Developing Leadership In Police Organizations

2006 National Community Police Conference
July 27 - 29, 2006
Washington, D.C.

Image of IACP logo




Community Oriented 
Policing 
MY FRAME OF REFERENCE 


Mission


The mission of a Police Department is to
protect and serve the communitys quest
for a peaceful and safe existence, free
from fear, and with democratic values
applied equally to all citizens.




Vision 
The safest city in the state to live, work 
and visit 


Philosophy


I believe that policing should be an interactive, 
results-oriented process between the police and the 
community. The process is information driven and 
should create partnerships between the police
employees, the department, and those we serve;
identify problems that impact the quality of life in
the community; devise strategies to address those
problems; and work collaboratively to solve them
by utilizing all re-sources available. The goal of the
process is that the community we serve be
competent in the pursuit of peace and tranquility.



Core Values of A Police
Department


 
Human life: believing that every life is precious. 
 
The principles embodied in our Constitution and the authority of federal, 
state, and local laws: believing that democratic values apply to all. 
 
The person: believing that being valued is a basic individual need. 
 
The strength of personal character: believing that integrity is 
integrating beliefs with behavior. 
 
The community we serve: believing that a competent community can 
develop and maintain a peaceful and tranquil environment in which to 
live and prosper. 
 
Individual leadership: believing that each employee is a leader in the 
department and in the community. 
 
Quality of life in the workplace: believing that if employees enjoy 
working for the Police Department they will provide quality service to 
each other and to the public. 



Guiding Principles
Staff-One: A Perspective on Effective Police Management
by Edward M. Davis
& Sir Robert Peel


To name a few 

 
Crime Prevention Top Priority 
 
Public Approbation of Police 
 
Voluntary Law Observance 
 
Public Cooperation 
 
Test of Police Effectiveness: The test of police 
effectiveness is the absence of crime and the presence of public 
order. It is not the evidence of police action in dealing with crime 
and disorder. 


Principles Continued


People Working with Police 

People Working With People 

Managers Working with Police 

Police/Press Relationships 

Territorial Imperative 

Openness and Honesty 



Community Oriented Policing
and Organizational Cultures


INTEGRATIVE 

-Long, term relationships 

-Trust, Harmony 

-Shared Values 

-Effectiveness 

-QM-Quality Management 

-GREATER GOOD 

-RIGHT BEHAVIOR FOR RIGHT REASONS 
(EMPOWERS EMPLOYEES) 

Developmental 

-Creative 

-Innovative 
-Flexible 
-MBWA-Management By Walking Around 
(EMPOWERS EMPLOYEES) 

Administrative 
-Policy, Procedures & 
-Rules & Regulations 
-Rigidity 
-BSQ-Management by Status Quo 
(CONTROLS EMPLOYEES) 

Production 
-Bottom line is driving force 
-Efficiency 
-Bias for action 
-MBO-Management By Objectives 
(CONTROLS EMPLOYEES) 


Work Model


PRESCRIBED LIMITS: LAWS CULTURE

RESOURCES AND METHODS 
COMMITMENT?? 
MENTAL PROCESSING 

SKILLS/KNOWLEDGE
RESOURCES AND METHODS

TASK 

PRESCRIBED LIMITS: DIRECTIVES SOCIAL



 
Employees and Change 
20/60/20 

20/60/20


2% Ive Got a Great 
Idea 10% Great!! Lets 
Do It 

60% I Will Do It, But 
Id Rather Maintain 
the Status Quo 

20% Speak Out Against It, 
But if Everyone Else is 8% I Wont Change 
Doing It, then I Guess I & Be Decisive 
Will 


Image of a flowchart dipicting Dilemma in Police Organizations


 
Greatest Challenge 
Over Next 10-15 Years? 

The 60% 
wanting to maintain status quo 


Disgruntled/Malcontent
Employees


Gilmartin, Harris & Associates 

Unknown risk creates mental casualties


The policing profession is predisposed to 
changing people negatively 


Unknown Risk Creates
Mental Casualties

.Harris & Gilmartin 
Vulnerable 
Paranoid  
Victims 

Hyper-vigilance -A Biological Rollercoaster 

The Continuum of Compromise 
Acts of Omission (leads to) Acts of Commission  Admin 
(Leading to) Acts of Commission  Criminal 
Entitlement Vs. Accountability (leads to) Loyalty Vs. Integrity 


Leadership Issues
and
Community Oriented Policing


 
Territorial ownership 
Community partnerships 
Participatory & process oriented planning and management 
Desired results orientation 
Different organizational culture required 
Alignment of strategies, structures and systems 



Leadership Issues
Continued


Extent of opposition from within 
In the participatory decision-making process, mid-level managers often find their positions and authority at risk  feeling irrelevant to important departmental processes. 
Mid-level management resistance can develop into failure to address problems that arise, and their tendency to undermine the efforts with misinformation. 



