS:   In a recent JRM article, Singer et al. (1994) report results of a 
            willow study on the northern elk winter range of Yellowstone 
            National Park and immediate vicinity. The authors measured 
            production, forage quality, moisture stress, and tannin content 
            of growth shoots, all in relation to ungulate browsing, browsing-
            induced architectural variation, and altitude. The inference that
            reduced chemical defences is attracting further heavier browsing 
            is not supported. The prevailing evidence remains that the pro-
            gressive decline of woody vegetation on the northern range, 
            especially willow, has been induced by a wintering elk herd that 
            has greatly increased since establihment of the Park.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Mills,BM

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Cows and creeks

SOURCE:     Range Magazine 3(1), 52-54.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock effects; riparian areas

COMMENTS:   Meadow Creek, in eastern Oregon's Blue Mountains, has made a 
            remarkable comeback since 1953 when it was overused, overgrazed, 
            and overlogged. Various trials tested the results of timing and 
            intensity of grazing. Grass production was increased 1 to 4 times 
            in response to grazing treatments. Riparian areas are resilient 
            and can recover with good management. Grazing, if done properly, 
            can be a compatible use of riparian areas.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Carson,RG; Edgerton,PJ

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Creating riparian wildlife habitat along a Columbia River impoundment 
            in northcentral Washington

SOURCE:     p.65-69. In: Proceedings - Symposium on shrub ecophysiology and 
            biotechnology. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-256.

TOPICS:     browsing effects; riparian plantings; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Irrigated riparian plantings totalling 37.5 ha were developed to 
            compensate for habitats lost as the result of an increase in the 
            operating level of Rufus Woods Lake. Twenty-four species of shrubs 
            and trees were planted to provide forage and cover for wildlife. 
            Soil characteristics, deer browsing, grass competition, and 
            individual species' moisture needs have influenced development 
            of the plantings.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Risenhoover,KL

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Intraspecific variation in moose preference for willows. p.58-63.
            In: Proceedings - Symposium on plant-herbivore interactions

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-222.

TOPICS:     browsing effects; moose; willow

COMMENTS:   Moose preference for Alaskan feltleaf willow and grayleaf willow were 
            observed and compared among different habitats in and around Denali 
            National Park, AK. Observations during the winter-spring searching 
            phase of diet selection indicate that moose are selective browsers, and 
            feed on only a fraction of the plant stems available. Moose preferences 
            for individual willow species varied considerably among habitat types, 
            and did not appear to be related to the availability of biomass. 
            Observed variations in willow preference could not be attributed to 
            plant nutritional quality, or to the ammounts of phenols and condensed 
            tannins they contained.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Behnke,RJ

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Value and protection of riparian ecosystems

SOURCE:     p.164-167. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; multiple use; riparian ecosystems

COMMENTS:   The riparian ecosystem is a zone of highly concentrated values 
            associated with fish, wildlife, recreation, and water quality. 
            Multiple use management on federal lands has often severely 
            degraded riparian zones and associated values. This abuse must 
            be corrected.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Aronson,JG; Ellis,SL

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Monitoring, maintainence, rehabilitation and enhancement of 
            critical whooping crane habitat, Platte River, Nebraska

SOURCE:     p. 168-180. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. USDA Forest
            Service. General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     flow regimes; platte river; riparian habitat; wet meadows; 
            whooping cranes

COMMENTS:   In 1978, a portion of the Platte River from Lexington to Denman, 
            NE was designated as critical habitat for the whooping crane. 
            Changes in the flow regime of the Platte River have resulted in 
            modification of the "pristine" riverine habitat, especially with 
            respect to increasing vegetative encroachment on channel islands 
            and decreasing wet meadow habitat. Desirable whooping crane 
            roosting and feeding habitats have been adversely affected by 
            vegetative encroachment and by decreasing groundwater levels. 
            This paper explores the vegetative succession on Platte River 
            islands, compares various river stretches on the basis of vegetative
            change over time, and discusses the potential for monitoring, 
            maintaining, rehabilitating, and enhancing critical whooping crane 
            habitat as means to mitigate future natural and/or man-made changes 
            in the flow regime.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stanford,JA

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Proliferation of river deltas in reservoirs: a natural mitigative process

SOURCE:     p.193-195. In: The mitigation symposium: a natural workshop on mitigating 
            losses of fish and wildlife habitats. USDA Forest Service. General 
            Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     alluvial wetlands; deltas; reservoirs; river habitat

COMMENTS:   Sedimentary and ecological dynamics of riverine-formed deltas in 
            Texas, Oklahoma, and Montana illustrate importance of alluvial 
            wetlands to river-reservoir ecosystems. Natural creation of deltas 
            may be considered mitigation of habitat lost by reservoir construction. 
            Conversely, destruction of existing delta habitat by mismanagement of 
            lake level regima may present mitigation problems.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Shabman,L

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Mitigation planning under the principles and standards

SOURCE:     p.196-202. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats.

TOPICS:     impact mitigation; water policy

COMMENTS:   Recent water policy reforms stress improved economic and environmental 
            assessment and stricter application of the Principles and Standards 
            framework. While there are practical limits on the use of the 
            assessment tools being developed, the result will be improved 
            mitigation analysis and increased mitigation at federal projects.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gore,JA; Johnson,LS

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Biotic recovery of a reclaimed river channel after coal strip
            mining

SOURCE:     p.239-244. In: The mitigation symposium: A National workshop on 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     channel structures; fishhabitat; reclamation

COMMENTS:   A newly constructed channel of the Tongue River, WY, reclaimed with 
            layers of gravel and medium cobble, pine snags, bouldered riprap, 
            and rubble piles, was rapidly recolonized with stream invertebrates 
            (70 days). Fish were found only in "snag" areas. Colonization curves 
            predict attainment of a resident fish population in one to two years 
            after channel opening.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kaczynski,VW; Moos,DW

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Strategies for Mid-Colunbia fish production

SOURCE:     p.289-295. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     columbia river; fisheries

COMMENTS:   Putting the area-wide fisheries mitigation requirements into one 
            package dramatically increases ways to meet the requirements. 
            Treating salmonid fisheries mitigation for several individual 
            projects in the Mid-Columbia on a combined basis has many apparent 
            advantages.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Chalk,DE

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Predicting impacts of a proposed irrigation water conservation project
            on wildlife habitat

SOURCE:     p.305-309. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     available water; phreatophytes; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Irrigation improvements on 84 percent of the treatable land in the 
            Uintah Basin, Utah, could reduce water available to phreatophytes 
            by 40 percent, resulting in the conversion of 19,800 acres of 
            wetlands to upland habitat. Twenty-three percent of the water 
            presently diverted for irrigation is consumed by phreatophytes.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Mustard,EW; Rector,CD

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Wetlands, irrigation, and salinity control: Lower Gunnison River 
            Basin, Colorado

SOURCE:     p.310-317. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     salinity control; wetlands; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   A total of 8,773 ha of wetlands was inventoried on a 72, 800 ha 
            area as part of an environmental assessment for a salinity control 
            project in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, CO. Wetlands were 
            evaluated for wildlife habitat value and use. Implementing measures 
            to reduce salt loading to the Colorado River will cause wetland 
            losses. Mitigation recommendations are provided.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Binns,NA; Eiserman,FM

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Evaluation of fluvial trout habitat in Rocky Mountain streams

SOURCE:     p.361-364. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     trout habitat

COMMENTS:   A Habitat Quality Index (HQI) was developed to quantify fluvial 
            trout habitat in Wyoming. As an aid to the mitigation process, 
            the HQI has been used to document and quantify the deterioration 
            of trout habitat and populations caused by man's activities.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Horak,GC

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      The status and success of fish and wildlife mitigation in western 
            water resource projects, 1949-1979

SOURCE:     p.391-395. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     water resources; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   This paper summarizes six research projects analyzing the formulation, 
            acceptance, and implementation of 600 fish and wildlife recommend-
            ations as well as the effectiveness of these measures to preserve 
            of improve populations and habitats in twenty states west of the 
            Mississippi River. Recommendations are offered to improve the 
            effectiveness of fish and wildlife measures.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Armacost,LV

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Lower Snake River fish and wildlife compensation

SOURCE:     p.408-413. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     fish and wildlife compensation; lower snake river

COMMENTS:   In 1945, multipurpose water resource projects were authorized on 
            the Lower Snake River without adequate provision for fish and 
            wildlife compensation. With the realization of the impacts, 
            compensation was authorized in 1976. This paper covers development 
            of the plan and efforts to implement it.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Olson,JE; Horak,GC

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Successful and potentially successful measures to protect and improve 
            fish and wildlife habitats

SOURCE:     p.429-433. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats. USDA Forest Service. 
            General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     fish and wildlife habitat; reservoirs

COMMENTS:   This paper presents information from the new Western Reservoir 
            and Stream Habitat Improvements Handbook on habitat improvement 
            measures . Measures discussed involve improvement possibilities 
            for reservoir water-level management, fish propagation and control, 
            wildlife protection at canals, and others. Specifics concerning 
            design, implementation, cost, and effectiveness will be presented.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Anderson,BW; Ohmart,RD

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Riparian revegetation: An approach to mitigating for a disappearing 
            habitat in the Southwest

SOURCE:     p. 481-487. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on 
            mitigating loses to fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest Service. 
            General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     fish and wildlife habitat; revegetation; riparian enhancement

COMMENTS:   Revegatation of two test plots was implemented in riparian habitats 
            along the lower Colorado River in Arizona and California to test 
            the feasibility of using this technique to enhance operations or 
            mitigate habitat losses. The data base consisted of plant and 
            vertebrate community data collected monthly for a period of six 
            years. Significant plant and animal correlations developed through 
            community models led to the design of plant communities that pre-
            dictably would provide maximum wildlife use values. Plant community 
            development on revegetation sites have thus far produced higher 
            wildlife values than predicted.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Solomon,JM; Horak,GC

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Promising legal and procedural strategies for reserving instream 
            flows in thirteen western states

SOURCE:     p.546-549. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     instream flows; water conservation; water rights

COMMENTS:   The authors identify, describe, and evaluate the most promising 
            strategies for reserving flows at existing and proposed projects. 
            These strategies were designed to promote the bargaining process 
            between Federal/State resource development and conservation interests.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sinning,JA; Andrew,JW

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Habitat enhancement for Colorado squawfish in the Yampa River in 
            conjunction with railroad construction

SOURCE:     p.553-555. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     backwaters; colorado squawfish; fishhabitat

COMMENTS:   Impact assessments for the Colowyo Coal Company's Yampa River 
            railroad spur determined that no adverse effect to the Colorado 
            squawfish would result from construction and adverse effect was 
            only a remote possibility resulting from operation. The conpany 
            and its consultants decided to construct additional backwater 
            habitat suitable for rearing Colorado squawfish in two locations 
            during railroad construction as a habitat enhancement feature. The 
            authors discuss design criteria for the backwaters, applications, 
            and some problems.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Burke,TD; Robinson,JW

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      River structure modifications to provide habitat diversity

SOURCE:     p.556-561. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop for 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     fish and wildlife habitat; habitat enhancement

COMMENTS:   A discussion of the beneficial and detrimental effects of the 
            Missouri River Bank Stabilization and Navigation Project and 
            descriptions of structure modifications used to improve fish 
            and wildlife habitats, flood carrying capacity, and accretion 
            control. Methods include notched, rootless, and low elevation 
            structures.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kochman,E

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Channelization in Colorado - past, present, and future

SOURCE:     p.586-589. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop for 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     aquatic habitat; stream channelization; trout waters

COMMENTS:   Recognizing the need for control of stream channelization, the 
            Colorado legislature passed the Stream Protection Act, 33-5-101, 
            C.R.S., 1973. The law gave control over state agencies who proposed 
            channelization or other projects that would modify aquatic habitat 
            within streams or rivers. The Division of Wildlife has developed 
            specific organizational guidelines/ procedures to carry out the 
            intent of the law including mitigation measures.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McConnell,CA

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Stream channel renovation methods to mitigate natural resource losses

SOURCE:     p.611-614. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop for 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     habitat enhancement; stream channelization; stream restoration

COMMENTS:   Stream channel renovation methods, using a blend of hand labor 
            crews with light equipment where possible and heavy equipment 
            where necessary, were used to minimize damages to natural 
            resources on the Wolf River in Tennessee. Methods, work guidelines, 
            and results are discussed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cline,LD; Short,RA; Ward,JV

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      The inertia and resiliency of a mountain stream to construction 
            impact

SOURCE:     p. 617-620. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     inertia; resiliency; stream restoration

COMMENTS:   Predictive indices of inertia (ability to resist disturbance) and 
            resiliency (ability to recover from disturbance) were applied to a 
            mountain stream in Colorado subjected to highway construction 
            activities. Expected inertia values were exceeded as demonstrated 
            by physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Application of 
            ecological principles elucidates the discrepancy between predicted 
            and observed responses.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Mih,WC; Bailey,GC

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      A machine for mitigation of salmonid spawning habitat from silting

SOURCE:     p.645-648. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest Service. 
            General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     salmonid habitat; silt removal; spawning gravels

COMMENTS:   A machine developed to remove silt and sediments from spawning 
            gravels utilizes high-velocity hydraulic jets,  a suction system, 
            and separation system. The unit travels in the streams during 
            the cleaning operation, and sprays the removed silt on the stream 
            banks above the high water level.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harmon,KW

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Mitigating losses of private wetlands: The North Dakota situation

SOURCE:     p. 157-163. In: The mitigation symposium: A national workshop on 
            mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitat. USDA Forest Service. 
            General Technical Report RM-65.

TOPICS:     drainage basins; watersheds; wetlands

COMMENTS:   No legal means presently exist for mitigation of private drainage 
            of wetlands. In order to reduce losses, the FWS purchases fee or 
            easement interests in North Dakota wetlands. Concern for reaching 
            its 1,000,000-acre goal caused the FWS to make concessions in a 
            watershed project that left 30,000 acres of wetlands subject to 
            drainage. As opposition to the wetlands program increased, the 
            FWS abolished key positions that provided the only public relations 
            effort for countering the opposition. After six years, this situation 
            remained unchanged.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Fisher,HM; Thomas,AE

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Riparian communities: An annotated bibliography of ecosystem and 
            management topics with emphasis on the Intermountain

SOURCE:     Idaho BLM Technical Bulletin 90-7. USDI Bureau of Land Management. 
            Boise, ID.

TOPICS:     

COMMENTS:   This bulletin updates two previous bibliographies (1986 and 1988) 
            published by Idaho BLM. It contains 234 publications appearing in 
            the years 1990 and earlier. Each cited article/paper/technical note 
            is accompanied by a brief abstract of the citation, the authors, the
            publication source, and key words or phrases.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kusler,J

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Wetlands delineation: An issue of science or politics

SOURCE:     Environment 34(2), 7-37.

TOPICS:     national wetland policy; wetlands; wetlands delineation

COMMENTS:   A 1991 USDI study indicates that only an estimated 103.3 million 
            acres of wetland remain intact in the lower 48 states out of an 
            original 221 million acres. Losses are continuing at an estimated 
            rate of 200,000 to 300,000 acres each year. The author believes 
            that the debate over appropriate federal regulatory definition of 
            wetlands has become so politicized that delineation criteria could 
            be adopted that will be scientifically unsound. This factor could 
            not only reduce protection for wetlands but would be costly to 
            developers and landowners as well. Setting national wetland policy 
            should involve both politics and science. National debate is necessary 
            to produce effective wetland management policies and guidelines.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schlosser,IJ

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Stream fish ecology: a landscape perspective

SOURCE:     BioScience 41(10), 704-711.

TOPICS:     aquatic ecosystems; fishhabitat; landscape ecology

COMMENTS:   Various life stages and species of stream fish require different 
            kinds of physical habitats. Spatial heterogeneity and the 
            maintenance of connectivity between habitat patches is critical for
            reproduction and survival of fish in lotic ecosystems. The 
            terrestrial-aquatic interface in upstream areas is the most critical 
            area of the landscape, where most fish reproduction occurs. This 
            interface also experiences extreme fluctuations and variability and 
            is most vulnerable to land-use activities which are concentrated 
            there. Alterations at this location may cause severe reductions in 
            fish diversity, trophic structure, and fish abundance. The predictive 
            capability of stream fish ecologists would be greatly enhanced by the 
            use of evolving quantitative techniques to establish relationships 
            between environmental heterogeneity and critical biological processes.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Allan,JD; Flecker,AS

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Biodiversity conservation in running waters

SOURCE:     BioScience 43(1), 33-43.

TOPICS:     biodiversity; fishhabitat; riverine systems; species diversity;
            stream restoration; water quality; watersheds

COMMENTS:   In terms of biological diversity, streams and rivers are both rich 
            in species and severely imperiled. Habitat degradation and species 
            invasion are the greatest threat to these systems. However, 
            multiple factors frequently interact in the demise of species. In 
            the coterminous United States, only 2 percent (<100,000 km) of the 
            5.2 million km of streams are of high enough quality to warrant 
            federal protection. Present methods of protection address segment 
            conservation instead of entire watersheds, the equivalent of forest 
            fragments. A national policy of protected waters is urgently needed. 
            Since habitat quality is of vital importance to biodiversity 
            preservation, protective measures aimed at both instream and near-
            stream habitat conditions will benefit ecosystem functions and 
            individual species.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Whigham,D; Dykyjova,D; Hejny,S (Eds.)

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Wetlands of the world: Inventory, ecology, and management

SOURCE:     vol.1. Africa, Australia, Canada and Greenland, Mediterranean,
            Mexico, Papua, New Guinea, South Asia, Tropical South America, 
            United States. 1st ed. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, The 
            Netherlands. 788 pages.
            
TOPICS:     wetlands

COMMENTS:   In the public mind, wetlands have been transformed in recent years 
            from mosquito-infested swamps suited for ditching, diking, and 
            reclamation into valuable ecosystems with high intrinsic and 
            aesthetic value that provide beneficial services to humans and 
            wildlife. Each chapter in this book corresponds to a common 
            format. Each geographical region and climate is described followed 
            by descriptions of geology, geomorphology, and hydrology; distribution 
            of wetlands within the region; flora, fauna, and ecological attributes; 
            human impacts; and conservation/management recommendations.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Adler,R

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      The Clean Water Act: Has it worked

SOURCE:     EPA Journal 20(1-2), 10-16.

TOPICS:     clean water act; fish/wildlife contamination; point source pollution; 
            water quality

COMMENTS:   In many ways, the Cleam Water Act has been successful in the last 
            twenty years. Pollution from point sources has been dramatically 
            reduced and some threats to human health and the environment have 
            also declined. Many problems continue, however, including the 
            following: (1) we continue to release large amounts of toxic and 
            other pollutants into our water, causing cumulative contamination 
            of water, sediment, fish, and wildlife, (2) relatively little has 
            been done to stop polluted runoff from farms, lawns, and city 
            streets, and (3) the biological health of our waters is still 
            declining. A revised CWA would address these flaws in the present 
            law.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Monks,V

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      The beauty of wetlands

SOURCE:     National Wildlife June/July, 20-27.

TOPICS:     clean water act; species diversity; wetlands; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Science is steadily advancing our understanding of the functions 
            of wetlands and their benefits to society. If changes in laws 
            such as CWA, however, already approved by the House of 
            Representatives, are endorsed by the 104th Congress, as much as 
            95 percent of the remaining U.S. wetlands could be opened for 
            development. Proposed legislation could also hinder efforts to
            preserve habitat for wide-ranging species.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson,BL; Richardson,WB; Naimo,TJ

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Past, present, and future concepts in large river ecology

SOURCE:     BioScience 45(3), 134-141.

TOPICS:     geomorphology; multidisciplinary studies; partnerships; river
            ecology; river-floodplain ecosystems; riverine dynamics

COMMENTS:   Neither the river-continuum concept nor the flood-pulse concept 
            explains system function in all large rivers. Within a single 
            river, both concepts may apply, depending upon the geomorphology 
            of the system and the temporal and spatial scale of analysis. 
            Multidisciplinary studies, involving hydrologists, geomorphologists, 
            and aquatic and terrestrial biologists, are needed to elucidate the 
            relations between and among physical and biological components. 
            There is a current challenge to develop partnerships among 
            researchers, managers, governmental agencies, and the private 
            sector necessary to plan and conduct these large-scale studies.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gore,JA; Shields,FD,Jr

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Can large rivers be restored

SOURCE:     BioScience 45(3), 142-151.

TOPICS:     biological integrity; river rehabilitation; river restoration;
            river-floodplain ecosystems; riverine ecology

COMMENTS:   Large rivers have a remarkable resiliency in their ability to 
            recover from physical and chemical disturbances. When the 
            disturbance occurs as a pulse (instantaneous alteration), 
            recovery to the original condition of the ecosystem frequently 
            occurs. When the disturbance is sustained (press disturbance) 
            and causes a complete loss of critical habitat elements, ecological
            integrity cannot be maintained. The stability and sustained function 
            of large river ecosystems is dependant upon maintenance of watershed 
            and floodplain integrity. The process of restoration is an attempt 
            to direct biological, geological, and hydrological processes toward 
            an end point at or near predisturbance conditions. Although this is 
            not practical in most cases, rehabilitation -partial restoration of 
            riverine habitats and eccosystems - has considerable potential. 
            Systems that have not achieved true restoration will continue to 
            require constant management.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sparks,RE

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Need for ecosystem management of large rivers and their floodplains

SOURCE:     BioScience 45(3), 168-181.

TOPICS:     ecosystem management; erosion; flooding effects; river-floodplain 
            ecosystems; sedimentation

COMMENTS:   Most of the 79 large river-floodplain ecosystems in the world have 
            been altered by human activity, the others face alteration soon. 
            These are complex ecosystems that consist of flowing channels, 
            together with the floodplain lakes, backwaters, forests, and 
            wetlands that support much of the Earth's terrestrial and fresh-
            water biodiversity. These systems are characterized by seasonal
            floods that promote the exchange of nutrients and organisms among 
            a mosaic of habitats. The annual flood pulses are so predictable 
            and long-lasting that plants, animals, and human societies have 
            adapted to take advantage of them. Ecosystem management works with 
            such natural processes as erosion, sedimentation, and seasonal flood 
            pulses. Non-structural approaches to flood management, such as 
            opting not to rebuild damaged structures in floodprone areas and 
            moving people out of harm's way, are congruent with restoration of 
            floodplains and riparian zones. Over the long-term, ecosystem 
            management could save money and enhance economic efficiency, because 
            natural services are restored (e.g. flood storage, conveyance, and 
            moderation; water purification; fish and wildlife production; and 
            biodiversity preservation) instead of being maintained by human 
            intervention at great costs and considerable risks of failure.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ligon,FK; Dietrich,WE; Trush,WJ

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Downstream ecological effects of dams

SOURCE:     BioScience 45(3), 183-191.

TOPICS:     dams; ecological impacts; geomorphology; riverine ecosystems

COMMENTS:   Most resources committed to identifying the downstream effects of 
            dams on riverine ecosystems are expended on biological studies. 
            The authors suggest that geomorphic studies directed at ecologically 
            significant features of river morphology and hydraulics may some-
            times be more valuable in short-term evaluations associated with 
            environmental assessments or relicensing procedures. Geomorphological 
            changes are usually the key to understanding the long-term 
            consequences of dams and other disturbances. While geomorphological 
            changes to rivers may be more subtle below dams, they are equally 
            important and may have profound impacts on the ecosystem.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Power,ME; Sun,A; Parker,G; Dietrich,WE; Wootton,JT

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Hydraulic food-chain models

SOURCE:     BioScience 45(3), 159-167.

TOPICS:     biological diversity; flood pulses; floodplains; hydrology; modeling; 
            research

COMMENTS:   Modeling efforts can be particularly effective in guiding field 
            studies in large, dynamic, riverine systems, where sampling and 
            experimental manipulations are difficult. The authors see the 
            interaction  of modeling and field investigation as the best 
            approach to understanding the complex environmental problems such 
            as those that arise when levees eliminate the floodplain and the 
            flood pulse, or regulation eliminates, alters or dampens seasonal 
            changes in discharge - the master variable that limits and resets 
            river populations throughout entire drainage networks. Future 
            research is likely to support the basic ecological paradox of rivers: 
            that large, frequent hydrologic perturbations are crucial for long-
            term maintenance of their biodiversity, their enormous productivity, 
            and the higher trophic levels, which include the biological 
            populations most prized by humans.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bayley,PB

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Understanding large river-floodplain ecosystems

SOURCE:     BioScience 45(3), 153-157.

TOPICS:     biodiversity; economic benefits; flooding effects; hydrology; river 
            restoration; river-floodplains

COMMENTS:   Ecologists in temperate countries have not benefitted from studying 
            relatively unperturbed systems in order to understand how their 
            systems functioned naturally. Prevailing economic perspectives of 
            rivers are grossly distorted by government subsidies and the 
            inability of most economists to value natural resources unless they 
            are currently being exploited and are thus in the market economy. 
            Less- impacted tropical river-floodplains, whose ecological attributes 
            seem to be shared among all systems, have contributed to ecological 
            and economic knowledge; although many of these are also undergoing 
            rapid development in pursuit of advanced technology. Large-scale 
            processes and benefits common to relatively pristine systems in some 
            tropical areas, however, are sufficiently known to indicate that 
            significant economic advantages, in addition to benefits associated 
            with increased biodiversity and stability would result from 
            restoration of impaired systems. Our cultural development has caused 
            river-floodplain ecosystems in most temperate areas to be more 
            adversely affected than most other natural systems. It has also almost
            destroyed our ability to study their ecology.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Meyer,JL

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      A blackwater perspective of riverine ecosystems

SOURCE:     BioScience 40(9), 643-651.

TOPICS:     food webs; lotic ecosystems; nutrient cycling; research; riverine 
            systems; stream restoration; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Streams and rivers are vital natural resources. They provide fresh 
            water to support a growing human population as well as transport 
            and treatment of waste water. They are valuable for recreation 
            and fisheries, providing an essential source of protein in many 
            countries. Streams and their riparian wetlands are the habitat 
            for diverse assemblages of species. When Europeans first colonized 
            this North America, streams and rivers were used for transportation 
            and were the arteries of the continent. Today they are used instead 
            as kidneys - processing and purifying the wastes of an industrialized 
            society. More complete understanding of these systems in the future
            would be facilitated by the following studies: (1) Quantification of 
            rates of exchange of nutrients and organic matter between different 
            components of stream ecosystems plus an assessment of factors 
            controlling those rates, (2) assessments of the significance of the 
            microbial food web as a pathway of organic carbon transfer and 
            nutrient spiralling in flowing waters, and (3) whole system experimental 
            manipulations to develop an understanding of factors controlling lotic 
            ecosystem function and structure.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Allan,PF; Anderson,WL

PUB. YEAR:  1955

TITLE:      More wildlife from our marshes and wetlands

SOURCE:     p.589-596. In: Water: The yearbook of agriculture. 84th Congress. 
            House Document No. 32.

TOPICS:     economic values; marshes; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Marshlands have been shrinking in size since colonial days as a 
            result of industrial expansion, urbanization, agricultural 
            drainage and development, sedimentation, and landfill of wetlands. 
            [In 1955,] --Waterfowl and furbearers were the principal marsh 
            products of economic value and the need to preserve marshes was 
            becoming more urgent to maintain or expand production of those 
            harvestable species. Reviewer's Note: In this early paper, there 
            is no focus on marshes or wetlands as critical links in larger 
            systems or scenarios. They are perceived as entities which produce 
            specific marketable products instead of entities with important 
            intrinsic values.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schrader,TA

PUB. YEAR:  1955

TITLE:      Waterfowl and the potholes of the North Central States

SOURCE:     p.596-604. In: Water: The yearbook of agriculture. 84th Congress. 
            House document No. 32.

TOPICS:     waterfowl management; wetlands; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   The prairie pothole region of the Dakotas and Minnesota is the most 
            important waterfowl nesting area in the United States. Formerly, 
            it produced up 15 million ducks (by 1955, production had dropped 
            to about 5 million ducks annually). Pothole drainage for agricultural 
            development was the primary cause. An acceptable program to save 
            wetlands would have involved two factors. Subsidies to provide 
            farmers with incomes equitable with that which could be achieved by
            drainage and/or compensation for the problems caused by undrained 
            potholes. Another desirable but impractical alternative would be 
            direct purchase of such lands by the federal government.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Shaw,SP; Crissey,WF

PUB. YEAR:  1955

TITLE:      Wetlands and the management of waterfowl

SOURCE:     p.604-614. In: Water: The yearbook of agriculture. 84th Congress.
            House Document No. 32.

TOPICS:     land-use planning; waterfowl management; wetlands

COMMENTS:   During the preceding one or two decades, the accepted method of 
            encouraging necessary conservation measures had been the use of 
            incentive payments to private landowners. Since the use of public 
            funds for such purposes is in the longterm public interest, there 
            should be little opposition to the use of public monies to benefit 
            the waterfowl resource. Land-use planners should have public support 
            to preserve and improve wetlands on private lands, especially if they
            can assure the availability of technical and financial assistance.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cronemiller,FP

PUB. YEAR:  1955

TITLE:      Making new trout streams in the Sierra Nevada

SOURCE:     p.583-586. In: Water: The yearbook of agriculture. 84th Congress. 
            House document No. 32.

TOPICS:     fisheries; stream restoration; trout habitat

COMMENTS:   Small, intermittant streams have been improved to accomodate trout 
            spawning and summer-long habitat by the construction of small, 
            "flow-maintenance" dams. Such dams, developed through cooperative 
            efforts with sportmen's groups, assure the release of stored water
            through the summer to create permanent streams with excellent fishing. 
            These installations become natural "trout factories"which have very 
            low maintenance costs.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brown,CB; Murphy,WT

PUB. YEAR:  1955

TITLE:      Conservation begins on the watersheds

SOURCE:     p.161-165. In: Water: The yearbook of agriculture. 84th Congress. 
            House document No. 32.

TOPICS:     flood control; land-use planning; watersheds; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   At the time of writing, the concept of small watershed management 
            was just beginning to be applied on the ground. National programs 
            of assistance to landowners had not provided adequate aid in the 
            resolution of interrelated community problems. Such problems included 
            local agricultural and urban flood control, mutual irrigation 
            developments, drainage improvements on creeks, local water supplies, 
            pollution abatementon tributaries, wildlife habitat improvements, and
            stabilization of eroded and degraded lands.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Salmond,GR; Croft,AR

PUB. YEAR:  1955

TITLE:      The management of public watersheds

SOURCE:     p.191-198. In: Water: The yearbook of agriculture. 84th Congress. 
            House document No. 32.

TOPICS:     erosion; water management; watersheds

COMMENTS:   

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Monsen,SB; McArthur,ED

PUB. YEAR:  1955

TITLE:      Implications of early Intermountain range and watershed restoration 
            practices

SOURCE:     p.16-25. In: Proceedings: Wildland shrub and arid land symposium; 
            October 19-21, 1993; Las Vegas, NV. USDA Forest Service. General 
            Technical Report INT-GTR-315.

TOPICS:     disturbed wildlands; ecological restoration; watersheds

COMMENTS:   Ecological restoration of disturbed wildlands continues to gain 
            acceptance as the most desirable approach to site improvement. 
            However, some disturbed sites have been so seriously altered that 
            native communities cannot recover. In addition, weeds are dominant 
            over large areas, and appear more persistent and resilient than 
            many native species. In these and related situations, introduced 
            species and altered plant communities will have to be maintained 
            to protect all resources. Previous site rehabilitation practices 
            provide information to better restore disturbed watersheds, 
            rangelands, and weed-infested sites. Previous research and project 
            plantings have provided information to better identify sites that 
            are suitable for restoration, and to define more appropriate planting 
            practices. Native species and ecotypes have been identified and 
            tested to define their range of adaptation and use in reconstructing 
            native communities. Equipment has been developed to culture plants, 
            prepare seedbeds, control weeds, and seed a variety of species. 
            Considerable information can be gained by examining previous 
            rehabilitation practices, including documentation of secondary 
            succession of seeded as well as protected natural sites. This 
            information is essential in developing sound restoration measures.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kay,CE

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Browsing by native ungulates: Effects on shrub and seed production in 
            the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem

SOURCE:     p.310-320. In: Proceedings: Wildland shrub and arid land restoration 
            symposium; 1993 October 19-21; Las Vegas, NV. USDA Forest Service. 
            General Technical Report INT-GTR-315.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; shrubs; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Long-term grazing exclosures were used to compare browsed vs unbrowsed 
            shrubs in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Deciduous shrubs 
            protected by wild ungulates exhibited greater canopy-cover, height, 
            size, and volume than unprotected plants. Browsed shrub populations 
            were dominated by significantly smaller plants than were unbrowsed 
            populations. Protected shrubs increased in canopy-coverageand size 
            while browsed plants remained static or declined. Ungulate browsing 
            in recent times has virtually eliminated shrub seed production in 
            areas frequented by wintering elk. This elimination of shrub seed 
            production over much of the ecosystem suggests that ungulates are 
            not in equilibrium with their food resources,as required under the 
            "natural regulation" paradigm.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ramsey III,EW; Spell,RE; Day,RM

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      GIS and remote sensing as wetland resource management tools: The 
            fire monitoring example

SOURCE:     p.133-145. In: Proceedings of an international workshop on requirements 
            for integrated geographic information systems; 1994 2-3 February; New 
            Orleans, LA.

TOPICS:     gis; remote sensing; wetlands

COMMENTS:   In a preliminary analysis of burn monitoring, site-specific canopy 
            reflectance spectra and light attenuation curves were acquired for 
            a number of fresh marsh sites in coastal Louisiana. Near the time 
            of reflectance acquisitions, thematic mapper scenes were obtained 
            for winter, spring, and summer analysis. Three sites chosen for 
            monitoring canopy reflectance depicted changes in unburned, winter-
            burned, and spring-burned marsh. Comparison among all images 
            indicated that winter-early spring burns were identifiable on the 
            spring image, but not all winter-early burns were identifiable in 
            summer. Spring burns - post-spring image - were detectable on the 
            summer image, as were some winter-early spring burns; however, the 
            two burn ages were not separable.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Goodloe,S

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Watershed restoration through integrated resource management on
            public and private rangelands

SOURCE:     p.136-145. In: Desired future conditions for pinyon-juniper 
            ecosystems: Proceedings of the symposium; 1994 August 8-12; 
            Flagstaff, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-258.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; integrated resource management; livestock effects; 
            riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   Until recently, much of the rangelands in the western United States 
            was in a serious downward trend. Water quality and quantity were 
            declining as the result of the continuous livestock grazing practices 
            employed at the turn of the century followed by 80 years of fire
            suppression. Thirty-five years of integrated/holistic resource 
            management at the Carrizo Valley Ranch site has reversed this trend. 
            In addition to the restoration of rangeland productivity, the 
            riparian area on the ranch has been restored, wildlife populations 
            enhanced, and perennial streamflow restored. The practical experience 
            gained at the ranch should be useful to private landowners, public 
            land managers, and water quality agencies throughout the brittle 
            ecosystems of the southwestern United States.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jones,JA; Grant,GE

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Peak flow discharges to clear-cutting and roads in small and large 
            basins, western Cascades, Oregon

SOURCE:     Water Resources Research 32(4), 959-974.

TOPICS:     flow discharges; stream flow; water balance

COMMENTS:   This study examined long-term changes in streamflows associated with 
            clearcutting and road construction and explored alternative hydrologic 
            mechanisms to explain stream hydrochanges in the Cascades Range, 
            western Oregon. They determined differences in paired peak discharges 
            for 150 to 375 storm events for five basin pairs, using 34-year records 
            from two pairs of 60- to 101-ha experimental basins in the H.J. Andrews 
            Experimental Forest, and 50- to 55-year records from three pairs of 
            adjacent basins ranging from 60 to 600 km2. Forest harvesting has 
            increased peak discharges by as much as 50% in small basins and 100% 
            in large basins over the last 50 years. These increases are attributable 
            to changes both in flow routing due to roads and in water balance due 
            to treatment effects and vegetation succession.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hinchman,VH; Birkeland,KW

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Age prediction based on stem size for riparian cottonwood stands

SOURCE:     The Southwestern Naturalist 40(4), 406-409.

TOPICS:     cottonwood; riparian forest; tree size

COMMENTS:   Accurate estimations of tree age based on size are useful for 
            hydrologic and geomorphic studies of riparian environments. 
            The use of stem size to predict age for Fremont cottonwood is 
            assessed based on increment bores and stem diameter measurements 
            along two rivers of the southwestern United States. Predictive 
            models for tree age were established for creeks in Utah and Arizona 
            and were compared to previously published regression equations. 
            Results indicated that good age-size relationships exist within 
            short reaches with uniform geomorphic site conditions. However, 
            these correlations may not hold for entire drainage basins, or 
            larger geographic areas.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Busch,DE

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Effects of fire on southwestern riparian plant community structure

SOURCE:     The Southwestern Naturalist 40(3), 259-267.

TOPICS:     fire effects; riparian forest; riparian shrubs; salt-cedar

COMMENTS:   Studies of plant water- and salinity-relations suggest that halophytic 
            riparian shrubs may recover from burning more efficiently than do 
            mesophytic trees. A compilation of fire records from the lower 
            Colorado River floodplain was used to assess the change in riparian 
            community structure resulting from fire. Approximately 37% of the 
            riparian vegetation in the study area burned during the 12-year period 
            evaluated. Fire extent was associated with the area of saltcedar 
            burned, whereas fire affected disproportionately small areas formerly 
            dominated by mesquite. Saltcedar and arrowweed were dominant in post-
            fire riparian communities. Arrowweed replaced riparian trees in 
            response to fire in habitats dominated by cottonwood/willow and 
            mesquite. Species turnover was low over the post-fire periods 
            evaluated, so the replacement of riparian forests by water- or 
            salinity-stress tolerant shrubs can be considered long-lived.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Shaw,DC; Bible,K

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      An overview of forest canopy functions with reference to urban 
            and riparian systems

SOURCE:     Northwest Science 70, 1-6.

TOPICS:     aquatic habitat; forest canopy; riparian forest

COMMENTS:   Functions of forest canopy ecosystems generally include 
            photosynthesis; sexual reproduction of trees; light absorption, 
            modification, and shading; atmospheric interaction; hydrologic 
            interaction; and biodiversity. This paper reviews some of those 
            functions and draws comparisons from two specialized systems, 
            the urban and the riparian. Urban forest canopies abate noise, 
            ameliorate urban temperature increases, conserve energy by shading 
            buildings, and capture particulate matter, pollutants, and carbon 
            dioxide, which make cities more habitable for humans. Riparian and 
            wetland forest canopies affect temperature and primary production 
            of aquatic habitat by shading, influence productivity by controlling 
            allochthonous inputs, including coarse woody debris, and provide 
            unique habitat for wildlife and other biota.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harr,RD; Nichols,RA

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Stabilizing forest roads to help restore fish habitats: A northwest 
            Washington example

SOURCE:     Fisheries 18(4), 18-22.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; flood hazards; watershed rehabilitation

COMMENTS:   As part of a total watershed rehabilitation to improve fish habitats 
            and reduce flood hazards, 30- to 40-year old, unused, largely 
            impassable roads and landings within the Nooksack River watershed 
            were decommissioned by stabilizing fills, removing stream crossings, 
            recontouring slopes, and reestablishing drainage patterns to reduce 
            the landslide hazards. The average cost for decommissioning a road 
            was $3500 per kilometer (earthmoving) where considerable amounts of 
            alder brush were cleared and sidecast material was pulled back 
            upslope. Lower costs were associated with lesser earthmoving jobs; 
            the highest costs resulted when fills at stream crossings or landings 
            had to be removed. In contrast to unused roads not treated, 
            decommissioned roads and landings  were largely undamaged by rain-on-
            snow runoff that produced a 50-year flood in 1989 and sustained little 
            damage during rain-on-snow runoff in 1990 that severely damaged main
            haul roads in the region.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Leidholt-Bruner,K; Hibbs,DE; McComb,WC

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Beaver dam locations and their effects on distribution and abundance 
            of Coho salmon fry in two coastal Oregon streams

SOURCE:     Northwest Science 66(4), 218-223.

TOPICS:     beaver; fishhabitat; stream rehabilitation

COMMENTS:   Beaver dams and coho salmon fry were examined for their relationships 
            in two coastal Oregon streams in 1987. The initial spring survey of 
            19 km of stream found only one beaver dam intact after winter. By 
            autumn, the number of dams had increased to 1.1 and 1.2 per km on the 
            two streams. Beaver dams increased summer pool habitat 7 to 14 percent 
            over unmodified conditions. Although density of coho was similar among 
            pool types, beaver ponds were larger and contained more coho fry than 
            non-beaver pools; thus, beaver increased rearing habitat for coho 
            during the summer low flow. Beaver present a low-cost tool deserving 
            more consideration for stream rehabilitation projects.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Howe,WH; Knopf,FL

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      On the imminent decline of Rio Grande cottonwoods in central New 
            Mexico

SOURCE:     The Southwestern Naturalist 36(2), 218-224.

TOPICS:     cottonwood; rio grande basin; riparian forest; river restoration

COMMENTS:   Increment cores from 144 Fremont cottonwoods were taken at three 
            riparian woodland sites along the Rio Grande in New Mexico. Trees 
            at two study sites averaged 38.8 and 43.2 years old. All trees 
            fewer than 26 years old at those sites were root suckers from older 
            trees whose primary trunks had decayed. The third site, one of a 
            few known locations where young trees were present, had 75% of the 
            trees between 5 and 25 years old. Cottonwood recruitment generally, 
            but not always, could be associated with years of overbank flooding. 
            The combination of a paucity of cottonwood regeneration over the 
            last 30 years, the rapid colonization during this century of Russian-
            olive and salt-cedar into the valley, and current river channel 
            management practices suggest that the Rio Grande riparian woodland 
            will become dominated by the exotic shrubs over the next 50 to 100 
            years. To assure the continued survival of the cottonwood riparian 
            community along the Rio Grande, resource managers need to implement 
            strategies to enhance cottonwood regeneration and survival and to 
            control the spread of exotics.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brown,BT; Trosset,MW

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Nesting-habitat relationships of riparian birds along the Colorado 
            River in Grand Canyon, Arizona

SOURCE:     The Southwestern Naturalist 34(2), 260-270.

TOPICS:     avian species; riparian communities; salt-cedar; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Vegetation structure and the numbers of shrubs were measured at nest 
            sites of 11 species of riparian birds in a tamarisk community to 
            characterize breeding habitat by species. Riparian birds exhibited 
            significant differences in their use of nesting habitat. Bell's vireo, 
            yellow warbler, and yellow-breasted chat were relative generalists 
            in their use of nesting habitat, while common yellowthroat and 
            Bullock's oriole were relative specialists. Bell's vireo and American 
            coot used the most dissimilar habitats. Willow flycatcher and yellow 
            warbler consistently used habitat most similar to that used by other 
            species. The tamarisk community created by the operation of the 
            Glen's Ferry Dam represents the ecological equivalent of native 
            habitat for some riparian birds, and its presence has enhanced 
            breeding habitat for these 11 species of birds.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McIntosh,BA; Sedell,JR; Smith,JE; Wissmar,RC; Clarke,SE; Reeves,GH; Brown,LA

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Historical changes in fish habitat for select river basins of Eastern Oregon 
            and Washington

SOURCE:     Northwest Science 68, 36-53.

TOPICS:     anadromous fishes; fishhabitat; land use; stream restoration

COMMENTS:   From 1934 to 1942 the Bureau of Fisheries surveyed more than 8,000 km 
            of streams in the Columbia River Basin to determine the condition of 
            fish habitat. Changes in fish habitat over time were evaluated by 
            resurveying a subset of the historically surveyed streams from 1990 
            to 1992. Many streams were as degraded from past use practices (e.g. 
            timber harvest, splash dams, stream channelization, livestock grazing, 
            and mining) as before the 1930's. Differences in land-use histories 
            partially explain current fish habitat conditions and declines in 
            anadromous fish runs. Strategies to protect, restore, and maintain 
            anadromous and resident fish habitat need ecosystem approaches that 
            protect as well as restore the remaining habitats.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Darveau,M; Beauchesne,P; Belanger,L; Huot,J; Larue,P

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Riparian forest strips as habitat for breeding birds in boreal forest

SOURCE:     J. Wildl. Manage. 59(1), 67-78.

TOPICS:     avian species; boreal forest; riparian forest; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Riparian forest strips are usually protected from logging for their 
            buffer effect on aquatic habitats. However, their value to terrestrial 
            wildlife is generally unknown. From 1989 -1992, the authors compared 
            bird abundance and species composition in 5 experimental riparian 
            forest strips (20-m, 40-m, 60-m, and control [>300m wide], intact 
            strips, and 20-m wide thinned strips), in boreal balsam fir stands, 
            for three years following clear-cutting. Bird densities increased 30 - 
            70% in all strips the year after clearcutting and decreased thereafter 
            to approximately pretreatment levels. The 20- and 40-m-wide riparian 
            strips had the highest mean bird densities, but also the fastest 
            decreases thereafter. The removal of 33% of the trees in some of the 
            20-m strips resulted in a <20% decline of bird densities. There was 
            evidence that 60-m strips are required for forest-dwelling birds. 
            Bird populations may continue to decline in strips before regeneration 
            of adjacent clear-cuts provides suitable habitat for forest-dwelling 
            species.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wunderlich,RC; Winter,BD; Meyer,JH

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Restoration of the Elwha River Ecosystem

SOURCE:     Fisheries 19, 11-19.

TOPICS:     anadromous fishes; fishhabitat; river restoration

COMMENTS:   Historically, the Elwha River in western Washington was renowned 
            for the abundance and diversity of anadromous salmonids. Most of 
            the river system lies within the Olympic National Park and remains 
            in pristine condition, but two dams in the lower river have blocked 
            all anadromous fish for more than 80 years. To restore the Elwha's 
            historic fishery resources and resolve an impasse about federal 
            licensing og the dams, the U.S. Congress passed the Elwha River 
            Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act in 1992. The act required 
            an analysis of alternatives (dam retention with fish passage 
            facilities vs dam removal) to achieve full ecosystem and fishery
            restoration. Analysis indicates that removal of both dams is the 
            only option that will achieve full restoration, but dam removal 
            and fish restoration efforts could span 20 years and cost $147 to 
            $203 million. Although fish restoration poses problems because of 
            limited native runs, sediment management presents the most sign-
            ificant environmental challenge and cost. Nevertheless, a unique 
            opportunity to fully restore the ecosystem of a major anadromous-
            salmonid-producing river is at hand.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lichatowich,J; Mobrand,L; Lestelle,L; Vogel,T

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      An approach to the diagnosis and treatment of depleted Pacific salmon 
            populations in Pacific Northwest watersheds

SOURCE:     Fisheries 20(1), 10-18.

TOPICS:     anadromous fishes; fishhabitat; river restoration

COMMENTS:   The authors propose an approach to the development of restoration 
            programs for Pacific anadromous salmon that recognizes the 
            importance of an ecosystem perspective. Important concepts such as 
            habitat complexity and self-organizing capacity of the stock are 
            reviewed. A planning process comprised of six steps is described. 
            The approach includes a comparison of historic and current habitat 
            complexity and connectivity and intrapopulation life history 
            diversity. Uncertainties are incorporated into the planning process 
            through assumptions that are clearly identified. Risk of project 
            failure is determined through a quantitative or qualitative weighing 
            of the critical uncertainties. They emphasize the concept that 
            restoration planning is an iterative process that must be continued 
            after implementation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Vellidis,G; Lowrance,R; Smith,MC; Hubbard,RK

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Methods to assess the water quality impact of a restored riparian 
            wetland

SOURCE:     J. Soil and Water Conserv. 48(3), 223-230.

TOPICS:     bioremediation; riparian restoration; wetlands

COMMENTS:   The feasibility and effectiveness of restoring a riparian wetland 
            and using it as a bioremediation site for nutrients moving downslope 
            from an animal waste application site is being evaluated. In question 
            is the short term effectiveness of the restored wetland in enhancing 
            the quality of water leaving the site. The wetland was restored by 
            reintroducing a combination of native trees that will be harvested 
            for pulpwood or timberwood. Native grasses and forbs were allowed to 
            reestablish themselves among the trees. An intensive monitoring system 
            using a network of shallow groundwater wells and automated surface 
            runoff collectors was established to measure nutrient movement through 
            the wetland in shallow groundwater and surface runoff. Soil samples 
            are collected for nutrient analysis and denitrification measurements. 
            Details of wetland restoration, instrumentation, and sampling 
            strategies are discussed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McComb,WC; McGarigal,K; Anthony,RG

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Small mammal and amphibian abundance in streamside and upslope 
            habitats of mature Douglas-fir stands, western Oregon

SOURCE:     Northwest Science 67(1), 7-15.

TOPICS:     amphibians; riparian habitat; small mammals

COMMENTS:   Capture rates of small mammals and amphibians were compared between 
            streamside and upslope habitats along 700-m transects in each of 
            six mature Douglas-fir stands, 1988. Equitability and diversity of 
            small mammal communities were higher along streamside than upslope 
            transects. There was no difference in small mammal or amphibian 
            species richness per transect between streamside and upslope 
            transects. Capture rates of marsh shrews, Pacific jumping mice, 
            long-tailed voles, white-footed voles, and Dunn's salamanders were 
            higher along streamside than upslope transects. Capture rates of 
            western red-backed voles, Townsend's chipmunks, creeping voles, 
            Trowbridge's shrews, and Ensatina salamanders were higher along 
            upslope than streamside transects. Capture rates of marsh shrews, 
            Pacific jumping mice, deer mice, shrew-moles, and Pacific shrews, 
            decreased with distance from the stream along transriparian 
            transects. Capture rates of western red-backed voles incresed with 
            distance from the stream.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Anderson,DC

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Demographics of small mammals using anthropogenic desert riparian 
            habitat in Arizona

SOURCE:     J. Wildl. Manage. 58(3), 445-454.

TOPICS:     riparian habitat; riparian restoration; small mammals

COMMENTS:   Resource managers attempting to rehabilitate degraded desert riverine 
            ecosystems must understand the effects of vegetation management on 
            riparian wildlife. The author used capture-recapture methods to 
            investigate demography of small mammals in the xerified Colorado
            River floodplain, five years after treatment to replace salt-cedar 
            with native woody plants. The site had become a mosaic of various 
            vegetation types, including closed canopy cottonwood/willow. The 
            site represents source habitat for most native small mammal species.
            High levels of measured biomass suggest the reclaimed site has 
            potential to be important in local ecosystem functioning.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gomez,DM; Anthony,RG

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Amphibian and reptile abundance in riparian and upslope areas of 
            five forest types in western Oregon

SOURCE:     Northwest Science 70(2), 109-119.

TOPICS:     amphibians; herpetofauna; reptiles; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   This paper compares species composition and relative abundance of 
            herpetofauna between riparian and upslope habitats among 5 forest 
            types (shrub, open sapling-pole, large sawtimber and old-growth 
            conifer forests, and deciduous forests) in western Oregon. Riparian 
            and upslope associated species were identified based on capture 
            frequencies from pitfall trapping. Species richness was similar 
            among forest types but slighly greater in the shrub stands. The 
            abundances of 3 species differed among forest types. Total captures 
            was highest in deciduous forests, intermediate in mature conifer 
            forests, and lowest in the 2 young coniferous forests. Species 
            richness wasbetween stream and upslope habitats; however, captures 
            were higher in riparian than upslope habitat. The authors suggest 
            that riparian management zones should be at least 75 - 100 m on 
            each side of the stream and that management for upslope and/or old 
            forest associates may be equally as important as for riparian species.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wissmar,RC; Smith,JE; McIntosh,BA; Li,HW; Reeves,GH; Sedell,JR

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      A history of resource use and disturbance in riverine basins of 
            eastern Oregon and Washington (early 1800s-1990s)

SOURCE:     Northwest Science 68(Special Issue), 1-35.

TOPICS:     ecosystem management; resource disturbance; riparian restoration; 
            wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   A historical review of human activities influencing stream and 
            riparian ecosystems in eastern Oregon and Washington shows that 
            cumulative effects of resource uses and management over the last 
            two centuries are altering the health of many river basins. Past 
            practices such as livestock grazing and forest harvest near riparian 
            areas and streams became collectively significant over long time 
            periods and are continuing today. Historic cumulative effects on 
            stream and riparian ecosystems include livestock grazing and mining 
            from the 1860's until about 1910. Timber harvest, roads, fire 
            management, dams, irrigation, and fisheries increased in importance 
            during the 20th century. Continuous dissent from competing entities 
            only compounds this situation as available water and habitats continue 
            to decline. Alternatively, new basin-wide management strategies of 
            federal agencies and environmental organizations offer hope for 
            improving the ecosystem diversity and population levels of fish and 
            wildlife. Intact watersheds function as critical habitats and refugia 
            for fish and wildlife of adjoining ecosystems.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kondolf,GM

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      A cross section of stream channel restoration

SOURCE:     J. Soil and Water Conserv. 51(2), 119-125.

TOPICS:     flood control; stream channelization; stream restoration

COMMENTS:   Professional/public interest in the restoration of traditional values 
            to degraded stream channels has grown enormously in recent years. 
            Interest in developing flood control strategies that retain ecological 
            values has grown concurrently. "Stream restoration" has been frequently 
            used to encompass all efforts at ecologically sound river management, 
            even though sone of these involve attempts to minimize negative 
            environmental effects of flood management or channel relocation works. 
            This paper presents case studies illustrating various goals and 
            techniques in stream restoration projects and discusses the need for 
            systematic studies to evaluate success of restoration projects.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hawkins,CP; Kershner,JL; Bisson,PA; Bryant,MD; Decker,LM; Gregory,SV;
            McCullough,DA; Overton,CK; Reeves,GH; Steedman,RJ; Young,MK

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      A heirarchical approach to classifying stream habitat features

SOURCE:     Fisheries 18(6), 3-11.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; riparian habitat; stream classification

COMMENTS:   The paper proposes a heirarchical system of classifying stream 
            habitats based on three increasingly fine descriptions of the 
            morphological and hydraulic properties of channel geomorphic units. 
            Channel geomorphic units are defined as areas of relatively 
            homogeneous depth and flow that are bounded by sharp gradients in 
            both depth and flow. Differences among these units provide a natural 
            basis for habitat classification that is independant of spatial 
            scale. At the most general level of resolution, they divide channel 
            units into fast- and slow-water categories that approximately 
            correspond to the commonly used terms "riffle" and "pool". Within the
            fast-water category, they identify two subcategories of habitat, 
            those that are highly turbulent (falls, cascades, chutes, rapids, and 
            riffles) and those with low turbulence (sheets and runs). Slow-water 
            habitats include pools formed by channel scour (eddy pools, trench 
            pools, channel pools, convergence pools, lateral scour pools, and 
            plunge pools) and those formed behind dams. Dammed pools include those 
            obstructed by debris dams, beaver dams, landslides, and abandoned
            channels. Backwaters are a kind of dammed pool. Fishes and other stream 
            organisms distinguish among these habitats at one or more levels of the 
            heirarchy. Habitats defined in this way represent an important habitat 
            template on which patterns of biological diversity and production form.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Anderson,DC

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Are cicadas (Diceroprocta apache) both a "keystone" and a "critical-
            link" species in lower Colorado River riparian communities

SOURCE:     The Southwestern Naturalist 39(1), 26-33.

TOPICS:     avian species; biodiversity; cottonwood/willow; riparian habitat; 
            salt-cedar

COMMENTS:   Apache cicada densities were estimated to be 10 individuals/m2 within 
            a closed-canopy stand of Fremont cottonwood/Goodding willow in a 
            revegetated site adjacent to the lower Colorado River. The author 
            estimates that up to 1.3 cm of water may be added to the upper soil
            layers annually through the feeding activities of cicada nymphs. This 
            is equivalent to 12% of the annual precipitation received in the study 
            area. Apache cicadas may have significant effects on ecosystem 
            functioning via effects on water transport and thus act as a 
            "critical-link" species in this southwestern desert riverine ecosystem. 
            Cicadas emerged later within the cottonwood/willow stand than in 
            saltcedar/mesquite stands; this difference in temporal dynamics would 
            affect their availability to several insectivorous birds and may help 
            explain the birds' recent decline.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Megahan,WF; King,JG; Seyedbagheri,KA

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Hydrologic and erosional responses of a granitic watershed to 
            helicopter logging and broadcast burning

SOURCE:     Forest Science 41(4), 777-795.

TOPICS:     logging effects; prescribed burning; sedimentation; stream flow; 
            surface erosion

COMMENTS:   Effects of helicopter logging and prescribed burning on streamflow 
            and sediment yields from headwater drainages in the Idaho Batholith 
            were evaluated, using paired watersheds monitored from 1966 to 1986. 
            In the fall of 1976, 23% of a 162 ha watershed was clearcut. All
            the cutting units were on south-facing slopes. Helicopter logging 
            was followed by broadcast burning on cutting units. Streamflow 
            parameters showed little change in response to logging and burning. 
            However, total annual sediment yields increased an average of 97% in 
            the 10 years following logging, with the largest increases occurring 
            in the years of highest sediment yields. About 94% of the increased 
            sediment yields was attributed to accelerated surface erosion on the
            cutting units. Accelerated erosion persisted on the cutting units 
            throughout the study period. The accelerated surface erosion occurred 
            primarily as a result of the prescribed burning rather than the 
            helicopter logging; surface erosion rates on the burned areas were 
            about 66 times greater than those on undisturbed slopes.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schlosser,IJ

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Dispersal, boundary processes, and trophic-level interactions in
            streams adjacent to beaver ponds

SOURCE:     Ecology 76(3), 908-925.

TOPICS:     beaver ponds; fish dispersal; fish predation; stream discharge;
            stream invertebrates

COMMENTS:   In Minnesota, experiments conducted in an artificial stream located 
            below a beaver pond indicated discharge and fish predation have 
            potentially strong and interactive effects on invertebrate colon-
            ization in stream ecosystems. Differences in colonization of riffles 
            and pools under low vs. elevated discharge and fish vs. no-fish 
            treatments suggested, however,that the interactive effects of these 
            factors on invertebrate was variable over even small spatial scales. 
            Elevated discharge increased invertebrate colonization in riffles 
            but decreased invertebrate colonization in pools. Contrary to 
            expectations, fish predation reduced invertebrate colonization more 
            under elevated than low discharge conditions, particularly in pool 
            habitats. Results suggest that: (1) beaver ponds act as reproductive 
            sources for fish on the landscape, while adjacent stream environments 
            act as potential reproductive "sinks", (2) large-scale spatial re-
            lationships between beaver ponds and streams, along with the in-
            fluence of discharge on the permeability of the boundaries between 
            these habitats, are critical in controlling fish dispersal between 
            ponds and streams and the subsequent abundance and composition of 
            fish in lotic ecosystems, and (3) fish predation and discharge have 
            potentially cascading effects on invertebrate colonization in lotic
            ecosystems.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Goodloe,S

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Watershed restoration through integrated resource management on
            public and private rangelands

SOURCE:     p.136-140. In: Desired future conditions for pinyon-Juniper 
            ecosystems: Proceedings of the symposium; 8-12 August 1994; 
            Flagstaff, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-258.

TOPICS:     grazing effects; stream flow; water quality; watershed restoration; 
            wildlife values

COMMENTS:   Until recently, much of the rangeland in the western United States 
            was in a serious downward trend. Water quantity and quality were 
            declining as the result of the continuous livestock grazing practices 
            employed at the turn of the century followed by 80 years of fire 
            suppression. Thirty-five years of integrated/holistic resource 
            management at the Carrizo Valley ranch site has reversed this trend. 
            In addition to restoration of rangeland productivity, the riparian 
            area of the ranch has been restored, wildlife populations enhanced, 
            and perennial streamflow restored. The practical experience gained 
            at the ranch should be useful to private landowners, public land 
            managers, and water quality agencies throughout the brittle ecosystems 
            of the southwestern United States.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gottfried,GJ; Ffolliot,PF

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Stand dynamics on upper elevation pinyon-juniper watersheds at Beaver 
            Creek, AZ

SOURCE:     p.38-45. In: Desired future conditions for pinyon-juniper ecosystems: 
            Proceedings of the symposium; 8-12 August 1994; Flagstaff, AZ. USDA 
            Forest Service. General Technical Report 258.

TOPICS:     pinyon-juniper; tree products; watershed evaluation; woodlands

COMMENTS:   There is a lack of information about stand dynamics, especially 
            volume growth, in the pinyon-juniper woodlands of the southwestern 
            United States. Such information is vital for managing woodlands on 
            a sustainable basis for tree products. Harvesting in excess of 
            growth will diminish the resource. Growth information is also 
            needed to understand ecosystem dynamics and to ascertain stand 
            changes that affect other resources, such as wildlife habitat. 
            Two overstory inventories, spanning a 24-year period, were conducted 
            on permanent points on two untreated watersheds in central Arizona. 
            Alligator juniper is the dominant species on the watersheds, which 
            are representative of woodlands at the upper elevations of the 
            Mogollon Rim. Although inventory techniques have changed since the 
            first inventory in 1964, repeated measurements using the original 
            techniques can produce valuable information about stand changes in 
            the interim. Mean annual growth for trees present in 1964 and 1988 
            was 18.5 cubic feet per acre and net periodic annual growth was 
            20.3 cubic feet per acre.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Baker,SB,Jr; Benevides-Sonorio,JDD; Talavera-Zuniga,E

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Relationship between precipitation and streamflow on El Carrizal 
            watershed, Tapalpa, Jalisco

SOURCE:     p.115-120. In: Partnerships for sustainable forest ecosystem 
            managemment: Fifth Mexico/U.S. Biennial Symposium; 17-20 October 
            1994; Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. USDA Forest Service. General
            Technical Report RM-GTR-266.

TOPICS:     riparian restoration; stream flow; watersheds

COMMENTS:   A 789 ha watershed was gauged to study the hydrology of the area 
            and to assist in the assessment and restoration of its riparian 
            ecosystem. Streamflow for the 1994 season began one month after 
            the first summer precipitation occurred. Response in daily flow 
            was generally associated with rainfall amounts of 10 mm or more. 
            Maximum daily flow of 5.27 and 4.79 mm occurred following rainfalls 
            of 60 and 35 mm, respectively. A total of 81 mm of runoff was 
            produced from May through October by a total rainfall of 990 mm.
            Results suggested that streamflow is basically generated by sub-
            surface flow and will average about 10 percent of the total 
            annual precipitation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Burns,RG; Huendo,LM; Neary,DG

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Low cost methods to control sedimentation from roads

SOURCE:     p.121-127. In: Partnerships for sustainable forest ecosystem 
            management: Fifth Mexico/U.S. Biennial Symposium. 17-20 October 
            1994; Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.

TOPICS:     roads; sedimentation; stream protection

COMMENTS:   Throughout the world there are many km of roads or natural surface 
            roads located along streams. Sediment reduces the water quality for 
            human uses and aquatic ecosystem productivity. One objective of road 
            management should be to protect adjacent resources, such as streams 
            and riparian areas. Common practices presented in this paper can be 
            built by hand or machines using resources that are commonly available 
            in the area. These include: wing ditches, sediment traps, berms, 
            weeps, outslopes, humps, and relief pipes. These practices are 
            described and illustrated.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Huerta,YC; Medina,AL; Sanchez,XM; Reyes,TS

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      A preliminary classification of the riparian vegetation of El 
            Carrizal in Tapalpa, Jalisco, Mexico

SOURCE:     p.128-133. In Partnerships for sustainable forest ecosystem 
            management: Fifth Mexico/U.S. Biennial Symposium. 17-20 October
            1994; Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. USDA Forest Service. General 
            Technical Report RM-GTR-266.

TOPICS:     classification; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   The primary objective of this study was to identify a classification 
            for the riparian vegetation of "El Carrizal" watershed in Tapalpa, 
            Jalisco, Mexico. The classification was proposed for application to: 
            (1) better understand the structure and composition of the riparian 
            vegetation, (2) provide a point of reference for other riparian studies 
            where comparisons of types, species, etc. could be made, (3) provide 
            basic, essential information for the development of watershed 
            management plans, (4) provide a basis for defining critical wildlife 
            habitat, and (5) provide a model for assessing the condition of other 
            watersheds in the region.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dolloff,A

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Ecological role of large woody debris in forest streams

SOURCE:     p.54-57. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 
            1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report RM-GTR-279.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; riparian vegetation; woody debris

COMMENTS:   This paper summarizes the key role of large woody debris (LWD) in 
            mountain streams and its importance to fish habitat. Management 
            strategies are described which can promote sources of LWD and 
            maturation of riparian vegetation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Moreau,JK

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Placing large wood debris to restore salmonid habitat

SOURCE:     p.58-64. In: National Hydrology Workshop Proceedings. 27 April-1 
            May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report RM-GTR-279.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; salmonid habitat; stream restoration

COMMENTS:   Fishery managers are placing large wood debris to restore habitats 
            in salmonid streams in the Pacific Northwest. Desirable skills for 
            habitat restoration practicioners are described. A process is 
            presented to plan, implement, and monitor fish habitat restoration 
            projects to maximize the potential for success. Innovative 
            technologies adapted for large woody debris projects are described 
            and sources for tools and materials are presented.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Potyondy,JP

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Technical issues related to nonpoint source management

SOURCE:     p.65-73. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 
            May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report RM-GTR-279.

TOPICS:     best management practices; non-point source pollution; water
            quality

COMMENTS:   Nonpoint source pollution is a major water quality problem. Because 
            of inherent differences between point sources and nonpoint sources, 
            different control strategies are required. Nonpoint source control 
            strategies rely primarily on the application of Best Management 
            Practices (BMP's) as the means to achieve protection of designated 
            beneficial uses. Increasingly, environmental groups and regulatory 
            agencies are looking toward instream numeric water quality criteria 
            as a regulatory mechanism for controlling nonpoint sources. Numerous 
            technical problems exist with this approach. The most significant 
            being the highly variable and poorly understood relationships 
            between land-use and the beneficial uses that have to be protected. 
            The continued use of BMPs appears to offer important advantages over 
            instream water quality standards and their continued use is suggested. 
            In the long-term, monitoring data accumulated to evaluate BMPs can be 
            used to build a sound scientific basis for eventual evolution to 
            water quality based approaches.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ice,GG

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Approaches to solving nonpoint source issues

SOURCE:     p.74-79. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 
            May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report 
            RM-GTR-279.

TOPICS:     non-point source pollution; water quality; watersheds

COMMENTS:   Numerous difficult nonpoint source issues are currently being 
            addressed by western state agencies using innovative approaches. 
            Issues include managing for cumulative effects, how to 
            cooperatively manage in mixed-ownership watersheds, development 
            and monitoring of load allocations for nonpoint sources, revisions 
            to nonpoint source control programs, assessing BMP effectiveness, 
            and application of antidegradation water quality standards. Many 
            of these issues present almost intractable technical or social 
            difficulties. A number of special approaches are being followed 
            by states to address these concerns. These include: panels of 
            experts, detailed decision strategies, adaptive management, 
            interdisciplinary team assessments, cooperative watershed planning, 
            and focused forest practice regulations.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schmidt,LJ

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      The national riparian policy

SOURCE:     p.81-84. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 
            May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report RM-GTR-279.

TOPICS:     riparian management; riparian policy evaluation

COMMENTS:   In 1989, the US Forest Service initiated a national effort to make 
            riparian area management a prominent part of the on-going forest 
            planning and management process. The approach involved: (1) developing 
            an integrated approach to implementing riparian standards and 
            guidelines; (2) setting national, regional, and forest goals for 
            on-the-ground accomplishment; (3) using an integrated basinwide 
            approach to accomplish priority goals with demonstration areas on
            every district; (4) conducting an inventory of current riparian 
            ecological conditions; (5) and building increased internal and 
            external support for the initiative.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     LaFayette,RA; Pruitt,JR; Zeedyk,WD

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Riparian area enhancement through road design and maintenance

SOURCE:     p.85-95. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1
            May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report 
            RM-GTR-279.

TOPICS:     riparian restoration; road design/maintenance

COMMENTS:   Traditional road location, design, construction, and maintenance 
            have generally had adverse effects on riparian areas. Road locations, 
            drainage methods, and maintenance practices have resulted in a net 
            loss of both acreage and related values in riparian areas, par-
            ticularly in the arid and semi-arid regions of the West. Results of 
            these activities include drainage of riparian ecosystems, reduced 
            site productivity, loss of fish and wildlife habitat, reduced base 
            flows with increased peak flows, gully development, and accelerated 
            downstream sedimentation. Recent changes in management philosophy and 
            activities are reversing this trend by using road design and 
            maintenance to rehabilitate riparian areas and restore their 
            productivity. Methods being used to accomplish these goals include 
            road obliteration, modified culvert designs, raised culvert inlets,
            modified bridge and ford design, flow dispersal, stilling basins, 
            and more frequent and effective ditch management. Results have been 
            dramatic, with more than 405 ha of degraded riparian areas improved 
            or improving in the SW Region of the USFS.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     DeBano,LF; Rinne,JN; Medina,AL

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Understanding and managing southwestern riparian-stream ecosystems: 
            National Forest Systems and Forest Service partnerships

SOURCE:     p.96-102. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 
            May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report 
            RM-GTR-279.

TOPICS:     partnerships; riparian management

COMMENTS:   Partnerships between research scientists and land managers can 
            facilitate the application of research findings. Successful 
            partnerships developed between scientists and field staff have been
            involved in addressing riparian-stream interactions. These successful 
            partnerships involve several interpersonal and organizational 
            considerations. Examples and keys to successful partnerships are 
            described.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bates,DT

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Development, implementation, and monitoring of riparian standards and
            guidelines

SOURCE:     p.103-107. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 May 
            1992; Phoenix, AZ.

TOPICS:     monitoring; riparian management; riparian standards and guidelines

COMMENTS:   This paper discusses the development and implementation and results 
            of the first year of monitoring of the Riparian Standards and 
            Guidelines and the Riparian Management Guide (Gregory, 1990) used 
            on the Willamette National Forest on western Oregon.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith,RD

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Geomorphic effects of large woody debris in streams

SOURCE:     p.113-127. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 
            1 May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical 
            Report RM-GTR-279.

TOPICS:     geomorphology; stream restoration; woody debris

COMMENTS:   This paper reviews the geomorphic effects of in-channel obstructions, 
            including large woody debris. It includes discussion of debris flows, 
            debris removal, obstruction-pool interactions, obstruction-channel 
            morphology interactions, mechanisms of pool scour, and scour in 
            obstruction-related pools. There is also a discussion of information 
            needs for widespread application  of the turbulent scour model in 
            forest streams.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Chavez,L

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Above-below diversion study

SOURCE:     p.145-150. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 
            May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report 
            RM-GTR-279.

TOPICS:     diversion sites; stream channels

COMMENTS:   Stream channel condittions were studied above and below diversion 
            sites on 20 streams in Colorado. Ninety-one percent of the channel 
            reaches showed a decrease in a bankfull cross-sectional area, below 
            diversions. Eighty-five percent sustained a decrease in bankfull 
            width and eighty-eight percent had decreased in mean depth at 
            bankfull. D50 particle sizes of streambed material decreased in 
            seventy-two percent of the reaches.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bartuska,AM; Buford,MA

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      USDA Forest Service's National Wetlands Research Program

SOURCE:     p.160-167. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 
            May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report 
            RM-GTR-279.

TOPICS:     riparian research; wetlands

COMMENTS:   This paper describes the genesis of the USDA Forest Service's National 
            Wetlands Program, and gives a regional summary of some important 
            wetlands and riparian research accomplishments of its eight research 
            stations. Key program directions for future emphasis are also 
            discussed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Toliver,JR

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Multiple-use values of forested wetlands - policy and management
            implications

SOURCE:     p.168-173. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 
            May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report 
            RM-GTR-279.

TOPICS:     best management practices; silviculture; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Applying "normal silvicultural activities" through state-of-the-art 
            "Best Management Practices" is crucial to maintaining and enhancing 
            the multiple-use benefits and values of forested wetlands. The 1977 
            Clean Water Act (CWA) permitting normal silvicultural activities or 
            practices in forested wetlands allows managers the opportunity to 
            manage these wetlands for values such as timber, wildlife habitat, 
            and clean water. Silvicultural practices and how they are applied to
            maintain or enhance the multiple-use benefits of forested wetlands 
            are discussed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Vowell,Jl

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Management issues in forested wetlands

SOURCE:     p.174-177. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 
            May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report 
            RM-GTR-279.

TOPICS:     wetlands

COMMENTS:   Management issues involving forested wetlands are largely centered 
            around balancing utilization of the timber resource with other wetland 
            functions and values. Because of the nature of timber harvesting 
            activities, forest management issues concerning Streamside Management
            Zones, Bedding, Wetland Conversion, and Wet Weather Operations are 
            complex and oftencontroversial. These issues are discussed, along with 
            associated regulations, where applicable.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Malanson,GP

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Riparian landscapes

SOURCE:     1st ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. 306 pp. pages.

TOPICS:     landscape ecology; riparian management

COMMENTS:   This book examines the ecological systems of streamside and flood-
            plain areas from the perspective of landscape ecology. The author 
            describes the specific spatial pattern of riparian vegetation as a 
            result of, and a control on, the ecological, geomorphological, and 
            hydrological processes that operate along rivers. He also discusses 
            the role of the riparian zone in controlling species distribution 
            and abundance and highlights the intelligent management of these 
            valuable ecological resources. Finallly, he explores the potential 
            for linking hydrological, geomorphological, ecological simulation 
            models.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Todd,AH

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Watershed rehabilitation: a program for Lake Tahoe

SOURCE:     p.178-186. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 
            May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report 
            RM-GTR-279.

TOPICS:     partnerships; watershed rehabilitation

COMMENTS:   Watershed rehabilitation has been recognized as a critical element 
            in the programs needed to improve the quality of Lake Tahoe's waters. 
            Erosion control and restoration needs in the Lake Tahoe Basin have 
            been estimated at over $300 million on urban and forest lands. The 
            USFS developed a comprehensive watershed rehabilitation program for 
            forest lands in approximately 1980 and has since completed projects 
            on over 3000 acres of disturbed slopes and streamzones. The program 
            includes holistic watershed problem inventories, cooperative 
            fisheries/streamzone rehabilitation projects, retrofit of forest 
            facilities and roads, harsh site revegetation, KV and mitigation 
            projects, and erosion control monitoring. Program success stems from 
            institutionalizing the Forest commitment to watershed rehabilitation 
            in the planning/budget process, and the involvement of partners and 
            support groups.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hansen,WF

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Watershed rehabilitation and monitoring

SOURCE:     p.187-200. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 
            May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report 
            RM-GTR-279.

TOPICS:     monitoring; stewardship; watershed rehabilitation

COMMENTS:   An overview of watershed rehabilitation is discussed . Examples of 
            project successes and failures are included . Primary emphasis is 
            placed on USFS opportunities and programs to rehabilitate severe 
            natural or man-induced conditions that can dominate water quality 
            and beneficial uses. The information provided may prove useful to 
            increase management or specialist awareness of rehabilitation 
            opportunities and benefits as well as encourage the use of public 
            participation and involvement to provide support to agency land 
            and resource stewardship efforts.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wirtz,B; Martinez,R; Sims,B

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Watershed restoration on the French Mesa Grazing Allotment

SOURCE:     p.201-204. In: National hydrology workshop proceedings. 27 April - 1 
            May 1992; Phoenix, AZ. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report 
            RM-GTR-279.

TOPICS:     consensus; erosion control; watershed restoration

COMMENTS:   A Watershed Condition Inventory was completed on the French Mesa 
            Grazing Allotment on the Santa Fe National Forest in north central 
            New Mexico in 1988. This inventory identified and documented numerous 
            erosional problems which were linked to ongoing land management 
            practices. Meetings were held with allotment permittees and and 
            interdisciplinary Forest Service planning team. The team was 
            successful in reaching consensus with the permittees and restoration
            measures were employed. These measures included earth dam gully 
            plugs, sagebrush mowing, fencing which created new pastures, road 
            management, and repair of existing developments. The key to success 
            was in establishing cooperative ties with the permittees and over-
            coming traditional attitudes.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Masters,L; Swanson,S; Burkhardt,W

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Riparian grazing management that worked: I. Introduction and winter 
            grazing

SOURCE:     Rangelands 18(5), 192-195.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock grazing; riparian management

COMMENTS:   Various sites in Nevada represented a spectrum of elevations, 
            vegetation communities, precipitation patterns, and historical 
            uses. These factors all contributed to recent differences in
            watershed condition. On one allotment, long term winter use 
            maintained healthy conditons along most of two streams. On 
            another, winter grazing proved successful for restoring streamside
            vegetation and building new stream channels. These treatments 
            followed season-long and year-round grazing, which in combination 
            with other use impacts, had created more unstable conditions.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Masters,L; Swanson,S; Burkhardt,W

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Riparian grazing that worked: II. Rotation with and without rest 
            and riparian pastures

SOURCE:     Rangelands 18(5), 196-200.