Leadership Issues
Continued


 
The lack of attention to the people process 
Leadership can eventually confronted with outright opposition 
Issues of inequity 
Resistance to radical organizational change


(Dennis J. Kenney) 


Ethical Leadership at every level in a 
police department IS ESSENTIAL, 
NOT OPTIONAL 
Charles R. Swindoll 
(Emphasis Added) 

Definition of Leadership


The process of influencing human 
behavior to achieve organizational goals that serve the public, while 
developing individuals, teams and the organization for future service. 


Whats In It For A Law
Enforcement Executive?


IN TERMS OF THE PROCESS (Leading to) JOURNEY 

 REDUCED UNCERTAINTY 
 SELF-RELIANCE 
 CONFIDENCE 
 ENJOYMENT DURING THE JOURNEY 
A LEGACY 


Developing Leaders In Police 
Organizations 

Program Overview 
Sponsored by the International Association of Chiefs of Police
and the Department of Justice


 
Purpose 
Provide an overview of a new way to
understand and practice leadership

Background


Leadership can be developed! 

 
WWII brought issue to the forefront 
Active behavioral sciences theory and research focus for the past 60 years 
Formally taught in military schools for more than past 30 years 
Leader development an Armystrategic imperative since 1987 
Tried in small number of police departments over the last 10 years 



History of Police
Leadership Programs


 
Early 1980s -- West Point revised itsbasic leadership course 
Early 1990s -- West Point exportedcourse to Los Angeles Police Department 
Mid 1990s  Dr. Prince and Chief 
Hesser trained the Georgetown (Texas)
City Management and top PoliceDepartment leaders 



History of Police
Leadership Programs


 
2000-present -- Dr. Prince and others train Austin (Texas) Police Department 
2000 -- IACP adopted program and obtained grant from Justice Department 
2001-- Arlington County Police Department selected for first pilot course 
2003 -- Elgin, Illinois Police Department selected for second pilot program, first T3 course in Austin, Texas 



History of Police
Leadership Programs


Presently, The IACP Leadership in
Police Organizations course is being
taught in a variety of places 

 
-Arizona (AZ POST) 
-Northern Virginia (NVCJA) 
-Virginia Beach, VA (VBPD) 
-Austin, TX (APD) 
-Los Angeles (LAPD) and Modesto, CA 
-Salt Lake City, UT (SLCPD) 
-And others 



Why Do We Need Better Leadership?

Anyone could lead perfect 
people, if there were any. 

Robert Greenleaf 
Servant Leadership 


Image of two policemen: one standing with police sign upside down


Why Do We Need
Better Leadership?


Appointed leaders cant be everywhere 
New policing concepts assume better and different leadership 
Change is doomed without strong leadership at every organizational level 
-COP 
-POP 


Why Do We Need
Better Leadership?

Conditions of police work and their consequences for human behavior 
The power of roles, formal authority, group norms, and organizational culture 
Use of discretion at lowest organizational levels 



Why Do We Need
Better Leadership?

Increased accountability 
What did Hurricanes Katrina and Rita reveal about leadership among the firstresponders? 



Developing Leaders


leadership skills must be mastered by everyone in the organization if the organization is to survive. Personal 
and organizational success in the 21st century depend on developing the ability to lead, but also on recognizing
and developing leadership in others. 

Patrick Townsend & 
Joan Gebhardt
Five-Star Leadership 


Definition of Leadership


 The process of influencinghuman behavior to achieve 
organizational goals thatserve the public, while 
developing individuals, teams 
and the organization forfuture service. 


Leadership Development 
What do organizational 
leaders do? 


A image of a flowchart dipicting The Organizational Leadership Challenge


A bar chart showing the levels of Subordinates A through E and N


Two pictures of policemen


Leading Individuals 

 
Individual Differences 
Attribution 
Equity 
Expectancy/Goal Setting 
Motivation Through Consequences 
Job Redesign/Cognitive Evaluation 
Followership 
Integration Lesson 



Picture of a police squad


Leading Groups 

 
Groups as Open Systems 
Stages of Group Development 
Socialization 
Cohesion 
Group Decision Making 
Intra-Group Conflict 
Integration Lesson 



The Leaders

Picture of a leader for a police force


The Leaders

Social Exchange/Bases of Power 
Situational Leadership 
Vertical Dyad Linkages 
Transformational Leadership 
Stress Management 
Counseling 
Integration Lesson 



An old photograph of a police force from years past


Picture of Policemen out in the community


Leading The
Organization

Organization as an Open System 
Leading the Environment 
Shaping Organizational Culture 
Leading Change 
Setting the Ethical Climate 
Integration 



A Model of
Organizational
Leadership


Image of the Model for Organization Leadership

Model of A Leader's Thought Process


2006 National Community Policing Conference
July 27  29, 2006
Washington, D. C. 
Developing Leaders In Police 
Organizations