TOPICS:     grazing systems; livestock impacts; rest-rotation; riparian 
            management

COMMENTS:   Rest-rotation grazing strategies can be specifically designed for 
            the unique conditions of an allotment or watershed. The three-
            pasture rest-rotation systems can succeed with seasons of use 
            matched to climate, moderate stocking rates, and maintenance 
            (rather than improvement) of herbaceous and woody vegetation. More 
            complex systems may be appropriate when streambanks require more 
            protection and the additional pastures allow for shorter grazing 
            seasons and greater flexibility. Season of grazing use should be 
            determined by site elevation, mean annual precipitation and seasonal 
            occurrence, and aspect. Higher elevation, cool, mesic sites may 
            respond well to summer grazing. Low elevation, hot, dry sites, 
            however, may respond better to early or late applications within 
            the rotation schedule. Grazing use on critical riparian areas should 
            be kept moderate to low. Utilization standards can guarantee 
            conservative use if they focus on the right plants in the right 
            places at the right lkevels. All such efforts require the full 
            cooperation of both the managing agency and the permittees.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rabe,F; Elzinga,C; Breckenridge,R

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Classification of meandering glide and spring stream natural areas 
            in Idaho

SOURCE:     Natural Areas Journal 14(3), 188-202.

TOPICS:     idaho streams; natural areas; stream classification

COMMENTS:   The authors present a classification of meandering glide and spring 
            stream types in Idaho that effectively identifies potential sites 
            as additional natural areas in a statewide network of those reserves. 
            These two stream types are defined by water source, sinuosity, 
            substrate, and other physical characteristics. The first level of 
            the heirarchical classification separates streams based on 
            geomorphologic landscape characteristics. Further subdivisions 
            consider water chemistry and plant communities. Modifying terms 
            provide detail but are not essential in the classification scheme. 
            This classification approach is compared to others and describes 16 
            sites representing the two stream types. Photographs and captions 
            describing the classification is shown for each stream site.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Todd,PA

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Mountain beaver habitat use and management implications in Yosemite
            National Park

SOURCE:     Natural Areas Journal 12(1), 26-31.

TOPICS:     beaver; natural areas; stream classification; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Sierra Nevada mountain beavers were studied in Yosemite National 
            Park, California to describe current and historic distributions 
            and habitat use, and to evaluate the need for state or federal 
            protection. A survey of eight riparian areas, each 15 km long, 
            conducted during the summers of 1988 and 1989 indicated that 
            distribution has changed over the past 100 years partly from 
            human impacts. Development pressures have impacted several active 
            sites. Four variables characterizing mountain beaver habitat, 
            which may be useful in distinguishing potential habitat, were 
            shrub and herbaceous plant abundance, stream depth, and stream 
            gradient. Techniques used in this investigation may be applicable 
            to species of concern in other natural areas.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rabe,FW; Chadde,SW

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Classification of aquatic and semiaquatic wetland natural areas 
            in Idaho and western Montana

SOURCE:     Natural Areas Journal 14(3), 175-187.

TOPICS:     aquatic areas; natural areas; wetland classification

COMMENTS:   A heirarchical classification of aquatic and semiaquatic zones 
            asociated with lentic (standing water) systems in Idaho and 
            western Montana is proposed. This classification is structured like
            Cowardin et al. (1979), but is modified to apply to conditions in 
            the Northern Rocky Mountains. Aquatic or open water sites are defined 
            as having a depth greater than 0.5 m. Sites less than 0.5 m were 
            considered semiaquatic. Wetland types found in Idaho and Montana 
            such as peatlands, marshes, potholes, swamps, and vernal pools are 
            described and classified. Photos of selected study sites illustrate 
            the classification process.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thompson,DQ

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      History of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) biological
            control efforts

SOURCE:     Natural Areas Journal 11(3), 148-.

TOPICS:     incomplete; biological control; natural areas; purple loosestrife; 
            wetlands

COMMENTS:   After a relatively slow beginning on the northeastern maritime coast, 
            purple loosestrife has spread across temperate North America to the 
            Pacific Coast. It has displaced native wetland vegetation in pastures, 
            marshes, and riparian meadows. Thus far, all methods of cultural,
            mechanical, and chemical controls have proven unsatisfactory for use 
            in natural areas. Since 1968, the beginnings of a purple loosestrife 
            monitoring network have succeeded in obtaining congressional support 
            for the biological control of purple loosestrife.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wallace,JB; Grubaugh,JW; Whiles,MR

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Biotic indices and stream ecosystem processes: results from an 
            experimental study

SOURCE:     Ecological Applications 6(1), 140-151.

TOPICS:     biotic indices; stream monitoring

COMMENTS:   The authors investigated the ability of the North Carolina Biotic 
            Index (NCBI) and the Ephemeroptera + Plecoptera + Trichoptera 
            (EPT) index to track the experimental manipulation of the 
            invertebrate community and resultant alteration of several 
            ecosystem-level processes in headwater streams in western North 
            Carolina. The EPT indes was the easiest to use from both the 
            standpoint of time required for sample processing and ease of 
            application. The EPt indes was relatively simple and displayed 
            a remarkable ability to track the secondary production of 
            invertebrates in the treatment stream.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stromberg,JC; Tiller,R; Richter,B

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Effects of groundwater decline on riparian vegetation of semiarid 
            regions: The San Pedro, Arizona

SOURCE:     Ecological Applications 6(1), 113-131.

TOPICS:     ecosystem degradation; groundwater; riparian ecosystems

COMMENTS:   Groundwater depletion threatens many riparian ecosystems in arid 
            and semiarid regions of the world.  The aquifer that sustains 
            Arizona's San Pedro River riparian ecosystem, for example, is 
            threatened by regional groundwater declines and localized pumping 
            from the alluvial aquifer. This paper demonstrates the important 
            role of shallow groudwater in structuring the San Pedro River 
            plant community, portions of which function as reference areas 
            that indicate site potential for a globally rare forest type. 
            Several ecological indicators varied with depth to groundwater, 
            including a weighted average wetland indicator score calculated 
            for herbaceous and woody plant species, cover of plants within 
            wetland indicator groups, and frequency of indicator plant species.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wallace,PM; Kent,DM; Rich,DR

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Responses to wetland tree species to hydrology and soils

SOURCE:     Restoration Ecology 4(1), 33-41.

TOPICS:     hydrology; riparian soils; riparian trees; wetland species

COMMENTS:   The authors conducted a study of the flood tolerance of nine wetland 
            tree species on seven soil types in western Florida. Seedlings were 
            subjected to 11 months of continuous shallow inundation or moist soil 
            conditions on three mineral soils, two organic soils, a manufactured 
            designed to mimic the practice of layering muck over mineral soil, 
            and a stockpiled topsoil. In general, greatest net height and total 
            biomass were achieved on moist organic soils, and least net height 
            and total biomass were achieved on stockpiled topsoils and inundated 
            soils. Findings suggest that transfer of organic soils will benefit 
            restoration and creation efforts, and that layering organic soils 
            over mineral soil is more effective than using mineral soils or 
            stockpiled topsoil.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Zonge,L; Swanson,S

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Changes on streambanks in the Sierra Nevada Mountains: perspectives 
            from a dry and a wet year

SOURCE:     Restoration Ecology 4(2), 192-199.

TOPICS:     channel erosion; drought effects; riparian vegetation; streambanks

COMMENTS:   This paper summarizes the findings of a two-year study of vegetation 
            and streambank erosion on incised streams. The first year of the 
            research was conducted during the sixth year of a drought. During 
            the second year of study, precipitation totals ranged from normal 
            to 200% of normal. The focus of the study was to determine if 
            vegetation established on a bank affects the erosion of or deposition 
            on that bank. During the drought year, most banks showed relatively 
            little change. During the high water year, 27% of all vegetation and 
            32% of all bare llower banks retreated more than 250 mm. This 
            similarity between vegetated and unvegetated banks indicates that, on 
            the streams studied, vegetation had little effect on bank erosion.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rosgen,DL

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      A stream classification system

SOURCE:     p.10-16. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and 
            riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky 
            Moutain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 
            1988. Denver, CO.

TOPICS:     stream classification

COMMENTS:   A stream classification is presented which categorizes various 
            stream types by morphological characteristics. Delineation 
            criteria are stream gradient, sinuosity, width/depth ration, 
            channel materials, entrenchment, confinement, and soil/landform 
            features. Applications include riparian management guidelines, 
            fishery habitat interpretations, hydraulic geometry, and sediment 
            transport relationships.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stednick,JD

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      The influence of riparian/wetland systems on surface water quality

SOURCE:     p.17-19. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and 
            riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium by the Rocky 
            Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 
            1988. Denver, CO.

TOPICS:     nutrient removal; riparian ecosystems; water quality

COMMENTS:   Principles of water quality maintenance or improvement by 
            riparian/wetland systems have been used to wastewater renovation 
            systems. The removal or immobilization of organic or inorganic 
            sediments, nitrogen and phosphorous, and heavy metals has the 
            potential to improve point source and nonpoint source water quality. 
            Riparian/wetland management must include recognition ot the 
            hydrology-soils-water quality interrelationships.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Knopf,FL

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Riparian wildlife habitats: more, worth less, and under invasion

SOURCE:     p.20-22. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and 
            riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposiuum of the Rocky 
            Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 
            1988. Denver, CO.

TOPICS:     riparian vegetation; woody species

COMMENTS:   Displacement of native woody species will produce dramatic 
            physiognomic transformation of native communities from multi-
            layered, multi-species assemblages to simpler, uniform "scrub"
            landscapes. This displacement will be accompanied by a 30% loss 
            in the number of migratory bird species breeding in lowland areas. 
            The author projects that Rocky Mountain and western Great Plains 
            vegetation below 1500 m elevation will include 50 percent canopy 
            coverage of Russian olive within the next 50 years and 90 percent 
            Russian olive in 90 years.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cooper,DJ

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Mountain wetland vegetation dynamics

SOURCE:     p.23-25. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and 
            riparian ecosystems in the American West. A Symposium of the Rocky 
            Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 
            November 1988.

TOPICS:     plant propagation; vegetation dynamics; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Many wetland plants reproduce largely by very vigorous rhizomes. 
            This can be used to the advantage of those trying to revegetate 
            disturbed wetlands that do not have hydrologic problems. Many of 
            the most common wetland species have very broad niches and can occur 
            in a wide variety of situations. They can be propagated by stem 
            cuttings, sprigging, soil banking and respreading, plugs and many 
            other means.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     MacDonnel,LJ

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Wetlands protection and water rights

SOURCE:     p.8-9. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and 
            riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky 
            Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 
            November 1988. Denver, CO.

TOPICS:     water rights

COMMENTS:   Establishing a water right for wetlands likely will involve four 
            legal issues: 1.) the physical diversions requirement, 2) the 
            exclusive enjoyment requirement, 3)the beneficial purpose requirement, 
            and 4) the efficient and beneficial use requirement. Meeting all four 
            requirements will pose significant difficulties inmost states. 
            However, there are options in most states by which water for wetlands 
            can be given a legally protected status.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dougherty,S

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Wetlands mitigation banking: a policy worth pursuing in Colorado

SOURCE:     p.49-54. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and 
            riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky 
            Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 
            November 1988. Denver, CO.

TOPICS:     wetlands mitigation banking

COMMENTS:   Mitigation banking is a concept in which a developer or group of 
            developers would undertake measures to create, restore, enhance, 
            or restore environments similar to those that will be impacted. 
            The adoption and implementation of wetlands mitigation banking can 
            produce win-win solutions to many of the present Section 404 (FWPCA) 
            difficulties experienced by agencies and applicants.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tiedemann,RB

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Development and use of a wetland bank as a mitigation alternative
            in Idaho

SOURCE:     p.55-60. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and 
            riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky 
            Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists.

TOPICS:     wetland mitigation banking; wetlands restoration

COMMENTS:   Wetlands restoration is, at times, impossible to accomplish on-
            site, comes with such risk that successful mitigation cannot be 
            assured, or can only be accomplished at extraordinary cost. Use 
            of a previously constructed, off-site wetland may be appropriate 
            in these situations to compensate for wetland losses. This paper 
            documents the development of the wetland banking system in Idaho 
            and the consensus building which has led to a memorandum of 
            agreement with all resource and regulatory agencies with a statutary 
            interest in wetland issues. The Idaho effort is the first to enlarge 
            the scope of wetland banking to an entire state and to all the 4 
            activities of an sigle agency (Idaho Transportation Department).

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Scott,ML; Horak,GC; Slauson,WL

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Landscape analysis of woody riparian vegetation along a portion of 
            the Cache La Poudre River, CO

SOURCE:     p.63-70. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and 
            riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky 
            Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 
            1988. Denver, CO.

TOPICS:     land use; landscape analysis; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Infrared aerial photography was used to assess the extent of woody 
            riparian vegetation along a gradient from urban to agricultural areas 
            on the Cache La Poudre River, CO. Although the aerial extent of 
            riparian vegetation in the urban area is not significantly different 
            than that in the agricultural area, detailed examinations of land use 
            patterns in indicated a change in occurrence and nature of riparian 
            vegetation from urban to agricultural land uses. In urban areas, 
            riparian vegetation is associated with gravel mined areas or narrow 
            alluvial terraces between the channel and channel riprap. In contrast, 
            riparian vegetation in agricultural areas with unconfined channelsis 
            found on point bars and low, uncultivated alluvial terraces along the 
            channel edge. Decisions regarding the values and management of 
            ecosystems should be made in view of landscape level changes in 
            hydrology, vegetation dynamics, and land uses.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sun,K

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Historical perspective of riparian areas along the Oregon Trail

SOURCE:     p.71-72. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and 
            riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky 
            Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 
            November 1988. Denver, CO.

TOPICS:     riparian classification; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   This paper describes range sites based on photographic and narrative 
            information in the Sweetwater Valley, Wyoming from the 1870's to the 
            present time. The author projects contemporary technical ratings 
            systems to historical conditions.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Athearn,FJ

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Habitat in the past: historical perspectives of riparian zones on the
            White River

SOURCE:     p.73-75. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and riparian
            ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky Mountain Chapter 
            of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 1988. Denver, CO.

TOPICS:     riparian habitat; riparian vegetation; riparian zones

COMMENTS:   Beginning in 1880, much of the woody vegetation along the White River, 
            CO, was removed for agricultural purposes. Elimination of vegetation 
            resulted in increased run-off, unstable soils, and a reduction of 
            surface vegetative cover. The present time indicates the reintroduction 
            of cottonwoods and willows for bank stabilization. Restoration after 
            human disturbance is occurring as landowners increasingly recognize 
            the importance of riparian habitat.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Henzy,RJ; Wolff,SW; Wesche,TA; Skinner,QD; Hubert,WA

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Assessment of a flow enhancement project as a riparian and fishery 
            habitat mitigation effort

SOURCE:     p.88-93. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and 
            riparian ecosystems in the American West.

TOPICS:     riparian habitat; stream enhancement; stream flow

COMMENTS:   As part of mitigation procedures for impacts caused by a water 
            development project in the Little Snake River Drainage, WY, the 
            flow in a previously ephemeral watercourse on the east slope of 
            the Laramie Range is being enhanced to create a perennial stream. 
            Water used enhance this flow is obtained by transbasin diversion. 
            The mitigation is being done in hopes of enhancing the riparian 
            and fishery habitat. This paper describes the study to assess the 
            results of this action and the feasibility of applying this strategy 
            to other watersheds.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Roesser,Jr,JC

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Blue River reclamation project, Breckenridge, CO

SOURCE:     p.94-101. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland 
            and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the 
            Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16
            November 1988. Denver, CO.

TOPICS:     riparian restoration; stream rehabilitation

COMMENTS:   An assemblage of partnerships has been instrumental in re-creating 
            a river and wetland environment that was lost years ago to gold 
            mining operations. One-half mile of river, including a new river 
            channel, drop structures, and revegetation has been reconstructed 
            at approximately one-half the cost of typical riparian reclamation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rink,LP; Wikndell,JR

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Riparian wetland enhancement in the San Miguel River Valley, 
            Telluride, CO

SOURCE:     p.102-105. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and
            riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky 
            Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists.

TOPICS:     riparian restoration; wetland enhancement

COMMENTS:   Historically, the San Miguel River corridor had been severely 
            impacted by channelization, mine tailing deposition, and livestock 
            grazing. The mitigation project involves replacement of riparian 
            vegetation, streambank stabilization through willow plantings, 
            creating riparian wetland buffer zones, and enhanced control of 
            nonpoint source pollution control.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Emerick,JC

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      The restoration potential for wetlands impacted by acid mine drainage
            in the Colorado Rocky Mountains

SOURCE:     p.109-111. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and 
            riparian ecosystems in the American West.

TOPICS:     acid mine wastes; wetlands restoration

COMMENTS:   Restoration possibilities for wetland systems that are presently 
            impacted by mine drainage include: 1. removing the source of metals 
            (by rechanneling drainages or removing tailings), 2. reducing the
            toxicological effects of some metals by judicious application of 
            Ca and P to stimulate plant production, and 3. removing some of the 
            soil and replacing it with a layer of organic mulch, then planting 
            plugs of healthy vegetation on 2- or 3-foot centers.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tupa,M; Olgeirson,E; Stevens,M

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Beaver Creek stream relocation and restoration, Beaver Creek Ski Area, 
            Avon, CO  

SOURCE:     p.112-114. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland 
            riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky 
            Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists.

TOPICS:     stream restoration

COMMENTS:   This paper describes an interdisciplinary team approach to designing 
            and constructing a stream reach in the central Rocky Mountains. 
            Pooled skills and backgrounds contributed to the overall success of 
            this project.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Buckner,DL; Wheeler,RL

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Construction of cattail wetlands along the East Slope of the Front 
            Range of Colorado

SOURCE:     p.126-131. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and 
            riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky 
            Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 
            November 1988. Denver, CO.

TOPICS:     wetland restoration; wetlands

COMMENTS:   This paper describes the objectives, methods, and results of 
            construction of 12 acres of cattail wetland at Boulder Reservoir 
            and discusses recommended procedures and potential problems for 
            similar projects along the east slope of the Front Range, CO. Use 
            of live topsoiling was a feasible means of establishing wetland 
            vegetation quickly, with a high diversity of species. Cattails 
            were propagated by seed resulting in almost-mature stands in about 
            four months. The creation of appropriate hydrological conditions 
            was more critical than propagating wetland species.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Borutski,D

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      The Alberta streambank fencing program

SOURCE:     p.133-137. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetlands 
            and riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the 
            Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Weland Scientists. 14-16 
            November 1988. Denver, CO.

TOPICS:     riparian enhancement; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The streambank fencing program in Alberta has experienced a high 
            degree of public support because of dramatic increases in fish 
            populations and angling use. Landowner concerns, however, continue 
            to be problematical. Strategies to address these concerns include: 
            financial and other forms of compensation for lost agricultural 
            production in riparian areas, implementation of low-impact grazing 
            systems, and land exchanges to acquire desirable riparian areas.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Auble,GT; Hamilton,DB; Clayton,J; Fredrickson,LH

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      A prototype expert system for moist soil management

SOURCE:     p.137-143. In: Restoration, creation, and management of wetland and
            riparian ecosystems in the American West. A symposium of the Rocky 
            Mountain Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 14-16 November 
            1988. Denver, CO.

TOPICS:     wetlands management

COMMENTS:   Moist soil management is an intensive management strategy for 
            wetland wildlife habitat, It involves manipulating seasonally 
            flooded, manmade impoundments to provide hydrologic conditions 
            and food resources for migrating waterfowl. Effective moist 
            soil management requires considerable expertise concerning how 
            wetland units will respond to management actions and how multiple 
            objectives can be met with complimentary management regimes on 
            sets of units. This paper describes a computer program that 
            suggests management regimes for a set of moist soil impoundments.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hancock,JL

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Selling a successful riparian management program: a public land
            manager's point of view

SOURCE:     p.1-3. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. An
            educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana.

TOPICS:     riparian management

COMMENTS:   The major challenge for public land managers is selling an effective 
            riparian management program to public land users, interest groups, 
            and private landowners whose holdings are intermingled with public 
            lands throughout the west. A successful program developed in central
            Oregon in the preceding 10 years was based upon six major steps: 1.) 
            identifying benefits derived from proper riparian management,2.) 
            having access to a recovered riparian area accomplished through 
            grazing management, 3.) bringing key players together to agree on 
            goals, alternatives, and a plan of action, 4.) closely monitoring 
            progress in reaching goals, 5.) keeping all parties involved and 
            communicating, and 6.) remaining flexible to changes needed to make 
            the program work.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hanson,ML

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      The Oregon Watershed Improvement Coalition's approach to riparian
            management

SOURCE:     p.5-6. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. 
            An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana.

TOPICS:     riparian management

COMMENTS:   A unique coalition of ranchers, environmentalists, and range 
            specialists, the Oregon Watershed Improvement Coalition is 
            dedicated to improving communications between its member groups 
            and improving riparian ecological conditions in Oregon's rangeland 
            environment. Formed in 1986, the OWIC has developed, through the 
            consensus process, specific objectives to meet it's goal of 
            insuring the long term benefits of riparian areas and their 
            associated uplands.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Nedeff,N

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Cooperative resource management on the Muleshoe Ranch Preserve

SOURCE:     p.7-9. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. 
            An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana.

TOPICS:     riparian management

COMMENTS:   The Muleshoe Ranch (22,182 ha) is a historic cattle ranch owned 
            jointly by the Arizona Nature Conservancy, the Bureau of Land 
            Management, and the US Forest Service. One of the best watered 
            areas in southern AZ, the ranch supports seven perennial streams 
            and five species of rare native species. Riparian forests and 
            mesic shrublands also provide habitat to uncommon bird and mammal 
            species. Riparian and watershed protection and enhancement are 
            among the most important biological management objectives and 
            serve to focus cooperative management activities between the 
            three operating agencies.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Phinney,DE; Deusen,MS; Keller,SM; Knudsen,PA

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      A new approach to riparian management in Washington State

SOURCE:     p.11-15. In: Practical approches to riparian resource management. 
            An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana.

TOPICS:     conflict resolution; riparian management

COMMENTS:   The 1974 State Forest Practices Act regulates forest practices on 
            state and private forest lands in Washington in order to protect 
            public resources and maintain a viable forest industry. New 
            conflicts between industries, tribes, environmentalists, and state 
            agencies have evolved as revisions to the Act have been adopted. 
            In 1986, when riparian management regulations were proposed, 
            rampant controversy erupted. With the assistance of a non-profit 
            organization, the State brought all represntatives of interests 
            into a negotiating process. The Timber, Fish, and Wildlife 
            Agreement has successfully resolved previous conflicts by providing 
            positive benefits to all parties while sustaining regulatory 
            integrity.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hemstrom,MA

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Integration of riparian data in a Geographic Information System

SOURCE:     p.17-22. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. 
            An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana.

TOPICS:     gis; stream enhancement

COMMENTS:   A geographic information system (GIS) offers the opportunity to 
            integrate stream resource information at the watershed scale. A 
            case study is presented that uses several layers of information 
            and their uses in developing a stream enhancement model. The GIS 
            map and information bases for Cummins Creek, Oregon Coast Range, 
            included geomorphic stream reaches, stand conditions, plant 
            associations, large woody debris survey, and the stream network.
            Integration of these data bases allows analysis of the distribution 
            of large woody debris, potential input of woody debris from 
            riparian stands, and the location of areas most suitable for 
            silvicultural treatment to increase the representation of decay-
            resistant wood in riparian stands.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Horak,GC

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Integrated riparian planning in the urban setting

SOURCE:     p.41-44. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. 
            An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana.

TOPICS:     riparian management; riparian planning

COMMENTS:   The city of Fort Collins, CO has implemented an innovative approach 
            to riparian area creation and preservation. The solid foundation 
            provided by previous planning products ( open space, basin master, 
            urban fishery, wildlife, and national recreation plans) are 
            contributing to sensible decisions concerning riparian areas. 
            Environmental advantages are complemented by functional values 
            such as flood control and recreational benefits.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Chadde,SW; Pfister,RD; Hansen,PL

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Management implications for riparian dominance types of Montana

SOURCE:     p.83-85. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management.
            An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana.

TOPICS:     riparian classification; riparian management

COMMENTS:   A classification system of Montana's riparian plant communities, 
            based on dominant species, was developed by the Montana Riparian 
            Association. The dominance-type approach allows land managers to 
            identify, inventory, and map riparian communities, plus it 
            provides basic management information for each type. A weakness 
            of this classification method is the broad and overlapping range 
            of environments spanned by individual dominance types.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bilby,RE; Wasserman,LJ

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Forest practices and riparian management in Washington State:data-
            based regulation requirement

SOURCE:     p.87-94. In: Pracical approaches to riparian resource management. 
            An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana.

TOPICS:     riparian forest; riparian management

COMMENTS:   Since 1986, separate regulations were devised for eastern and 
            western Washington due to the differences in vegetation, climate, 
            and timber management strategies. In western Washington, where 
            clear-cutting is the predominant harvest method, regulations were 
            based on existing data on large organic debris (LOD) loading in 
            channels coupled with simulation models of stand dynamics. Data 
            for eastern Washington were collected specifically for the purpose 
            of developing new regulations. Uneven-aged management is the most 
            common silvicultural technique practiced in this area.  Regulations 
            were designed to maintain LOD levels observed in unmanaged stands
            and were based on the relationship between stand density and LOD 
            frequency.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Goodman,T; Donart,GB; Kiesling,HE; Holochek,JL; Neel,JP; Manzanares,D;
            Severson,KE

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Cattle behavior with emphasis on time and activity allocations between
            upland and riparian habitats

SOURCE:     p.95-102. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management.An 
            educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana.

TOPICS:     grazing effects; grazing systems

COMMENTS:   Cattle distribution and behavior were studied in riparian and upland 
            habitats at Fort Bayard in SW New Mexico. A three-pasture seasonal 
            rotation grazing scheme with a moderate stocking rate was employed 
            after 47 years of no grazing. Habitat use shifted from heavy use on 
            riparian areas during the growing season to virtually no grazing use 
            during the dormant season. Riparian use was also influenced by 
            pasture changes. Riparian observations increased significantly 
            (P<0.05) during the first data collections in a new pasture. During 
            the dormant season, open-upland and browse-upland were selected. 
            Time spent grazing and distance travelled were greatest during the 
            summer months and least during the winter months.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Marlow,CB; Olson-Rutz,K; Atchley,J

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Response of a southwest Montana riparian system to four grazing 
            management alternatives

SOURCE:     p.111-116. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. 
            An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana.

TOPICS:     grazing effects; grazing systems

COMMENTS:   The effects of deferred rotation, Savory Grazing Method (SGM), 
            season-long, and livestock exclusion has been monitored for 3 
            years. A decline in trout habitat condition appeared to be more 
            a function of stream discharge and channel aggradation than grazing 
            management. Studies also suggest that that it is the interaction 
            between grazing and stream discharge events that dictate the 
            magnitude of streambank alteration. Downward shifts in cattle 
            numbers will probably not limit streambank degradation and loss 
            of trout habitat. Decreasing the length of access time that 
            cattle have to riparian zones and adjusting the grazing period 
            to coincide with low streambank moisture levels are two devices 
            that show promise for improving riparian zone protection.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clifton,C

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Effects of vegetation and land use on channel morphology

SOURCE:     p.121-129. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. 
            An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana.

TOPICS:     land use; stream morphology; vegetation effects

COMMENTS:   Spatial and temporal morphologic variability in mountain streams may 
            be attributed to local prevailing conditions. In the Blue Mountains 
            of central Oregon, morphologically distinct reaches result from 
            differences in the composition and structure of streamside vegetation, 
            physiography, and land use. Comparisons of grazed and ungrazed meadow 
            reaches and a forested reach loaded with large organic debris reveal 
            special differences related to the local environmental setting. 
            Overall, width, depth, and cross-section area do not increase 
            systematically downstream.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dickson,JG

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Streamside zones and wildlife in southern U.S. forests

SOURCE:     p.131-133. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management.
            An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana.

TOPICS:     riparian vertebrates; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Strips of mature trees, retained along intermittant streams when 
            streams were harvested and replanted to pine, reduce effects of 
            nonpoint pollution and enhance wildlife habitat. Relative abundance 
            of vertebrates was related to the width of those strips. Virtually 
            no squirrels were found in narrow streamside zones. Amphibians and 
            reptiles were abundant in medium and wide streamside zones 
            characterized by canopied overstory, shaded understory, and leaf 
            litter. Amphibians and reptiles were low in abundance in dense 
            brushy narrow zones with logging slash, but this habitat supported 
            the highest abundance of small mammals.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dieter,CD; McCabe,MC

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Habitat use by beaver along the Big Sioux River in eastern South 
            Dakota

SOURCE:     p.135-139. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. 
            An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana.

TOPICS:     beaver; riparian forest; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Habitat use by beavers was investigated in grazed and ungrazed 
            areas. Forty-eight percent of the trees in ungrazed areas were 
            small (<7.5 cm), but a majority of trees (58%) in grazed areas
            were large (>30 cm). A greater proportion of trees were cut by 
            beavers in ungrazed than grazed areas. Beaver did not select 
            trees for cutting according to availability. Trees cut by beaver 
            were significantly smaller in diameter than uncut trees. Mean 
            distance from water for cut trees was less than for uncut trees. 
            Over one-half of the trees damaged by beavers either resprouted 
            or remained alive after cutting.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hamilton,JB

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Response of juvenile steelhead to instream deflectors in a high
            gradient stream

SOURCE:     p.149-158. In: Practical approaches to riparian resource management. 
            An educational workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings,Montana.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; habitat improvement

COMMENTS:   Stream channel characteristics and juvenile steelhead populations 
            were estimated before and after placement of boulder/rock triangular 
            wing deflectors in 10 sections of a northern California stream in 
            an effort to improve rearing habitat. After winter flows, only 14 
            percent of the structures were functionally intact. Reviews of 
            similar projects indicated that habitat improvements that actually 
            increase steelhead populations have usually been sited on lower
            gradient (mean = 1 %) stream reaches.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kondolf,GM; Micheli,ER

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Evaluating stream restoration projects

SOURCE:     Environmental Management 19(1), 1-15.

TOPICS:     riparian restoration; stream restoration

COMMENTS:   River and stream restoration projects are increasingly numerous but 
            rarely subjected to systematic postproject evaluation. Postproject 
            evaluation must be incorporated into the initial design of each 
            project, with the choice orf evaluation technique based directly 
            upon the specific project goals against which performance will be 
            evaluated. The authors emphasize measurement of geomorphic 
            characteristics, as these constitute the physical framework 
            supporting riparian and aquatic ecosystem. Techniques for evaluating 
            other components are discussed, particularly where they relate to 
            geomorphic variables.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hibbs,DE; Giordano,PA

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Vegetation characteristics of alder-dominated riparian buffer strips 
            in the Oregon Coast Range

SOURCE:     Northwest Science 70(3), 213-222.

TOPICS:     riparian forest; woody species

COMMENTS:   The authors examined the effects of harvesting adjacent trees on 
            tree regeneration, understory development, and overstory dynamics 
            in riparian buffer strips and compared them with undisturbed 
            riparian communities. Through a chronosequence of buffers aged 0 
            to 32 years, little change in overstory composition or cover was 
            observed. Tree regeneration was scarce. The alder-dominated 
            community appeared largely resistant to environmental changes 
            associated with becoming buffer strips. Future tree regeneration 
            may be limited after alder senescence.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     France,RL; Peters,RH

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Predictive model of the effects of lake metabolism of decreased 
            airborne litterfall through riparian deforestation

SOURCE:     Conservation Biology 9(6), 1578-1586.

TOPICS:     nutrient cycles; riparian forest

COMMENTS:   The importance of airborne allochthonous litter to the carbon and 
            nutrient budgets of lakes has been seldom studied. These studies
            suggest that terrestrial litter can contribute up to 15% of the 
            total carbon supply to oligotrophic lakes and up to 10% of the 
            total phosphorous supply  to lakes with a large surface area 
            relative to that of their drainage basin. Results were incorporated
            into a simple model that predicts that removal of shoreline trees 
            could increse the ratio of plankton production to respiration in 
            oligotrophic lakes situated within small drainage basins. Such 
            lakes may therefore shift from allotrophy to autotrophy following 
            riparian deforestation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Carlson,JR

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Selection, production, and use of riparian plant materials for the
            western United States

SOURCE:     p.55-67. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association.
            12-16 August 1991. Park City, Utah. USDA Forest Service. General 
            Technical Report RM-211.

TOPICS:     plant materials; riparian plantings

COMMENTS:   Riparian plantings are established to restore native plant communities, 
            stabilize streambanks and shorelines, restore fish and wildlife 
            habitat, improve surface and ground water quality, and control weedy 
            phreatophytes. Native planting stock may be collected from local 
            sources or provided by commercial nurseries. Source guidelines are 
            based on relatively narrow target areas inferred from riparian site 
            classifications and constrained by limited knowledge of the genetic 
            structure of plants. Riparian plant cultivars are developed with 
            specific structural attributes. Nurseries should emphasize production 
            of large plant materials, such as stumps and poles.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Garcia,B; Williams,RL

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      The Strawberry Valley Project: A history and initial experiences

SOURCE:     p.68-70. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association. 
            12-16 August 1991. Park City, Utah. USDA Forest Service. General 
            Technical Report RM-211.

TOPICS:     reclamation practices; riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   After acquisition by the US Forest Service and changes in grazing 
            practices, the Strawberry Valley in Wasatch, Utah, initiated a 
            series of rehabilitation projects. These included streambank 
            stabilization, installation of gulley plugs, and willow planting.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Goodrich,S

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Field key to Salix of Utah based on vegetative features

SOURCE:     p.71-73. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association. 
            12-16 August 1991. Park City, Utah. USDA Forest Service. General 
            Technical Report RM-211.

TOPICS:     field key; plant identification; willow

COMMENTS:   A field key to Salix (willows) of Utah based on vegetative features 
            is presented. Thirty species are described.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hurd,EG; Shaw,NL

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Seed technology of Carex and Juncus species of the Intermountain Region

SOURCE:     p.74-83. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association.
            12-16 August 1991. US Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-211.

TOPICS:     plant materials; seed technology

COMMENTS:   Seed technology is being developed for common sedges and common 
            rushes of the Intermountain Region to evaluate the feasibility 
            of propagating container stock from seed as well as from vegetative 
            material. Germination requiremnts vary among species. Pretreatments 
            are being developed to enhance germination.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Morgenson,G

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Vegetative propagation of poplar and willow

SOURCE:     p.84-86. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association. 
            12-16 August 1991. Park City, Utah. US Forest Service. General 
            Technical Report RM-211.

TOPICS:     plant materials; plant propagation

COMMENTS:   This paper discusses the processes involved in the propagation of 
            poplar and willow from hardwood cuttings including stooling block 
            establishment, cutting planting, growth, use of equipment, and 
            chemical inputs.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Evans,JM

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Propagation of riparian species in southern California

SOURCE:     p.87-90. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association. 
            12-16 August 1991. Park City, Utah. USDA Forest Service. General 
            Technical Report RM-211.

TOPICS:     plant materials; plant propagation; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Riparian corridors in southern California are typically vegetated 
            with a tree cover, an understory shrub layer of woody plants, and 
            a sub-shrub cover of herbaceous plants. As mitigation for Least 
            Bell's Vireo, an endangered species, habitat is being restored using 
            nursery produced container and bare root plants. Propagation and 
            production techniques are described.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Greytak,G

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      A technique for producing riparian plants for Nevada

SOURCE:     p.91-93. In: Proceedings, Intetrmountain Forest Nursery Association. 
            12-16 August 1991. Park City, Utah. USDA Forest Service. General
            Technical Report RM-211.

TOPICS:     plant materials; plant propagation; wetland restoration

COMMENTS:   This paper provides a brief overview of riparian planting as it 
            occurs in Nevada and then describes a method the nursery is using 
            to produce plants for use in constructed wetland creation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jahn,LR

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Strengthening procedures for maintaining wetlands

SOURCE:     p.1-8. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on the protection 
            of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort 
            Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and 
            Wildife Service. Biological Report 88(16).

TOPICS:     wetlands management

COMMENTS:   Legal authorities, implementation procedures, and management 
            techniques to maintain and enhance our wetlands must be 
            strengthened to perpetuate their wide array of public values and
            services. The pressing need is for federal, state, and local 
            governments to recognize all values associated with wetlands and 
            to work actively and cooperatively to advance comprehensive 
            wetland maintenance programs through the public trust doctrine 
            of law.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tiner,RW,Jr

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Agricultural impacts on wetlands in the northeastern United States

SOURCE:     p.9-14. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection of 
            wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, 
            CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife 
            Service. Biological Report 88(16).

TOPICS:     wetlands management

COMMENTS:   Despite its reputation as a highly industrialized region, the 
            northeastern U.S. is mostly farmland and forests.  Consequently, 
            the agricultural impacts to wetlands are more sigmificant than 
            commonly thought. Available information about these impacts is
            presented.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bardecki,MJ

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Impacts of agricultural land drainage om wetlands

SOURCE:     p.15-21. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection 
            of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort 
            Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and 
            Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16).

TOPICS:     agricultural impacts; wetlands management

COMMENTS:   A discussion of the impacts of agricultural drainage is presented 
            based on a municipality-specific investigation of the distribution 
            of drainage in Ontario, Canada. This analysis forms the basis for 
            the identification of areas of concern regarding potential impacts 
            on wetlands and provides a regional perspective on the past and 
            present distributions of wetlands and their relationship to 
            agricultural drainage.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stinnett,DP; Smith,RW; Conrady,SW

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Riparian areas of western Oklahoma: a case study of the Canadian River

SOURCE:     p.22-29. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection of
            wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, 
            CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 
            Biological Report 88(16).

TOPICS:     agricultural impacts; riparian inventory

COMMENTS:   An inventory was conducted for wetland composition on the Canadian 
            River floodplain in 1954-55 and in 1981-84. Eleven palustrine and 
            riverine wetland types were quantified through computer digitization. 
            Results were analyzed for temporal and for trend identification in
            distribution of wetland types. Total wetlands declined from 38, 655 
            ha to 23,717 ha. Conversion of floodplain land to agriculture and 
            plant colonization of unconsolidated alluvial sediments have 
            occurred. Wetland and associated floodplain changes were principally 
            due to hydrological modifications in the upper Canadian River Basin.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lewis,GL; Bockelman,RJ

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Wetlands impacts of large scale center-pivot irrigation in Nebraska's 
            Sandhills: hydrologic and habitat issues

SOURCE:     p.30-37. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection of 
            wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-27 April 1988. Fort Collins,
            CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 
            Biological Report 88(16).

TOPICS:     agricultural impacts; wetland management; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Wetlands impacts from irrigation were investigated at an intensive 
            center-pivot irrigation operation in Nebrasks's Sandhills region. 
            Ground water levels have recently risen, creating record wet 
            conditions and necessitating drainage of farmland. At issue in 
            mitigation and restoration planning were whether climate or farming 
            promoted high water tables and what effects ditching and wetland 
            modification had on available breeding habitat for waterfowl. 
            Hydrologic investigations indicated that area geology substantiated 
            the existance of an aquitard below the property. Examination of well 
            data and predipitation records did not support the hypotheses that
            excessive irrigation or perching due to the aquitard were causing 
            the rises. Instead, there was strong temporal correlation between 
            water level changes and corresponding precipitation amounts, since 
            area precipitation was averaging 120 percent of normal for the 
            previous six years. Blue-winged teal habitat units at two major 
            ditches declined by 57-72 percent in these same years. These declines 
            occurred because the ditched areas had become so wet that the upland 
            nesting habitat rather than wetland habitat was limiting production.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Willard,DE; Willis,JA; Hillegeist,CL

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Regional-scale impacts from using agricultural wastewater for 
            wildlife refuges

SOURCE:     p.47-54. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection 
            of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort 
            Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and 
            Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16).

TOPICS:     wetland management; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Many western wetlands serve as agricultural wastewater sumps. 
            These will inevitably build up contaminants. Mitigation sites 
            should receive water upstream of agriculture. These upstream
            refuges will have greater ecological utility if they are available 
            for populations to "spread the risk" before thr existing sump 
            refuge becomes hazardous. Time is short!

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Winger,PW; Schultz,DP; Johnson,WW

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Contaminanat residues in fish from national wildlife refuges in 
            the southeast

SOURCE:     p.38-46. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection 
            of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort 
            Collins, CO. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16).
            
TOPICS:     agricultural impacts; wetlands management; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   In fish from five of twenty refuges sampled, mean residue 
            concentrations of organochlorine chemicals in fish tissue were at 
            levels high enough to pose a threat to fish-eating wildlife.  
            Concentrations of elemental contaminants in fish were considered 
            higher than background levels in only six of twenty refuges 
            surveyed. Potential environmental impacts of the chemicals of the
            elements at these levels are not known. Most refuges in the SE 
            reflect contamination from agricultural chemicals, but only 5 of 
            20 examined were seriously contaminated.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Grue,CE; Tome,MW; Swanson,GA; Borthwick,SM; DeWeese,LR

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Agricultural chemicals and the quality of prairie-pothole wetlands 
            for adult and juvenile waterfowl - what are the concerns

SOURCE:     p.55-64. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on the 
            protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 
            1988. Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber. USDI 
            Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16).

TOPICS:     agricultural impacts; waterfowl management; wetlands management

COMMENTS:   A review of the literature and results of ongoing studies indicates 
            that the potential for agricultural chemicals, particularly 
            aerially-applied insecticides, to enter prairie potholes and reduce 
            the quality of these wetlands for waterfowl is great, and that a 
            coordinated effort by farmers, wildlife managers, and regulatory 
            agencies is needed to minimize and mitigate these impacts.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dinan,KF

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Wetland protection in the Rainwater Basin of Nebraska

SOURCE:     p.65-72. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on the protection 
            of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, 
            CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife 
            Service. Biological Report 88(16).

TOPICS:     agricultural impacts; wetlands management

COMMENTS:   The Rainwater Basin covers parts of 17 counties in central Nebraska 
            south of the Platte River. Historically, 4,000 wetlands totaling 
            94,000 acres occurred in the Basin. Today, less than 400 of these 
            wetlands remain, totaling about 20,000 acres. Many of the Rainwater 
            Basin wetlands have been dramatically altered or destroyed, primarily 
            due to agricultural practices designed to gain additional cropland 
            and eliminate wetlands that interfere with center-pivot systems. One 
            step being taken by federal and state agencies to protect the 
            Rainwater Basin is application of the Advanced Identification of 
            Disposal Sites Process within the Clean Water Act, more commonly 
            called the 230.80 Process.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heimlich,RE

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      The swampbuster provision: implementation and impact

SOURCE:     p.87-94. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protecting 
            wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, 
            CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service.
            Biological Report 88(16).

TOPICS:     agricultural impacts; wetlands management

COMMENTS:   The location and conversion probability of wetlands were analyzed 
            in relation to direct government payments for U.S. counties. 
            Swampbuster provisions will likely retard conversion on only about 
            one-third of convertible wetlands. The author suggests that 
            preservation of our wetland heritage, because federal programs fall 
            short, may now be up to state and local efforts.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Leitch,JA; Grosz,KL

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Wetlands and agriculture in transition: a look at wetlands protection 
            in North Dakota

SOURCE:     p.95-98. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection of
            wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, 
            CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 
            Biological Report 88(16).

TOPICS:     waterfowl management; wetlands management

COMMENTS:   North Dakota has been the center of controversy regarding drainage 
            of prairie potholes since the 1960's. Landowners have typically 
            treated wetlands as private property and as obstacles to farming. 
            With federal "Swampbuster" sanctions and the state's "no net loss" 
            law, landowners will need to more seriously evaluate plans to drain 
            wetlands, even though some drainage may be economically feasible. 
            The effect of Swampbuster may be negated by rises in land market 
            prices.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jones,LA

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Swampbuster in North Dakota

SOURCE:     p.103-105. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on the 
            protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988.
            Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and 
            Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16).

TOPICS:     agricultural impacts; wetlands management

COMMENTS:   The Swampbuster provision has had a very controversial beginning in 
            North Dakota. Landowner opposition due to the lack of information, 
            severe penalties, loss of managerial rights, and a desire to be 
            conpensated for preserving wetlands have all led to a thrust for 
            changes. As a consequence, the state's Congressional delegation has 
            been active in pursuing changes to Swampbuster. The effectiveness 
            of Swampbuster to protect prairie wetlands will be determined by 
            the outcome of legislative efforts to weaken or modify the current 
            regulations.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Goldman-Carter,JL

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Implementing Swampbuster: plowing new ground at USDA

SOURCE:     p.106-112. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on the protection 
            of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, 
            CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 
            Biological Report 88(16).

TOPICS:     agricultural impacts; wetlands management

COMMENTS:   During the two years since Swampbuster was passed, the law has not 
            been implemented and has contributed little to wetland conservation. 
            Future implementation will depend upon how strictly Swampbuster is 
            implemented at the local level beyond the 1988 growing season. 
            Congressional oversight, expeditious wetland delineation, 
            strengthening amendments, and adequate agency resources will improve 
            Swampbuster implementation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Anderson,PA; Brechtel,S; Ambrock,KR

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      The Alberta landowner habitat project. p.113-120. In: Proceedings of 
            the national symposium on the  protection of wetlands from 
            agricultural impacts

SOURCE:     25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, CO. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service.
            Biological Report 88(16).

TOPICS:     agricultural impacts; wetlands management

COMMENTS:   A three-year pilot project aimed at providing incentives to private 
            landowners to retain and enhance wildlife habitat on their own lands 
            was initiated in Alberta in 1986. Through field coordinators, these 
            incentives are offered to landowners by negotiation and include rental 
            or habitat retention agreements as well as various habitat enhancement
            opportunities. Various indirect incentives are also being promoted 
            including signage and recognition to landowners and, wherever 
            possible, encouragement of conservation-oriented farming practices.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Young,DA

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Development of water management plans to protect waterfowl resources 
            during agricultural drainage

SOURCE:     p.121-130. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection of 
            wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins, 
            CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 
            Biological Report 88(16).

TOPICS:     agricultural impacts; wetlands management

COMMENTS:   The interest in expanded drainage activities in Alberta prompted 
            various government agencies to commission water management planning 
            exercises which could accomodate the interest of various water user 
            groups including agriculture and wildlife.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wallace,N

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Circle irrigation and wetlands

SOURCE:     p.166-172. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on the 
            protection of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988.
            Fort Collins, CO. [Tech. Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and 
            Wildlife Service. Biological Report 88(16).

TOPICS:     agricultural impacts; wetland management

COMMENTS:   The prairie pothole region of the north central states is a major 
            waterfowl producing area with over 1,000,000 wetland acres under 
            protective easement. The area also provides excellent opportunities 
            for irrigated crops. Problems arise when protected wetlands become 
            impassable quagmires for circle irrigators. During a two-year study, 
            several techniques were developed for crossing wetlands with circle 
            irrigators without biologically degrading wetland values.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Skinner,QD; Wesche,TA; Smith,MA; Dodd,JD

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Restoring/creating cold desert riparian zones. Muddy Ceek, Wyoming: 
            a case study

SOURCE:     p.173-178. In: Proceedings of the national symposium on protection 
            of wetlands from agricultural impacts. 25-29 April 1988. Fort Collins,
            CO. [Tech Coord. Patricia J. Stuber]. USDI Fish and Wildife Service. 
            Biological Report 88(16).

TOPICS:     riparian management; riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   The Muddy Creek study evaluates riparian zone response to cost 
            efficient restoration processes using instream structures and 
            diversions. Sediment storage, vegetation production, salt storage 
            in sediment, and groundwater were measured to determine worth of 
            the restoration process. Preliminary results indicate that riparian 
            zones help abate nonpoint pollution and that their economic value 
            depends on who is using them and for what purpose.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Krueper,DJ

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Effects of land use practices on western riparian ecosystems

SOURCE:     p. 321-330. In: Status and management of neotropical migritory birds. 
            21-25 September 1992. Estes Park, CO. [Eds. Deborah M. Finch and 
            Peter W Stangel]. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-229.

TOPICS:     riparian management; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Riparian ecosystems are among the rarest and most sensitive habitat 
            types in the western United States. Riparian habitat is critical 
            for up to 80 % of terrestrial vertebrate species, and is especially 
            important in the arid West. Estimates have placed riparian habitat 
            loss at greater than 95 % in most western states. Impacts ot riparian 
            areas are reviewed along with mitigation and conservation 
            recommendations for resource managers.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Anderson,VJ; Hardin,PJ

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Infrared photo interpretation on non-riparian wetlands

SOURCE:     Rangelands 14(6), 334-336.

TOPICS:     aerial photography; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Despite recent debates, modifications of regulations, and 
            interpretations of wetlands policies, delineation of wetlands 
            will likely continue to be necessary by law to conserve this
            critical resource. Approaches to make this evaluation logistically 
            feasible and reasonably accurate will need further attention. 
            Interpretation of infrared aerial photography holds promise as a 
            useful technique.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Armour,CL

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Effects of deteriorated range streams on trout

SOURCE:     Bulletin. Idaho State Office. Bureau of Land Management. Boise, ID.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock effects; stream degradation

COMMENTS:   Improper management of domestic livestock on western ranges has 
            caused habitat degradation of trout streams in some areas. As a 
            result, there is either less trout production or conditions have 
            deteriorated to such a degree that the fish cannot survive in 
            streams. To accomodate requirements of sportsmen for additional 
            fishing opportunities and to achieve national objectives for better 
            balance in managing resources, it is necessary for habitat 
            degradation problems to be solved. Livestock can alter the quality 
            of stream habitat by damaging banks and decreasing the density of 
            streamside vegetation. Bank damage, besides contributing to erosion 
            and the alteration of channels, can eliminate important trout 
            habitat associated with banks.  When stream-side vegetation is 
            cropped unacceptably, erosion and sedimentation are promoted. If
            shading is decreased, water temperatures can elevate to levels 
            unsuitable for trout. Sedimentation can lessen trout reproductive 
            success and production of aquatic insects which are the predominant
            food base. Problem resolution will require inter-disciplinary efforts 
            and the cooperation of the livestock industry.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Armour,EL; Duff,DA; Elmore,W

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      The effects of livestock grazing on riparian and stream ecosystems

SOURCE:     Fisheries 16(1), 7-11.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock effects

COMMENTS:   This paper was submitted to and approved by the Executive Committee  
            of the American Fisheries Society in 1990. It was published for the 
            expressed purpose of soliciting comments. It includes a section 
            describing and discussing the major issues, a section on the impacts 
            of grazing on aquatic ecosystems, and a discussion of needed actions 
            to formulate a remedial strategy.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ashton,WS; Bredthauer,SR

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Riverbank erosion processes on the Yukon River at Galena, Alaska

SOURCE:     p.415-423. In: Proceedings of the Cold Regions Hydrology Symposium. 
            July 1986. American Water Resources Association.

TOPICS:     bank erosion; hydrology

COMMENTS:   Periodic measurements of riverbank recession on the Yukon River 
            at Galena, Alaska have been made since 1946. Intensive studioes 
            of channel shape and riverbank erosion were conducted in 1959, 1984, 
            and 1985. Erosion rates varied from 0.3m/yr at banks with developed 
            vegetative protection (peat or bank debris) to 10.8m/yr at steep 
            banks with active thermoerosional niching. Comparison of channel 
            profile measurements from June 1984 and June 1985 indicate that the
            thalweg did not significantly change location or elevation during a 
            10-year recurrence interval flood.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Asplund,KK; Gooch,MT

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Geomorphology and the distributional ecology of Fremont cottonwood 
            (Populus fremontii) in a desert riparian canyon

SOURCE:     Desert Plants 9(1), 17-27.

TOPICS:     geomorphology; grazing impacts; riparian trees

COMMENTS:   DBH data were collected from Fremont cottonwood in a desert riparian 
            canyon in west-central Arizona. Recruitment was found to depend on 
            geomorphologic features and flood "refugia" rather than on the 
            absence of grazing.  Fremont cottonwood is specifically a "strandline"
            streamside species, particularly of braided aggradations and their 
            associated secondary channels, a microhabitat that ultimately depends 
            on upstream and upslope erosion. The concept of flood-subclimax 
            succession explains vitually nothing of the ecology of obligate 
            riparian trees. Riparian classification based upon geomorphology 
            and hydrology are likely to have significant meaning for biogeography 
            and management.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Atchley,JL

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Temperature, light, and soil effects on the establishment of Bebb's
            willow (Salix bebbiana)

SOURCE:     M.S. Thesis, Montana State University. Bozeman, Montana. 54p. p.

TOPICS:     riparian shrubs; willow

COMMENTS:   Bebb's willow is a commom riparian shrub along Rocky Mountain 
            foothill streams and springs. In eight-year-old grazing exclosures 
            near Norris, MT, decadent Bebb's willow has not reproduced by seed 
            and its establishment requirements are uncertain. The effects of 
            light, temperature, and soil type on Bebb's willow were examined 
            in this study. Significantly more seeds germinated at 20 degrees C 
            than at any of four other temperature regimes. Seedlings grown under
            the highest light intensity, 20% of full daylight, produced more 
            biomass and taller shoots. There were no significant differences among 
            soil treatments. Responses within light and soil treatments were not 
            consistent. This species may possess a suite of reproductive 
            strategies to establish under a variet of environmental conditions.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Aust,WM; Mader,SF; Mitchell,LJ; Lea,R

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      An approach to the inventory of forested wetlands for timber-
            harvesting impact assessment

SOURCE:     Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 215-225.

TOPICS:     forest wetlands; wetland inventory; wetland trees

COMMENTS:   A methodology for assessment of timber-harvesting impacts in a 
            tidal freshwater wetland was developed. Indices were chosen to 
            detect changes in net primary productivity, plant nutrient 
            assimilative capacity, soil nutrient retention and transformation, 
            decomposition, sedimentation rate, hydrology, and the provision of 
            wildlife habitat.  Methods were chosen for data collection 
            efficiency, interpretive simplicity, and ability to provide a 
            relative index of the integrity and recovery rates of a disturbed 
            ecosystem. This assessment enables wetland managers to determine
            which parameters are sensitive to functional changes.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Baldwin,MF

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Wetlands: Fortifying federal and regional cooperation

SOURCE:     Environment 29(7), 16-20, 39-43.

TOPICS:     wetlands

COMMENTS:   Future protection of wetlands will largely depend on federal 
            initiatives and authorities that can support and strengthen local 
            and state programs. A two-pronged effort is essential. First,
            federal agencies should implement an effective, efficient wetland 
            regulatory program under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Second, 
            they must supplement that program with carefully focused planning 
            to protect valuable and vulnerable wetlands in close cooperation with 
            other federal, state, and local agencies, private groups, and the 
            public.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Baltosser,WH

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Seasonal analysis of a southwestern New Mexico riparian bird
            community

SOURCE:     Western Birds 17, 115-131.

TOPICS:     avian species; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The lower Gila River Valley of southwestern New Mexico has some 
            of the finest riparian habitat and most diverse association of 
            wildlife in the entire lower Colorado River drainage. Over two-
            thirds of New Mexico's total of 449 species of birds are known 
            from the valley. In addition, the New Mexico portion of the Gila 
            River Valley contains the greatest diversity of raptors in the 
            lower Colorado River drainage and the largest number of endangered, 
            threatened, and peripheral bird species. This study was conducted 
            to examine and quantify seasonal changes in avian composition, 
            density, and diversity along the Gila River and the results reaffirm 
            the richness of avian fauna in the study area.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Baltz,DM; Vondracek,B; Brown,LR; Moyle,PB

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Influence of temperature on microhabitat choice by fishes in a 
            California stream

SOURCE:     Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116, 12-20.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; stream characteristics

COMMENTS:   In this study, eight microhabitat variables (temperature, total 
            depth, focal point elevation, focal point velocity, mean water 
            column velocity, surface velocity, substrate, and cover) were 
            used to determine their adequacy to discriminate among species' 
            microhabitat. Two variables were especially important in 
            discriminating among species. Focal point elevation explained 
            between 32 and 43% of the variance in the models it was available. 
            Temperatures made significant contributions in 12 of 14 models in 
            which it was available. When total depth was included in a model, 
            it was always more important than temperature. However, temperature 
            and focal point elevation were the only two significant variables 
            on two sampling dates.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Banister,R

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Eight principles of range management

SOURCE:     Rangelands 13(2), 85-86.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock effects

COMMENTS:   Dealing effectively with riparian problems has been hindered in 
            the past because ther has been little effort by the land management 
            agencies to work cooperatively with ranchers in developing goals or 
            using evaluation methods for solving streambank problems. Often the 
            rancher has more experience and expertise in the critical aspects of 
            the problem. Without the ranchers' input, most projects are doomed 
            to failure.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Liming,B; Mohr,R

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Bear Valley Creek fisheries habitat enhancement project - Surface 
            water hydrology analysis

SOURCE:     Technical Memorandum NO.6. James M. Montgomery, Consulting Engineers, 
            Inc. 30pp.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; hydrology; modeling

COMMENTS:   This technical memo provides an analysis of the surface water 
            hydrology for the Bear Valley Creek study area based upon computer 
            simulation modeling. Physical watershed characteristics directly 
            measured or estimated were presented along with technical 
            assumptions. Results indicate that that the maximum snowmelt runoff 
            event can be expected to to generate an estimated peak flow of 
            approximately 616 cfs, based on the record 1974 snowpack water 
            content. This snowmelt runoff flow was compared with estimated 
            peak flows resulting from the 100-year, 24-hour general storm event, 
            and 48 cfs from the 100-year, 1-hour thunderstorm event for the 
            study area drainage basin.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Beecher,HA

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Standards for instream flows

SOURCE:     Rivers 1(2), 97-109.

TOPICS:     stream flow; water resources

COMMENTS:   Instream flow standards are not clearly defined in laws of most 
            western states. Such a standard should imply a formula that would 
            incorporate biological and hydrological information to assign a 
            range of instream flows for a stream. Ambiguity in instream flow 
            standards has led to unresolved controversy over water allocation. 
            A clear policy would reduce costly delays in water resource 
            planning. Five elements of to an unambiguous instream flow standard 
            are identified: goal, resources to be considered, unit of 
            measurement, benchmark time period, and protection statistic. 
            Future water management options and instream resource levels are 
            influenced by choices pertaining to each of these elements.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bettis III,EA; Thompson,DM

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Gully erosion

SOURCE:     Rangelands 7(2), 70-72.

TOPICS:     erosion control; gully erosion

COMMENTS:   It is important to recognize that gullies are "native" to many areas 
            and are not a unique phenomena resulting from man's modification of 
            the landscape. Through recognition of gully-prone valley sections 
            and promotion of land uses aimed at preventing or lessening the 
            impacts in those areas, we can inhibit gully growth and impede its 
            impacts.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clary,WP; Shaw,NL; Dudley,JG; Saab,VA; Kinney,JW; Smithman,LC

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Response of a depleted sagebrush steppe riparian system to grazing 
            control and woody plantings

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. Research Paper INT-RP-492. 32pp.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock effects; revegetation; riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   Five management systems were applied to a depleted riparian system 
            in sagebrush steppe for a period of 7 years. These treatments ranged 
            from no to heavy grazing and, in some cases, planting of woody 
            species. All treatments were too limited to significantly restore 
            the damaged areas within the 7-year term of study. Although some 
            improvements were made in woody plant densities, little meaningful 
            change occurred in the frequencies of herbaceous wetland plants, 
            densities of small wildlife, or stream channel morphology. Without 
            increased revegetation efforts, they concluded that restoration 
            would take many years, possibly decades.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Beier,P; Barrett,RH

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Beaver habitat use and impact in Truckee River Basin, California

SOURCE:     Journal of Wildlife Management 51(4), 794-799.

TOPICS:     beaver; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Stepwise regression was used to identify factors for habitat use by 
            beavers on streams. Increasing stream width and depth and decreasing 
            gradient had the strongest positive effects on habitat use ; food 
            availability variables added little further explication. Some 
            abandoned colony sites appeared to have been located on physically 
            unsuitable habitat, whereas others appeared to be physically suitable 
            sites abandoned due to resource depletion. The fact that few unused or
            uncolonized reaches were classified as suitable habitat suggests that 
            suitable habitat has been saturated. Local extirpation of quaking 
            aspen and black cootonwood occurred on 4 - 5% of stream reaches. 
            Willow demonstrated good vigor despite heavy use in most reaches.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Belt,GH; O'Laughlin,J; Merrill,T

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Design of riparian forest buffer strips for the protection of water 
            quality: Analysis of scientific literature. Idaho Forest, Wildlife 
            and Range Policy Analysis Group

SOURCE:     Report No. 8. University of Idaho. Moscow, ID 83843.

TOPICS:     bufferstrips; fishhabitat; forest practices; riparian management; 
            water quality

COMMENTS:   This report summarizes the research-based knowledge in the current 
            scientific literature concerning the effectiveness of streamside 
            buffer zones in protection of water quality. More than 300 papers 
            were located and reviewed; almost 100 were relevant and are cited
            in this report. Cited papers addressed the definitions of buffer 
            strips, their effectiveness for reducing impacts of forest practices, 
            their effect on water quality and fish habitat, issues surrounding 
            them, and the available models for utilization.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bolen,EG; Smith,LM; Schramm,HL Jr

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Playa lakes: Prairie wetlands of the southern High Plains

SOURCE:     BioScience 39(9), 615-623.

TOPICS:     instream flows; playa; water rights; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Playas have received little study focused on their ecological 
            structure and function as wetland ecosystems. Future investigations 
            should emphasize primary production, energy flow, and nutrient 
            budgets. Future quatifications of these processes will allow 
            integration of playa ecosystems with other, more thoroughly 
            investigated wetlands. Furthermore, better understanding of these 
            processes will provide a foundation for uses and management of 
            playas.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bond,CE; Rexstad,E; Hughes,RM

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Habitat use of twenty-five common species of Oregon feshwater fishes

SOURCE:     Northwest Science 62(5), 223-231.

TOPICS:     avian species; fish dispersal; fish populations; fishhabitat;
            riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The purpose of this paper/study was twofold. The first objective was 
            to determine the use of physical habitat by the 25 most common native 
            freshwater fishes of Oregon, and the second was to evaluate the use 
            of a large computer database of museum records in the determination.
            Habitat use identified by this study was generally consistent with 
            the subjective evaluations of field ichthyologists, and the study 
            revealed additional information for some species. A large computer 
            database compiled from field notes of many collectors allowed useful 
            generalizations concerning species habitat, even though methods of 
            collecting and recording differed greatly. Small databases also permit 
            greater quantification than is typical of species accounts and more
            robust habitat descriptions than those gleaned from a small number of 
            site specific studies.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bolen,EG; Smith,LM; Schramm,HL Jr

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Playa lakes: Prairie wetlands of the southern High Plains

SOURCE:     BioScience 39(9), 615-623.

TOPICS:     instream flows; playa; water rights; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Playas have received little study focused on their ecological 
            structure and function as wetland ecosystems. Future investigations 
            should emphasize primary production, energy flow, and nutrient 
            budgets. Future quatifications of these processes will allow 
            integration of playa ecosystems with other, more thoroughly 
            investigated wetlands. Furthermore, better understanding of these 
            processes will provide a foundation for uses and management of playas.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bond,CE; Rexstad,E; Hughes,RM

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Habitat use of twenty-five common species of Oregon feshwater fishes

SOURCE:     Northwest Science 62(5), 223-231.

TOPICS:     avian species; fish dispersal; fish populations; fishhabitat;
            riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The purpose of this paper/study was twofold. The first objective 
            was to determine the use of physical habitat by the 25 most common 
            native freshwater fishes of Oregon, and the second was to evaluate 
            the use of a large computer database of museum records in the 
            determination. Habitat use identified by this study was generally 
            consistent with the subjective evaluations of field ichthyologists, 
            and the study revealed additional information for some species. A 
            large computer database compiled from field notes of many collectors 
            allowed useful generalizations concerning species habitat, even 
            though methods of collecting and recording differed greatly. Small 
            databases also permit greater quantification than is typical of 
            species accounts and more robust habitat descriptions than those 
            gleaned from a small number of site specific studies.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Born,SM; Rumery,C

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Institutional aspects of lake management

SOURCE:     Environmental Management 13(1), 1-13.

TOPICS:     lake management; lakes; water resources

COMMENTS:   The major barriers to successful lake management are institutional 
            but these aspects have received little attention. These institutional 
            factors include: overlapping areal jurisdictions among governmental 
            units, fragmented functional program responsibilities, ineffective 
            coordination, limited authority, financial constraints, private sector 
            roles, and inadequate public awareness and consensus. Because lake 
            management programs with institutional shortcomings rarely realize 
            their goals, it is critical to assimilate, evaluate, and apply this 
            experience in order to effectively manage lake resources.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Boughton,WC

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Estimating partial areas of watershed runoff

SOURCE:     J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 113(3), 356-367.

TOPICS:     overland flow; runoff; water balance; watersheds

COMMENTS:   Variations in surface storage capacity over a watershed produce 
            partial areas of saturation overland flow, which vary from storm 
            to storm. This paper describes a method by which proportions of a 
            watershed that contributes to overland flow in different storms and 
            at different times in the same storm can be determined by analysis 
            of rainfall and runoff records. Calculated amounts and proportions 
            of surface storage capacity are incorporated into water balance models
            of watershed runoff to show the accuracy of runoff estimation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Boule,ME

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Wetland creation and enhancement in the Pacific Northwest

SOURCE:     p.130-136. Proceedings: Wetlands: Increasing our wetland resources. 
            October 1987.

TOPICS:     water storage; wetlands

COMMENTS:   A variety of federal, state, and local regulations have caused 
            enhancement and creation of welands to become common components 
            of suburban development activies. Utilization of stormwater 
            storage functions has often been a key goal of project design 
            for wetlands as retention/storage facilities. More recently, 
            concern for water quality, fisheries and wildlife habitat, and 
            aesthetic values has also been expressed by both project proponents 
            and regulatory agency personnel. In response to these diverse needs 
            several key elements for the design of wetlands have been identified 
            to maximize the opportunities for success.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Braatne,JH; Hinckley,TM; Stettler,RF

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Influence of soil water on the physiological and morphological 
            components of plant water balance in Populus trichocarpa, Populus 
            deltoides and their F1 hybrids

SOURCE:     Tree Physiology 11, 325-339.

TOPICS:     riparian trees; soil-water conditions

COMMENTS:   Patterns of leaf growth and whole-plant water balance in Populus 
            trichocarpa, P. deltoides, and their F1 hybrids were studied during 
            a soil drying cycle. Survival was more strongly correlated with the 
            hydraulic conductivity than with the dehydration tolerance of leaf 
            tissues. Collectively, responses suggested that F1 hybrids were more 
            drought resistant than either parental species and highlight the 
            importance of whole-plant studies of functional relationships between
            plant growth, water balance and hydraulic conductivity.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bridgham,SD; Faulkner,SP; Richardson,CJ

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Steel rod oxidation as a hydraulic indicator in wetland soils

SOURCE:     American Journal of the Soil Science Society 55, 856-862.

TOPICS:     water tables; wetland soils

COMMENTS:   Depth of rusting on steel rods is proposed as an inexpensive means 
            of determining depth to the water table. In laboratory microcosms, 
            the steel rod rusting depth exactly matched water-table levels under 
            both permanently flooded and drained conditions. Under a rapidly 
            fluctuating hydrology, however, once heavy rust formed on the rods, 
            it did not dissolve upon partial flooding.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brown,JK

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Effects of fire on aquatic systems

SOURCE:     p. 106-110. In: Proceedings of the Wild Trout IV Symposium. Mammoth, 
            Wyoming. 18-19 September 1989.

TOPICS:     fire effects; riparian management

COMMENTS:   Fire affects spawning areas and food habitat in streams by indirectly 
            influencing waterflow, nutrients, erosion, sedimentation, debris, and 
            water temperature.  The response of vegetation following fire is the 
            most important factor affecting aquatic areas. Effects of fire on 
            aquatic systems vary over time tending to be detrimental at first but 
            often beneficial later.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bryant,HT; Blaser,RE; Peterson,JR

PUB. YEAR:  1972

TITLE:      Effect of trampling by cattle on bluegrass yield and soil compaction 
            of a Meadowville Loam

SOURCE:     Agronomy Journal 64, 331-334.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock effects; trampling

COMMENTS:   This study evaluated the tolerance of loam soils and bluegrass to 
            trampling by cattle.  The trampling pressures, repeated four times 
            a year, were 0, 60, and 120 trips per cow. As trampling pressure 
            increased, maximum resistance to the penetrometer was encountered 
            closer to the soil surface. The height of forage at trampling had 
            no significant effect on either the force required to penetrate the 
            soil or depth of soil at which maximum resistance to penetration was 
            encountered. Increasing trampling pressure had a significantly 
            adverse effect on forage yield for tramplings in June and September.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bull,EL; Skovlin,JM

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Relationships between avifauna and streeamside vegetation

SOURCE:     p.496-506. In: Transactions of the Forty-seventh North American 
            Wildlife Conference.

TOPICS:     avian species; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The avifauna is influenced by the deciduous vegetation in 
            riparian habitats. One group of birds, the deciduous users, 
            is particularly dependent on shrubs and deciduous trees for 
            nesting and feeding. By understanding the associations between 
            birds and habitat, management activities can be implemented to 
            provide appropriate habitat for desired species. Removal of 
            vegetation that reduces strtuctural diversity also reduces bird 
            diversity. Management by limited entry or closure during the 
            spring nesting season may restore habitat and, as a result, 
            maintain bird populations.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cantor,LF; Whitham,TG

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Impotance of belowground herbivory: Pocket gophers may limit aspen 
            to rock outcrop refugia

SOURCE:     Ecology 70(4), 962-970.

TOPICS:     belowground herbivory; meadows; small mammals

COMMENTS:   Aspens may be limited to rock outcrops that are largely inaccessible 
            to pocket gophers and act as refugia from belowground herbivory. The 
            authors found that distributions of pocket gophers and aspen were 
            nonoverlapping 93% of the time. Pocket gophers were almost always
            associated with the deep soils of mountain meadows while the centers 
            of aspen clones were almost always associated with rock outcrops. 
            Although tree ring analyses indicate that aspens grow best in the 
            deep soils of meadows in the absence of pocket gophers, when pocket 
            gophers encounter aspens, tree mortality can be high.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Carlson,JR

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Selection, production, and use of riparian plant materials for the
            western United States

SOURCE:     p. 55-67. In: Proceedings of the Intermountain Forest Nursery
            Association. 12-16 August 1991. Park City, UT. USDA Forest Service. 
            General Technical Report RM-211.

TOPICS:     plant materials; riparian plantings; riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   Riparian plantings are established to restore native plant communities, 
            stabilize streambanks and shorelines, restore fish and wildlife 
            habitat, improve surface and groundwater quality, and control weedy 
            phreatophytes. Native planting stock may be collected from local 
            sources or provided by commercial nurseries. Source guidelines are 
            based on relatively narrow target areas inferred from riparian site 
            classifications and constrained by limited knowledge of the genetic
            structure of plant populations. Riparian plant cultivars are developed 
            with specific structural attributes. Nurseries should emphasize 
            production of large plant materials, such as stumps and poles.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Carlson,JY; Andrus,CW; Froehlich,HA

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Woody debris, channel features, and macroinvertebrates of streams 
            with logged and undisturbed riparian timber in northeastern 
            Oregon, USA

SOURCE:     Canadian Journal of Fish Aquatic Science 47(6), 1103-1111.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; logging effects; macroinvertebrates; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Macroinvertebrate communities and several aspects of fish habitat 
            were examined for NE Oregon stream segments. Amounts of woody debris 
            in streams and pools formed by the debris were similar between 
            undisturbed and logged sites. Pool volume was inversely related to 
            stream gradient and directly related to the amount of woody debris 
            in the stream. Stream surface substrate composition was not 
            significantly different between streams in logged and undisturbed 
            areas. Macroinvertebrate density was 20 to 113% greater at the logged 
            sites and diversity was similar at undisturbed and logged sites. 
            Macroinvertebrates were most abundant at lower elevation streams and 
            at streams less shaded by surrounding vegetation. Timber harvesting 
            does not appear to have damaged aquatic insect habitat and pool 
            abundance was not altered, suggesting the habitat's carrying capacity 
            for fish was not affected.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Carter,V

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      An overview of the hydrologic concerns related to wetlands in the 
            United States

SOURCE:     Can. J. Bot. 64, 364-374.

TOPICS:     groundwater; hydrology; wetlands

COMMENTS:   There is a tremendous diversity in wetland types and wetland 
            vegetation in the United States, caused primarily by regional, 
            geologic, topographic, and climatic differences. Wetland hydrology, 
            a primary driving force influencing wetland ecology, development, 
            and persistance, is poorly understood. The interaction between 
            groundwater and surface water and the discharge - recharge 
            relationships in wetland affect water quality and nutrient budgets 
            as well as vegetative composition. Hydrologic considerations 
            necessary for an improved understanding of wetland ecology include 
            detailed water budgets, water chemistry, water regime, and boundary 
            conditions. These hydrologic functions include: flood storage and 
            flood-peak desynchronization; recharge and disharge; base flow and 
            estuarine water balance; and water quality regulation. Expanded 
            research and data collection are needed.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clary,WP; Webster,BF

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Recommended riparian grazing practices

SOURCE:     p.77-81. In: Erosion Control: Technology in transition. Proceedings 
            of Conference XXI of the International Erosion Control Association. 
            14-17 February 1990. Washington, D. C.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock effects; management practices

COMMENTS:   Management practices in any grazing system must provide for regrowth 
            of riparian plants after use or should leave sufficient vegetation 
            at the time of grazing for maintenance of plant vigor and streambank 
            protection. Minimum herbage stubble height must be present on all 
            streamside areas at the end of the growing season, or at the end of 
            the grazing season if grazing occurs after frost in the fall. 
            Residual stubble/regrowth should average at least 4 to 6 inches in 
            height to provide sufficient herbaceous biomass. Spring grazing 
            should be emphasized and the use level limited to about 65%. If 
            summer grazing is conducted, the suggested use level is 40 to 50%, 
            and if fall grazing is conducted, the suggested use level is about 
            30 to 40%. The key point is to end the grazing season with the 4 to 
            6 inches of streamside herbaceous stubble height. These riparian
            grazing management practice recommendations were developed as an 
            aid to reduce nonpoint pollution in western streams and for 
            application in Best Management Practices.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Childers,DL; Gosselink,JG

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Assessment of cumulative impacts to water quality in a forested 
            wetland landscape

SOURCE:     Journal of Evironmental Quality 19, 455-464.

TOPICS:     environmental impacts; water quality; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Improvement of the aquatic ecosystem can be achieved in a number of 
            ways, including the reestablishment of natural hydrologic flow 
            wherever possible, the use of agricultural practices that reduce 
            runoff, the protection of forested corridors along streams, and the 
            mitigative creation of new buffering zones. In this conservation 
            plan, site-by-site permitting occurs within the context of a 
            comprehensive plan for managing the renewable resources of an entire 
            Basin landscape; a plan based on the intensity of past cumulative 
            impacts to the ecosystem.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Clary,WP; Medin,DE

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Vegetation, nesting bird, and small mammal characteristics - Wet 
            Creek, ID. USDA Forest Service

SOURCE:     General Technical Report INT-293. 11p.

TOPICS:     avian species; riparian habitat; small mammals

COMMENTS:   Most ground cover and herbaceous plant measures were similar among 
            the riparian plant communities. Shrub cover was greatest in the 
            Potentilla- and Salix- dominated communities while shrub height and 
            biomass were greatest in the Salix community. Fourteen species of 
            birds established nesting territories on the study reaches. Four 
            bird foraging guilds were represented by the riparian nesters, while 
            only one foraging guild was represented by the upland nesters. Nine
            species of small mammals were trapped on the study sites.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Coats,R; Swanson,M; Williams,P

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Hydrologic analysis for coastal wetland restoration

SOURCE:     Environmental Management 13(6), 715-727.

TOPICS:     hydrology; wetland restoration; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Increasing recognition of the values of tidal wetlands has led 
            to interest in how to restore and enhance areas that have been 
            modified by human activity. The policy of recognizing restoration 
            or enhancement as mitigation for destruction of other wetlands is 
            controversial. One key element of the design of a successful 
            project is quantitative hydraulic and hydrologic analysis of 
            alternatives. Restoration projects at two sites in California used 
            a combination of empirical geomorphic relationships, numeric 
            modeling, and verification with field observations. Experience
            with wetland restoration projects indicates the importance of 
            postproject monitoring, inspection, and maintenance.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Contor,CR; Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Assessment of COWFISH for predicting trout populations in grazed 
            watersheds of the Intermountain West

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-278. 28p.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; grazing impacts; livestock grazing

COMMENTS:   The COWFISH model, developed and applied in selected Montana 
            streams, was tested on 14 streams in Idaho, Nevada, and Utah, 
            where it proved to have little value for predicting numbers of 
            trout in watersheds grazed by livestock.  The model holds promise 
            for estimating the health of stream channels and riparian complexes.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cooper,DJ

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Colorado's wetlands

SOURCE:     The Green Thumb 45(2), 38-45.

TOPICS:     water quality; wetlands

COMMENTS:   In dry regions, where water is at a premium, wetlands are extremely 
            valuable ecosystems. The diversity of habitat is important both to 
            wildlife and people. In addition, many wetlands provide other 
            important functions including water quality control that is vital 
            to downstream users. etlands should be preserved and protected 
            wherever possible. Many of the plants occurring in these sites 
            occur nowhere else.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Cooper,DJ

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Ecology of wetlands in Big Meadows, Rocky Mountain National Park,
            Colorado

SOURCE:     USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 90(15). Washington, 
            D.C. 45p.

TOPICS:     water table relations; wetlands

COMMENTS:   This paper describes in detail the results of studies of hydrology, 
            water chemistry, soils, and vegetation at a wetland complex in the 
            Rocky Mountain National Park in north-central Colorado. Five water 
            sources affect the compolex and each water source somewhat 
            differently structures the hydrological character, vegetation, 
            and water chemistry of various portions of the complex. Twelve plant 
            communities that make up the complex are described and characterized 
            relative to measurements taken throughout the complex. The water 
            table is highest in Mat and lowest in fall and early winter. The 
            growing season usually lasts only three months and water tables 
            fluctuate drastically among years depending on the depth of the 
            snowpack. Soil saturation during July is seemingly the critical 
            variable for peat formation in the study area. Sites with a water 
            table within 20 - 30 cm of the surface in July usually support peat 
            soils. Oxidation - reduction potential measurements indicate that 
            for any soil depth, the soils stay reduced for up to 3 weeks after a
            water table drop below that depth.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Crouch,GL

PUB. YEAR:  1979

TITLE:      Long-term changes in cottonwoods on a grazed and ungrazed plains
            bottomland in northeastern Colorado

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. Research Note RM-370. 4p.

TOPICS:     cottonwood; grazing impacts; livestock grazing; riparian forest

COMMENTS:   Numbers of cottonwood trees declined between 1961 and 1978 on a 
            grazed and an ungrazed bottomland in northest Colorado. Cottonwoods 
            were larger in diameter in 1978 but basal area stocking was 
            unchanged. Trees were taller in 1978 on the ungrazed area, and the
            amounts of canopy deadwood were greater on both areas. Water 
            management, grazing by livestock and deer, plant competition on the 
            ungrazed area, and beaver-felling of young trees all contributed to 
            a lack of regeneration that appears responsible for the general 
            decline in overstory vegetation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     De Boer,DH

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Constraints on spatial transference of rainfall-runoff relationships 
            in semiarid basins drained by ephemeral streams

SOURCE:     Hydrological Sciences 37, 491-504.

TOPICS:     drainage basins; ephemeral streams; runoff

COMMENTS:   Field data on drainage basin response have a characteristic scale 
            which is determined by the size of the basin investigated, and this 
            scale can be extrapolated over a limited range only. This paper 
            identifies the nature of constraints on spatial scale transference. 
            Spatial scale transference between systems of differing scale was 
            restricted by morphological and functional constraints. Morphological 
            constraints are caused by morphological elements present in large 
            scale systems but absent in small ones. Functional constraints arise 
            solely from the characteristics of the matter and energy flows in the 
            systems of interest. Limits imposed upon spatial scale transferences 
            by morphological and functional constraints are fuzzy rather than 
            sharp in character.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dieter,CD

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Water turbidity in tilled and untilled prairie wetlands

SOURCE:     Journal of Freshwater Ecology 6(2), 185-189.

TOPICS:     sedimentation; water turbidity; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Water turbidity was compared between tilled prairie pothole 
            wetlands, partially tilled wetlands, and untilled wetlands 
            in South Dakota. Specific differences in sedimentation as 
            measured by humidity were indicated. Turbidity was significantly 
            higher in tilled than in untilled wetlands. Average turbidity 
            was 24 times greater in tilled than in untilled wetlands. There 
            was no significant difference in turbidity between tilled and 
            untilled wetlands. Turbidity measurement may be a useful tool 
            for estimating relative sedimentation rates.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dmowski,K; Kozakiewicz,M

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Influence of a shrub corridoron movements of passerine birds to a 
            lake littoral zone

SOURCE:     Landscape Ecology 4(2/3), 99-108.

TOPICS:     landscape ecology; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   A pine forest was separated from a lake littoral zone by a 
            meadow on one area (discontinuous) while these habitats were 
            separated by a shrub strip in another area. This shrub strip 
            acted as an ecological corridor enhancing the movement of birds 
            between the forest and the littoral reed zone. Movements of 
            birds were concentrated along the edge of the shrub strip. The
            spatial configuration of the landscape facilitated access by some 
            forest birds to the littoral habitat.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Draper,SE; Rao,SG

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Runoff prediction using remote sensing imagery

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 22(6), 941-949.

TOPICS:     remote sensing; runoff; watersheds

COMMENTS:   Percent imperviousness is an important parameter in modeling the 
            urban rainfall-runoff process and is usually determined using 
            manual methods such as random sampling or conventional accounting 
            methods. In this study, two computerized methods were used for 
            estimating the percent imperviousness of urban watersheds using 
            high altitude remote sensing imagery. Results indicate that 
            imperviousness determined by using remote sensing imagery was as 
            accurate as that obtained by the manual methods and that use of 
            remote sensing imagery requires significantly less time and money.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     DeVelice,R

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Potential effects of global climate change on riparian forests

SOURCE:     P.7. In: Management of Riparian and Wetland Forested Ecosystems in 
            Montana. 4th Annual Montana Riparian Association Workshop. 5-7 
            September 1990. Whitefish, MT.

TOPICS:     riparian forest

COMMENTS:   Global climate change is likely to affect fire management policies 
            and budgets, insect and disease programs, wildlife prescriptions, 
            natural area management, forest tree planting and harvest guidelines, 
            and other aspects of management in riparian forests. Current 
            management does not consider the potential effects of climatic change.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Duff,DA; Gnehm,M; Shrader,T; Howard,L

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Indexed bibliography on stream habitat improvement

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Serice. Intermountain Region. Ogden, UT. 97p.

TOPICS:     habitat improvement; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   This bibliography contains 1106 entries of published and 
            unpublished references on or related to stream habitat 
            improvement. Entries are categorized into 20 subject areas 
            relating to both instrream and streambank-riparian structural 
            and non-structural improvement. References relate to resident 
            and anadromous salmonid and coldwater fish species as well as 
            warm water fish species. The manuscript contains most of the 
            important references to stream habitat from 1933 to 1985.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Erwin,KL

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Wetland evaluation for restoration and creation

SOURCE:     p.429-458. In: Wetland Creation and Restoration. Eds.J.A. Kusler 
            & M.E. Kentula. Island Press. Washington, D.C.

TOPICS:     wetland restoration

COMMENTS:   A rapidly accessible, easily undersood, and cost effective database 
            on wetland creation and restoration projects is needed to support 
            environmental regulatory agency review, decision making, and action 
            on specific projects. Any comprehensive wetland evaluation effort 
            must be preceded by the establishmnet of criteria which the 
            investigator and regulator believe to be fundamental to the 
            existence, functions, and contributions of the wetlands system and 
            its surrounding landscape. Failure to address the wetland system's 
            surrounding landscapeleads to an inaccurate characterization of the 
            wetland. Additional research is needed to establish the inter-
            relationships between wetlands, transitional areas, and adjacent 
            uplands.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Everett,RL; Meeuwig,RO; Robertson,JH

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Propagation of Nevada shrubs by stem cuttings

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 31(6), 426-429.

TOPICS:     riparian shrubs

COMMENTS:   Stem cuttings of 54 Nevada shrub species varied in rooting capacity. 
            Semihardwood cuttings were superior to either softwood or hardwood 
            cuttings in rooting success. Differences in rooting potential among 
            cuttings of th4e same species taken from different sites were also
            apparent.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Bohn,CC; Megahan,WF

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Changes in sediment storage in the South Fork Salmon River, Idaho

SOURCE:     p. 12-23. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Federal Intragency 
            Sedimentation Conference. 18-21 March 1991. LasVegas, NV.

TOPICS:     sedimentation; watershed rehabilitation

COMMENTS:   A large volume of sediment was deposited in the upper 60 miles 
            of the South Fork Salmon River in 1965. A survey of the sediment 
            storage in 1989 demonstrated that large amounts of material, 
            primarily sands, have been transported out of the study area in 
            the ensuing 24 years. As much as 78 % of the sand and gravel have 
            moved out of the study area. The paticle size distribution of the 
            stream bed describes a shift toward larger particles. Results 
            suggest that the sources of sediment have stabilized to some degree 
            and that stream power has been sufficient to transport sediment out 
            of the study area.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Fenner,P; Brady,WW; Patton,DR

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Effects of regulated water flows on regeneration of Fremont cottonwood

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 38(2), 135-138.

TOPICS:     cottonwood; riparian habitat; water flows

COMMENTS:   The reduction in extent of riparian forests in the southwestern 
            United States has been a topic of recent concern. The effect of 
            dams on downstream river flow and the consequent modification of 
            the riparian habitat was studied along the lower Salt River in 
            central Arizona.Dams were found to change the magnitude of river 
            flows and change the timing of flows in such a way that the 
            habitat appeared less adapted for regeneration of Fremont 
            cottonwood. Modification of river flow patterns, therefore, 
            appears likely to have been a significant factor causing change 
            in vegetation along the Salt River.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Frissell,CA; Nawa,RK

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Incidence and causes of physical failure of artificial habitat
            structures in streams of western Oregon and Washington

SOURCE:     J. Fish. Manag. 12, 182-197.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; riparian habitat; stream restoration

COMMENTS:   Increasing shares of fishery management resources have been 
            committed in recent years to alteration of fish habitat with 
            artificial stream structures. The authors evaluated rates and 
            causes of physical impairment or failure for 161 fish habitat 
            structures following a flood of a magnitude that recurs every 
            2-10 years. The median failure rate was 18 percent and the median 
            impairment rate was 60 percent. Results suggest that commonly 
            prescribed structural modifications are often inappropriate and 
            counterproductive in streams with high or elevated high peak flows, 
            or highly erodible bank materials. Large-scale restoration will 
            require reestablishment of natural watershed and riparian processes.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Snyder,WD; Miller,GC

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Changes in riparian vegetation along the Colorado River and Rio 
            Grande, Colorado

SOURCE:     Great Basin Naturalist 52(4), 357-363.

TOPICS:     cottonwood; riparian habitat; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Changes in vegetation including area occupied, canopy cover, and 
            maturity class of cottonwoods within lower-elevational zones of 
            the Colorado River and Rio Grande in Colorado were monitored over 
            25- and 37-years, respectively. Estimated loss of cottonwoods along 
            the Colorado River was 17.5 percent. Cottonwoods along the Rio 
            Grande increased 9.5 percent. Shrubs declined along the Rio Grande 
            but not along the Colorado River. Loss of hay fields declined along 
            both rivers; developed lands increased along the Colorado River. 
            Wildlife habitat deteriorated much more rapidly along the Colorado 
            than along the Rio Grande.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Allen,DR; Marlow,CB

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Shoot population dynamics of beaked sedge following cattle grazing

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 47(1), 64-69.

TOPICS:     grazing effects; riparian pastures; sedges

COMMENTS:   The authors studied the effects of cattle grazing on shoot density 
            and flux in Montana beaked sedge stands for two years. Mean shoot 
            density increased more in grazed than in ungrazed plots and ended 
            12-16% higher. Mean shoot emergence was 20% greater in the grazed 
            than in the ungrazed plots. Mean shoot height declined similarly 
            in grazed and ungrazed plots, indicating that shoot productivity 
            was equal between treatments. Beaked sedge was tolerant of light 
            to moderate grazing, given adequate regowth between spring and 
            fall treatments.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith,MA; Rodgers,JD; Dodd,JL; Skinner,QD

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Habitat selection by cattle along an ephemeral channel

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 45(4), 385-390.

TOPICS:     ephemeral channels; grazing effects; riparian pastures

COMMENTS:   Higher proportions of cattle selected channel anf floodplain 
            habitats than selected upland habitat. Animal preference for 
            channel habitat was attributed to more available forage in the 
            channels. In contrast, selection of floodplains was sue to 
            succulence and high protein content of greaswood. Greater 
            avoidance of upland areas by cattle was likely due to greater 
            distances to drinking water.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Novak,MA; White,RG

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Impact of fire and flood on the trout population of Beaver Creek, 
            Upper Missouri Basin, Montana

SOURCE:     P.120-126. In: Willd Trout IV. Proceedings of the Symposium. [Eds. 
            F. Richardson & R.M. Hamre]. 18-19 September 1989. Mammoth, WY.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   A 100-year flood in the Beaver Creek drainage was caused by a 
            forest fire followed by an intense convectional rainstorm. The 
            study documented changes in resident trout populations and use of 
            the stream by adfluvial spawning fish. Two months after the event, 
            trout populations in the impacted portion of the stream were nearly 
            eliminated. Within two years, numbers and biomass of rainbow trout 
            had increased to 55% and 51% greater, respectively, than before the 
            event. Rapid recovery of the rainbow trout population resulted from 
            large spawning runs from the Missouri River.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brown,TC; Daniel,TC

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Landscape aesthetics of riparian environments: relationship of flow 
            quantity to scenic quality along a wild and scenic river

SOURCE:     Water Resources Research 27(8), 1787-1795.

TOPICS:     scenic quality; water flows

COMMENTS:   The relationship between flow quantity and scenic quality was 
            measured for a "wild and scenic" river in Colorado. Respondents' 
            scenic beauty judgements of video sequences depicting the river 
            at flow rates of 120 to 2650 cfs were scaled to an interval scale 
            measure of perceived scenic beauty following psychophysical 
            procedures. Regressions of scenic beauty on variables describing 
            flow increased up to about 1100 - 1500 cfs and then fell as flow 
            continued to increase. Optimum flows for scenic quality typically 
            occur for two short periods each year, during the ascending and 
            descending portions of the annual late spring runoff season.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gregory,SV; Swanson,FJ; McKee,WA; Cummins,KW

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones

SOURCE:     BioScience 41(8), 540-551.

TOPICS:     riparian classification; riparian management

COMMENTS:   Riparian zones contain valuable water resources, plant communities, 
            fisheries, and wildlife. Perspectives of riparian zones based on 
            isolated components of the terrestrial-aquatic interface are 
            ecologically incomplete and have limited application to understanding 
            of ecosystems. The structure and processes of lotic ecosystems are 
            determined by their interface with adjacent ecosystems and are 
            extremely dynamic, having frequent disturbance events. They are 
            important routes for the dispesal of plants and animals, as well as 
            avenues for the transfer of water, nutrients, sediments, and organic 
            matter. The ecosystem perspective provides a rigorous ecological 
            basis for identifying riparian management objectives, evaluating 
            current land-use practices, and developing future resource 
            alternatives.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede,BH

PUB. YEAR:  1977

TITLE:      Rehabilitation of disturbed watersheds through vegetation treatment
            and physical structures

SOURCE:     Research Note. USDA Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range 
            Experimnet Station. 7p.

TOPICS:     erosion control; revegetation; watershed rehabilitation

COMMENTS:   Watersheds can be successfully rehabilitated by combining physical 
            structures with vegetation management. This combination of 
            treatments in the southern Rocky Mountains  reduced suspended sediment 
            by 95% in 11 years, reduced erosion rate in waterways by 80% after 12 
            years, and produced perrennial streamflow in a formerly ephemeral 
            gully system 7 years after treatment. Results indicate that 
            stabilization could be achieved by placing physical structures only 
            in the mainstream gully, the larger tributary gulliesa anf the headcuts 
            of discontinuous gullies. Placing physical structures only at strategic 
            locations could have reduced treatment costs 30%. This study 
            demonstrated the need for basing watershed rehabilitation treatments on 
            basic geomorphic processes.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1982

TITLE:      Sheep and cattle grazing strategies on riparian - stream environments

SOURCE:     p.251-253. In: Symposium on Wildlife-Livestock Interactions. 20-21 
            April 1981. Couer d'Alene, ID. University of Idaho.

TOPICS:     grazing effects; grazing strategies; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Studies involving the effects of cattle and sheep grazing strategies 
            on stream riparian habitat are discussed. Initial results indicate 
            that herded sheep grazing may have little effect on streams and the 
            riparian environment. The effects of cattle grazing first appear on 
            the streambanks and riparian vegetation. Habitat alteration occurs at 
            utilization rates of 65% or more, and alteration is insignificant when 
            utilization is less than 25 percent. Continued research is needed to 
            identify grazing stategies compatible with riparian environments.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     LaFayette,RA; DeBano,LF

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Watershed condition and riparian health: Linkages

SOURCE:     p.473-484. In: Watershed Planning and Analysis in Action. The 
            Symposium Proceedings of IR Conference on Watershed Management. 
            9-11 July 1990. Durango, CO.

TOPICS:     riparian health; watershed management

COMMENTS:   The present focus on riparian areas could ignore the relationship of 
            the riparian area to its contributing watershed. Failure to recognize 
            the influence of the surrounding watershed may lead to unnecessary 
            failures of many riparian projects. This paper presents 3 concepts to 
            assist in the understanding the relationship between watershed 
            condition and watershed health. The first addresses the commonality 
            of possible combinations of the two factors. The second presents the
            acceptability of these combinations to managers and their publics. 
            The third concept integrates the previous two in a way to: 1) aid 
            understanding in assessment of existing conditions, 2)help in 
            setting improvement goals, and 3) assist in formulating ways to 
            achieve these goals.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Colman,EA

PUB. YEAR:  1953

TITLE:      Vegetation and watershed management

SOURCE:     The Ronald Press Co., New York, NY. 412p. pages.

TOPICS:     riparian vegetation; watershed management

COMMENTS:   The key relationship investigated in this book is that of vegetation 
            management water control and supply. Plant life influences the rate 
            at which rain and snow can enter the soil and groundwater reservoirs 
            and slows the runoff of water and inhibits erosion of soils. 
            Vegetation can be used to manage the timing, quality, and quantity of 
            water harvest from watersheds. Riparian and phreatophytic vegetation 
            also play important roles in the utilization of surface waters from 
            streams and rivers and from the groundwater table.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Dortignac,EJ

PUB. YEAR:  1965

TITLE:      Forest water yield management opportunities

SOURCE:     p.579-592. In: International Symposium on Forest Hydrology. National 
            Science Foundation Advanced Science Seminar Proceedings. 29 Aug-10 
            Sept 1965. University Park, PA. Pergamon Press. NY,NY.

TOPICS:     water management; watershed management

COMMENTS:   Strategies are described for enhancing the quantity, quality, and 
            timing of water yield from forested and nontilled watersheds. The 
            author regards as overly optimistic the estimate that one-fourth 
            of the water now used by phreatophytes could be saved by management 
            or control techniques. The removal of trees from stream borders and 
            waterways may raise the water temperatures beyond the acceptable 
            limits for game fish. Streamside/lakeside trees are also important 
            for wildlife, recreation, and aesthetic values. In general, tree 
            removal is not sound management and is unlikely to gain public 
            acceptance. Reduction of vegetation mass might be more acceptable 
            and still meet essential goals.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Fletcher,HC; Rich,LR

PUB. YEAR:  1955

TITLE:      Classifying southwestern watersheds by their water yields

SOURCE:     Journal of Forestry 53(3), 196-202.

TOPICS:     water yield; watershed classification

COMMENTS:   Annual water yield from southwestern watersheds are more affected by 
            elevation, soil, temperature, and prevailing precipitation than from 
            other areas. Topography and vegetation are other factors affecting 
            water yield which may be primary in classification of these watersheds.
            Evapotranspiration by vegetative cover may also be effective in 
            classifying those areas.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kramer,PJ

PUB. YEAR:  1952

TITLE:      Plant and soil water relations on the watershed

SOURCE:     Journal of Forestry 50(2), 92-95.

TOPICS:     soil-water conditions; water relations

COMMENTS:   Forest and other vegetation affect soil moisture directly by 
            transpiration, and indirectly by interception, evaporation, and 
            infiltration. Transpiration can remove water from field capacity to
            permanent wilting point. Leaf structure is not a reliable indicator 
            of transpiration rates. There are large seasonal variations in the 
            rates and volumes of transpiration. Shallow-rooted trees and plants
            generally remove less water than deep-rooted species and are therefore 
            preferable on watersheds where scarcities may occur.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Biswell,HH

PUB. YEAR:  1968

TITLE:      Water control by rangeland management

SOURCE:     p.740-746. In: Water for Peace: International Conference on Water 
            for Peace. 23-31 May 1967.

TOPICS:     erosion; runoff; watershed

COMMENTS:   Rangeland water can be regulated by controlling the intensity and 
            season of grazing and prohibiting livestock on areas susceptible 
            to compaction. In areas of deep soils and excess precipitation, 
            water runoff can be increased by replacing deep-rooted species 
            with shallow-rooted species (such as desirable grasses and forbs). 
            This can not occur in areas where precipitation is less than 18 
            inches annually. In areas of relatively high rainfall and erodible 
            soils, runoff and erosion can be lessened by planting deep-rooted 
            plants (such as shrubs and trees) to increase water storage capacity.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Croft,Ar; Hoover,MD

PUB. YEAR:  1951

TITLE:      The relation of forests to our water supply

SOURCE:     Journal of Forestry 49(4), 245-249.

TOPICS:     hydrology; timber management; water management

COMMENTS:   A usable water supply can be sustained only if the forestry 
            profession assumes responsibility for water management as well 
            as timber management. For that to occur, these things must 
            happen: 1) the forestry profession must clearly recognize and 
            assume responsibility for management of water from forested 
            lands; 2) the job of managing water supply from forested lands 
            must be integrated with forest management, and 3) forestry 
            schools must give adequate instruction in the hydrology of 
            forested lands to prepare managers for doing their job.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Goodell,BC

PUB. YEAR:  1965

TITLE:      Watershed treatment effects on evapotranspiration

SOURCE:     p. 477-482. In: International Symposium on Forest Hydrology. 
            National Science Foundation. Advanced Science Seminar Proceedings. 
            29 Aug - Sept 10 1965. Pergamon Press. NY, NY.

TOPICS:     water management; watersheds

COMMENTS:   Spatial and temporal confluence of water and thermal energy at 
            watershed surfaces controls evapotranspiration. Radiant energy 
            provides the heat source for evapotranspiration (ET). In any 
            vegetation mass on any land area, ET is maximized when plant 
            substance is most uniformly distributed. Canopy interception of 
            precipitation and radiation and transport of soil water to 
            transpiring surfaces are maximized in those circumstances. Any 
            kind of forest manipulation can cause heterogeneity in canopy 
            and root distribution, resulting in a tendency to minimize ET. 
            Persistant discontinuities in the canopy must be produced in 
            order to reduce ET.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rich,LR 

PUB. YEAR:  1952

TITLE:      Forest and range vegetation

SOURCE:     American Society of Civil Engineering Transactions 117, 974-990.

TOPICS:     water management; watersheds

COMMENTS:   Few areas in the western United States have unlimited water available 
            or for full potential consumptive use. Water use has varied from 77 
            percent to 90 percent on forested watersheds, and is generally higher 
            on rangelands. A method for describing consumptive use of forest and 
            range vegetation is to divide the water year into four periods: 1) soil 
            moisture recharge, 2) water surplus, 3) soil moisture utilization, 
            and 4) water deficit. Consumptive use is dependent on total 
            precipitation less the amount of surface runoff.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Horton,JS; Robinson,TW; McDonald,HR

PUB. YEAR:  1964

TITLE:      Guide for surveying phreatophyte vegetation

SOURCE:     USDA Agricultural Handbook #266. 37p.

TOPICS:     phreatophytes; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   The extent and nature of vegetation cover is essential information 
            for planning treatments of the vegetation and estimating potential 
            water savings or other events. Vegetative surveys require an 
            economical sampling scheme that can be repeated and will yield data 
            that are precise enough to be reliable.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Robinson,TW

PUB. YEAR:  1952

TITLE:      Phreatophytes and their relation to water in the western United States

SOURCE:     American Geophysical Union Transactions 33(1), 57-61.

TOPICS:     phreatophytes; water management

COMMENTS:   About 15 million acres of phreatophytes occur in the 17 western 
            states and this area is expanding. These plants may waste as much 
            as 20 -25 million acre-feet of water by transpiration into the 
            atmosphere. The potential applications of the water that could be 
            reclaimed or salvaged annually are substantial.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Culler,RC

PUB. YEAR:  1970

TITLE:      Water conservation by removal of phreatophytes

SOURCE:     American Geophysical Union Transactions 51(10), 684-689.

TOPICS:     phreatophytes; water management

COMMENTS:   Removal of phreatophytes from the Gila River floodplain in 
            southeastern Arizona produces a significant reduction in 
            evapotranspiration. Long-term benefits from phreatophyte removal
            depends on the successful establishment of vegetation with low 
            consumptive use of water.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ingebo,PA

PUB. YEAR:  1971

TITLE:      Suppression of channel-side chaparral cover increases streamflow

SOURCE:     Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 26(2), 79-81.

TOPICS:     riparian management; stream flow

COMMENTS:   Shrubs and trees in an experimental watershed in central Arizona 
            were chemically suppressed. Both duration and volume of streamflow 
            increased in the two years following treatment. Intermittant 
            streamflow became continuous.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Garcia,B; Williams,RL

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      The Strawberry Valley Project: A history and initial experiences

SOURCE:     p.68-70. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association. 
            12-16 August 1991. Park City, UT.

TOPICS:     grazing effects; riparian management

COMMENTS:   At this location in central Utah, rehabilitation projects are ongoing 
            since the lands were transferred to the USFS and subsequent changes in 
            grazing management were made. The rehabilitation projects included 
            streambank stabilization, installation of gulley plugs, and willow 
            plantings. 
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gebhardt,K; Vinson,M; Platts,WS; Jackson,W

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Using expert systems in riparian management

SOURCE:     p. 187. In: Practical Approaches to Riparian Resource Management: An
            Educational Workshop. 8-11 May 1989. Billings, MT. DOI Bureau of Land 
            Management.

TOPICS:     classification; monitoring; riparian management

COMMENTS:   BLM - Idaho has begun a project to develop knowledge based expert 
            systems for riparian management. Project objectives are to provide 
            a means for the riparian expert to store knowledge of management 
            outcomes,. to help others to apply the knowledge to other areas, 
            and to help in selecting appropriate monitoring techniques. One 
            expert system is designed to capture knowledge on the causes and 
            effects from management actions. The second is to link the management
            options to riparian types defined by classification. The third is 
            designed to help users select monitoring techniques.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gholz,HL; Hawk,GM; Campbell,A; Brown,AT

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Early vegetation recovery and element cycles on a clear-cut watershed 
            in western Oregon USA

SOURCE:     Canadian Journal of Forest Resources 15(2), 400-409.

TOPICS:     nutrient cycles; primary production; watersheds

COMMENTS:   Aboveground biomass and leaf area, net primary productivity and 
            nutrient cycling through vegetation were studied for 3 years 
            after clear-cutting of a 0.24 ha watershed in the Oregon Cascade 
            Mountains. No correlation was found between plant uptake and 
            nutrient loss in streamflow. Uptake of all elements exceeded 
            return through leaching and litter fall by 16 percent, except 
            that of Mg, which exceeded return by 44 percent. Because of early 
            dominance by species with animals, the proportion of elements 
            redistributed internally by vegetation was generally low. The 
            amount of nutients of flux through vegetation, atmosphere and 
            stream was small in comparison to the amount lost in the removal 
            of tree stems.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hall,DA; Amy,PS

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Microbiology and water chemistry of two natural springs impacted 
            in south central Nevada

SOURCE:     Great Basin Naturalist 50(3), 289-294.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock effects; nutrient cycling

COMMENTS:   Bacterial levels were influenced by water temperatures, with higher 
            counts correlating with warmer water. Bacterial levels also reflected 
            precipitation and cattle presence because of the influx of nutrients 
            necessary for growth of micoorganisms. Influence of cattle could be 
            seen months after their physical presence when precipitation allowed 
            an influx of nitrogen and phosphorous.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Goldner,BH

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      Riparian restoration efforts associated with structurally modified
            flood control channels

SOURCE:     p.445-451. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems
            Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CA.

TOPICS:     riparian habitat; riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   Drought-tolerant ornamental and native species have been planted 
            for five years along channel banks and levees with mixed results. 
            The most important determinants of successful establishment are a 
            fixed irrigation system and a weel-managed weed abatement program. 
            Densely planted, liner-size rooted cuttings irrigated by overhead 
            sprinklers can reduce both installation and maintenance costs.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Greenway,SH

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Aspen regeneration: a range management problem

SOURCE:     Rangelands 12(1), 21-23.

TOPICS:     aspen; grazing impacts; livestock effects

COMMENTS:   Management of browsing pressures upon aspen regeneration is necessary. 
            In live standing aspen, regeneration will be limited due to apical 
            dominance. Around disturbances, from fire, clear-cutting, or around 
            beaver ponds, aspen shoots should be abundant. If they are not, over-
            browsing should be suspected. Reduced or removed livesock from local 
            areas for 5 - 10 years after disturbance, plus wildlife control should 
            result in successful aspen regeneration.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Greytak,D

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      A technique for producing riparian plants for Nevada

SOURCE:     p. 91-93. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association. 
            12-16 August 1991. Park City, UT.

TOPICS:     riparian habitat; riparian plants; wetlands

COMMENTS:   A brief overview of riparian planting as it occurs in Nevada. Paper 
            then describes a method the nursery is using to produce plants for 
            use in constructed wetland creation.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Groves,JR

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      A practical soil moisture profile model

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 25(4), 875-880.

TOPICS:     hydrology; modeling; soil moisture

COMMENTS:   A computationally simple, physically based model capable of generating 
            reliable estimates of volumetric soil moisture content is decribed. 
            The model requires only rainfall, pan evaporation, and soil column 
            description by texture groups as inputs, and predicts soil moisture 
            values within as many as three user-defined soil horizons. The 
            micometer based model is intended for practical engineering and 
            agricultural applications.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hachmoeller,B; Matthews,RA; Brakke,DF

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Effects of riparian community structure, sediment size, and water 
            quality on the macroinvertebrate communities in a small, suburban 
            stream

SOURCE:     Northwest Science 65(3), 125-132.

TOPICS:     macroinvertebrates; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The paper examined the relationships between benthic 
            macroinvertebrates, water quality, sediment characteristics, 
            and riparian community structures in Washington to look for 
            patterns in the macroinvertebrate community structure between 
            upstream and downstream sites. The effects of channelization, 
            deforestation, and pollution resulted in major changes in the 
            structure of macroinvertebrate communities at downstream sites, 
            suggesting that such riparian alterations imitate similar 
            urbanization effects of higher-order rivers.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hanson,JS; Malanson,GP; Armstrong,MP

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Landscape fragmentation and dispersal in a model of riparian 
            forest dynamics

SOURCE:     Ecological Modelling 49, 277-296.

TOPICS:     modelling; riparian forest; seed dispersal

COMMENTS:   A computer simulation model, SEEDFLO, is described, which models 
            tree species dispersal based on empirical evidence. The analyses 
            test the hypothesis that a model with seed dispersal differs in 
            its projections from a model that assumes ubiquitous dispersal. 
            The effects of considering landscape fragmentation and dsipersal 
            are amplified when environmental stress, in this case flooding, 
            is increased. The results conform to theoretical expectations and 
            indicate that seed dispersal should be incorporated in landscape 
            simulation models.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Harris,RR; Fox,CA; Risser,R

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Impacts of hydroelectric development on riparian vegetation in the 
            Sierra Nevada Region, California, USA

SOURCE:     Environmental Management 11(4), 519-527.

TOPICS:     hydroelectric development; riparian impacts; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Fourteen streams in the Sierra Nevada,were sampled to determine 
            whether diversions of streamflow for hydroelectric development had 
            caused significant changes in riparian vegetation. Several streams 
            showed significant differences in vegetation cover, community 
            composition, or community structure between pairs of diverted and 
            undiverted areas. On some streams, environmental conditions rather 
            than streamflowdiversions may have been responsible for vegetation 
            differneces. Streams in the Sierra Nevada respond individually to 
            diversions. Prediction of vegetation reponsesmust take into 
            consideration environmental characteristics of specific stream reaches.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede,BH; Rinne,JN

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Hydrodynamic and fluvial morphologic processes: Implications for 
            fisheries management and research

SOURCE:     North American Journal of Fisheries Management 10(3), 249-268.

TOPICS:     fish management; fishhabitat; hydrology

COMMENTS:   Streamflow, sediment transport, and channel morphology have been 
            used in the past to describe the interactions between physical 
            and biological processes. Interaction of the hydraulic and 
            morphological factors creates either equilibrium or disequilibrium. 
            Indicators are given for the type of equilibrium condition. 
            Characteristics of fish habitat must be modified with great care, 
            only if: 1) the causes for undesirable condition are known, and, 
            2) the measures will be compatible with future stream development.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heinze,DH

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Willows of Montana. Riparian Technical Bulletin No. 2

SOURCE:     DOI Bureau of Land Management. Montana State Office. 69 p.

TOPICS:     riparian shrubs; willow

COMMENTS:   This bulletin is a technical guide to assist field people in the 
            identification of 34 species of Salix.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Heede,BH; DeBano,LF

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Gully rehabilitation - a three-stage process in a sodic soil

SOURCE:     Soil Science of America Society Journal 48, 1416-1422.

TOPICS:     erosion control; gully rehabilitation; riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   The geomorphic, edaphic, and vegetation changes occurring in 
            sodic soils were studied during a gully rehabilitation project 
            in western Colorado. Data analysis showed that gully 
            rehabilitation occurred in three stages: nonvegetated sodium 
            banks disintegrated; the colluvial material from these eroded 
            banks was weathered and leached; and, finally, when enough sodium
            had been leached from the eroded material, it was stabilized and 
            vegetated as older colluvial material at the base of high sodium 
            gully banks or as channel alluvium deposited behind gully 
            structures. These changes led to an overall stabilization of the 
            gullies and reduced suspended sediment and peak flows.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hensel,BR; Miller,MV

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Effects of wetlands creation on groudwater flow

SOURCE:     Journal of Hydrology 126, 293-314.

TOPICS:     groundwater; hydrology; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Changes in groundwater flow near Experimental Wetland Areas were 
            observed during monthly monitoring of groundwater elevation in 
            nested piezometers and shallow observation wells before and after 
            the wetlands were filled with water. Increase in groundwater levels 
            was a result of seepage from the wetlands. Difference in seepage 
            rate was attributed to two factors: 1) hydraulic conductivity of 
            sand and gravel versus till, and 2) wetlands over till were flow-
            through ponds and wetlands over sand and gravel were primarily 
            groundwater recharge areas.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hewitt,MJ,III

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Synoptic inventory of riparian ecosystems: The utility of Landsat
            Thematic Mapper data

SOURCE:     Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 605-620.

TOPICS:     remote sensing; riparian inventory

COMMENTS:   It is estimated that 66% of the naturally occurring vegetation of the 
            U.S. has been eradicated since 1776. Even though riparian zones are 
            critical to the maintenance of wildlife populations, no adequate 
            methods exist for the synoptic inventory and assessmnet of this 
            resource. Results of a feasibility study in central Washington are 
            presented. The map accuracy assessment in this study was only 80 
            percent but recommendations for improving accuracy are discussed. 
            High resolution satellite systems potentially provide the means to 
            synoptically inventory riparian habitat.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hoffman,GR; Stanley,LD

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Effects of cattle grazing on shore vegetation of fluctuating water 
            level reservoirs

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 31(6), 412-416.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock effects; shoreline management

COMMENTS:   Shore vegetation of reservoirs develops between periods of high 
            water; thus annual fluctuations in water levels, along with 
            cattle grazing as limiting factors, keep shore vegetation in an 
            early seral stage. Minimizing both water fluctuation levels and 
            cattle grazing for for a reservoir in a given year, or years, 
            permits considerably more shoreline vegetation development.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hollands,GG

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Regional analysis of the creation and restoration of kettle and
            pothole wetlands

SOURCE:     p.281-296. In: Wetland Creation and Restoration. The Status of 
            the Science. Island Press. Washington, D.C.

TOPICS:     hydrology; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Kettles are topographic basins created by a variety of glacial 
            processes and occur randomly throughout glaciated regions. They 
            are associated with both permeable and impermeable deposits. They 
            may have complkex hydrology but are divided into two general
            hydrologic types: those associated with surface streams and those 
            without inlets or outlets. Water hydrology depends on whether 
            kettles are associated with permeable or low permeable deposits. 
            A primary concern with creating kettle wetlands is establishment 
            of the proper hydrology. There is little research available 
            specific to kettle and pothole creation and restoration.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hostetler,SW

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Analysis and modeling of long-term stream temperatures on the
            Steamboat Creek Basin, Oregon; Implications for land use and 
            management

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 27(4), 637-647.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; logging effects; stream temperature

COMMENTS:   Steamboat Creek Basin is an important source of timber but also is 
            crucial habitat for steelhead trout. Stream temperatures have 
            gradually decreased since major logging operations ceased in 1969, 
            but most tributaries are still at the upper limit of tolerance for 
            survival of juvenile steelhead. Changes in forest management 
            practices have somewhat lessened the logging effects on stream 
            temperatures, but there is little margin for increases in 
            temperature stemming from land-use in the watershed or natural 
            causes.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jensen,SE; Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Restoration of degraded riverine/riparian habitat in the Great Basin 
            and Snake River Regions

SOURCE:     p.367-403. In: Wetland Creation and Restoration. The Status of the 
            Science. Island Press. Washington, D.C.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; riparian restoration; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Riverine/riparian habitat (RRH) includes interdependent aquatic 
            (riverine) and streamside (riparian) resources that are valuable 
            for fish and wildlife habitat, flood storage, and desynchronization, 
            nutrient cycling and water quality, recreation, and heritage values. 
            RRH includes resources both wetter and drier than stipulated for 
            wetlands. Whereas, the "natural or achievable state" of a riparian 
            habitat may be wetland, the "existing state" may be non-wetland 
            because of natural or anthropogenically induced changes in the 
            hydrologic character of RRH.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnejack,KR; Megahan,WF

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Sediment transport in headwater channels in Idaho

SOURCE:     p.4-155 - 4-161. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Federal Interagency 
            Sedimentation Conference. [eds. Tan, S-S. and Y-H. Kuo]. Subcommittee 
            on Sedimentation of the Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data.

TOPICS:     hydrology; sediment transport

COMMENTS:   Prediction of sediment transport in steep, headwater channels is 
            complicated by step-pool profiles and large-scale roughnesws from 
            boulders, logs, and brush. This study evaluated four common sediment 
            transport equations. Although agreement between predicted and measured
            transport rates was encouraging, appropriate modeling of the physical 
            processes was not necessarily indicated.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnston,CA; Naiman,RJ

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      The use of a geographic information system to analyze long-term 
            landscape alteration by beaver

SOURCE:     Landscape Ecology 4(1), 5-19.

TOPICS:     beaver; fishhabitat; gis; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to analyze how beaver 
            had altered hydrology and vegetation in Minnesota over a 46-year 
            period. Total area impounded increased from 1% to 13% of the landscape 
            between 1940 and 1986 as the beaver population increased from near 
            extirpation to a density of 1 colony/km2. Most of the impoundment 
            area increase occurred during the first two decades, when 77% of 
            cumulative impoundment area was flooded. Once impounded, >60% of 
            the area maintained the same water depth or vegetation during any
            decade. GIS procedures were combined with field data to show that 
            available nitrogen stocks nearly tripled between 1940 and 1986 as 
            a result of beaver impoundment.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnston,CA; Naiman,RJ

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Aquatic patch creation in relation to beaver population trends

SOURCE:     Ecology 71(4), 1617-1621.

TOPICS:     beaver; gis; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The creation of aquatic patches by beaver in the boreal forest of 
            northern Minnesota was studied to determine how the population 
            dynamics of a disturbance-causing animal are linked to the rates 
            of patch formation and growth over a period of population and 
            expansion. Earlier ponds tended to be larger. Even though rate of 
            pond creation paralleled the increase in number of beaver colonies 
            between 1961 and 1986, the rate of new pond creation prior to 1961 
            greatly exceeded the increase in number of beaver colonies. The 
            authors conclude that the rate of patch formation after the first 
            two decades of beaver colonization was contrained by geomorphology, 
            which limited the availability of sites at which a beaver dam could 
            impound a large area of water.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnston,CA; Naiman,RJ

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Browse selection by beaver: Effects on riparian forest composition

SOURCE:     Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, 1036-1043.

TOPICS:     beaver; riparian forest; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Beaver herbivory has both immediate and long-term effects on biomass, 
            structure, and composition of riparian forests. Intense beaver 
            foraging of aspen decreased tree density and basal area by as much 
            as 43% within 1-ha forage zones surrounding two beaver ponds in 
            Minnesota. Maximum diameter of trees cut was 43.5 cm; average aspen 
            stem diameter cut was 13.9 cm and 10.2 cm, respectively. Woody 
            biomass harvested per beaver averaged 1.4 Mg/ha/year over a 6-year 
            foraging period. Most wood was left on site or used in dam con-
            struction. Selective foraging by beaver decreased the relative 
            importance of preferred species (e.g. aspen) and increased the 
            relative importance of avoided species (e.g. alder), with lont-term 
            implications to forest succession and dynamics.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kantrud,HA; Krapu,GL; Swanson,GA 

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Prairie basin wetlands of the Dakotas: A community profile

SOURCE:     USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 85(7.28). Washington,
            D.C. 89p.

TOPICS:     marshes; wetlands

COMMENTS:   The shallow basin wetlands of the Dakotas form the bulk of the portion 
            of the Prairie Pothole Region lying within the United States. This 
            region produces a large proportion of North American waterfowl and 
            other prairie dwelling marsh and aquatic birds. Wetlands in the region 
            are frequently drained for crop production. These wetlands vary greatly 
            in their ability to maintain surface water and their water chemistry, 
            which varies from fresh to polysaline. In addition, these wetlands are 
            affected by a variety of agricultural land uses and practices, including 
            pasture, cultivation, mechanical forage removal, idle conditions, and 
            burning. It is important to understand how these factors operate in 
            prairie basin wetlands, since they profoundly affect flora and fauna.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Keddy,PA

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Effects from competition from shrubs on herbaceous wetland plants: a
            4-year field experiment

SOURCE:     Can. J. Bot. 67, 708-716.

TOPICS:     lakeshores; riparian shrubs; wetlands

COMMENTS:   While competition is known to occur among some species in some plant 
            communities, it is still not possible to predict in which 
            environments, or among which species, competitive interactions will 
            be most intense. On this study site between shrubs and herbaceous 
            lakeshore plants, shrubs were removed from treatment plots paired 
            with controls. On shores with frequent disturbance and low fertility 
            there was no evidence for competitive release. There were highly 
            significant increases in cover, richness, and diversity in the 
            removal plots, but less than one-quarter of the individual species 
            responded significantly.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kershner,JL; Snider,WM; Turner,DM; Moyle,PB

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Distribution and sequencing of mesohabitats: Are there differences 
            at the reach scale

SOURCE:     Rivers 3(3), 179-190.

TOPICS:     instream flows; stream channels; stream classification

COMMENTS:   Stream classification techniques may provide useful information 
            about the function of stream habitat. Relationships between habitat 
            characteristics at the mesohabitat scale and how these 
            characteristics are influenced by other scales, such as watershed 
            and reach, is poorly understood. Results of studies in the Sierra 
            Nevada Mountains indicated that even though differences in in 
            mesohabitat do occur between distinct stream reaches, the mesohabitat
            composition is highly variable. Use of representative reaches to 
            describe stream habitats should be viewed with caution, given the 
            dynamic nature of stream habitats and the biotic and abiotic factors 
            that influence them.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ketcheson,GL; Megahan,WF

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Sediment tracing in step-pool granitic streams in Idaho

SOURCE:     P.4-147 - 4-153. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Federal Interagency 
            Sedimentation Conference. [eds. S-S Tan & Y-H Kuo]. Subcommittee 
            on Sedimentation of the Interagency Advisory Commission on Water Data.

TOPICS:     hydrology; instream flow; sedimentation

COMMENTS:   Sediment tracer studies were conducted on four channels in the 
            Silver Creek Study Area in south-central Idaho. A single dose of 
            tracer particles was placed at the head of each reach just prior 
            to snowmelt. After runoff, samples of bed materiarian zones. A 4-
            level geomorphic/floristic classification is proposed. Geomorphology 
            is especially useful on riparian sites where the natural vegetation 
            composition, soils, and/or water regimes hal were collected from all 
            discrete deposits within the test reaches. About two-thirds of the 
            tracer material remaining in the reaches was deposited behind natural 
            organic debris in the channel, while one-third was evenly divided 
            among deposition in point bars, pools, and random bed and bank 
            locations. Transport of tracer through the reaches was directly 
            proportional to channel gradient and flow rate.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Kovalchik,BL; Chitwood,LA

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Use of geomorphology in the classification of riparian plant
            associations in mountainous landscapes of central Oregon, USA

SOURCE:     Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 405-418.

TOPICS:     geomorphology; riparian classification; riparian plants;
            riparian vegetaion

COMMENTS:   Resource managers are increasingly interested in the importance, 
            unique values, classification, and management of riparian zones. 
            Understanding the ecology of the riparian zone is complicated by 
            the extreme variation in geology, climate, terrain, hydrology, and 
            disturbances by humans. Consequently, it is often difficult to 
            determine the vegetation potential of riparian sites and develop 
            management options. This study used geomorphology in addition to 
            floristic classification to identify vegetation potential in ripave 
            been altered by past disturbance, either natural or human-induced.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Krueger,HO

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Avian response to mountainous shrub-willow riparian systems in 
            southeastern Wyoming

SOURCE:     Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wyoming. Laramie, WY. 101p. p.

TOPICS:     avian species; grazing effects; riparian shrubs

COMMENTS:   Census data within shrub-willow and upland habitats indicated that 
            obligate avian species in each of the study sites. In study sites 
            with high variation in shrub density, numerous bird species selected 
            density values significantly different from random samples (P<0.05). 
            Higher bird densities were found on the site associated with high 
            beaver activity. Beaver impact bird communities by building dams 
            which impound water and trap nutrients and sediment, both of which 
            are factors which increase the productivity of the aquatic system 
            and food availability. Cattle were found to alter shrub density and 
            structure, both factors that affect bird communities.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Leopold,LH; Rosgen,DC

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Movement of bed material clasts in mountain streams

SOURCE:     p.4-183 - 4-188. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Federal Interagency
            Sedimentation Conference. [eds. S-S. Tan & Y-H. Kuo]. Subcommittee 
            on Sedimentation of the Interagency Advisory Commission on Water Data.

TOPICS:     instream flow; stream characteristics

COMMENTS:   The growth in observational data shows that it generally is true in 
            gravel streams that the material on the immediate surface is coarser 
            than that which lies below. Unfortunately, this has led to the use of 
            the words armored or paved. The use of those words has given the 
            impression to those who do not work directly with gravel bed streams 
            that the bed material of the stream does not move with ordinary 
            discharges. In this study, about 65% of the total rocks placed in 
            stream channels moved during the season, even though discharges in 
            none of the streams reached the bankfull stage. The distance the 
            rocks moved was relatively small during one movement, generally 
            less than a few meters. Some individual rocks moved more than once, 
            and a few moved as many as four times during the season. These 
            observations represent one type of evidence that material of the 
            bed surface moves at discharges equal to or less than bankfull, even 
            though the movement is for a short distance and the resultant 
            transport rate is small.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Loucks,OL

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Restoration of the pulse control function of wetlands and its
            relationship to water quality objectives

SOURCE:     In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The status of the science. 
            (Eds: Kusler,JA; Kentula,ME) Island Press, Washington, D.C., p.
            467-477.

TOPICS:     streamflow simulation; wetland restoration; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Many wetlands and wetland restoration opportunities occur in the 
            poorly drained headwaters of streams, along the stream floodplains, 
            and at discharge points to larger water bodies. All of these were 
            greatly changed by upland development that accelerates flows and 
            increases the runoff pulse from headwater areas. In turn, the runoff 
            increases scouring and transport of sediments, and subsequent 
            deposition in or erosion of downstream wetland types. Successful 
            restoration must consider how the hydrologic pulse may have been 
            changed and whether pulse control measures can bring stream flows 
            within a range consistent with historical development of downstream 
            wetlands.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lotspeich,FB; Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      An integrated land-aquatic classification

SOURCE:     p.103-109. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Acquisition and 
            Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory. 28-30 October 1981. 
            Portland, OR.

TOPICS:     riparian classification; riverine systems; watersheds

COMMENTS:   This paper develops a simple classification system based on causes of 
            differences between classes of lands and integrates the riverine 
            system into the land classification. The classification system 
            integrates various resource components, with climate and geology as 
            controlling, independent variables. Because of their homogeneity and 
            simplicity, first order watersheds are used as the basicd unit cell 
            in the classification. Soils and vegetation are used to delineate 
            individual classification units, which are then integrated into higher 
            levels of classification.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lewis,RR,III

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Wetlands restoration/creation/enhancement terminology: Suggestions 
            for standardization

SOURCE:     In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The status of the science.
            (Eds: Kusler,JA; Kentula,ME) Island Press, Washington, D.C., 
            p.417-422.

TOPICS:     wetlands; wetlands restoration

COMMENTS:   This chapter contains a glossary that was prepared after review by 
            all authors contributing to this book. The specific definitions in 
            the glossary represent an attempt to bring some order to the 
            terminology applied to the topic of wetland creation and restoration.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Malanson,GP; Butler,DR

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Woody debris, sediment, and riparian vegetation of a subalpine
            river, Montana, USA

SOURCE:     Artic and Alpine Research 22(2), 183-194.

TOPICS:     hydrology; riparian plants; sedimentation; woody debris

COMMENTS:   The relationships among woody debris, composition of vegetation, 
            topography, and sediment on ten gravel bars along a Montana river 
            are examined in order to test a hypothesis of positive feedback 
            leading to reduced rates of sediment transport. Plant species 
            diversity is related to the area, sediment, and woody debris of 
            bars. Several variables were significantly correlated and 
            significant regressions of vegetative composition on sediment, 
            topography, and debris resulted. The amount of wood debris, 
            however, is not a statistically significant function of topography, 
            sediment, or vegetation. Analyses of systems of linear equations 
            representing hypothetical pathways of causality regarding 
            vegetation, woody debris, topography, and sediment were not 
            statistically significant.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Mazjors,JE

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Opportunities to protect instream flows and wetland uses of water in
            California

SOURCE:     USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 89(10). 76p.

TOPICS:     instream flows; water rights; watersheds

COMMENTS:   This report is one of a series providing surveys of State 
            prerogatives and programs that may be used to protect the 
            instream uses of water. Most of the opportunities for protecting 
            instream flows are related to fish and wildlife habitat, 
            although many other instream uses are considered, including 
            hydroelectric power production, recreation, navigation, downstream 
            delivery, and waste load assimilation. These documents illustrate 
            methods to protect instream uses within the context of existing 
            laws and regulations.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Maser,C

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      On the "naturalness" of natural areas: a perspective for the future

SOURCE:     Natural Areas Journal 10(3), 129-133.

TOPICS:     biological diversity; ecological integrity

COMMENTS:   The key to and value of both restoration ecology and ecological 
            restoration is the thought process the terms imply. Part of this 
            process is setting aside an ecologically adequate system of 
            natural areas - an unconditional gift of potential knowledge for 
            the future. In doing so, present and future generations have a 
            repository not only of species, which more often then not are 
            region-specific, but also of processes, which more often than not 
            are worldwide in principle and application.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Mathias,ME; Moyle,P

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Wetlands and aquatic habitats

SOURCE:     Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 42, 165-176.

TOPICS:     biological diversity; riparian habitat; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Riparian wetland areas often represent critical corridors for 
            animal and plant dispersion in wildland watersheds and downstream 
            river systems. It is essential that integrated management of 
            riparian wetland areas bedeveloped to reverse the loss of biological 
            integrity. Agricultural and urban uses, and related water 
            developments, have led to a marked decline of stream-side wetland 
            habitats. Six major ways are discussed in which conventional 
            agriculture alters wetlands and aquatic habitats: wetland drainage, 
            water diversions. stream channelizations, bank stabilization, 
            grazing, and the release of agricultural pollutants. This paper also 
            discusses ways that biological diversity can be protected or enhanced.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McComb,WC; Sedell,JR; Buchholz,TD

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Dam-site selection by beavers in an eastern Oregon Basin

SOURCE:     Great Basin Naturalist 50(3), 273-281.

TOPICS:     beaver; riparian characteristics; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The authors compared physical and vegetative characteristics at 
            14 dam sites occupied by beaver with those at 41 unoccupied 
            reaches to identify features important to dam-site selection in
            eastern Oregon. Stream reaches with dams were shallower and had 
            a lower gradient than unoccupied reaches. Beaver did not build 
            dams at sites with a rock substrate. Bank slopes at occupied 
            reaches were not as steep as unoccupied reaches; and occupied 
            stream reaches had greater tree canopy cover, especially of 
            thinleaf alder, than did unused reaches. Four habitat suitability 
            models for beaver were also tested with positive results. 
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McGarigal,K; McComb,WC

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Streamside versus upslope breeding bird communities in the central 
            Oregon Coast Range

SOURCE:     Journal of Wildlife Management 56(1), 10-23.

TOPICS:     avian species; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Despite perceived ecological and management significance of 
            streamside areas in the coniferous and mixed deciduous-coniferous 
            forests of the Pacific Northwest, there is little empirical data 
            on the relative importance of streamside habitat to area avifauna. 
            This paper examines breeding bird species diversity, richness, 
            evenness, and individual species' abundance between streamside 
            and upslope areas in mature, unmanaged forest stands. Bird community
            composition and structure differed between streamside and upslope 
            areas. Streamsides exclusively contributed only 9% of the species 
            versus 33% in the uplands. Vegetation structure and composition may 
            have been responsible for observed bird distributions. Management 
            of riparian areas alone may not meet the needs of several bird 
            species. The authors suggest that a landscape-level approach 
            addressing both upslope and riparian habitat  may be more effective 
            in meeting the needs of breeding bird communities.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Medin,DE; Clary,WP

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Small mammals of a beaver pond ecosystem and adjacent riparian 
            habitat in Idaho

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. Research Paper INT-445. 4p.

TOPICS:     beaver; riparian habitat; small mammals; willow

COMMENTS:   Small mammal populations and community organization were compared 
            between a beaver pond habitat dominated by willows and an adjacent 
            nonwillow riparian habitat. Small mammal relative density was 3.06 
            times higher and standing crop biomass was 2.71 times higher in the
            beaver pond habitat than in the adjacent nonponded habitat. There 
            were no pronounced differences between the two habitats in small 
            mammal species richness or species diversity.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Medin,DE; Clary,WP

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Bird populations in and adjacent to a beaver pond ecosystem in Idaho

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. Research Paper INT-432. 6p.

TOPICS:     avian species; beavers; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Breeding bird populations and community organizations were compared 
            between a beaver pond habitat dominated by willows and an adjacent 
            riparian habitat. Total bird density in the ponded habitat was three 
            times that of the nonponded habitat. Bird biomass, bird species 
            richness, and bird species diversity were 3.49, 3.25, and 1.67 times 
            higher, respectively, in the beaver pond habitat.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Medin,DE; Clary,WP

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Breeding bird populations in a grazed and ungrazed riparian habitat 
            in Nevada

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. Research Paper INT-441. 7p.

TOPICS:     avian species; grazing effects; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Breeding bird populations and bird community organization were 
            compared between a grazed and ungrazed aspen-willow riparian habitat. 
            There were no differences between the two sites in bird density, 
            species richness, species composition, or other attributes. There 
            were also no pronounced differences between the sites in total 
            density or total standing crop biomass of a nine-species guild of 
            riparian birds. There were no obvious relationships between the 
            responses of individual bird species and any physiognomic 
            differences in the vegetation of the two habitats.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Medina,AL

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Possible effects of residential development on streamflow, riparian
            plant communities, and fisheries on small mountain streams in central 
            Arizona

SOURCE:     Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 351-361.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; riparian plants; stream flow

COMMENTS:   Increased residential development along small mountain streams 
            within pine forests in central Arizona has surged in the last 
            20 years and presents a potential threat to riparian plant 
            communities because it can alter the nature of streamflow from 
            perennial to ephemeral. The change in streamflow increases water 
            stress on riparian plants along those streams. Cultural activities 
            associated with residential development that alter streamflows are 
            water diversions, groundwater pumping, and changes in land use. 
            Measurements of tree densities and stand composition  of Arizona 
            alder and box elder showed that perennial streams had greater tree
            densities in all diameter classes, compared with ephemeral streams 
            where small-diameter trees were absent. Xylem water potential 
            measurements decreased more rapidly on trees occupying ephemeral 
            reaches than on trees of comparable reaches of perennial streams 
            during the summer. The increase in water stress in trees growing 
            along ephemeral stream reaches may be responsible for the lower 
            plant densities and lack of seedling establishment measured. Trout 
            populations also declined when streamflow changed from perennial 
            to ephemeral.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Megahan,WF; Potyondy,JP; Seyedbagheri,KA

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Best management practices and cumulative effects from sedimentation 
            in the South Fork Salmon River: An Idaho case study

SOURCE:     In: Watershed Management: Balancing Sustainability and Environmental 
            Change. (Ed: Naiman,RJ) Springer-Verlag,, 401-414.

TOPICS:     incomplete; best management practices; logging impacts; sedimentation

COMMENTS:   Poor land use, including intensive unregulated logging from 1940 
            through the mid-1960's, contributed to massive cumulative effects 
            from sedimentation in Idaho's South Fork Salmon River by 1965. 
            Severe damage to valuable salmon and steelhead habitat resulted. 
            Present-day management practices, properly implemented, have the 
            potential of reducing sediment yields by about 45 to 95% compared 
            with yields caused by historical land use. Cumulative effects analysis
            is a useful tool for evaluating management alternatives. Some 
            increases in sedimentation are unavoidable even using the most
            cautious logging and roading methods.However, much of the 
            sedimentation in the SFSR and other drainages could have been avoided 
            if logging and road construction had followed best management 
            practices.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Merendino,MT; Smith,LM; Murkin,HR; Pederson,RL

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      The response of prairie wetland vegetation to seasonality of drawdown

SOURCE:     Wildlife Society Bulletin 18, 245-251.

TOPICS:     water cycles; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Diversity and productivity of prairie wetland flora are maintained 
            by cyclic wet and dry periods that can be either natural or man-
            induced.  This study evaluated the effects of four drawdown dates 
            on recruitment of species from the seedbank. Season of drawdown 
            affected the abundance, species richness, and flowering of wetland 
            vegetation. Overall shoot densities were highest for a May 15 
            drawdown, with alkali bulrush the dominant species. The number of 
            flowering shoots was highest in the June 15 drawdown. Cattail 
            dominated the June 15 drawdown and purple loosestrife reached 
            maximum densities. Mid-summer drawdowns (July 15) and late-summer 
            drawdowns (August 15) were characterized by low species abundance 
            and absence of seed production.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Miller,TB; Johnson,FD

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      Sampling and data analyses of narrow, variable-width gallery forests 
            over environmental gradients

SOURCE:     Tropical Ecology 27, 132-142.

TOPICS:     gallery forest; riparian classification; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   A system for sampling and data analyses for narrow, variable-width 
            gallery forests is described. Gallery forests studies were along 
            steep tributory streams of a deep river canyon in the western US. 
            A series of transects, perpendicular to the stream, was designed 
            to sample riparian vegetation plus that of adjacent vegetation types. 
            Data analysis consisted of two-dimensional ordination, discriminant 
            analysis, and polythetic-agglomerative classification. Results showed 
            that species can be related to environmental parameters and to each 
            other and that community types can be designated and similarly 
            related. Authors suggest that this sampling/data analysis system
            can be successfully applied to gallery forests or other riparian 
            vegetation in narrow stream courses.

============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Minkley,WL; Clark,TO

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      Formation and destruction of a Gila River mesquite bosque community

SOURCE:     Desert Plants 6(1), 23-30.

TOPICS:     bosque; flooding effects; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Evidence is presented for repeated formation and destruction of a 
            Mesquite bosque community on a Gila River terrace in eastern Arizona. 
            Terrace formation was induced by coarse alluvial cone produced by 
            flooding in an ephemeral tributary, followed by vegetative 
            colonization  culminating in Mesquite. Destruction was accomplished 
            by sustained flooding in the mainstream Gila River.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Minshall,GW; Brock,JT; Varley,JD 

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Wildfires and Yellowstone's stream ecosystems

SOURCE:     BioScience 39(10), 707-715.

TOPICS:     fire ecology; fire effects; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Fires of the magnitude such as those that burned during 1988 in the 
            Greater Yellowstone Area can have profound effects on the ecology of 
            streams. The extent of the near-term effects of fire on stream 
            ecosystems and the rates of return to prefire conditions are largely 
            dependent on the degree of disruption of the watershed and stream 
            channel in the first few years after fire. The difference appears to 
            be due primarily to the size of the watershed and the intensity of the 
            fire. The chance occurrence of intense summer thunder storms is also a 
            factor. Three scenarios or alternative trajectories are presented for 
            potential responses to the different degrees of disturbance resulting 
            from the fire.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Morgenson,G

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Vegetative propagation of poplar and willow

SOURCE:     p.84-86. In: Proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association 
            Annual meeting. 12-16 August 1991. Park City, UT.

TOPICS:     riparian plantings; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Discusses the processes involved in the propagation of poplar and 
            willow from hardwood cuttings including stooling block establishment, 
            harvest, cutting planting, growth, use of equipment, and chemical 
            inputs.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Myers,TJ; Swanson,S 

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Aquatic habitat condition index, stream type, and livestock bank 
            damage in northern Nevada

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 27(4), 667-677.

TOPICS:     riparian condition; riparian habitat; riparian monitoring

COMMENTS:   The quality of stream habitat varies for a variety of natural and 
            anthropogenic reasons not identified by a condition index. However, 
            many people use condition indices to indicate management needs or 
            even direction. Stream types and levels of ungulate bank damage were
            related to estimates of aquatic habitat condition index and stream 
            width parameters in a large datqa base. Soil and vegetation stability 
            were highly correlated. Riparian area width did not vary significantly 
            with either stream type or ungulate bank damage. Variation among 
            stream type indicates that riparian management and monitoring should 
            be stream type and reach specific.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Niering,WA  

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Vegetation dynamics in relation to wetland creation

SOURCE:     Wetland Creation and Restoration. (Eds: Kusler,JA; Kentula,ME) Island 
            Press, Washington, D.C., 479-486.

TOPICS:     hydrology; wetland vegetation; wetlands

COMMENTS:   The understanding of ecological processes involved  in wetland 
            vegetation development is essential to wetland managers concerned with 
            wetland creation. Ascertaining a sound hydologic system is basic in 
            any attempt to recreate a wetland system since the vegetation and 
            associated fauna are dependent upon a consistent but usually 
            fluctuating hydrologic regime. Any hydrologic manipulations can also 
            greatly modify what species will become established in a given site or
            those that may decline in abundance. Traditional succession-climax 
            dogma has limited usefulness in interpreting vegetative change. Thus, 
            an understanding of the complex of factors involved in the process, 
            including chance and coincidence, makes management more challenging. 
            Since vegetation change is not necessaraily predictable and orderly, 
            as is sometimes thought, it is often difficult to predict the ultimate 
            vegetation of a given site. Some wetland communities once created may 
            be relatively stable; others may undergo directional or cyclic change. 
            One of the major goals of wetland creation should be the persistance 
            of the wetland as a self-perpetuating oscillating system, which is 
            assured by assuring a sound hydrologic regime.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Onuf,CP; Zedler,JB 

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Pattern and process in arid-region salt marshes - southern California

SOURCE:     The Ecology and Management of Wetlands. Vol. Volume 1: Ecology of 
            Wetlands. (Eds: Hook,DD et al.) Croom Helm, London and Sydney, 
            570-581.

TOPICS:     incomplete; arid wetlands; salt marshes; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Salt marshes of the moist eastern United States have been long and 
            often the subject of studies of ecosystem function. In comparison, 
            ecological investigations of arid-region salt marshes are recent and 
            limited. This review relies primarily on research from the last decade 
            in southern California. The results contradict several paradigms of 
            ecosystem function that have emerged from research in the eastern 
            United States. Key differences in the salt marshes between the
            regions provide insights about the governing process.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Osborn,HB; Simanton,JR

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Gullies and sediment yield

SOURCE:     Rangelands 11(2), 51-56.

TOPICS:     erosion control; gullies; sedimentation

COMMENTS:   Estimates of total sediment yield, over a nine-year period, for a 
            small gullied watershed, were partitioned to account for main gully 
            contribution, tributary gully contribution, and upland erosion. The 
            main gully contributed about 50% of the total sediment yield. 
            Estimates of upland erosionranged from about 20% of the total based 
            on the USLE to 40% based on comparison with an adjacent ungullied 
            watershed. The remiander (10 to 30%) was attributed to contribution 
            from tributary gullies.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ottenbreit,KA; Staniforth,RJ

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Life cycle and age structure of ramets in an expanding population of 
            Salix exigua (sandbar willow)

SOURCE:     Can. J. Bot. 70, 1141-1146.

TOPICS:     riparian plants; willow

COMMENTS:   The sandbar willow is a dominant woody pioneer and stabilizer of 
            riverbanks and sand dunes over much of North America. A population 
            growing on a point bar in Manitoba was assessed. Average annual height 
            increments were 29.7 cm, and the average annual girth increments were
            2.6 mm/year. There were no significant differences between sexes. 
            Significant linear correlations existed between basal stem diameter 
            and age and between stem height and age. Flowering occurred in a few 
            2- and 3-year old stems, regardless of sex. Flowering frequency 
            increased to 93% at the age of 9 years. Stem mortality was highest in 
            3-, 4-, and 6-year old ramets, and senescence was first observed at 
            about 12 years. Few stems were over 12 years old but the oldest stem 
            encountered was 31 years old. The sex ratio of 1.7:1.0 significantly 
            favored males.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Pionke,HB; Hoover,JR; Schnabel,RR; Gburek,JB; Urban,JB; Rogowski,AS

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Chemical-hydrologic interactions in the near-stream zone

SOURCE:     Water Resources Research 24(7), 1101-1110.

TOPICS:     chemical responses; hydrology; watersheds

COMMENTS:   The chemical and hydrologic responses of a hilly watershed to a 
            typical summer storm event were determined and compared. Patterns 
            and the relative magnitudes of NO3, NH4, phosphorus, and PO4 
            concentrations observed in seepage, surface runoff, storm flow, base 
            flow, and rainfall, fit those hypothesized in the storm hydrograph 
            and associated water table responses observed in the near-stream zone. 
            Nitrate concentrations in seepage and base flow were similar and, 
            typically, exceeded those in surface runoff, rainfall, and peak storm 
            flow by 5-20 times. Conversely, NH4, P, and PO4 concentrations in 
            surface runoff  from the seep zone and in peak storm flows
            exceeded those in seepage and base flow by 2-20 times.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Managing fisheries and wildlife on rangelands grazed by livestock: A
            guidance and reference document for biologists

SOURCE:     Nevada Department of Wildlife. 114p.

TOPICS:     livestocks effects; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   If progress is to be made in rehabilitating western streams, rangeland 
            management has to be improved greatly over that being practiced today. 
            This document is dedicated to seeing that the field biologist has the 
            tools, background, methods, and input necessary to turn this system 
            around. If the present body of knowledge were only put on the ground, 
            western streams would rehabilitate quite rapidly.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      Effects of sheep grazing on a riparian-stream environment

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. Research Note INT-307. 6p.

TOPICS:     erosion; grazing impacts; livestock effects

COMMENTS:   A stream section in a meadow receiving high intensitygrazing from 
            sheep  was almost five times as wide and only one-fifth as deep as 
            an adjoining stream section where the meadow received light or no 
            grazing. In the heavily grazed area, undercut banks were eliminated, 
            streambanks were outsloped, and water depth at the stream surface-
            stream channel interface was only one-thirteenth as deep as in the 
            lightly or nongrazed areas. Prolonged holding of sheep on meadows 
            for long periods of time is apparently detrimental to the 
            riparian-stream ecosystem.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS; Martin,SB

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Hydrochemical influences on the fishery within the phosphate mining 
            area of eastern Idaho

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. Research Note INT-246.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; hydrochemical influences; hydrology; mining impacts

COMMENTS:   Hydrochemical analysis of selected streams in the upper Blackfoot 
            River drainage showed waters in these streams were in a near-natural 
            state, with possible modification from surrounding land uses. Stream 
            hydrochemistry and physical condition of fish indicated the fishery 
            was in good condition. No influences from present phosphate mining 
            were found that threatened fish health or survival. Hydrochemically, 
            the Blackfoot system is capable of producing a good cutthroat trout
            fishery, but high levels of nutrients probably restrict optimum 
            cutthroat trout populations.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS 

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Livestock grazing

SOURCE:     Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and 
            their Habitats. (: ) American Fisheries Society Special Publication 
            19,, 389-423.

TOPICS:     incomplete; grazing impacts; livestock effects

COMMENTS:   The range environment includes 485.6 million hectares in the USA. 
            Sixty-nine percent of this rangeland was grazed by livestock in 1970, 
            furnishing 213 million animal unit months of forage. Much of this 
            rangeland has become depleted of natural and desirable vegetation, 
            adversely affecting runoff and altering sediment recruitmentand 
            transport to and within streams. Even though livestock use on western 
            ranges has passed the 100-year mark, the importance of grazing
            effects on aquatic resources is just beginning to be understood. 
            Research has not fully iderntified these problems, described their 
            magnitude, or provided methods for their solution.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Prichard,DE; Upham,LL

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Texas Creek riparian enhancement study

SOURCE:     USDI Bureau of Land Management. Colorado State Office. Tech. Bull. 
            13p.

TOPICS:     livestock grazing; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   This study in south-central Colorado concludes that enhancement of 
            riparian habitat can occur by implementing any of the three 
            manipulated factors: 1) deferred livestock grazing, 2) protective 
            fencing, and 3) habitat treatments. The most dramatic improvements 
            occurred where livestock grazing was excluded in combination with 
            intensive habitat treatment projects.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rabe,FW; Biggam,RC; Breckenridge,RM; Naskali,RJ 

PUB. YEAR:  1986

TITLE:      A limnological description of selected peatland lakes in Idaho

SOURCE:     Journal of the Idaho Academy of Science 22(2), 63-85.

TOPICS:     natural aeas; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Six peatland lakes in northern and central Idaho that occur in 
            terrain glaciated during the Pleistocene Epoch were sampled. Three 
            lakes were formed in glacial deposits and three lakes formed in 
            ice-scoured depressions. The dominant plants comprising the peat 
            mats were Carex spp. and Sphagnum spp. The mats were located either 
            peripherally along shore, midway between a lagg zone open water, or 
            in the center of the lake. Only a few flowering plant species were
            observed on sphagnum bogs. Two species of insectivorous plants 
            (Drosera spp.) were common along with other species able to tolerate 
            low nitrogen conditions. Seventy species of aquatic insects were 
            identified. Low acidity in some bogs limited the number of insects 
            that respire cutaneously or by gills.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ratliff,RD 

PUB. YEAR:  1983

TITLE:      Nebraska sedge (Carex nebrasksis Dewey): Observations on shoot life
            history and management

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 36(4), 429-430.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; riparian plants; sedges

COMMENTS:   Nebraska sedge, a valuable and distinct species, can withstand a high 
            degree of defoliation by livestock without being seriously damaged. 
            Shoot life history was studied on the Sierra National Forest, 
            California. Initial results indicated that: 1) Nebraska sedge roots 
            live longer than one year, 2) a high proportion of vegetative shoots 
            overwinter, 3) overwintering shoots have cores of live leaf tissue 
            which can develop rapidly in spring, and 4)about half of the shoots
            surviving winter become reproductive and die. As a culmless species, 
            it is better able to withstand defoliation. Reproduction appears to 
            be mainly vegetative, and a management goal of producing an 
            abundance of healthy rhizomes is suggested.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Reeves,GH; Hall,JD; Roelofs,TD; Hickman,TL; Baker,CO

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Rehabilitating and modifying stream habitats

SOURCE:     Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management of Salmonid Fishes 
            and their Habitats. American Fisheries Society Special Publication
            19:519-557.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; riparian habitat; riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   Techniques for rehabilitating and modifying habitats have been used 
            for over 50 years in fishery management, but they have been applied 
            to a relatively small degree in the management of western salmonids, 
            particularly anadromous stocks. Increased rates of harvest and other 
            threats to the survival of many wild populations of salmon and trout 
            call for intensified fishery management. Intensified looging, grazing, 
            irrigation, agriculture, and urbanization have diminished the quality 
            and quantity of habitats available to wild salmonid stocks. In 
            principle, rehabilitation and modification of habitats are attractive 
            means to restore the abundance of these salmonids.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rex,KD; Malanson,GP

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      The fractal shape of riparian forest patches

SOURCE:     Landscape Ecology 4(4), 249-258.

TOPICS:     floodplain forests; riparian forest; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Remnant patches of a forest corridor were examined in Iowa. A fractal 
            dimension was found for these patches which was incorporated with the 
            perimeter:area ratio in an index of shape. The index was then 
            regressedon five hydrogeomorphic variables hypothesized to represent
            processes which might control patch dimensions, plus a variable to 
            represent human impact. Results indicate that in this landscape the 
            hydrogeomorphic structures play a role, but that human impact is more 
            significant in its effect on the shape of the forest patches. Other 
            structures, such as regional topography, may account for the 
            unexplained variance. The index of shape used in this papermay be 
            useful as an independant variable in studies of ecological processes 
            affected by patch shape and form and as a guide to conservation.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rickard,WH; Price,KR  

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Uptake of tritiated groundwater by black locust trees

SOURCE:     Northwest Science 63(3), 87-89.

TOPICS:     groundwater; riparian plants

COMMENTS:   Artificially planted trees have survived for four decades in the dry 
            climate of south-central Washington without irrigation. It was believed 
            that tree-survival depended on root contact with groundwater but this 
            assumption had never been tested. Leafwater from trees growing at a
            location where groundwater was 7.7 m below the the surface had elevated 
            levels of tritium. Well water also had elevated levels of tritium 
            indicating that some of the tritium measured in leafwater was obtained 
            from root contact with tritiatied graoundwater. Concentrations in 
            leafwater were greatest in August when sources of tritium other than 
            groundwater were least abundant, suggesting that the trees relied most 
            heavily on groundwater during the dry season.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rinne,JN 

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      The utility of stream habitat and biota for identifying potential 
            conflicting forest land uses: Montane riparian areas

SOURCE:     Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 363-383.

TOPICS:     land use; monitoring; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Recent investigations on the effects of land management practices on 
            riparian stream systems have often produced contradictory results. 
            Inconsistencies have occurred, in part, because of efforts that have 
            not been totally comprehensive and, in part, because of poor study 
            design and/or procedure. This paper reviews the literature on the use 
            of fine sediment, aquatic macroinvertebrates, and fishes as indicators 
            for identifying and describing the effects of various land-use 
            practices on riparian stream systems. The results of research on the 
            effects of land-management practices on these three variables is also 
            presented. The author suggests it is valid to use these variables to 
            detect the effects of multiple-use practices on riparian stream
            systems, although other variables such as solar radiation, water 
            quality, water temperature, riparian vegetation, and others may also 
            be useful. More reliable definition of effects will require the 
            collection of baseline data, protracted ecosystem scale studies, and 
            consideration of multiple physical and biotic features.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rinne,JN; LaFayette,RA 

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Southwestern riparian-stream ecosystems: research design, complexity, 
            and opportunity

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. Research Paper RM-299. 8p.

TOPICS:     fisheries; monitoring; riparian ecosystems; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Two basic approaches to research design in riparian areas - 
            intrastream and interstream - and their merits are evaluated based 
            on physical, chemical, and biological data from streams in central 
            Arizona and northern New Mexico. For effective generation of 
            dependable, and applicable information for future management of 
            forest lands, a partnership: 1) characterized by constant and 
            intimate interaction of research and management personnel, 2) 
            operating within the framework of daily forest land mangement 
            activity, and 3) vigilant of research opportunity - is proposed.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rosentreter,R

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      High-water indicator plants along Idaho waterways

SOURCE:     p.18-24. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Ecology and Management 
            of Riparian Shrub Communities. 29 - 31 May 1991. Sun Valley, ID. 
            USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-289.

TOPICS:     monitoring; riparian habitat; riparian plants

COMMENTS:   Plants restricted to and common under seasonally flooded conditions 
            along Idaho waterways can be useful for managing and monitoring 
            riparian areas. They can function as indicator plants that relate 
            topography and channel capacity to annually fluctuating water levels. 
            Indicator plants can also be useful in evaluating present and past 
            stream hydrology conditions. The presence of these indicator species 
            can help determine mean flood levels relative to the current water 
            level. Stream channel geometry is highly variable over the length of 
            a stream, and estimating mean high water can help one determine the 
            sites available for rehabilitation.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Roth,D; Bridges,C; Zimmerman,C (Eds.)

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Riparian: What does it mean to me?

SOURCE:     Procedings of the Third Annual Convention of the Colorado Riparian 
            Association ed. The Nature Conservancy, Boulder, CO. 48 pages.

TOPICS:     riparian habitat; riparian management

COMMENTS:   A compilation of 16 topical and technical papers addressing riparian 
            management in Colorado. Most of the latter are syntheses of 
            presentations offered in more technical detail during the proceedings. 
            Much of the information contained herein has been published in greater 
            detail in more formal contexts.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schneller-McDonald,K; Ischinger,LS; Auble,GT

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Wetland Creation and Management: Description and Summary of the 
            Literature

SOURCE:     USDI-US Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 90(3). 198 p.

TOPICS:     wetlands; wetlands creation; wetlands restoration

COMMENTS:   This report provides bibliographic information contained in the 
            Wetland Creation/Restoration data base. One thousand one hundred 
            records are included. Each record represents one article, report, 
            or other publication dealing with the data subjects. Information
            contained in the records is: 1)introduced in a description of all 
            fields and keywords, 2) summarized in terms of findings in a set of 
            graphs and tables, and 3) accessible through a cross-referenced index.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Shroeder,RL; Allen,AW 

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Assessment of habitat of wildlife communities on the Snake River, 
            Jackson, Wyoming

SOURCE:     USDI - US Fish and Wildlife Service. Resource Publication 190.

TOPICS:     gis; modeling; riparian habitat; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   The composition of wildlife communities in western riparian habitats 
            is influenced by the horizontal and vertical distribution of 
            vegetation, the physical complexity of the channel, and barriers to 
            movement along the corridor. Based on existin information, a model 
            was developed to evaluate wildlife communities along the Snake River. 
            The model, which compares new information to pre-1956 conditions 
            (before levees were constructed), may be applied with remotely sensed 
            data and is compatible with GIS analysis. The model evaluates 
            floodplain and channel complexity and assesses anthropogenic 
            disturbance and its potential effect on the quality of wildlife 
            habitat and movement in the riparian corridor.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Schulz,TT; Leininger,WC

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Nongame wildlife communities in grazed and ungrazed montane riparian 
            sites

SOURCE:     Great Basin Naturalist 51(3), 286-292.

TOPICS:     livestock grazing; nongame species; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Livestock grazing can alter vegetative structure and composition of 
            riparian habitat for nongame species. This study, in north central 
            Colorado, suggests that previous heavy cattle grazing changed the 
            bird and small mammal community composition through reduction of shrub
            and herbaceous cover. More research is indicated for the intensities 
            and season of grazing.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sedgwick,JA; Leininger,WC

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Prescribed grazing as a secondary impact in a western riparian 
            floodplain

SOURCE:     Journal of Range Management 44(4), 369-373.

TOPICS:     cottonwood; flooding effects; grazing impacts; livestock grazing

COMMENTS:   The effect of late-autumn grazing on plant biomass was examined in a 
            western Great Plains cottonwood riparian zone prone to catastrophic 
            flooding every 5-8 years. At the prescribed level of 0.46 ha/AUM, 
            riparian grazing proved to be resilient to the impacts of grazing. 
            Willows responded negatively to grazing whereas biomass of prairie 
            cordgrass was greater on grazed plots. Periodic, catastrophic flooding 
            is a major perturbation to the ecosystem and dormant season grazing 
            within prescribed guidelines is a relatively minor impact within the 
            floodplain. Grazing impacts were probably further mitigated by a major 
            forage supplement of cottonwood leaves available at the time of cattle 
            use.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sharma,KD; Dhir,R P1992; Murthy,JSR 

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Modeling suspended sediment flow in arid upland basins

SOURCE:     Hydrological Sciences 37(5), 481-490.

TOPICS:     hydrology; modeling; sedimentation

COMMENTS:   A conceptual basin model of the instataneous unit sediment graph was 
            developed for sediment graph prediction from arid upland basins by 
            routing mobilized sediments through a series of linear reservoirs. 
            The mobilized sediment during a storm was related to effective 
            precipitation and the parameters of the model were estimated from 
            observed events.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sidle,RC; Hornbeck,JW 

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Cumulative effects: A broader approach to water quality research

SOURCE:     Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 46(4), 268-271.

TOPICS:     monitoring; riparian ecosystems; water quality; watersheds

COMMENTS:   Research on cumulative watershed effects requires significant 
            departures from traditional procedures/approaches. Research 
            questions are usually divided into their component parts with
            each part being intensively studied by its respective disciplines. 
            The cumulative effects approach requires a look at ecological changes 
            in the broadest context over varying scales of time and space. The 
            issue demands the continuing participation of many disciplines and 
            enhanced interaction and cooperation among those participants.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Simons,DB

PUB. YEAR:  1975

TITLE:      The geomorphic and hydraulic response of rivers

SOURCE:     p.209-219. In: Transactions of the Wildlife Management Institute; 
            40th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. 
            March 1975. Pittsburg, PA.

TOPICS:     hydrology; monitoring; water resources

COMMENTS:   Increasing interest in conserving and improving our environment has 
            identified a need for methods to predict river response due to various 
            changes resulting from water resource planning. River response is an 
            unsteady phenomenon in nature. For the study of transient phenomena in 
            natural alluvial channels, the equations of motion and continuity can 
            be used. Understanding the physical process boverning river response 
            is the first step toward successful water resources utilization and 
            management.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith,LM; Kadlec,JA 

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Fire and herbivory in a Great Salt Lake Marsh

SOURCE:     Ecology 66(1), 259-265.

TOPICS:     fire effects; grazing impacts; primary production; wetlands

COMMENTS:   The effects of fire and of herbivory by vertebrates on the standing 
            crop and aboveground net primary production of Typha latifolia, 
            Scirpus lacustris, S. maritimus, and Distichlis spicata investigated 
            in a freshwater marsh adjacent to the Great Salt Lake. Production of 
            T. latifolia, S. lacustris, and S. maritimus vegetation responding 
            after fire was not different from control areas, but flooding 
            following fire eliminated D. spicata. Grazing by wetland vertebrates 
            reduced net primary production of marsh macrophytes. Significant 
            reductions occurred in previously burned areas of T.latifolia (48%), 
            S.lacustris (25%), and S. maritimus (9%), illustrating the importance 
            of the herbivory food chain for inland marshes. Evidence of incresed 
            protein in vegetation responding after fire and preferential grazing 
            was consistent with the hypothesis that wetland vertebrates select 
            vegetation of higher nutritive quality.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Smith,LM; Kadlec,JA

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Habitat management for wildlife in marshes of Great Salt Lake

SOURCE:     p.222-231. In: Transactions of the 51st North American Wildlife and 
            Natural Resources Conference.

TOPICS:     avian species; habitat management; wetland habitat; wetlands

COMMENTS:   The marshes surrounding the Great Salt Lake have historically been 
            known for their rich and plentiful avifauna. The marshes have provided 
            vital habitat for breeding shorebirds and waterfowl and have also been 
            critical for molting and wintering birds. Substantial changes have
            occurred in modern times. This study highlights historical, physical, 
            and biological conditions of the GSL marshes and relates recent 
            habitat management schemes to vegetation succession and associated 
            wildlife use.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sprugel,DG

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Disturbance, equilibrium, and environmental variability: What is
            natural vegetation in a changing environment?

SOURCE:     Biological Conservation 58, 1-18.

TOPICS:     natural areas; plant communities; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   In recent years, the definition of "natural" ecosystems has undergone 
            a change of perspective. It is now realized that in most areas some 
            type of large-scale disturbance is indigenous and must be considered 
            in any realistic interpretation of "naturalness". In some areas, an 
            equilibrium may exist in which patchy disturbance is balanced by 
            regrowth, but in others equilibrium may be impossible because 1) 
            individual disturbances are too large of infrequent, 2) ephemeral 
            events may have long-lasting disruptive effects, and/or 3) climate 
            changes interrupt any movement toward equilibrium that does occur. 
            Vegetation may not be stable over long periods of time in a given 
            area even without man's influence. For any given site at any given 
            time, there are several communities that could be the 'natural 
            vegetation'.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stahlecker,DW; Kennedy,PL; Cully,AC; Kuykendall,CB 

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Breeding bird assemblages in the Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River 
            Recreation Area, New Mexico

SOURCE:     The Southwestern Naturalist 34(4), 487-498.

TOPICS:     avian species; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Breeding bird assemblages were quantified on a 7,600-ha study area 
            in northern New Mexico. Birds were cencused om spot-mapping grids 
            within six of the eight habitats during the spring and summer of 1985. 
            Population estimates were made for 43 species in at least one habitat
            while 113 confirmed and potential breeding species were documented in 
            the study area. The riparian habitat had the highest density of 
            breeding birds (203.3 pairs/40 ha) while sagebrush-grasslands had the 
            lowest density (75.6 pairs/40 ha). Sagebrush-grassland habitat had
            the lowest species richness, and wooded canyon benches had the highest 
            species richness. The greatest similarity in breeding bird species 
            occurred in adjacent and structurally similar habitats.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Stromberg,JC; Patten,DT

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Riparian vegetation instream flow requirements: A case study from a 
            diverted stream in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California, USA

SOURCE:     Environmental Management 14(2), 185-194.

TOPICS:     instream flow; modeling; riparian habitat; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   A methodology is described for determination of instream flow 
            requirements for maintenance of riparian trees. Tree-ring data 
            revealed strong relationships between tree growth and stream flow 
            volume for riparian species on an alluvial stream. These relationships 
            allowed development of models that predict growth rats from hydrologic 
            variables. The models can be used to assess instream flow requirements 
            under the assumption that certain levels of growth are necessary to 
            maintain the population. Previous models have focused on aquatic 
            animals and may underestimate the requirements of the entire riparian 
            ecosystem.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Szaro,RC

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Southwestern riparian plant communities: Site characteristics, tree
            species distributions, and size-class structures

SOURCE:     Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 315-334.

TOPICS:     riparian communities; riparian forest; riparian trees

COMMENTS:   Elevation, stream direction, stream gradient, and valley cross-
            sectional area affect the distribution of riparian tree species in 
            the SW United States. Canonical discriminant analysis was used to 
            examine variability of physical site characteristics on 153 sites in 
            NM and AZ. Elevation was the most significant factor for all community 
            types, all riparian forest types, and all riparian shrub community 
            types. Both stream gradient and stream direction also correlated 
            significantly, but on a more limited and local level. Tree population 
            size structures and tree species distribution were studied on sites 
            where species were dominant and at other sites where they occurred. 
            The dominance and/or codominance of some species, such as Arizona 
            walnut (Juglans major), was directly related to site characteristics 
            such as elevation and direction of stream flow.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Szaro,RC; King,RM

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Sampling intensity and species richness; Effects on delineating
            southwestern riparian plant communities

SOURCE:     Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 335-349.

TOPICS:     riparian communities; riparian studies

COMMENTS:   Riparian communities in the SW United States often occur in patches 
            and isolated pockets along stream corridors, making classifications 
            of community types highly dependant on sampling design and 
            methodology. The authors determined the number of plots (5 X 25m) 
            and tree species richness in estimating density, basal area, and 
            species ranks. Variability in species density ranks for the most 
            frequent species stabilized, with about 10 - 20 plots. As species 
            richness increased, so did the variability associated with 
            estimating ranks. Studies, wqhich are based on only a few
            arbitrarily selected sample plots, may not produce reliable results.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tabacchi,E; Planty-Tabacchi,A-M; Decamps,O 

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Continuity and discontinuity of the riparian vegetation along a 
            fluvial corridor

SOURCE:     Landscape Ecology 5(1), 9-20.

TOPICS:     riparian studies; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   The concept of continuity/discontinuity was applied to the riparian 
            vegetation of the corridor of the River Adour in SW France, in order 
            to define longitudinal structure, and to test the degree of floristic 
            continuity of the fluvial axis. The measure of floristic connectance 
            along the river course was based on presence/absence data, and was 
            applied to successive stretches of the river, at various resolution 
            levels. Analysis showed that the river corridor could not be assumed 
            to be floristically continuous. Observed discontinuities may 
            correspond to two types of change in the riparian vegetation; zones 
            of slow change (high level of floristic connectance) or zones of 
            sharp change (low level of floristic connectance).
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tarlock,AD

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      New water transfer restrictions: The West returns to riparianism

SOURCE:     Water Resources Research 27(6), 987-994.

TOPICS:     water allocation; water rights; watershed

COMMENTS:   Fundamental shifts in water allocation and management are occurring 
            throughout the West. Changing public values have forced the 
            reallocation of existing water supplies. This reallocation can be 
            accomplished in three ways: 1) the rededication of unallocated or 
            unused blocks of storage water on federal and state reservoirs, 2.) 
            the voluntary transfer of existing water rights, and 3.) the 
            redefinition of existing rights by judicial decisions and legislation 
            which trim consumptive entitlements. Many emerging new watershed 
            rules, which could make all transfers presumptively suspect, are 
            reintroducing the principle of watershed protection in the form of a 
            premise that river systems should be managed on an ecosystem basis.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Thurow,R; King,J 

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Effects of fine sediment on fish populqations

SOURCE:     p.49-56. In: Proceedings of the Third Federal Intragency Sedimentation 
            Conference. March, 1989. Las Vegas, NV. Federal Energy Regulatory 
            Commission.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The authors evaluated the particle size distribution of egg pockets, 
            redd pits, and tailspills, artificially constructed redds, and 
            undisturbed substrate outside redds. Egg pockets were located in 
            upper strata an average of 14.9 cm below the substrate surface. Egg 
            pockets contained fewer fines (<6.35 mm) than other sites. except in 
            artificial redds. As substrate depth increased, percent fines tended 
            to increase at all sampling sites and variability in percent fines 
            among sites was reduced. They observed no change in percent fines 
            sampled from May to July, except in cleaned intrusion sites where 
            free interstitial areas rapidly accumulated sediments. Dissolved 
            oxygen levels declined in redds during incubation.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tilley,LJ; Slack,KV; Kennelly,SS

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Transport of invertebrates and detritus in streams

SOURCE:     p.9-17. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Federal Intragency Sedimentation 
            Conference. 18-21 March 1991. Las Vegas, NV.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; riparian habitat; sedimentation

COMMENTS:   Stream sediment includes living and non-living particulate organic 
            matter along with inorganic particles. Living organisms range in size 
            from bacteria to large plants and animals. Non-living organic matter 
            is mostly of plant origin. Drift, the downstream movement of 
            invertebrates in the water column is a universal feature of streams 
            and an important component of suspended particulate organic matter. 
            Drift samples, usually collected with nets, contain the invertebrates 
            along with the organic and inorganic particles collectively termed 
            detritus. Particulate organic matter is important to stream ecosystem 
            functioning, and is also involved in the transport and fate of plant 
            nutrients, trace metals, pesticides and other substances. This study
            describes sampling techniques and the factors affecting drift and 
            detritus abundance in Rocky Mountain streams.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tiner,RW

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      The concept of a hydrophyte for wetland identification

SOURCE:     BioScience 41(4), 236-246.

TOPICS:     hydrophytes; plant communities; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Existence of wetland ecotypes lacking distinguishing morphological 
            characteristics to separate them from the typical species and the 
            broad ecological amplitude or wide wetness tolerance of many species 
            make it difficult to rely on plant community composition to identify
            many wetlands and delineate their boundaries. Consequently, evaluation 
            of soil properties and other hydrological characteristics are 
            essential to accurate identification and delineation of wetlands.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Tiner,RW

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Use of high-altitude aerial photography for inventorying forested
            wetlands in the United States

SOURCE:     Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 593-604.

TOPICS:     aerial photography; inventory; wetlands

COMMENTS:   The USFWS is conducting an inventory of the wetlands of the US 
            through its National Wetlands Inventory Project (NWI). The project 
            selected high-altitude aerial photography (1:40,000 to 1:130,000 
            scale) as its primary data source. Stereoscopic interpretation of 
            this photography is an efficient and cost-effective method for 
            identifying, classifying, and inventorying wetlands on a national, 
            state, or regional level.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Idaho Department of Health and Welfare.

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Idaho water quality status report and nonpoint source assessment 1988

SOURCE:     Division of Environmental Quality. Water Quality Bureau. State of 
            Idaho. 138 p.

TOPICS:     non-point pollution; water quality

COMMENTS:   The purpose of this report was to provide an assessment of the water 
            quality of rivers, lakes, and groundwater in the state of Idaho, that 
            were being impacted by nonpoint, point, and toxic pollutants. The 
            report was also intended to satisfy the requirements of Sections 319, 
            305b, 304, and 314 of the federal Water Quality Act. It also serves 
            as a management tool for targeting priority waters and implementing 
            pollution control strategies.
            
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Crouch,GL 

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Effects of protection from livestock grazing on a bottomland wildlife
            habitat in northeastern Colorado

SOURCE:     p.118-125. In: Proceedings of the Lowland River and Stream Habitat in 
            Colorado Symposium. 4-5 October 1978. Greeley, CO.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock grazing; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Vegetation on a bottomland wildlife habitat protected from grazing for 
            7 and 25 years was compared to an adjacent grazed tract along the 
            South Platte River on NE Colorado. Overall cover and height of the 
            understory was about twice as great on the ungrazed area for each 
            evaluation, but did not change appreciably over the 18-year interval. 
            A significant decrease in the number of cottonwood trees occurred on 
            both areas, particularly the grazed area.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Davis,JW 

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      Livestock vs. riparian habitat management - there are solutions

SOURCE:     Proceedings of the Symposium on Wildlife-Livestock Relationships. 
            Univ. of Idaho. 20-22 April 1981. Couer d"Alene, ID.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock grazing

COMMENTS:   The riparian habitat of the Southwest, once in great abundance along 
            every stream, is now greatly reduced. Many factors account for this 
            destruction but one of the most destructive forces is the long-term 
            impact of livestock. Many techniques are being used to solve the 
            problem including protective fencing and rest-rotation grazing. The 
            most encouraging development is the adaptation of the rest-rotation 
            system being tested on the Santa Rita Experimental Range.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Johnson,RR; Carothers,SW; Simpson,JM

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      A riparian classification system

SOURCE:     p.374-382. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Conference. 
            17-19 September 1981. Davis CA.

TOPICS:     riparian classification; riparian ecology

COMMENTS:   Riparian ecology, as one of the newest scientific disciplines, is 
            developing a conceptual framework which includes new supportive 
            terminology and classification schemes. This branch of ecology has 
            developed largely in the arid western U.S. as an offshoot of wetlands 
            ecology. This paper discusses concepts, classifications, and 
            interrelationships between riparian ecology and other disciplines. 
            Applications are important to floodplain zoning and management, 
            natural resource management, and recreation management.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Swanson,S

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Riparian values as a focus for range management and vegetation science

SOURCE:     Vegetation science applications for rangeland analysis and management. 
            (Ed: Tueller,PT) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, London,
            p.425-445.

TOPICS:     livestock grazing; riparian classification; riparian values

COMMENTS:   Riparian vegetation is defined by its association with free or 
            unbound water. The productivity and diversity of riparian vegetation 
            and its relationship with aquatic ecosystems makes it extremely 
            valuable to fish, wildlife, livestock, and people. Intense human and 
            livestock use has accentuated the naturally high disturbance in most 
            riparian areas. This has caused significant alteration to riparian 
            vegetation and hydrologic processes, threatening the quality of
            riparian habitats. The long process of developing an integrated 
            interdisciplinary and heirarchical riparian classification is just 
            beginning.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Laymon,SA 

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      Photodocumentation of vegetation and landform change on a riparian
            site, 1880-1980: Dog Island, Red Bluff, CA

SOURCE:     p.150-158. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems 
            Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CO.

TOPICS:     aerial photography; monitoring; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   The author used ground and aerial photos taken over a 100-year 
            period to track the development of present riparian vegetation. 
            These photos show changes in the Sacramento River channel which 
            have led to the present configuration of the area. The photos show: 
            1) the dynamic nature of the riparian system showing rapid and 
            dramatic changes at this site, 2) the rapidity with which riparian 
            vegetation develops, and 3) the use of historic and present day 
            photography to document changes in riparian environment.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jackson,WL; Hudson,S; Gebhardt,K 

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Considerations in rangeland watershed monitoring

SOURCE:     USDI Bureau of Land Management Technical Note BLM/YA/DT/85-006-4341.
            BLM Service Center. Denver, CO. 25p.

TOPICS:     monitoring; sampling; watershed

COMMENTS:   This paper describes the components of a rangeland watershed 
            monitoring plan, distinguishes between direct monitoring strategies 
            (sampling) and indirect monitoring strategies (modeling), describes 
            common watershed monitoring techniques, and discusses statistical
            considerations in sampling designs and data analysis. It also 
            describes some monitoring principles and concepts but does not 
            prescribe applications since these will always need to be tailored to
            meet particular issues, objectives, and conditions.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Salwasser,H; Shimamoto,K

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      Pronghorn, cattle, and feral horse use of wetland and upland habitats 

SOURCE:     p.210-213. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems 
            Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CO.

TOPICS:     livestock grazing; wetlands; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Developed wetlands play a critical role in habitat quality for 
            pronghorn, domestic livestock, and feral horses in Great Basin range 
            types. Wetlands provide abundant summer forage for pronghorn when 
            cattle and horse grazing has removed coarse, grasslike plants, making 
            forbs available. Wetland creation should be balanced with needs for 
            existing habitats on ranges.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Abbruzzese,B; Allen,AB; Henderson,S; Kentula,ME

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Selecting sites for comparison with created wetlands

SOURCE:     Unreferenced, 291-297.

TOPICS:     incomplete; created wetlands; wetlands

COMMENTS:   This paper describes a study conducted in Oregon by the US EPA to 
            evaluate the success of wetland creation and restoration required as 
            compensation for wetland losses permitted under Section 404 of the 
            Clean Water Act. Methods for selecting natural wetlands to compare 
            with created wetlands are described. Results of the selection process 
            and the advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Lloyd,JR

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      A guide for estimating the effects current livestock management has on
            stream fish production

SOURCE:     Unreferenced, 2-11.

TOPICS:     incomplete; fishhabitat; grazing impacts; livestock grazing

COMMENTS: 
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Meents,JK; Anderson,BW; Ohmart,RD

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      Sensitivity of riparian birds to habitat loss

SOURCE:     p.619-625. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems 
            Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CO.

TOPICS:     avian species; riparian communities

COMMENTS:   The extent and composition of riparian plant communities in the Lower
            Colorado River valley have historically been altered, primarily by 
            man. Some of these communities are disappearing (cottonwood and 
            mesquite) and others are expanding (salt cedar and arrowweed). In
            this study, the avian community associated with riparian vegetation 
            was examined and avian habitat specialists were identified. Nearly all 
            specialists were concentrated in cottonwood/willow or honey mesquite 
            communities. Salt cedar generally saupported no avian species with 
            narrow habitat breadth.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Anderson,BW; Engel-Wilson,RW; Wells,D; Ohmart,RD 

PUB. YEAR:  1977

TITLE:      Ecological study of southwestern riparian habitats: Techniques and 
            data applicability

SOURCE:     p.146-155. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Importance, 
            Preservation, and Management of Riparian Habitat. 9 July 1977. 
            Tuscon, AZ.

TOPICS:     avian species; ecological niches; riparian habitat; rodent
            populations

COMMENTS:   This paper presents techniques used in a comparative ecological study 
            of bird and rodent populations along the Lower Colorado River. Data 
            were collected to examine faunal community relationships to various 
            plant community types and to gain detailed knowledge of species' 
            vegetational preference and niche within the riparian habitat. 
            Parameters such as habitat breadth, habitat and niche overlap, and 
            dispersal are instructive for the determination of a species' niche.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Patton,DR

PUB. YEAR:  1977

TITLE:      Riparian research needs

SOURCE:     P.80-82. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Importance, Preservation, 
            and Management of Riparian Habitats. 9 July 1977. Tuscon, AZ.

TOPICS:     riparian research; riparian studies

COMMENTS:   (In 1977), approximately 22 studies on riparian habitat were in 
            progress in the western United States. Six categories of studies were 
            identified as needed to provide managers with data for making 
            decisions about the riparian ecosystem. The concept of "validation 
            sites" was suggested for use in a team approach to solve plant and 
            animal problems in the riparian zone.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hubbard,JP 

PUB. YEAR:  1977

TITLE:      Importance of riparian ecosystems: Biotic considerations

SOURCE:     p.14-18. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Importance, 
            Preservation, and Management of the Riparian Habitat. 9 July 1977. 
            Tuscon AZ.

TOPICS:     riparian ecosystems; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   The SW states of NM and AZ are among the richest of any in the USA 
            as far as biotic diversity and richness. They also display 
            significant and important area-to-area differences in the 
            composition of biotas occupying similar situations. Riparian 
            ecosystems are described in terms of their importance in 
            perpetuating these varied resources.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Erman,NA

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      The use of riparian systems by aquatic insects

SOURCE:     p.177-182. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems 
            Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CA.

TOPICS:     aquatic insects; riparian ecosystems

COMMENTS:   Nearly all aquatic insects spend some portion of their lives in 
            riparian zones. Many examples are given of terrestrial stages and 
            activities of aquatic insects. The examples are divided into the
            areas of feeding, pupation, emergence, and egg laying. Special 
            emphasis is given to recent studies on caddisflies (Trichoptera) in 
            riparian systems of the Sierra Nevada. Knowledge of life cycles is
            essential for predicting the effect of disturbance in riparian areas 
            on populations of aquatic insects.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     McCall,JD; Knox,RF

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Riparian habitats in channelization projects

SOURCE:     p.125-128. In: Proceedings of the National Symposium on Strategies 
            for Protection and Management of Floodplain Wetlands and other 
            Riparianm Ecosystems. 11-13 December 1978. Galloway Gardens, GA.

TOPICS:     channelization; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   A joint MOU between state and federal agencies has fostered 
            development and implementation of project features designed to protect 
            or mitigate losses of fish, wildlife, and riparian habitats on 
            constructed channels  in Indiana. Successful implementation of such 
            features has expanded their use to channel modification caused by 
            highway bridge construction and legal county drain maintenance.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Winsor,C

PUB. YEAR:  1977

TITLE:      Methods of improving small trout streams

SOURCE:     Fly Fisherman Late Season 1977, 38-41.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; riparian enhancement; stream improvements

COMMENTS:   This is a topical article that analyzes which methods fit which type 
            of creek and suggests some rules to guide fishing groups/clubs, 
            individual stream owners, and even fish commissions, in their stream-
            improvement work to provide better fly fishing. Different types of 
            streams demand different methods of improvement. The author presents 
            three rules for stream improvement: 1) never touch a good natural 
            pool; 2) take advantage of any natural conditions when you improve,
            and; 3) drop a boulder or two in the pool at the dam or in the fast 
            water above.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Davis,HS

PUB. YEAR:  1934

TITLE:      The purpose and value of stream improvement

SOURCE:     p.63-67. In: The Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; riparian enhancement; stream improvements

COMMENTS:   The aims of stream improvement include: 1) to provide sufficient 
            cover and shelter for the needs of the fish, 2) to prevent, as far 
            as possible, extreme and rapid fluctuations in the volume of flow; 
            3) to prevent or control soil erosion and its consequent evils; 
            4) to ensure the production of fish food; 5) to ensure favorable 
            temperatures for the species of fish to which the stream in
            question is best adapted; and 6) to provide favorable conditions 
            for natural propagation. Methods to achieve these objectives are 
            discussed.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Burghduff,AE

PUB. YEAR:  1934

TITLE:      Stream improvement

SOURCE:     California Fish and Game 18 (1932-34), 113-118.

TOPICS:     riparian enhancement; stream improvements

COMMENTS:   Stream improvement is a phase of conservation that may be divided 
            into two classes of endeavor: 1) retardation of stream flow by the 
            construction of dams or weirs; and 2) storage of water near the 
            source of streams to be released in a continuous quantity sufficient 
            to maintain stream flow during that portion of the year when streams 
            would normally be low or dry. Numerous examples of stream 
            improvements in California are discussed.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Warren,PL; Anderson,LS

PUB. YEAR:  1985

TITLE:      Gradient analysis of a Sonoran Desert wash

SOURCE:     p.150-155. In: Proceedings of the First North American Riparian 
            Conference. 16-18 April 1985. Tuscon, AZ.

TOPICS:     riparian vegetation; watershed

COMMENTS:   Vegetation was sampled along two parallel environmental gradients 
            in the Sonoran Desert - one each in an upland bajada site and in a 
            xeroriparian wash site. The wash gradient was more complex than the 
            upland site, with three areas of plant species turnover compared to 
            zero turnover along the upland gradient. This was likely due to the 
            interactions of three major limiting environmental factors related 
            to watershed area acting in different portions of the wash gradient.
            The upland gradient is controlled by only one overriding environmental 
            factor.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jones,AR; Sharpe,FP; Strauss,P; Deason,WO

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      1544. Jones,AR; Sharpe,FP; Strauss,P; Deason,WO (1978): Interaction 
            of water management and riparian ecosystems: Altitudes, practices, 
            and effects

SOURCE:     P.284-288. In: Proceedings of the Synposium on Strategies for 
            Protection and Management of Floodplain Wetlands and Other 
            Riparian Ecosystems. 11-13 December 1978. Callaway Gardens, GA.

TOPICS:     riparian ecosystems; riparian habitat; water management

COMMENTS:   Under the broad mission of planning, developing, and managing water 
            and related land resource projects which supply water for 
            agriculture, domestic, and industrial use in  the 17 western states, 
            the Bureau of Reclamation also fulfills the mission of preserving or 
            mitigating riparian habitat.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Eckert,RE,Jr

PUB. YEAR:  1974

TITLE:      Improvement of mountain meadows in Nevada

SOURCE:     USDI- Bureau of Land Management Research Report. Reno, NV. 45p.

TOPICS:     mountain meadows; riparian restoration; stream improvements

COMMENTS:   This research report describes five methods in use for improving 
            mountain meadows for livestock, wildlife, and site stability. 
            These five methods include iris control studies, fertilization
            studies, tree and shrub transplants, and hydrologic evaluations.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ames,CR

PUB. YEAR:  1977

TITLE:      Wildlife conflicts in riparian management: Grazing

SOURCE:     p.49-58. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Importance, Preservation, 
            and Management of the Riparian Habitat. 9 July 1977. Tuscon, AZ. 
            USDA Forest Service General Tech. Report RM-43.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock grazing; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Grazing has a negative effect on riparian zones which constitute 
            a small but critically important part of the overall range resource. 
            Riparian types in southern AZ have increased in the last 100 years 
            due to stream eutrophication. This is most apparent where streams 
            pass through grassland types. Effective protection of grazed riparian 
            types can only be accomplished through fencing.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Brown,DE

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      Evolution and riparian dynamics

SOURCE:     p.288-290. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems 
            Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CA.

TOPICS:     riparian classification; wetland classification

COMMENTS:   Perennial streams and marshes in AZ have been mapped and classified 
            under a new wetland classification system. The latter is systematic, 
            universal, and heirarchical, and recognizes evolutionary 
            relationships. Biogeography was an important consideration.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Nunnally,NR

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Improving channel efficiency without sacrificing fish and wildlife
            habitat: The case for stream restoration

SOURCE:     p. 394-399. In: Proceedings of the National Riparian Ecosystems 
            Symposium. 11-13 December 1978. Calloway Gardens, GA.

TOPICS:     riparian improvement; stream restoration

COMMENTS:   Stream restoration is a much more efficient means for improving 
            hydraulic efficiency of streams than conventional channelization 
            and is less expensive and less environmentally damaging. 
            Restoration creates a more stable channel by removing debris, 
            providing fairly uniform cross sections, and stabilizing stream 
            banks with minimal disturbance of the streambed and riparian
            vegetation.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Best,LB; Stauffer,DF; Geier,AR

PUB. YEAR:  1978

TITLE:      Evaluating the effects of habitat alteration on birds and small 
            mammals occupying riparian communities

SOURCE:     p.117-124. In: Proceedings of the National Symposium on Strategies 
            for Protection and Management of Floodplain Wetlands and Other 
            Riparian Ecosystems. 11-13 December 1978. Pine Mountain, GA.

TOPICS:     avian species; riparian habitat; small mammals

COMMENTS:   Birds and small mammals were censused along stream segments that 
            represented a range of habitats from open fields to closed-canopy 
            woodlands. The reciprocal of Simpson's Index was used to express 
            breadth of habitats selected and nest-site specificity. The general 
            application of using an index of niche breadth in conjunction with 
            conventional plant and animal sampling techniques to assess species'
            susceptibility to habitat alteration was discussed.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Jorgensen,SE

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Changes of redox potential in aquatic ecosystems

SOURCE:     In: Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to Ecotechnology. 
            (Eds: Mitsch,WJ; Jorgensen,SV) John Wiley & Sons, New York, 
            NY, 341-355.

TOPICS:     aquatic ecosystems; redox potential; shallow lakes

COMMENTS:   Case studies on shallow lakes suggest that destratification has 
            certain disadvantages caused by the elevation of the hypolimnetic 
            temperature. However, positive effects were also observed on 
            hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus, and oxygen. The effect on primary 
            production seemed to be minimal.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Michael,ED

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Creating wetlands along highways

SOURCE:     p.50-55. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Environmental 
            Concerns in Rights-of Way Management. 25-28 October 1987. 
            Indianapolis, IN.

TOPICS:     wetlands

COMMENTS:   This paper describes guidelines for creating wetlands along highways. 
            Studies were conducted in WV but findings apply to any areas having 
            hilly terrain. Sites conducive to wetland creation are : 1) waste 
            areas, 2) old stream beds, 3) existing streams perpendicular to the 
            highway, 4) drainage channels parallel to the highway, 5) interchanges, 
            and 6) rest areas. For site selection, the following guidelines should 
            be used: 1) size of at least one acre, 2) site should be visible to 
            passing motorists, 3) other wetlands should be nearby, 4) site should 
            be bordered by shrubs or trees, and 5) site should have a dependable 
            water source. Wetlands associated with highways reduce pollution and 
            make travel more enjoyable due to the diversity of scenery and 
            wildlife provided.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1976

TITLE:      Validity of methodologies to document stream environments for
            evaluating fishery conditions

SOURCE:     p.267-284. In: Proceedings of the Symposium and Specific Conference 
            on Instream Flow Needs. Western Division of the American Fisheries 
            Society. 3-6 May 1976. Boise, ID.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; riparian habitat; stream factors

COMMENTS:   Studies conducted from 1970-1972 addressed: 1) the relationship of 
            the physical structural components of aquatic environments to each 
            other, 2) the relationship of stream structure and fish populations, 
            3) the importance of multiple variables in controlling fish 
            populations, and 4) the validity of using present methodologies to 
            evaluate fishery productivity. A large area in the upper South Fork 
            Salmon River was evaluated for environment-fishery relationships. 
            Certain valid interpretations were made concerning aquatic variable 
            control of fish populations, but the overall observed variation was 
            low. In-stream conditions controlled the density of the fish 
            populations and the composition of fish species. Control was not 
            isolated to any one variable. Stream width, depth, and the elevation 
            of the stream channel were the most important evaluated variables
            controlling the fish populations.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      Riparian system/livestock grazing interaction research in the
            Intermountain West

SOURCE:     p.424-428. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems 
            Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CA.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; grazing systems; livestock grazing

COMMENTS:   Actual research that identifies the influences of livestock grazing 
            has on riparian and aquatic ecosystems is limited. A research study 
            initiated by the USDA Forest Service in 1975 studied these influences 
            and was seeking to find solutions so that managers would have better 
            information to evaluate range management alternatives. Continuous and 
            rest-rotation grazing systems on riparian ecosystems were compared 
            and described.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Platts,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1983

TITLE:      Vegetation requirements for fisheries habitats

SOURCE:     p.184-188. In: Proceedings of the Symposia on Managing Intermountain 
            Rangelands - Improvement of Range and Wildlife Habitats. 15-17 
            September 1981; Twin Falls, ID. 22-24 June 1982; Elko, NV. USDA 
            Forest Service General Technical Report INT-57.

TOPICS:     aquatic environment; fishhabitat; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   The paper discusses the importance of streamside vegetation to each 
            of the four habitat components that make up the aquatic environment. 
            The effects of changes in riparian vegetation on stream temperatures, 
            streambank stability, stream nutrients, fish cover, and fish food are
            discussed. Questions are presented to help land managers make 
            intelligent decisions concerning management of riparian vegetation.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Mahoney,DL; Erman,DC

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      The role of streamside bufferstrips in the ecology of aquatic biota

SOURCE:     p.168-176. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems 
            Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CA.

TOPICS:     logging effects; riparian habitat; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Riparian vegetation is important as a source of food to stream 
            organisms, as shade over small-order streams, and as a bank-
            stabilizing force to prevent excessive sedimentation and 
            intercept pollutants. Logging may significantly affect each of 
            these factors unless proper protective measures are employed. 
            Light intensity and chlorophyll concentrations are also major 
            factors related to logging activity and affect instream primary 
            production. Transportable sediment was found to be significantly 
            higher in logged and marrow buffered streams than in controls 7 
            to 10 years after logging.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Knight,AW; Bottorff,RL

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      The importance of riparian vegetation to stream ecosystems

SOURCE:     p.160-167. In: Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems 
            Conference. 17-19 September 1981. Davis, CA.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; invertebrates; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Riparian vegetation is important in determining the structure and 
            function of stream ecosystems. Most aquatic organisms, both invert-
            ebrates and fish, are directly or indirectly dependent on inputs of 
            terrestrial detritus to the stream for their food. Natural changes 
            in riparian vegetation and the biotic processing of detritus, as 
            well as other factors, determine the kinds and abundance of aquatic 
            invertebrates living in streams, from headwaters to large rivers. 
            Removal of riparian vegetation will significantly affect stream 
            organisms by: 1) decreasing detritus inputs, 2) increasing the 
            potential for primary production in aquatic plants, 3)increasing the 
            summer water temperatures, 4) changing water quality and quantity, 
            and 6) decreasing terrestrial habitat for adult insects.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Myers,LH

PUB. YEAR:  1981

TITLE:      Grazing on stream riparian habitats in southwestern Montana

SOURCE:     In: Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Society for Range 
            Management. 9-13 February 1981. Tulsa, OK.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; grazing systems; livestock effects

COMMENTS:   Livestock grazing and riparian habitat management can be compatible 
            on some streams if grazing systems are properly designed. No single 
            type of grazing system has an apparent advantage but the frequency of 
            heavy use and rest treatments seems to be the key factors. Grazing
            systems with hot season use (July 10 - September 1 in Montana) in 
            more than one year out of three or four met riparian habitat goals 
            in only 24% of sampled streams. Grazing systems lacking hot season 
            use, or with no more than one hot season treatment in three or four 
            years met riparian habitat management goals on 90% of evaluated 
            streams. Livestock use may be incompatible with riparian management 
            on some streams because of exceptional or unique biological values, 
            frail channels, or rangeland phenology. The extended summer green 
            season may be a key factor to success of grazing systems in SW Montana. 
            In areas with hot and dry summers, where green forage is largely 
            limited to the riparian zone, grazing may have to be more restricted. 
            In wetter areas of the West, riparian grazing management is more 
            successful with less intensive management.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Szaro,RC

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Wildlife communities of southwestern riparian ecosystems

SOURCE:     In: Wildlife and habitats in managed landscapes: An overview. 
            (Eds: Rodiek,JE; Bolen,EG) Island Press, Washington, DC, 173-201.

TOPICS:     riparian ecosystems; riparian vegetation; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   Successful management of southwestern riparian communities requires 
            a suite of strategies to enhance and maintain riparian diversity. An 
            ecosystem approach to management of riparian systems should consider 
            goals and standards for the condition of major indicators of plant and
            animal community health. It should provide for the continued 
            monitoring of habitat indicators and of species' population levels over 
            an extended time period to fully assess the effects of environmental 
            perturbations and the adequacy of management strategies. Ongoing 
            studies address the need for a long-term ecosystem approach. This 
            chapter also discusses: 1) appropriate management actions, 2) factors 
            affecting riparian zone management, 3) examples from case studies, 
            and 4) recommendations for future research and development.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Sedgewick,JA; Knopf,FL

PUB. YEAR:  1992

TITLE:      Cavity turnover and equilibrium cavity densities in a cottonwood 
            bottomland

SOURCE:     Journal of Wildlife Management 56(3), 477-484.

TOPICS:     avian species; cottonwood; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   A fundamental factor in regulating the numbers of secondary cavity 
            nesting (SCN) birds is the number of extant cavities available for 
            nesting. The number of available cavities may be thought of as being 
            the in an approximate equilibrium maintained by a very rough balance 
            between recruitment and loss of cavities. Based on estimates of 
            recruitment and loss, cavity densities in a mature plains cottonwood 
            bottomland along the South Platte River in northeastern CO were 
            ascertained. Equilibrium cavity density along the South Platte River 
            was estimated to be 238-289 cavities/100 ha.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ellis,S; Danley,L

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Prescription for a troubled stream

SOURCE:     Rangelands 15(5), 233-235.

TOPICS:     beaver; grazing systems; riparian habitat; riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   The management prescription for a degraded stream in south-central 
            Idaho included these components: 1) a deferred rotation grazing 
            system, 2) maintaining sufficient habitat for big game and upland 
            game birds, 3) a goal of maintaining 80% of the allotment in native 
            vegetation, and 4) a goal of brush control on private lands. In 
            addition, several beavers were releasd in the riparian system. The 
            effort required the intensive cooperation of federal and private 
            land owners.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Knopf,FL; Scott,ML

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Altered flows and created landscapes in the Platte River Headwaters, 
            1840-1990

SOURCE:     In: Management of dynamic ecosystems. (Ed: Sweeney,JM) The Wildlife 
            Society, West LaFayette, IN, 47-69.

TOPICS:     riparian ecosystems; riparian habitat; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   The North and South Platte Rivers played a major role in development 
            of the West. Historical flow dynamics have been altered dramatically 
            with annual runoff peaks and total discharge severely reduced in the 
            North Platte drainage. In contrast, the South Platte continues to
            exhibit natural peak and annual flows. Impoundments in the North 
            Platte and drought during the 1930's in both drainages have 
            contributed to extensive vegetation development in the respective 
            floodplains of the Great Plains. The deciduous vegetation provides 
            local habitats for more wildlife species than currently occur else-
            where in the headwaters. Secondary successional vegetation is 
            colonizing rapidly up the North Platte floodplain, but more slowly 
            in the South Platte floodplain. Exotic plant species are spreading 
            rapidly in both drainages. Extensive colonization by riparian 
            vegetation has led to the development of rich vertebrate assemblages 
            along both floodplains. The authors conclude that: 1) the South Platte 
            is a unique river in the arid West because of historical peak flows 
            and mean annual channel flows, 2) enhanced low flows have had the 
            highest single ecological impact upon the Platte River headwaters, 
            and 3) floodplain vegetation dynamics, historically regulated by 
            pulsed flows, are now primarily driven by ecological processes. 
            Conservation of biotic associations along the North and South Platte 
            Rivers is clouded by the complexity of autonomous government 
            authorities with jurisdiction in the headwaters.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Oregon State University Extension Service

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Watershed management guide for the interior Northwest

SOURCE:     Oregon State University Extension Service. EM 8436. 38p.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; livestock grazing; watershed

COMMENTS:   This report summarizes numerous case studies and concludes: 1) 
            riparian zones are importwant focal points for most of the 
            products and uses associated with many natural ecosystems, 2) 
            abusive land practices can easily degrade these areas, 3) the 
            inherent capacity for recovery of degraded riparian zones is 
            remarkable, perhaps because of grazing tolerant species, the rich 
            nutrient and soil resource, or the relatively higher available 
            moisture in these areas, and 4) managers can exercise the 
            appropriate tools and allow levels of livestock grazing that are
            compatible with other uses and values.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Van Hees,WWS

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Boreal forested wetlands - What and where in Alaska

SOURCE:     Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 425-438.

TOPICS:     boreal forest; wetlands

COMMENTS:   There are extensive areas of forested wetlands throughout interior 
            Alaska. Tree cover on these sites is composed primarily of black 
            spruce (Picea mariana) but also includes stands of poplar (Populus 
            sp.). The Forest Inventory and Analysis method developed by USDA 
            Forest Service shows promise for low cost/ unit area estimation. 
            Current utilization of the resource is minimal due to low human-
            population levels, inadequate economic and physical infrastructures,
            and the dispersed nature of the resource.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Van Sickle,J; Gregory,SV

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Modeling inputs of large woody debris to streams from falling trees

SOURCE:     J. Can. For. Res. 20, 1593-1601.

TOPICS:     modeling; riparian forest; woody debris

COMMENTS:   A probabilistic model predicts means and variances of the total 
            number and volume of large woody debris pieces falling into a 
            stream reach  per unit time. The estimates of debris input are
            based on the density (trees/area), tree size distribution, and 
            tree-fall probability of the riparian stand adjacent to the reach. 
            Distributions of volume, length, and orientation of delivered 
            debris pieces are also predicted. Applied to an old-growth conifer 
            stand in Oregon, the observed inputs from the riparian stand 
            exceeded estimated inputs; debris pieces observed in the stream were
            generally smaller than predicted.
  
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AUTHOR:     Von Guerard,P

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Variation in streambed material, bedload, and benthic invertebrates

SOURCE:     p.13-1 to 13-8.

TOPICS:     incomplete; invertebrates; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Grain-size distribution of streambed material and bedload and the 
            occurrence of benthic invertebrates were determined at two sites 
            in SE Colorado. Grain-size distribution of streambed material 
            differed noticeably at the upstream sample site but were similar at 
            the downstream sample site. There were significant differences between 
            the two sites for mean density values for all major taxa of benthic 
            invertebrates. Median density of all organisms was 9,500/sq m at the
            upstream site and 370/sq m at the downstream site. Even though other 
            factors affected the density of benthic invertebrates, analysis 
            indicated that as the grain-size of the streambed material approaches 
            that of bedload, benthic invertebrate populations might be adversely 
            affected.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Warner,WS

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      A PC-based analytical stereoplotter for wetland inventories: An
            efficient and economical photogrammetric instument for field offices

SOURCE:     Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 571-581.

TOPICS:     wetland inventory; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Highly flexible photogrammetric systems, controlled entirely by PC 
            technology, can collect primary data from aerial photographs and 
            process these data in a variety of cartographic systems and 
            statistical programs. This paper descibes an instrument in use by 
            the USDA Forest Service and other organizations that has relatively 
            low cost and high accuracy that make it suitable for field office use.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Ward,N

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      The problem of sediment in water for fish

SOURCE:     Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Northern Ontario Boreal 
            Forest Management Technical Note-21. 8p.

TOPICS:     erosion; fishhabitat; sedimentation

COMMENTS:   Erosion and the resultant input of soil particles to lakes amd 
            streams is of particular concern to fish managers. Spring floods 
            and "flushing flows" are necessary to remove sediment from between 
            the rocks, not just from spawning bed surfaces. Problems of having 
            sediment deposited in water can be minimized if contractors use 
            prescribed construction practices. For water crossing sites that may 
            affect critical fish habitat, it is advisable to develop sediment 
            control plans.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Weller,MW

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Waterfowl management techniques for wetland enhancement, restoration 
            and creation useful in mitigation procedures

SOURCE:     In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status of the Science. 
            (Eds: Kusler,JA; Kentula,MA) Island Press, Washington, D.C., 517-528.

TOPICS:     wetland restoration; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Wildlife managers have long been involved in wetland restoration and 
            enhancement and have developed functional techniques for management. 
            Most of these procedures use natural processes to tap natural seed 
            banks, modify cover/water ratios, or control weeds via water level 
            control and herbivores. This chapter presents strategies for restoring, 
            creating, or enhancing wetlands to meet mitigation requirements. These 
            procedures may also be used to enhance wetland functions such as water 
            quality, shoreline protection, and esthetic values.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wentworth,TR; Johnson,GP; Kologiski,RL

PUB. YEAR:  1988

TITLE:      Designation of wetlands by weighted averages of vegetation data: 
            A preliminary evaluation

SOURCE:     Water Resources Bulletin 24(2), 389-396.

TOPICS:     classification; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Weighted averages (WA) of vegetation data proved to be a useful tool 
            for assessing wetland status of the vegatation types included in this 
            study: 1) rankings of vegetation stands by WA correlated well with 
            their positions on environmental moisture gradients, and 2) the 
            results of WA could be used - together with a wetland/ upland break-
            point - to designate areas as wetland or upland but these should be 
            verified with supplemental data on soils and hydrology.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Wilen,BO; Frayer,WE

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Status and trends  of U.S. wetlands and deepwater habitats

SOURCE:     Forest Ecology and Management 33/34, 181-192.

TOPICS:     wetlands

COMMENTS:   Historically, annual wetland losses have averaged 458,000 acres: 
            440,000 acres of palustrine losses of which 300,000 acres are 
            forested, and 18,000 acres of estuarine wetland losses of which 
            less than 100 acres are shrubs, scrub trees, or forested. Of these 
            losses, 66% are forested wetlands. Agricultural development was 
            responsible for 87% of wetland losses and 90% of the losses of 
            forested wetlands. Urban development and other development caused 
            only 8% and 5% of the losses, respectively. Forested-wetland losses 
            caused by urban development and other development were 6% and 4%, 
            respectively.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Yount,JD; Niemi,GJ

PUB. YEAR:  1990

TITLE:      Recovery of lotic communities and ecosystems from disturbance - A 
            narrative review of case studies

SOURCE:     Environmental Management 14(5), 547-569.

TOPICS:     lotic systems; riparian restoration

COMMENTS:   This paper presents a narrative account of case studies on the 
            recovery after disturbance of flowing water systems. In the 
            majority of studies examined, the systems recovered rapidly. The
            most commonly cited reasons for short recovery times were: 1) 
            life history characteristics that allowed rapid recolonization 
            and repopulation of the affected areas, 2) the availability and
            accessibility of unaffected upstream and downstream areas as sources 
            of organisms for repopulation, 3) the high flushing rates of lotic 
            systems that allowed them to dilute or replace polluted waters, and 
            4) the fact that lotic systems are naturally subjected to a variety of
            disturbances and the biota have evolved the characteristics that favor 
            flexibility or adapatability. Longer recovery times were generally 
            associated with alterations to physical conditions.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Gough,S

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Riparian trees and stream channel management

SOURCE:     p.66-72. In: Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Forestry 
            Committee, Great Plains Agricultural Council. 20-23 June 1994. 
            Manhattan, KS.

TOPICS:     livestock grazing; riparian trees; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Management of streamside trees is poorly understood, even though 
            trees greatly influence the form and process in many river systems. 
            In order to manage riparian areas, we must first understand fluvial 
            process and be able to separate systemic forces, such as large-scale 
            watershed change, from local influences, such as vegetation clearing. 
            We must also better understand the history of river systems and 
            acknowledgepast fluvial change. In Missouri, photographic analysis
            revealed that cattle exclusion was more effective than riprap in 
            stabilizing streambanks. Vegetation is the only manageable component 
            in most wildland stream reaches.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Friedman,JM; Auble,GT; Scott,ML

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Geomrphic requirements for establishment and maintenance of cottonwood 
            forest

SOURCE:     p.80-88. In: Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Forestry 
            Committee, Great Plains Agricultural Council. 20-23 June 1994. 
            Manhattan, KS.

TOPICS:     cottonwood; geomorphology; riparian forest; stream flow

COMMENTS:   The relation between streamflow and establishment of bottomland trees 
            is conditioned by the dominant fluvial process(es) acting along a 
            stream. Plains cottonwood requires bare, moist surfaces protected 
            from disturbance for successful establishment. Channel narrowing, 
            channel meandering, and flood deposition promote different spatial 
            and temporal patterns of establishment. Floods, sediment deposition, 
            and channel change are essential for establishment of disturbance-
            dependent species like plains cottonwood. Managers need to be aware 
            that they cannot have both a channelized, regulated stream and a 
            naturally reproducing stand of plains cottonwood.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Rhodes,BJ; Marlow,CB; Sherwood,HW

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Monitoring streambank stability: Grazing impacts or stream variability

SOURCE:     Montana AgResearch 12(2), 3-8.

TOPICS:     grazing impacts; monitoring; riparian standards and guidelines

COMMENTS:   Stream channel monitoring and management efforts should be directed 
            toward specific areas of concern, rather than the grazing unit as a 
            whole. Riparian grazing standards must be developed for the specific 
            reach or stream conditions. Widespread use of the same set of grazing 
            standards over large areas and entire allotments can not be con-
            sidered a reliable basis for monitoring efforts because of the natural 
            variation occurring within and between streams in the same watershed. 
            The use of regional or national standards may not be beneficial to 
            either the natural resource base or local economic uses.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Phinn,SR; Stow,DA; Zedler,JB

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Monitoring wetland habitat restoration in southern California using 
            airborne multispectral video data

SOURCE:     Restoration Ecology 4(4), 412-422.

TOPICS:     monitoring; remote sensing; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Remote sensing provides a complementory approach to field sampling 
            to assess whether restored wetland areas provide suitable habitat. 
            This paper describes the application of image classification 
            techniques to high-spatial-resolution digital video imagery to 
            delimit patches of different marsh vegetation. Preliminary field-
            checking results indicate that this approach is an accurate, 
            noninvasive, and cost-efficient means of providing ecological 
            information for restoration monitoring.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Knapp,RA; Matthews,KR

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Livestock grazing, golden trout, and streams in the Golden Trout 
            Wilderness, California: Impacts and management implications

SOURCE:     North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16, 805-820.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; grazing impacts; livestock grazing

COMMENTS:   Impacts of livestock grazing on golden trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss 
            aguabonita) and their habitat were studied inside and outside of
            livestock exclosures in the Golden Trout Wilderness, California. 
            In two consecutive years, the majority of stream physical 
            characteristics showed large differences between grazed and ungrazed 
            areas, and the directions of these differences were consistent with 
            the recovery of exclosed streams and riparian areas from impacts 
            caused by livestock grazing. Results suggest that current levels of 
            livestock grazing are degrading the stream and riparian components 
            of the area to the detriment of golden trout populations.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Hashisaki,S

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Functional wetland restoration: An ecosystem approach

SOURCE:     Northwest Science 70(4), 348-351.

TOPICS:     wetland restoration

COMMENTS:   The hydrogeomorphic wetland classification system (HGM) evaluates a 
            broad suite of wetland functions such that specific goals can be 
            established. In planning functional restoration projects, it is 
            important to consider the interactions between upland and wetland 
            areas, and to work within the bounds of functional units such as 
            floodplains or riparian zones, rather than restrict actions only to                              jurisdictionally-recognized areas.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Busch,DE; Scott,ML

PUB. YEAR:  1995

TITLE:      Western riparian ecosystems

SOURCE:     p.286-290. In: Our Living Resources: A Report to the Nation on the 
            Distribution, Abundance, and Health of U.S. Plants, Animals, and 
            Ecosystems. USDI National Biological Survey. Washington, D.C.

TOPICS:     exotic plants; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Health of natural riparian ecosystems is linked to the periodic 
            occurrence of flood flows, associated channel dynamics, and the 
            preservation of base flows capable of sustaining high floodplain 
            water tables. Establishment of native riparian vegetation is 
            diminished when the frequency and magnitude of peak river flows 
            are reduced. Water uptake and water-use patterns indicate that 
            native trees are relaced by non-native species in riparian 
            ecosystems where streamflows are highly modified. Additional 
            factors threaten riparian integrity including: groundwater pumping, 
            grazing, timber harvest, and land-clearing. Studies underway will 
            focus on the effects of global climate change on the encroachment 
            of exotic plants into riparian ecosystems.
  
============================================================================
AUTHOR:     Henke,RJ

PUB. YEAR:  1994

TITLE:      Using geographic information systems to manage wetlands and riparian
            areas

SOURCE:     p.101-103. In: Issues and technology in the management of impacted 
            wildlife: Proceedings of the 6th Symposium. 6-8 April 1994. 
            Boulder, CO.

TOPICS:     gis; monitoring; riparian vegetation; wetlands

COMMENTS:   GIS is a common computer tool for projects involving natural 
            resources and is designed to manage, analyze, and display spatial 
            data. The ARC/INFO GIS software package can be used to facilitate 
            the identification, delineation, monitoring, and impact assessment 
            of wetlands and riparian areas. This tool enables planners and 
            scientists to analyze large remote sites quickly and economically.
  
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AUTHOR:     Ferren,WR,Jr; Fiedler,PL; Leidy,RA

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Wetlands of California, Part 1: History of wetland habitat classification

SOURCE:     Madrono 43(1), 105-124.

TOPICS:     classification; wetlands; wildlife habitat

COMMENTS:   This review of the history of vegetation classification in California 
            reveals a serious underestimation of the diversity, extent, and 
            functions of the state's wetlands and a misrepresentation of the 
            perceived paucity of wetlands in the arid West. The classification 
            systems of California's wetlands is reviewed beginning with early 
            efforts in vegetation typing by the USDA Forest Service. A 
            comprehensive methodology for classifying and describing wetlands is 
            required before they can be adequately protected and managed.
  
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AUTHOR:     Ferren,WR,Jr; Fiedler,PL; Leidy,RA; Lafferty,KD; Mertes,LAK

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Wetlands of California, Part II: Classification and description of 
            wetlands of the central and southern California coast and costal 
            watersheds

SOURCE:     Madrono 43(1), 125-182.

TOPICS:     classification; watersheds; wetlands

COMMENTS:   The modified Cowardin et al. (1979) classification is decribed 
            which provides a methodology to identify all wetlands along the 
            central and southern California coast and in the adjacent coastal 
            watersheds. Use of classification tables in association with 
            concepts of ecosystem context. site scale, and classification 
            goals was intended to result in the development of a code
            (wetlands type number) that include information on the: 1) system, 
            subsystem, class, and subclass; 2) water regime and water chemistry; 
            3) hydrogeomorphic unit; and substrate, dominance, or characteristic 
            type of the wetland in question.
  
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AUTHOR:     Hogg,ID; Williams,DD

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Reponse of stream invertebrates to a global-warming thermal regime: 
            An ecosystem-level manipulation

SOURCE:     Ecology 77(2), 395-407.

TOPICS:     global warming; invertebrates; stream temperature

COMMENTS:   The thermal regime of a first-order permanent stream near Ontario, 
            Canada was manipulated in accordance with global warming predictions. 
            The effects of a 2.0 - 3.5-degree C water temperature increase on 
            densities, biomass, species composition, and life histories of
            resident stream invertebrates were examined. The stream was divided 
            longitudinally at the source into two channels, one control and one 
            experimental. Following commencement of the manipulation, these 
            changes were observed: 1) decreased total animal densties, particularly
            Chironomidae (Diptera); 2) earlier onset of adult insect emergence; 3) 
            increased growth rates and precocious breeding in Amphipoda; 4) smaller 
            size at maturity for Plecoptera; and 5) altered sex ratios for 
            Lepidostoma Vernale (Trichoptera). Results partially corroborated 
            previous laboratory and field studies but variation of the responses 
            of individual target species was unexpected and may have been 
            influenced by the genetic structure of local populations.
  
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AUTHOR:     Kyle,HM; Schmidt,MG; Lertzman,KP

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      A spatially dynamic riparian buffer model: Conservation on the edge

SOURCE:     p.341-346. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Symposium on Geographic 
            Information Systems. Ft. Collins, CO.

TOPICS:     edge effect; gis; riparian zones

COMMENTS:   The procedural simplicity of constant width buffering in geographic 
            information systems has compelled many resource managers to apply 
            an un-ecologically sound conservation tool. This paper describes a 
            spatially dynamic riparian buffer model with an edge mitigation 
            component. This model more efficiently targets the zone of interest 
            than traditional static width buffers, reduces the opportunity cost 
            of losing land to "no-touch" areas, while maintaining a strong 
            conservation agenda.
  
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AUTHOR:     Great Plains Riparian Forest Management Task Force

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      Riparian forest managment in the Great Plains

SOURCE:     p.32-45. In: Riparian Area Management: Proceedings of the 46th Annual
            Meeting, Forestry Committee, Great Plains Agricultural Council. 20-23 
            June 1994. Manhattan, KS.

TOPICS:     biodiversity; riparian forest; riparian management

COMMENTS:   On the Great Plains, specialized woodlands known as riparian forests, 
            grow along streams and rivers. These important but sensitive 
            ecosystems are extremely productive and play a crucial role in the 
            Plains environment. Two of their more vital functions include 
            protecting water quality and increasing biodiversity. At this time, 
            however, the current amount or condition of riparian forests in any 
            state cannot be substantiated. The decline of this vital ecosystem 
            has attracted the attention of the Great Plains Agricultural Council 
            (GPAC), which considers the management of riparian forests as 
            extremely important. The Great Plains Riparian Forest Management 
            Task Force  was assembled to find solutions to reverse this trend 
            of destruction. The key objective of the task force was to identify 
            the issues and problems confronting riparian forests, anmd to develop
            recommendations to address the situation. This white paper captures 
            the recommendations of the task force for suggested actions.
  
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AUTHOR:     Miller,RK; Enoter,JE; Martinez,CL

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Tribal experiences and lessons learned in riparian ecosystem management

SOURCE:     p.198-202. In: Desired Future Conditions for Southwestern
            Riparian Ecosystems: Bringing Interests and Concerns Together. 
            18-22 September 1995. Albuquerque, NM. USDA Forest Service. General 
            Techical Report RM-272.

TOPICS:     cultural values; desired future conditions; riparian management

COMMENTS:   Riparian ecosystems have been part of the culture of land use of 
            native peoples in the southwestern United States for thousands of 
            years. The experiences of tribal riparian initiatives to incorporate 
            modern elements of environment and development with cultural needs 
            are relatively few. This paper describes tribal case examples and 
            approaches in riparian management which may advance discussions of 
            cultural values in resource management for rural and developing 
            communities such as those on tribal lands in the U.S.
  
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AUTHOR:     Xiang,W-N

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      GIS-based riparian buffer analysis: injecting geographic information
            into landscape planning

SOURCE:     Landscape and urban planning 34(1), 1-10.

TOPICS:     bufferstrips; gis; inventory; riparian management

COMMENTS:   Establishment and maintenance of riparian buffer zones along shore-
            lines or streams is a common best management practice in the U.S. 
            These vegetated areas function as sinker, filter, and transformer 
            to delay, absorb, or purify contaminated runoff before it enters 
            surface waters. Their effectiveness for nonpoint source pollution 
            control has been widely recognized. This paper describes a case 
            study in which a GIS-based buffer analysis was conducted on a North 
            Carolina watershed. This study accomplished a series of tasks that 
            likely could not have been accomplished in conventional ways. These 
            tasks included: 1) calculating and mapping variable riparian buffer
            zones; 2) identifying inadequately regulated areas; and 3) estimating 
            land acquisition costs associated with unregulated areas.
  
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AUTHOR:     Arno,MK

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Reestablishing fire-adapted communities to riparian forests in the
            ponderosa pine zone

SOURCE:     p.12-13. In: The Use of Fire in Forest Restoration. USDA Forest 
            Service. General Technical Report INT-341.

TOPICS:     fire ecology; riparian forest; riparian vegetation

COMMENTS:   Prior to 1900, frequent, low-intensity fires occurred on upland 
            forests in this forest zone at intervals of five to thirty years. 
            With fire exclusion, dense understories and thickets of conifers
            developed, producing stands that are highly susceptible to a 
            variety of insect and disease epidemics and severe wildfires. 
            This paper describes a study in western Montana designed to 
            create conditions that will allow a return of seral vegetation 
            and will reduce the hazards of severe wildfire and insect and 
            disease infestations.
  
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AUTHOR:     Rogers,TJ

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      Insects of the riparian

SOURCE:     p.154-156. In: Desired future conditions for southwestern riparian 
            ecosystems: Bringing interests and concerns together. 18-22 September
            1995. Albuquerque, NM. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report 
            RM-272.

TOPICS:     invertebrates; riparian forest; riparian insects

COMMENTS:   The author describes life histories, defoliation problems, and other 
            activities associated with forest tree species growing along high 
            elevation streams and river banks. In addition, examples of insects 
            and diseases associated with lower elevation riparian areas are given.
  
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AUTHOR:     Neary,D; Ross,KC; Coleman,SS

PUB. YEAR:  1996

TITLE:      National Hydrology Workshop Proceedings. 27 April -1 May 1992. 
            Phoenix, AZ

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RM-279.

TOPICS:     incomplete; hydrology; riparian vegetation; watershed

COMMENTS:   This publication contains 30 papers from the USDA Forest Service's 
            National Hydrology Conference. Topics include: Cumulative Effects, 
            External Responsibilities, Aqautic Ecology, Monitoring, Large Woody 
            Debris, Nonpoint Source Pollution, Riparian Areas, Water Rights, 
            Fluvial Geomorphology, Land Management Planning, Coastal Zone
            Management, Channel Maintenance, Sediment Modeling, Wetlands, 
            Watershed Rehabilitation, Data Management, and Marketing Hydrology 
            Programs.
  
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AUTHOR:     Roper,BB; Dose,JJ; Williams,JE

PUB. YEAR:  1997

TITLE:      Stream restoration: Is fisheries biology enough

SOURCE:     Fisheries 22(5), 6-11.

TOPICS:     fisheries; riparian restoration; stream restoration

COMMENTS:   The fisheries profession plays a key role in planning and implementing 
            stream restoration projects throughout the world. To date, however, 
            few examples exist of effective stream restoration programs/projects. 
            One of the primary reasons that stream restoration projects have not 
            succeeded has been that projects have been implemented on a small                                scale, site-specific basis. The authors suggest that stream restoration 
            would have a better chance of success if planned and implemented at a 
            watershed scale. For this to happen, stream restoration projects must 
            be expanded beyond instream work to include modification of upslope 
            and riparian conditions that cause stream habitats to decline. Such 
            efforts must incorporate other disciplines.
  
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AUTHOR:     Kauffman,JB; Beschta,RL; Otting,N; Lytjen,D

PUB. YEAR:  1997

TITLE:      An ecological perspective of riparian and stream restoration in 
            the western United States

SOURCE:     Fisheries 22(5), 12-24.

TOPICS:     riparian restoration; stream restoration

COMMENTS:   There is an unprecedented need to preserve and restore aquatic and 
            riparian biological diversity before extinction eliminates the 
            opportunity. "Ecological restoration" is the reesetablishment of 
            processes, functions, and related biological, chemical, and physical 
            linkages between the aquatic and associated riparian ecosystems; it 
            is the reparation of damages caused by human activities. The first 
            and most critical step in ecological restoration is "passive 
            restoration", the cessation of anthopogenic activities that are 
            causing degradation or preventing recovery. Given the capacity of 
            riparian ecosystems to naturally recover, this is often all that is 
            needed to achieve successful restoration. A period of time sufficient 
            for natural recovery is recommended prior to the beginning of active 
            and physical restoration approaches. Restoration should be undertaken 
            at the watershed or landscape scale. Riparian/ stream ecosystems 
            cannot be restored by manipulations within the channel only.
  
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AUTHOR:     Lehman,S

PUB. YEAR:  1997

TITLE:      The national watershed assessment program

SOURCE:     Fisheries 22(5), 25.

TOPICS:     monitoring; watershed; watershed condition

COMMENTS:   The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), working with tribes, 
            states, federal agencies, and other partners, initiated the 
            National Watershed Assessment Program (NWAP) in 1996. NWAP is 
            designed to collect, organize, and evaluate multiple sources of 
            environmental information at the watershed level. Objectives of 
            this program are to: 1) characterize the conditon and vulnerability 
            to pollution of 2,150 watersheds of the U.S., 2) empower citizens to 
            learn more about their watersheds and work to protect them, 3) 
            provide the basis of dialogue among water quality managers, and 4) 
            measure progress toward the goal that all watersheds will be healthy
            places.
  
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AUTHOR:     Dombeck,MP; Williams,JE; Wood,CA

PUB. YEAR:  1997

TITLE:      Watershed restoration: Social and scientific challenges for fish 
            biologists

SOURCE:     Fisheries 22(5), 26-27.

TOPICS:     watershed restoration; watersheds

COMMENTS:   Watershed coalitions will play an increasing role in local decision 
            making processes. The fisheries biology profession will miss a 
            formidable opportunity to reorient the social, physical, and 
            biological structure of watersheds in a healthy and productive way. 
            Working across scientific disciplines and with broad coalitions 
            requires a strong commitment to collaborative problem-solving, a 
            willingness to listen to new ideas, and support from top management.
  
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AUTHOR:     Brouha,P; Chappell,W

PUB. YEAR:  1997

TITLE:      A watershed call to arms

SOURCE:     Fisheries 22(5), 4.

TOPICS:     watershed restoration; watersheds

COMMENTS:   Current understanding and knowledge of the effects of chemical, 
            biological, and mechanical processes in North America's streams 
            and rivers is often inadequate and not well applied. Public 
            policies often aggravate watershed problems. Inadequate and 
            misapplied policies are a major cause of continued deterioration 
            of many of our watersheds.
  
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AUTHOR:     Beschta,RL

PUB. YEAR:  1997

TITLE:      Riparian shade and stream temperature: an alternative perspective

SOURCE:     Rangelands 19(2), 25-28.

TOPICS:     riparian condition; stream temperature

COMMENTS:   Increased levels of shading for water quality limited streams would 
            greatly improve summertime stream temperatures in most situations. 
            In many instances, it may even be possible to reduce maximum 
            temperatures so that they no longer exceed state water quality 
            standards. It is clear that achieving improved levels of riparian 
            shade and decreased summertime temperatures will require landowners 
            to change those management practices that have contributed to current
            conditions.
  
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AUTHOR:     Apple,LL; Smith,BH; Dunder,JD; Baker,BB

PUB. YEAR:  1984

TITLE:      The use of beavers for riparian/aquatic habitat restoration of cold 
            desert, gully-cut stream systems in southwestern Wyoming

SOURCE:     In: Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society/Wildlife Society 
            Joint Chapter Meeting. 8-10 February 1984. Logan, UT.

TOPICS:     beaver; riparian habitat; stream restoration

COMMENTS:   Several study projects have been initiated in the Rock Springs 
            District to develop techniques for restoring and re-establishing 
            degraded riparian and aquatic habitats. The major objective has 
            been to utilize primarily "natural systems" to restore the habitat 
            rather than use labor and capital-intensive artificial methods. 
            This strategy included beaver reintroduction. The new beaver dams 
            are trapping sediment, reducing stream velocity, locally elevating 
            the water table, and reducing the effects of seasonally fluctuating 
            water levels. This process, in turn, is encouraging the development 
            of willow and other riparian plants in an expanded riparian zone, 
            stabilizing stream banks, and improving habitat.
  
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AUTHOR:     McCurdy,MK

PUB. YEAR:  1989

TITLE:      Public trust protection for wetlands

SOURCE:     Environmental Law 19, 683-721.

TOPICS:     public trust doctrine; wetlands

COMMENTS:   The speed and scale at which man can harm the environment today calls 
            for legal tools that are flexible and comprehensive in their 
            application. The public trust doctrine offers courts a common-law 
            method for protecting changing public expectations in natural 
            resources. Traditionally, courts applied the doctrine to protect 
            certain public uses of navigable waterways. The evolution of the 
            doctrine within the water area reflects judicial willingness to apply 
            it to new situations. The next logical extension of the trust is to 
            wetlands.
  
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AUTHOR:     Toliver,J

PUB. YEAR:  1993

TITLE:      What are wetlands

SOURCE:     Journal of Forestry 91(5), 12-14.

TOPICS:     riparian zones; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Managers, scientists, and administrators must play an important role 
            in the future of wetland forests. The official policy of the EPA is 
            no net loss of wetlands area in the U.S. Riparian zones have their 
            greatest value as buffers and filters between urban and agricultural 
            developments and our most vital life support - water. Preservation of 
            public riparian rights provides an effective hedge against over-
            development of urban sprawl and agriculture or forest monoculture.
  
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AUTHOR:     Wells,MD

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Wetlands in watersheds

SOURCE:     Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 46(6), 415-416.

TOPICS:     watersheds; wetlands

COMMENTS:   Creating numerous small watershed dams, both on cropland and 
            woodland areas, has enhanced wildlife values in Missouri.
  
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AUTHOR:     Lock,PA; Naiman,RJ

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      old growth riparian birds of the Olympic Penninsula: Effects of 
            stream size on community structure. Proceedings of the Sixty-
            fourth Annual Meeting of the Northwest Science Association 

SOURCE:     20-22 March 1991. Boise, ID.

TOPICS:     avian species; riparian habitat

COMMENTS:   Spring breeding bird communities of large and small rivers on the 
            Olympic Plateau were censused and compared. The objectives of this 
            study were to : 1) provide a basline description of old growth 
            riparian bird communities, 2) deetermine whether there is a 
            difference between bird communities along large and small rivers, 
            and 3) define what aspects of the fluvial corridor are most 
            important in determining bird abundance and community structure.
  
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AUTHOR:     Riegel,GM; Svejcar,TJ; Trent,JD

PUB. YEAR:  1991

TITLE:      Seasonal physiologic and community response to a riparian montane 
            meadow water table gradient

SOURCE:     In: Proceedings of the Sixty-forth Annual Meeting of the Northwest 
            Scientific Association. 20-22 March 1991. Boise, ID.

TOPICS:     riparian meadows; watertable effects

COMMENTS:   Many highly productive meadows lose much of their productivity when 
            stream channels become eroded or cut down.  Mesic communities that 
            once dominated the meadow may now be restricted to a zone adjacent 
            to a stream. The objective of this research was to determine how a 
            decrease in water table depth caused from down cutting, influences 
            physiology of montane meadow species in the northern Sierra Nevada.
  
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AUTHOR:     Radko,MA

PUB. YEAR:  1997

TITLE:      Spatially linking basinwide stream inventories to arcs representing
            streams in a Geographic Information System

SOURCE:     USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-345. 22p.

TOPICS:     fishhabitat; gis; stream inventories

COMMENTS:   Basinwide stream habitat inventories were linked to arcs representing 
            streams in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The creation of a 
            fish habitat GIS layer provides fisheries and land managers additional 
            data that can be queried in relation to other landscape features and
            processes (i.e. vegetation, roads, erosion, etc.) in a GIS for 
            analytical or planning purposes. GIS offers enormous organizational 
            and information-sharing capabilities in a corporate database 
            environment.
  
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AUTHOR:     Donnelly,DD

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      State-of-the-art methods of of assessing wildlife values, benefits, 
            and costs 
            
SOURCE:     In: Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry 
            interactions. An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. 
            Univ. of Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     economic assessment; riparian habitat; wildlife values

COMMENTS:   Assessment, or estimation, of values, benefits, and costs implies 
            several steps that precede the actual valuation effort. Most 
            attention in this paper is given to defining the product in terms of
            inputs and production functions. A second portion offers a framework 
            for suggesting appropriate valuation analysis techniques considering 
            the product, its economic characteristics, and the markets. Finally, 
            the particular techniques available --- market analysis, travel cost 
            and contingent valuation methods, and hedonic methods --- are briefly 
            reviewed.
  
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AUTHOR:     O'Toole,R

PUB. YEAR:  1987

TITLE:      Social and economic benefits of riparian forests other than for timber

SOURCE:     In: Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. 
            An interdisciplinary symposium. 11-13 February 1987. Univ. of 
            Washington. Seattle, WA.

TOPICS:     riparian management; riparian values

COMMENTS:   Major changes in public forest management and water laws are needed 
            to protect riparian resources. Public land managers should charge 
            fair market value for all forms of recreation. Collection of as 
            little as ten percent of the values the Forest Service claims for 
            recreation would cover all costs plus enforcement. Riparian management 
            would also be improved if water rights were freely transferable, 
            giving landowners an incentive to protect water quality by making 
            it more valuable.
  
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